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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">David Malan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:David_J._Malan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/David_J._Malan.png/220px-David_J._Malan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/David_J._Malan.png/330px-David_J._Malan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/David_J._Malan.png/440px-David_J._Malan.png 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="844" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">David Jay Malan</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._A." class="mw-redirect" title="B. A.">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._S." class="mw-redirect" title="M. S.">MS</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/CS50" title="CS50">CS50</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botnet" title="Botnet">Botnets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersecurity">Cybersecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_forensics" title="Digital forensics">Digital forensics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer science education">Computer science education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance learning">Distance learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_learning" title="Collaborative learning">Collaborative learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_instruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer-assisted instruction">Computer-assisted instruction</a><sup id="cite_ref-shortbio_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shortbio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a></li> <li>Mindset Media</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirClic" class="mw-redirect" title="AirClic">AirClic</a></li> <li>Diskaster</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.lib.harvard.edu/aleph/010592774/catalog">Rapid detection of botnets through collaborative networks of peers</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(2007)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Smith_(computer_scientist)" title="Michael D. Smith (computer scientist)">Michael D. Smith</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cs.harvard.edu/malan">cs<wbr />.harvard<wbr />.edu<wbr />/malan</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>David Jay Malan</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is an American <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a> and professor. Malan is Gordon McKay Professor of Computer Science at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, and is best known for teaching the course <a href="/wiki/CS50" title="CS50">CS50</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Feldt_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the largest open-learning course at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> and the largest <a href="/wiki/Massive_open_online_course" title="Massive open online course">massive open online course</a> at <a href="/wiki/EdX" title="EdX">EdX</a>, with lectures being viewed by over a million people on the edX platform up to 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-million_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-million-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malan is a professor at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences" title="Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences">Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences</a>, where his research interests include <a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersecurity">cybersecurity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LorinczMalan2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LorinczMalan2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MalanWelsh2004_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MalanWelsh2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Digital_forensics" title="Digital forensics">digital forensics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botnets" class="mw-redirect" title="Botnets">botnets</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-phd_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Computer_science_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer science education">computer science education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance learning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_learning" title="Collaborative learning">collaborative learning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">computer-assisted instruction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-acm_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acm-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scopus_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scopus-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_J._Malan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malan enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>, initially studying government, and took CS50 in the fall of 1996, which was taught by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a> at the time. Inspired by Kernighan, Malan began his education in computer science,<sup id="cite_ref-crimson_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> graduating with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in Computer Science in 1999. After a period working outside of academia, he returned to <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_study" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduate study">postgraduate studies</a> to complete a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> degree in 2004, followed by a <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> in 2007 for research into <a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersecurity">cybersecurity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_forensics" title="Computer forensics">computer forensics</a>, supervised by <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Smith_(computer_scientist)" title="Michael D. Smith (computer scientist)">Michael D. Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-phd_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teaching">Teaching</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_J._Malan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Teaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/CS50" title="CS50">CS50</a></div> <p>Malan is known for teaching <a href="/wiki/CS50" title="CS50">CS50</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cs50_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs50-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Malan2021_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malan2021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an introductory course in <a href="/wiki/Computer_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Science">Computer Science</a> for <a href="/wiki/Major_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major (academic)">majors</a> and non-majors that aims to develop <a href="/wiki/Computational_thinking" title="Computational thinking">computational thinking</a> skills, using tools like <a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sigsce38_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sigsce38-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WolzLeitner2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WolzLeitner2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ctube_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctube-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-python_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-python-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_J._Malan&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the course has 800 students enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> each year, making it the largest course there. CS50 is available on <a href="/wiki/EdX" title="EdX">edX</a> as CS50x,<sup id="cite_ref-cs50x_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs50x-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with over a million views from the lectures.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cs50x_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs50x-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His courses on EdX are known by being taken by people of all ages. All of his courses are freely available and licensed for re-use with attribution using <a href="/wiki/OpenCourseWare" title="OpenCourseWare">OpenCourseWare</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-shortbio_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shortbio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example at cs50.tv.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CS50 also exists as CS50 AP (<a href="/wiki/Advanced_Placement" title="Advanced Placement">Advanced Placement</a>), an adaptation for <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high schools</a> that satisfies the <a href="/wiki/AP_Computer_Science_Principles" title="AP Computer Science Principles">AP Computer Science Principles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/College_Board" title="College Board">College Board</a>. </p><p>Besides CS50, Malan also teaches at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Extension_School" title="Harvard Extension School">Harvard Extension School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Summer_School" title="Harvard Summer School">Harvard Summer School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-harvardmag_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvardmag-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to teaching at Harvard, Malan taught <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> at <a href="/wiki/Franklin_High_School_(Massachusetts)" title="Franklin High School (Massachusetts)">Franklin High School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cv_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cv-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_research">Career and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_J._Malan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 2001 to 2002 he worked for <a href="/wiki/AirClic" class="mw-redirect" title="AirClic">AirClic</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Engineering_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering manager">Engineering Manager</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cv_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cv-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While undergoing his undergraduate studies, Malan worked part-time for the <a href="/wiki/District_Attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="District Attorney">District Attorney</a>'s Office in <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Virginia" title="Middlesex County, Virginia">Middlesex County, Virginia</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Forensic_investigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensic investigator">forensic investigator</a>, after which he founded his own two startups.<sup id="cite_ref-harvardmag_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvardmag-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the side since 2003, he volunteered as an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_technician" title="Emergency medical technician">emergency medical technician</a> (EMT-B) for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>-<a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">Emergency Medical Services (EMS)</a>. He continues to volunteer as an EMT-B for the <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American Red Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cv_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cv-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malan <a href="/wiki/Organizational_founder" title="Organizational founder">founded</a> and was the <a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman</a> of Diskaster, a data recovery firm that offered professional recovery of data from hard drives and memory cards, as well as forensic investigations for civil matters.<sup id="cite_ref-harvardmag_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvardmag-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malan worked for Mindset Media from 2008 to 2011 as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Information_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Information Officer">Chief Information Officer (CIO)</a>, where he was responsible for advertising the network’s scalability, security, and capacity-planning. He designed infrastructure for collection of massive datasets capable of 500 million <a href="/wiki/HTTP_request" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP request">HTTP requests</a> per day, with peaks of 10K per second. In 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mindset Media was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Meebo" title="Meebo">Meebo</a>. </p><p>Malan is also an active member of the <a href="/wiki/SIGCSE" title="SIGCSE">SIGCSE</a> community,<sup id="cite_ref-sigsce38_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sigsce38-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sigcse1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sigcse1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sandbox_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandbox-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Special_Interest_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Interest Group">Special Interest Group (SIG)</a> concerned with <a href="/wiki/Science_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Education">Computer Science Education (CSE)</a> organized by the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)</a>. </p><p>In 2024, Malan purchased the historic <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Massachusetts#Regent_Theatre" title="Arlington, Massachusetts">Regent Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Massachusetts" title="Arlington, Massachusetts">Arlington, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_J._Malan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-shortbio-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shortbio_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shortbio_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMalan2017" class="citation web cs1">Malan, David (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226075601/http://cs.harvard.edu/malan/bio">"David J. Malan short biography"</a>. <i>cs.harvard.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cs.harvard.edu/malan/bio/">the original</a> on 2017-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cs.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=David+J.+Malan+short+biography&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Malan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcs.harvard.edu%2Fmalan%2Fbio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+J.+Malan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feldt-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feldt_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldt2014" class="citation news cs1">Feldt, Brian (March 11, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/blog/biznext/2014/03/launchcode-hackathon-to-feature-global-computer.html?page=all">"LaunchCode hackathon to feature global computer science educator"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Business_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis Business Journal">St. Louis Business Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Louis+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=LaunchCode+hackathon+to+feature+global+computer+science+educator&rft.date=2014-03-11&rft.aulast=Feldt&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Fstlouis%2Fblog%2Fbiznext%2F2014%2F03%2Flaunchcode-hackathon-to-feature-global-computer.html%3Fpage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+J.+Malan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrbey2020" class="citation news cs1">Orbey, Eren (July 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-local-correspondents/how-harvards-star-computer-science-professor-built-a-distance-learning-empire">"How Harvard's Star Computer-Science Professor Built a Distance-Learning Empire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=How+Harvard%E2%80%99s+Star+Computer-Science+Professor+Built+a+Distance-Learning+Empire&rft.date=2020-07-21&rft.aulast=Orbey&rft.aufirst=Eren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Four-local-correspondents%2Fhow-harvards-star-computer-science-professor-built-a-distance-learning-empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+J.+Malan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-million-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-million_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahs2016" class="citation web cs1">Fahs, Ramsey (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170221070304/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/8/31/CS50-moves-from-lectures">"CS50 Moves Away from Traditional Lectures, Toward Virtual Reality"</a>. <i>thecrimson.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/8/31/CS50-moves-from-lectures">the original</a> on 2017-02-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thecrimson.com&rft.atitle=CS50+Moves+Away+from+Traditional+Lectures%2C+Toward+Virtual+Reality&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Fahs&rft.aufirst=Ramsey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F2016%2F8%2F31%2FCS50-moves-from-lectures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+J.+Malan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LorinczMalan2004-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LorinczMalan2004_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorinczMalanFulford-JonesNawoj2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lorincz, K.; Malan, D.J.; Fulford-Jones, T.R.F.; Nawoj, A.; Clavel, A.; Shnayder, V.; Mainland, G.; Welsh, M.; Moulton, S. (2004). "Sensor Networks for Emergency Response: Challenges and Opportunities". <i>IEEE Pervasive Computing</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 16–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMPRV.2004.18">10.1109/MPRV.2004.18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1536-1268">1536-1268</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12012646">12012646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Pervasive+Computing&rft.atitle=Sensor+Networks+for+Emergency+Response%3A+Challenges+and+Opportunities&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=16-23&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12012646%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1536-1268&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMPRV.2004.18&rft.aulast=Lorincz&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Malan%2C+D.J.&rft.au=Fulford-Jones%2C+T.R.F.&rft.au=Nawoj%2C+A.&rft.au=Clavel%2C+A.&rft.au=Shnayder%2C+V.&rft.au=Mainland%2C+G.&rft.au=Welsh%2C+M.&rft.au=Moulton%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+J.+Malan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MalanWelsh2004-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MalanWelsh2004_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalanWelshSmith2004" class="citation conference cs1">Malan, D.J.; Welsh, M.; Smith, M.D. (2004). "A public-key infrastructure for key distribution in TinyOS based on elliptic curve cryptography". <i>2004 First Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, 2004. IEEE SECON 2004</i>. pp. 71–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FSAHCN.2004.1381904">10.1109/SAHCN.2004.1381904</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7803-8796-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7803-8796-1"><bdi>0-7803-8796-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=A+public-key+infrastructure+for+key+distribution+in+TinyOS+based+on+elliptic+curve+cryptography&rft.btitle=2004+First+Annual+IEEE+Communications+Society+Conference+on+Sensor+and+Ad+Hoc+Communications+and+Networks%2C+2004.+IEEE+SECON+2004&rft.pages=71-80&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FSAHCN.2004.1381904&rft.isbn=0-7803-8796-1&rft.aulast=Malan&rft.aufirst=D.J.&rft.au=Welsh%2C+M.&rft.au=Smith%2C+M.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+J.+Malan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phd-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phd_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phd_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalan2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Malan, David J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817154333/https://cs.harvard.edu/malan/publications/thesis.pdf"><i>Rapid detection of botnets through collaborative networks of peers</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>cs.harvard.edu</i> (PhD thesis). Harvard University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780549042921" title="Special:BookSources/9780549042921"><bdi>9780549042921</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/232370471">232370471</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cs.harvard.edu/malan/publications/thesis.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Rapid+detection+of+botnets+through+collaborative+networks+of+peers&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Harvard+University&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F232370471&rft.isbn=9780549042921&rft.aulast=Malan&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.harvard.edu%2Fmalan%2Fpublications%2Fthesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+J.+Malan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acm-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-acm_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/author_page.cfm?id=81100034644">David J. Malan</a> author profile page at the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a> Digital Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scopus-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scopus_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=8421820000">David J. Malan's publications</a> indexed by the <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a> bibliographic database. <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crimson-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crimson_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendez2014" class="citation web cs1">Mendez, Cordelia F. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170317063645/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2014/9/18/this-is-cs50">"This is CS50"</a>. <i>thecrimson.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2014/9/18/this-is-cs50">the original</a> on 2017-03-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thecrimson.com&rft.atitle=This+is+CS50&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Mendez&rft.aufirst=Cordelia+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F2014%2F9%2F18%2Fthis-is-cs50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+J.+Malan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cs50-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cs50_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalan2017" class="citation web cs1">Malan, David (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cs50.harvard.edu">"cs50.harvard.edu"</a>. Harvard University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=cs50.harvard.edu&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Malan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcs50.harvard.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+J.+Malan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malan2021-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malan2021_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalan2021" class="citation book cs1">Malan, David J. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cs.harvard.edu/malan/publications/Toward_an_Ungraded_CS50.pdf">"Toward an Ungraded CS50"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the 52nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education</i>. pp. 1076–1081. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3408877.3432461">10.1145/3408877.3432461</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450380621" title="Special:BookSources/9781450380621"><bdi>9781450380621</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232126106">232126106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Toward+an+Ungraded+CS50&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+52nd+ACM+Technical+Symposium+on+Computer+Science+Education&rft.pages=1076-1081&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232126106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3408877.3432461&rft.isbn=9781450380621&rft.aulast=Malan&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.harvard.edu%2Fmalan%2Fpublications%2FToward_an_Ungraded_CS50.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+J.+Malan" class="Z3988"></span> “the more time students spend thinking about getting an A, the less time they're thinking about what it is they should be learning.” quoted from Lee Cuba at <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sigsce38-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sigsce38_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sigsce38_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalanLeitner2007" class="citation book cs1">Malan, David J.; Leitner, Henry H. (2007). "Scratch for budding computer scientists". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:2819231"><i>Proceedings of the 38th SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education</i></a>. pp. 223–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1227310.1227388">10.1145/1227310.1227388</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59593-361-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59593-361-4"><bdi>978-1-59593-361-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:982597">982597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scratch+for+budding+computer+scientists&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+38th+SIGCSE+technical+symposium+on+Computer+science+education&rft.pages=223-227&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A982597%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1227310.1227388&rft.isbn=978-1-59593-361-4&rft.aulast=Malan&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Leitner%2C+Henry+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AHUL.InstRepos%3A2819231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+J.+Malan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WolzLeitner2009-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WolzLeitner2009_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolzLeitnerMalanMaloney2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wolz, Ursula; 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Malan full CV"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>cs.Harvard.edu</i>. Harvard University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cs.Harvard.edu&rft.atitle=David+J.+Malan+full+CV&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Malan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcs.harvard.edu%2Fmalan%2Fcv%2Fmalan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+J.+Malan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren, Christina.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2011/02/08/meebo-mindset-media/#xN1E6Kiv2gqX">"Meebo Acquires Ad Targeting Company Mindset Media"</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Mashable" title="Mashable">Mashable</a>", 08 February 2011. 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