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(PDF) The Modern Paradigm of Art and Its Frontiers
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ISSN Online 2639-0205" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Gizela Horvath" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/41829439/The_Modern_Paradigm_of_Art_and_Its_Frontiers" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="The Modern Paradigm of Art and Its Frontiers" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The awakening of art to self-awareness and the statement of its autonomy are modern phenomena.Here I deduct three elements of the modern paradigm of art from the idea of “beauty without concept”: (1) the original artist, who is seen as a genius, (2)" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/7425995/2720824/18525225/s200_gizela.horvath.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/41829439/The_Modern_Paradigm_of_Art_and_Its_Frontiers" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The Modern Paradigm of Art and Its Frontiers" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The awakening of art to self-awareness and the statement of its autonomy are modern phenomena.Here I deduct three elements of the modern paradigm of art from the idea of “beauty without concept”: (1) the original artist, who is seen as a genius, (2)" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://partium.academia.edu/GHorvath" /> <meta name="description" content="The awakening of art to self-awareness and the statement of its autonomy are modern phenomena.Here I deduct three elements of the modern paradigm of art from the idea of “beauty without concept”: (1) the original artist, who is seen as a genius, (2)" /> <title>(PDF) The Modern Paradigm of Art and Its Frontiers</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/41829439/The_Modern_Paradigm_of_Art_and_Its_Frontiers" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '2b2763d861eba4fa7a8ab85b59b94c082c9d888c'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740605888000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740605888000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"The awakening of art to self-awareness and the statement of its autonomy are modern phenomena.Here I deduct three elements of the modern paradigm of art from the idea of “beauty without concept”: (1) the original artist, who is seen as a genius, (2) the work of art with an aura, and (3) the museum as the temple of art. Then I present how artists, based on the requirement of originality, worked on dismantling the frontiers of the modern paradigm.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Gizela Horvath","url":"https://partium.academia.edu/GHorvath"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2020-02-02","datePublished":"2019-01-01","headline":"The Modern Paradigm of Art and Its Frontiers","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61967052/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Aesthetics","Art Theory","Immanuel Kant","Theory and Practice of Visual Arts","Modern and Contemporary Art"],"publication":"Monteiro, Mario do Rosario, Ming Kong, Mario S., \u0026 Pereira Neto, Maria Joao (eds.): Modernity, Frontiers and Revolutions. Boca Raton London New York Leiden: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. ISSN Print: 2161-3907. 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{"work":{"id":41829439,"created_at":"2020-02-02T07:49:42.063-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-11-27T17:35:17.352-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"The awakening of art to self-awareness and the statement of its autonomy are modern phenomena.Here I deduct three elements of the modern paradigm of art from the idea of “beauty without concept”: (1) the original artist, who is seen as a genius, (2) the work of art with an aura, and (3) the museum as the temple of art. Then I present how artists, based on the requirement of originality, worked on dismantling the frontiers of the modern paradigm. ","ai_title_tag":"Modern Art Paradigm: Elements and Dismantling Frontiers","page_numbers":"249-257","publication_date":"2019,,","publication_name":"Monteiro, Mario do Rosario, Ming Kong, Mario S., \u0026 Pereira Neto, Maria Joao (eds.): Modernity, Frontiers and Revolutions. Boca Raton London New York Leiden: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. ISSN Print: 2161-3907. ISSN Online 2639-0205"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The Modern Paradigm of Art and Its Frontiers","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [7425995]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":61967052,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The Modern Paradigm of Art and Its Frontiers”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/61967052/mini_magick20200202-580-54rxo7.png?1580662000" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The Modern Paradigm of Art and Its Frontiers</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7425995" href="https://partium.academia.edu/GHorvath"><img alt="Profile image of Gizela Horvath" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/7425995/2720824/18525225/s65_gizela.horvath.jpg" />Gizela Horvath</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2019, Monteiro, Mario do Rosario, Ming Kong, Mario S., & Pereira Neto, Maria Joao (eds.): Modernity, Frontiers and Revolutions. Boca Raton London New York Leiden: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. ISSN Print: 2161-3907. ISSN Online 2639-0205</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">8 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 41829439; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=41829439"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The awakening of art to self-awareness and the statement of its autonomy are modern phenomena.Here I deduct three elements of the modern paradigm of art from the idea of “beauty without concept”: (1) the original artist, who is seen as a genius, (2) the work of art with an aura, and (3) the museum as the temple of art. Then I present how artists, based on the requirement of originality, worked on dismantling the frontiers of the modern paradigm. </p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":61967052,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/41829439/The_Modern_Paradigm_of_Art_and_Its_Frontiers"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":61967052,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/41829439/The_Modern_Paradigm_of_Art_and_Its_Frontiers"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="41829439" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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One must consider the traditional, the innovative and also the ephemeral related to the artistic intentions and thus to the interventions on works of contemporary art, for which the concepts of originality and authenticity do not always correspond. The Brandian vision and point of view do not completely resolve the problematics relative to restoration and conservation: artists realize their artifacts with the intention of undermining tradition or, however, of interpreting it in an unusual way. There are, therefore, cases when a diagnostic-analytical and conservative intervention is possible correspondently to the different and numerous typologies of the materials (poor, plastic, industrial) and techniques (collage, enamel on rubber foam, paint on textile or plastic, neon). A vocation for the ephemeral can be transformed into the adoption of deteriorated materials or into the realization of works of conceptual art and net-art. Some case studies are treated in the comparison of art works of different age. The solutions to the aforementioned problematics are offered and the importance of the involvement of the historical-technical experts, authors and manufacturers of the materials used in the artifacts is highlighted. Finally the procedure of intervention cannot be the same for all works of contemporary art. One must employ a methodology based on the critical study, not only of the materials used but also of the philosophy and creative conceptual intentions of the artist.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The traditional, the innovative, the ephemeral: conception, realization, intervention in contemporary art","attachmentId":31106920,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3254641/The_traditional_the_innovative_the_ephemeral_conception_realization_intervention_in_contemporary_art","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3254641/The_traditional_the_innovative_the_ephemeral_conception_realization_intervention_in_contemporary_art"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="6612054" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6612054/Art_is_not_what_you_think_it_is_but_we_can_approach_it_through_the_Art_Matrix_">Art is not what you think it is (but we can approach it through the Art Matrix)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="246790" href="https://upenn.academia.edu/IanVerstegen">Ian Verstegen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Art Historiography, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Art is not what you think it is (but we can approach it through the Art Matrix)","attachmentId":33355169,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6612054/Art_is_not_what_you_think_it_is_but_we_can_approach_it_through_the_Art_Matrix_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6612054/Art_is_not_what_you_think_it_is_but_we_can_approach_it_through_the_Art_Matrix_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="16500464" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16500464/On_the_crisis_of_modernity_A_reading_from_the_perspective_of_art">On the crisis of modernity. A reading from the perspective of art</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3543297" href="https://deusto.academia.edu/DiegoMalquori">Diego Malquori</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Pensamiento, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this article I propose a reflection on art as an expression of the redefinition of modern culture. Art, in effect, expresses the lines that define the world, but at the same time produces a dif- ferent form of truth. That is why a discourse on art cannot ignore an analysis of the world in which it originates and that somehow it tries to express. In this direction, three readings of the question of mo- dernity are considered: the Dialectic of Enlightenment by Horkheimer and Adorno, Barbarism by Henry, and The End of Modernity by Vattimo. In the second part, the discourse focuses on the manifestation of the crisis in art, trying to offer other meanings, from different philosophical approaches, to the transition from modernity to postmodernity.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On the crisis of modernity. A reading from the perspective of art","attachmentId":54583152,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16500464/On_the_crisis_of_modernity_A_reading_from_the_perspective_of_art","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16500464/On_the_crisis_of_modernity_A_reading_from_the_perspective_of_art"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="96344220" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/96344220/What_Is_Art_The_Viewer_s_Horizon">What Is Art: The Viewer’s Horizon</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3394893" href="https://kul.academia.edu/AndrzejDerdziuk">Andrzej Derdziuk</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Roczniki Kulturoznawcze</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The presented statement is part of the volume it covers a variety of responses from people who interact with art in different ways. The aim is to suggest to the participant of the contemporary world a new, personal perspective to rethink what is this area of our world that we label with art; thoughts with and without theoretical suggestions - reflections by the creators and reflections by the audience, teaching humility and uniqueness, perhaps - forming a fresh perspective on art.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"What Is Art: The Viewer’s Horizon","attachmentId":98268297,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/96344220/What_Is_Art_The_Viewer_s_Horizon","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/96344220/What_Is_Art_The_Viewer_s_Horizon"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="29948125" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29948125/Redefining_art_worlds_in_the_late_modernity">Redefining art worlds in the late modernity</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="768455" href="https://up-pt.academia.edu/MariadeGuerra">Paula Guerra</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5095736" href="https://up-pt.academia.edu/KeepitsimplemakeitfastKISMIF">Keep it simple, make it fast! KISMIF</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Redefining art worlds in the late modernity","attachmentId":50404230,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29948125/Redefining_art_worlds_in_the_late_modernity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29948125/Redefining_art_worlds_in_the_late_modernity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":61967052,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":61967052,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_61967052" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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