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<li id="toc-Tunisians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Tunisians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 French colonization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_and_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_and_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Republic and Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_and_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Population </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Population subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Cultural symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Flag </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Coat of arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jasmine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jasmine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Jasmine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jasmine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hamsa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamsa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Hamsa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamsa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chechia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chechia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Chechia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chechia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gastronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gastronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Gastronomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gastronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisian_Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisian_Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Tunisian Diaspora </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tunisian_Diaspora-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tunisian Diaspora subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tunisian_Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-People_of_Tunisian_Heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_of_Tunisian_Heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 People of Tunisian Heritage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_of_Tunisian_Heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prominent_Historical_Figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_Historical_Figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Prominent Historical Figures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_Historical_Figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_International_Figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_International_Figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Modern International Figures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_International_Figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Links_with_Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links_with_Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Links with Tunisia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links_with_Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Genetic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tunisians</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" > 20 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="تونسيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تونسيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunesier" title="Tunesier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tunesier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_tunecino" title="Pueblo tunecino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo tunecino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisiar" title="Tunisiar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tunisiar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisiens" title="Tunisiens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tunisiens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Tunisia" title="Orang Tunisia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Tunisia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тунистіктер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тунистіктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тунистиктер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тунистиктер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunesiani" title="Tunesiani – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tunesiani" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisie%C5%A1i" title="Tunisieši – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tunisieši" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuni%C5%BCjani" title="Tuniżjani – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Tuniżjani" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ტუნისარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტუნისარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تينسيين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تينسيين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsa_Tunisia" title="Bangsa Tunisia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bangsa Tunisia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="チュニジア人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チュニジア人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisliklar" title="Tunisliklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tunisliklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Тунисцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тунисцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunizian%C3%ABt" title="Tunizianët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tunizianët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuni%C5%A1ani" title="Tunišani – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tunišani" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA" title="突尼西亞人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="突尼西亞人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Tunisians</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="ar">توانسة (Tawānisa, dialectal Tweensa) تونسيون (Tūnisiyyūn)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Tunisian_Diaspora_in_the_World_in_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Map_of_the_Tunisian_Diaspora_in_the_World_in_2024.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Tunisian_Diaspora_in_the_World_in_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Map_of_the_Tunisian_Diaspora_in_the_World_in_2024.svg/330px-Map_of_the_Tunisian_Diaspora_in_the_World_in_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Map_of_the_Tunisian_Diaspora_in_the_World_in_2024.svg/440px-Map_of_the_Tunisian_Diaspora_in_the_World_in_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="472" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 14.2 million<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_en">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Tunisia      ~12,400,000 (2014 census)<a href="#cite_note-ins-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> France</th><td class="infobox-data">1,389,000<a href="#cite_note-OTE-2">[2]</a> <a href="#cite_note-insee.fr-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-OTE-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ote-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-insee.fr-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> Italy</th><td class="infobox-data">319,000 (includes ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-ote-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> Germany</th><td class="infobox-data">195,000<a href="#cite_note-ote-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> United States</th><td class="infobox-data">175,685<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> Israel</th><td class="infobox-data">120,700 (includes ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-CBS_2008_jews_origin-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> Libya</th><td class="infobox-data">68,952<a href="#cite_note-ote-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Canada</th><td class="infobox-data">25,650<a href="#cite_note-ote-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Belgium and <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> Luxembourg</th><td class="infobox-data">24,810<a href="#cite_note-ote-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Turkey</th><td class="infobox-data">20,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> United Arab Emirates</th><td class="infobox-data">19,361<a href="#cite_note-ote-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Algeria</th><td class="infobox-data">18,796<a href="#cite_note-ote-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Saudi Arabia</th><td class="infobox-data">16,774<a href="#cite_note-ote-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  Switzerland</th><td class="infobox-data">16,667<a href="#cite_note-ote-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Netherlands</th><td class="infobox-data">8,776<a href="#cite_note-ote-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> Sweden</th><td class="infobox-data">8,704<a href="#cite_note-ote-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> Qatar</th><td class="infobox-data">31,540<a href="#cite_note-ote-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> United Kingdom and <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Ireland</th><td class="infobox-data">10,797<a href="#cite_note-ote-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Austria, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Croatia, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Slovakia, and <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Slovenia</th><td class="infobox-data">7,921<a href="#cite_note-ote-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> Oman</th><td class="infobox-data">5,693</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Morocco</th><td class="infobox-data">4,570</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> Spain</th><td class="infobox-data">3,722</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Kuwait</th><td class="infobox-data">3,500</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Egypt</th><td class="infobox-data">3,413</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> Bahrain</th><td class="infobox-data">1,605</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> Norway</th><td class="infobox-data">1,540</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> Romania</th><td class="infobox-data">1,352</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> Poland</th><td class="infobox-data">1,340</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Lebanon</th><td class="infobox-data">1,323</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,253<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> Greece</th><td class="infobox-data">981</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Jordan</th><td class="infobox-data">950</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Japan</th><td class="infobox-data">757<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> Australia</th><td class="infobox-data">514</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Indonesia, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Malaysia, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Singapore, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Thailand, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Philippines, and <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Vietnam</th><td class="infobox-data">497</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> South Africa</th><td class="infobox-data">349</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority: <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian Arabic</a>), <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> Historically: <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a> Minority: <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian Arabic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tunisia" title="Islam in Tunisia">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Sunni Maliki</a>)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Minority: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia#Judaism" title="Religion in Tunisia">Judaism</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Tunisians" title="European Tunisians">European Tunisians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punic_people" title="Punic people">Carthaginians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Africans" title="Roman Africans">Roman Africans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Tunisians" title="Italian Tunisians">Italian Tunisians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turco-Tunisians" class="mw-redirect" title="Turco-Tunisians">Turco-Tunisians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maghrebis" title="Maghrebis">Maghrebis</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> peoples </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0.5em;text-align:left;"><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562">a The total figure is merely an estimation; sum of all the referenced populations.</td></tr></tbody></table> Tunisians (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: تونسيون Tūnisiyyūn, <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Arabic language">Tunisian Arabic</a>: توانسة Twènsa <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈtwɛːnsæ]</a>) are the citizens and nationals of Tunisia in North Africa, who speak <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tunisia" title="Languages of Tunisia">Tunisian Arabic</a> and share a common <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian culture">Tunisian culture and identity</a>. In addition to the approximately 12 million residents in Tunisia, a <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_diaspora" title="Tunisian diaspora">Tunisian diaspora</a> has been established with modern migration, particularly in Western Europe, namely <a href="/wiki/Tunisians_in_France" title="Tunisians in France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisians_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisians in Italy">Italy</a> and Germany. The vast majority of Tunisians identify as <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> who adhere to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dosso_Dossi_041.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dosso_Dossi_041.jpg/220px-Dosso_Dossi_041.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dosso_Dossi_041.jpg/330px-Dosso_Dossi_041.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dosso_Dossi_041.jpg/440px-Dosso_Dossi_041.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tunisia" title="History of Tunisia">History of Tunisia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa_and_Ifriqiya">Africa and Ifriqiya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Africa and Ifriqiya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_early_Tunisia" title="History of early Tunisia">History of early Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Carthage" title="History of Carthage">History of Carthage</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman-era_Tunisia" title="History of Roman-era Tunisia">History of Roman-era Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Africans" title="Roman Africans">Roman Africans</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_early_Islamic_Tunisia" title="History of early Islamic Tunisia">History of early Islamic Tunisia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Tunisia" title="History of medieval Tunisia">History of medieval Tunisia</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic-speaking_peoples" title="Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples">Semitic people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_settlement_of_North_Africa" title="Phoenician settlement of North Africa">migrated and settled</a> in the region of present-day Tunisia from the 12th to the 2nd century BC, establishing numerous settlements on the coast, including <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">ancient Carthage</a> which emerged as the most powerful by the 7th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The migrants brought with them their culture <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">and language</a> that progressively spread from Tunisia's coastal areas to the rest of the coastal areas of <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Northwest Africa</a>, as well as parts of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> and the Mediterranean islands.<a href="#cite_note-Aubet,_Maria_Eugenia_2001-23">[23]</a> The descendants of the Phoenician settlers came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Punic_people" title="Punic people">Punic people</a>. From the 8th century BC, most Tunisians were <a href="/wiki/Punic_people" title="Punic people">Punic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-epig-24">[24]</a> Evidence from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> shows that some western Phoenicians (Punic people) used the term "Phoinix,"<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> although it is not clear what term they self-identified with, as they may have self-identified themselves as 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍𐤌 (knʿnm, "<a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a>").<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> A passage from <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>'s writings has frequently been understood as suggesting that they called themselves <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a> (Chanani in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic language</a>, a variety of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician language</a>, seems to have survived well past written use. Arab geographer <a href="/wiki/Al-Bakri" title="Al-Bakri">al-Bakri</a> described a people who lived in <a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a> who spoke a language which was not <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>, well after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest of the Maghreb</a>. Punic culture survived the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)" title="Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)">destruction of Carthage</a> in 146 BC.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> When Carthage fell in 146 BC to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Romans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> the coastal population was mainly Punic, but that influence decreased away from the coast.<a href="#cite_note-epig-24">[24]</a> From the <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Roman period</a> until the Islamic conquest, <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Latins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidians</a> further influenced the Tunisians, which prior to the modern era, Tunisians were known as Afāriqah,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> from the ancient name of Tunisia, <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> or <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a> in the antiquity, which gave the present-day name of the continent Africa.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> From the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest of the Maghreb</a> in 673, many Arabs settled with Arab tribes in Tunisia which was called <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> in places like <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a> which soon became one of the purely Arab settlements in the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a> This accelerated in the 11th century with the large migrations of the Arab tribes of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a> to Ifriqiya and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Some Persians and other Middle-Eastern populations also settled in Ifriqiya, which had its name from the ancient name, the <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Roman province of Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-history69-37">[37]</a> In the early-11th century, <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> took over Ifriqiya and founded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Africa" title="Kingdom of Africa">Kingdom of Africa</a>, which lasted from 1135 to 1160.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Muslim refugees from Sicily and Malta were encouraged by the Normans to settle in Tunisia during this period.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> and expulsion of non-Christians and <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Moriscos</a> from Spain, many Spanish <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> and Jews also arrived. According to Matthew Carr, "As many as eighty thousand Moriscos settled in Tunisia, most of them in and around the capital, Tunis, which still contains a quarter known as Zuqaq al-Andalus, or Andalusia Alley."<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunisians">Tunisians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tunisians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Ottoman Tunisia</a></div> By around the 15th century, the region of modern-day Tunisia had already been almost completely <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabized</a>, establishing <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> as the demographic majority of the population.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> During the 17th to the 19th centuries, Ifriqiya came under <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule and hosted <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Morisco</a> then <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian</a> immigrants from 1609.<a href="#cite_note-quit-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-curr-44">[44]</a> Tunis was officially integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Eyalet of Tunis</a> (province), eventually including all of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> except Morocco. Under the Ottoman Empire, the boundaries of the territory inhabited by Tunisians contracted; Ifriqiya lost territory to the west (<a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>) and to the east (<a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>). In the 19th century, the rulers of Tunisia became aware of the ongoing efforts at political and social <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">reform in the Ottoman capital</a>. The Bey of Tunis then, by his own lights but informed by the Turkish example, attempted to effect a modernizing reform of institutions and the economy. Tunisian international debt grew unmanageable. This was the reason or pretext for French forces to <a href="/wiki/History_of_French-era_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of French-era Tunisia">establish a Protectorate</a> in 1881. A remnant of the centuries of Turkish rule is the presence of <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">a population of Turkish origin</a>, historically the male descendants were referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughlis</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_colonization">French colonization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: French colonization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_French-era_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of French-era Tunisia">History of French-era Tunisia</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">French protectorate of Tunisia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_and_Revolution">Republic and Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Republic and Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Tunisia" title="History of modern Tunisia">History of modern Tunisia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Revolution">Tunisian Revolution</a></div> Independence from France was achieved on 20 March 1956. The State was established as a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Bey_of_Tunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bey of Tunis">Bey of Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_VIII_al-Amin" title="Muhammad VIII al-Amin">Muhammad VIII al-Amin</a> Bey, as the king of Tunisia. In 1957, the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba" title="Habib Bourguiba">Habib Bourguiba</a> abolished the monarchy and firmly established his <a href="/wiki/Neo_Destour" title="Neo Destour">Neo Destour</a> (New Constitution) party. In the 1970s the economy of Tunisia expanded at a very healthy rate. Oil was discovered and tourism continued. City and countryside populations drew roughly equal in number. Yet agricultural problems and urban unemployment led to increased migration to Europe. The 84-year-old President Bourguiba was overthrown and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Ben Ali</a> his Prime Minister on 7 November 1987.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> However, the Ben Ali regime came to an end 23 years later on 14 January 2011, in the events of the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Revolution">Tunisian Revolution</a>, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> a lack of <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political freedoms</a> like <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and poor <a href="/wiki/Living_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Living conditions">living conditions</a>. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Tunisia" title="Constituent Assembly of Tunisia">Constituent Assembly</a> to draft a new constitution and an interim government known as the <a href="/wiki/Troika_(Tunisia)" title="Troika (Tunisia)">Troika</a> because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist <a href="/wiki/Ennahda_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ennahda Movement">Ennahda Movement</a> in the lead, with the centre-left <a href="/wiki/Congress_for_the_Republic" title="Congress for the Republic">Congress for the Republic</a> and the left-leaning <a href="/wiki/Ettakatol" class="mw-redirect" title="Ettakatol">Ettakatol</a> as minority partners.<a href="#cite_note-ao17Jan-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Widespread discontent remained however, leading to the <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Tunisian_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2013–14 Tunisian political crisis">2013–14 Tunisian political crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crisis_Talks-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> As a result of the efforts made by the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a>, the Constituent Assembly completed its work, the interim government resigned, and <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_parliamentary_election,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian parliamentary election, 2014">new elections</a> were held in 2014, completing the transition to a democratic state.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2015 Nobel Peace Prize">2015 Nobel Peace Prize</a> for "its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Tunisian Revolution of 2011".<a href="#cite_note-PressRelease-54">[54]</a> Beyond the political changes, which lead to Tunisia becoming a recognised democracy in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> those events also brought important changes to the <a href="/wiki/Art_and_politics_in_post-2011_Tunisia" title="Art and politics in post-2011 Tunisia">post-2011 Tunisian culture</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tunisia" title="Demographics of Tunisia">Demographics of Tunisia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> The country's population is predominantly composed of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> 98%.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Other ethnic groups include 1% <a href="/wiki/European_Tunisians" title="European Tunisians">European</a> who settled in the country and 1% of other ethnic groups, including mainly <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-58">[58]</a> and sub-Saharan migrants. While Ottoman influence was particularly important in the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Turkish-Tunisian</a> community among the country's elites, other peoples also migrated to Tunisia over different periods of time, including but not limited to, sub-Saharans, Greeks, Romans, Phoenicians (Punics), Jews and French settlers.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Nevertheless, from 1870, the distinction between the Tunisian masses and the Turkish elite became blurred.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> There is also a minority Berber population (1%)<a href="#cite_note-:1-58">[58]</a> mainly located in the Dahar mountains. From the late 19th century to after World War II, Tunisia was home to large populations of French and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Tunisians" title="Italian Tunisians">Italians</a> (255,000 <a href="/wiki/European_Tunisians" title="European Tunisians">Europeans</a> in 1956),<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> although nearly all of them, along with the Jewish population, left after Tunisia became independent. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">history of the Jews in Tunisia</a> goes back some 2,600 years. In 1948 the Jewish population was an estimated 105,000, but by 2013 only about 900 remained.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tunisia" title="Culture of Tunisia">Culture of Tunisia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_symbols">Cultural symbols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cultural symbols">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flag">Flag</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flag">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tunisia" title="Flag of Tunisia">Flag of Tunisia</a></div> The national <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tunisia" title="Flag of Tunisia">flag of Tunisia</a> is predominantly red and consists of a white circle in the middle containing a red <a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">crescent</a> around a <a href="/wiki/Five-pointed_star" title="Five-pointed star">five-pointed star</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid dynasty</a> used a similar flag during the Middle Ages, it consisted of a white crescent pointing upwards and a white five-pointed star but instead of featuring the red color it featured the yellow color.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The crescent and star might also recall the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman flag">Ottoman flag</a> as an indication of Tunisia's history as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-floal-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Whitney Smith states that the crescent was first emblazoned on standards and buildings in the Punic state of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, located in present-day Tunisia. Since appearing on the Ottoman flag, they were widely adopted by Muslim countries. The sun is often represented with the crescent on ancient Punic artifacts and is associated with the ancient <a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic religion</a>, especially with the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_Tanit" title="Sign of Tanit">Sign of Tanit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Coat of arms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Tunisia" title="Coat of arms of Tunisia">Coat of arms of Tunisia</a></div> As for the national coat of arms, they are officially adopted in 1861 and include revised versions on 21 June 1956, and 30 May 1963. The top has a Carthaginian galley sailing on the sea while the lower part is divided vertically and on the right depicts a black lion seizing a silver scimitar. A banner bears the national motto: "Liberty, Order, Justice".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jasmine">Jasmine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jasmine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khamsa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Khamsa.jpg/170px-Khamsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Khamsa.jpg/255px-Khamsa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Khamsa.jpg/340px-Khamsa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Tunisian <a href="/wiki/Hamsa" title="Hamsa">hamsa</a></figcaption></figure> Imported by the Andalusians in the sixteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Jasmine" title="Jasmine">jasmine</a> has become the national flower of Tunisia.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The gathering takes place at dawn and then, upon nightfall, when young boys collect small bouquets, and later sell them to passersby on the street or to motorists stopped at intersections.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Furthermore, jasmine is the subject of a specific sign language. A man who wears jasmine on his left ear indicates that he is single and in addition, offering white jasmine is seen as a proof of love while on the contrary, offering odorless winter jasmine is a sign of insolence.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hamsa">Hamsa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hamsa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hamsa" title="Hamsa">Hamsa</a></div> The hamsa (<a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Arabic language">Tunisian Arabic</a>: خمسة, also romanized khamsa) is a palm-shaped <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulet</a> popular in Tunisia and more generally in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, and commonly used in jewelry and wall hangings.<a href="#cite_note-Bernasekp12-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sonbolp355-71">[71]</a> Depicting the open right hand, an image recognized and used as a sign of protection in many times throughout history, the hamsa is believed to provide defense against the <a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">evil eye</a>. It has been theorized that its origins lie in <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> (modern-day Tunisia) and may have been associated with the Goddess <a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cuthbert2015-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chechia">Chechia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chechia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chechia" title="Chechia">Chechia</a></div> The Chechia is the national headgear of Tunisia. Supple and cylindrical in shape, the chechia was imported into Tunisia in its current form from Spain, by the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> expelled after the capture of <a href="/wiki/Granada_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada (Spain)">Granada</a> in 1492. Finding in Tunisia a second homeland, they establish the <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">craft</a> of the chechia there. After the independence of Tunisia in 1956 and with the arrival of manufactured goods and <a href="/wiki/Norm_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (social)">customs</a> from the Europe, the wearing of the chechia tends to be limited to holidays and religious festivals; it is often associated with the elderly.<a href="#cite_note-MGB-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tunisia" title="Languages of Tunisia">Languages of Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian Arabic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie">Francophonie</a></div> Tunisian Arabic is a set of <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi Arabic</a> spoken in Tunisia. In addition to mastering French.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_diaspora" title="Tunisian diaspora">Tunisian diaspora</a> makes it common for Tunisians to <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switch</a>, mixing Arabic with French, English or other languages in daily speech.<a href="#cite_note-dig-75">[75]</a> Moreover, Tunisian Arabic is closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> that descended from <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Siculo-Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-maltese-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gastronomy">Gastronomy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gastronomy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_wine" title="Tunisian wine">Tunisian wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_couscous_from_Kerkenah,_Tunisia,_August_16th,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Fish_couscous_from_Kerkenah%2C_Tunisia%2C_August_16th%2C_2007.jpg/220px-Fish_couscous_from_Kerkenah%2C_Tunisia%2C_August_16th%2C_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Fish_couscous_from_Kerkenah%2C_Tunisia%2C_August_16th%2C_2007.jpg/330px-Fish_couscous_from_Kerkenah%2C_Tunisia%2C_August_16th%2C_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Fish_couscous_from_Kerkenah%2C_Tunisia%2C_August_16th%2C_2007.jpg/440px-Fish_couscous_from_Kerkenah%2C_Tunisia%2C_August_16th%2C_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kerkennah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerkennah">Kerkennah</a> fish</figcaption></figure> Tunisian cuisine is a blend of <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean cuisine</a> and traditions. Its distinctive spicy fieriness comes from neighbouring Mediterranean countries and the many civilizations who have ruled Tunisian land: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a>, Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turkish</a>, Italians (<a href="/wiki/Sicilians" title="Sicilians">Sicilians</a>), French, and the native <a href="/wiki/Punics" class="mw-redirect" title="Punics">Punics</a>-<a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber people</a>. Tunisian food uses a variety of ingredients and in different ways. The main dish that is served in Tunisia is <a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a>, made of minuscule grains that are cooked and usually served with meat and vegetables. In cooking they also use a variety of flavors such as: <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aniseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniseed">aniseed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">caraway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>, orange, <a href="/wiki/Blossom" title="Blossom">blossom</a>, and rose water. Like all Mediterranean cultures, Tunisian culture offers a "sun cuisine", based mainly on olive oil, spices, tomatoes, seafood (a wide range of fish) and meat from rearing (lamb).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Tunisia" title="Architecture of Tunisia">Architecture of Tunisia</a></div> Tunisian architecture is traditionally expressed in various facets in Tunisia through <a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">Roman architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a>. Through many buildings, <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a> forms the epicenter of an architectural movement expressing the relationship between buildings and spirituality with the ornamental decoration of religious buildings in the holy city. In <a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>, the architecture such as the fortress of <a href="/wiki/El_Kef" title="El Kef">Kef</a> reflects the military and spiritual destiny of a <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> influence in the region.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The influential role of the various dynasties that ruled the country, particularly in building cities and princes of Raqqada Mahdia, illuminates the role of the geopolitical context in the architectural history of the country. Thus, many original fortresses that protected the coast from Byzantine invasions evolved into cities, like <a href="/wiki/Monastir,_Tunisia" title="Monastir, Tunisia">Monastir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lamta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamta">Lamta</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Medina_of_Tunis" title="Medina of Tunis">medina of Tunis</a>, is <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> of UNESCO, and is a typical example of Islamic architecture. However, in the areas between the ports of <a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Bizerte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghar_El_Melh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghar El Melh">Ghar El Melh</a>, settlements founded by the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> fleeing Andalusia were reconquered by Catholic sovereigns and has more of a Christian influence. Given the cosmopolitan nature of cities in Tunisia, they have retained a diversity and juxtaposition of styles. Many buildings were designed by many different architects, artisans and entrepreneurs during the French protectorate. Among the most famous architects of that time were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Valensi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Valensi (page does not exist)">Victor Valensi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Raphael&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Raphael (page does not exist)">Guy Raphael</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Saladin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Saladin (page does not exist)">Henri Saladin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joss_Ellenon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joss Ellenon (page does not exist)">Joss Ellenon</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Emile_Resplandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Emile Resplandy (page does not exist)">Jean-Emile Resplandy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Borsali-79">[79]</a> Five distinct architectural and decorative styles are particularly popular: those of the eclectic style (<a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neo-classical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a>, etc..) Between 1881 and 1900 and then again until 1920 the style was neo-Mauresque, between 1925 and 1940 it was in the <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> style and then the modernist style between 1943 and 1947.<a href="#cite_note-Borsali-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Music of Tunisia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bendir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bendir.jpg/150px-Bendir.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bendir.jpg/225px-Bendir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bendir.jpg/300px-Bendir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1033" /></a><figcaption>Tunisian <a href="/wiki/Bendir" title="Bendir">Bendir</a> (frame drum) with snare</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdel_Wahab" title="Mohammed Abdel Wahab">Mohammed Abdel Wahab</a>, Tunisian music has been influenced by old Andalusian songs injected with Turkish, Persian and Greek influences. Of major note in Tunisian classical music is the Malouf. Deriving from the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a> in the 15th century, it is a particular type of Andalusian music. In urban areas it uses stringed instruments (<a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qanun_(instrument)" title="Qanun (instrument)">Kanun</a>) and percussion (<a href="/wiki/Darbuka" class="mw-redirect" title="Darbuka">darbuka</a>) while in rural areas, it may also be accompanied by instruments like the <a href="/wiki/Mezoued" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezoued">mezoued</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gasba" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasba">gasba</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zurna" title="Zurna">zurna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The emergence of new patterns of racial and improvised music since the late 1990s changed the musical landscape of Tunisia. At the same time, the majority of the population is attracted by the music of Levantine origin (Egyptian, Lebanese or Syrian). Popular western music has also had major success with the emergence of many groups and festivals, including rock music, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>. Among the major Tunisian contemporary artists include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedi_Habbouba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hedi Habbouba (page does not exist)">Hedi Habbouba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saber_Reba%C3%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Saber Rebaï">Saber Rebaï</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhafer_Youssef" title="Dhafer Youssef">Dhafer Youssef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgacem_Bouguenna" title="Belgacem Bouguenna">Belgacem Bouguenna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonia_M%27barek" title="Sonia M'barek">Sonia M'barek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latifa_(singer)" title="Latifa (singer)">Latifa</a>. Other notable musicians include <a href="/wiki/Salah_El_Mahdi" title="Salah El Mahdi">Salah El Mahdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anouar_Brahem" title="Anouar Brahem">Anouar Brahem</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zied_Gharsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zied Gharsa (page does not exist)">Zied Gharsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lotfi_Bouchnak" title="Lotfi Bouchnak">Lotfi Bouchnak</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cinema">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tunisia" title="Cinema of Tunisia">Cinema of Tunisia</a></div> Tunisian cinema is today recognized as one of the most liberal, most inventive (and one of the most prize-winning) cinemas of Africa and the Middle-east. Since the 90s, Tunisia became an attractive place for filming and numerous companies emerged, serving the foreign film industry and became successful.<a href="#cite_note-cff-81">[81]</a> Tunisia also hosts the <a href="/wiki/Carthage_Film_Festival" title="Carthage Film Festival">Carthage Film Festival</a> which has been taking place since 1966. The festival gives priority to films from African and Middle-eastern countries. It is the oldest film festival on the African continent.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Theatre">edit</a>]</div> In over a century of existence, Tunisian theatre hosted or gave birth to big names, such as <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt" title="Sarah Bernhardt">Sarah Bernhardt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Carton" title="Pauline Carton">Pauline Carton</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Philipe" title="Gérard Philipe">Gérard Philipe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Marais" title="Jean Marais">Jean Marais</a> to mention a few.<a href="#cite_note-théâtre_municipal-83">[83]</a> On 7 November 1962, <a href="/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba" title="Habib Bourguiba">Habib Bourguiba</a>, whose brother is a playwright, devoted his speech to this art,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> which he considers "a powerful means of disseminating culture and a most effective means of popular education".<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> From this date, 7 November is regarded as the Tunisian National Day of drama.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troupe_folklorique_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Troupe_folklorique_2.jpg/220px-Troupe_folklorique_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Troupe_folklorique_2.jpg/330px-Troupe_folklorique_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Troupe_folklorique_2.jpg/440px-Troupe_folklorique_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Folklore troupe of Kerkennah</figcaption></figure> The variety of dances performed by the Tunisians probably reflects the migration flows that have traversed the country throughout the centuries. Thus, the early <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> brought with them their songs and dances, whose traces are rooted in the region of Tunis, while the Romans have left few traces of art in relation to their architectural contribution.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Religious dances were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> but by the end of the 15th century, had progressively become Andalusian with their dances and urban music. Oriental dance would arrive later with the Ottomans, although some experts in the history of Northwest African art have said it was brought to Tunisia by the first Turkish corsairs in the sixteenth century while others say that the origin of this dance goes back further to the era of matriarchy in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and founded by the early Phoenicians.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> This form of oriental dance usually performed in Tunisia insists on the movements of the <a href="/wiki/Human_pelvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human pelvis">pelvis</a> in rhythm, movement highlighted by the elevation of the arms to horizontal, and feet moving in rhythm and transferring weight onto the right leg or left.<a href="#cite_note-Hafsi-89">[89]</a> The Nuba, more rooted in popular practice, is linked to the dancers and the Kerkennah Djerba to a lesser extent.<a href="#cite_note-h150-90">[90]</a> Some experts say that their dress is of Greek origin. Structured into several scenes, the dance is often accompanied by acrobatic games with jars filled with water.<a href="#cite_note-h150-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_literature" title="Tunisian literature">Tunisian literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Mrad_-_Le_deuil_sur_la_femme_de_Haddad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ben_Mrad_-_Le_deuil_sur_la_femme_de_Haddad.jpg/170px-Ben_Mrad_-_Le_deuil_sur_la_femme_de_Haddad.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ben_Mrad_-_Le_deuil_sur_la_femme_de_Haddad.jpg/255px-Ben_Mrad_-_Le_deuil_sur_la_femme_de_Haddad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Ben_Mrad_-_Le_deuil_sur_la_femme_de_Haddad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>First page of a Tunisian book (1931) by <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Salah_Ben_Mrad" title="Mohamed Salah Ben Mrad">Mohamed Salah Ben Mrad</a> (1881–1979)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tozeur_AQChebbi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tozeur_AQChebbi.jpg/220px-Tozeur_AQChebbi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tozeur_AQChebbi.jpg/330px-Tozeur_AQChebbi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tozeur_AQChebbi.jpg/440px-Tozeur_AQChebbi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Bust of <a href="/wiki/Aboul-Qacem_Echebbi" title="Aboul-Qacem Echebbi">Aboul-Qacem Echebbi</a> in Ras El Aïn (<a href="/wiki/Tozeur" title="Tozeur">Tozeur</a>)</figcaption></figure> Among the Tunisian literary figures include <a href="/wiki/Ali_Douagi" title="Ali Douagi">Ali Douagi</a>, who has produced more than 150 radio stories, over 500 poems and folk songs and nearly 15 plays,<a href="#cite_note-tangka2-91">[91]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khraief_Bashir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khraief Bashir (page does not exist)">Khraief Bashir</a><a href="#cite_note-tangka2-91">[91]</a> and others such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moncef_Ghachem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moncef Ghachem (page does not exist)">Moncef Ghachem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Salah_Ben_Mrad" title="Mohamed Salah Ben Mrad">Mohamed Salah Ben Mrad</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Messadi" title="Mahmoud Messadi">Mahmoud Messadi</a>. As for poetry, Tunisian poetry typically opts for nonconformity and innovation with poets such as <a href="/wiki/Aboul-Qacem_Echebbi" title="Aboul-Qacem Echebbi">Aboul-Qacem Echebbi</a>. As for literature, it is characterized by its critical approach. Contrary to the pessimism of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Memmi" title="Albert Memmi">Albert Memmi</a>, who predicted that Tunisian literature was sentenced to die young,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> a high number of Tunisian writers are abroad including <a href="/wiki/Abdelwahab_Meddeb" title="Abdelwahab Meddeb">Abdelwahab Meddeb</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakri_Tahar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakri Tahar (page does not exist)">Bakri Tahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustapha_Tlili" title="Mustapha Tlili">Mustapha Tlili</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A9_B%C3%A9ji" title="Hélé Béji">Hélé Béji</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mellah_Fawzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mellah Fawzi (page does not exist)">Mellah Fawzi</a>. The themes of wandering, exile and heartbreak are the focus of their creative writing. The <a href="/wiki/National_bibliography" title="National bibliography">national bibliography</a> lists 1249 non-school books published in 2002 in Tunisia.<a href="#cite_note-littérature-93">[93]</a> In 2006 this figure had increased to 1,500 and 1,700 in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-hzreal-94">[94]</a> Nearly a third of the books are published for children.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tunisian_Diaspora">Tunisian Diaspora</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tunisian Diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_diaspora" title="Tunisian diaspora">Tunisian diaspora</a></div> Statistics of the Office of Tunisians Abroad show more than 128,000 Tunisian families in Europe with a concentration in France and Germany. Young Tunisians (less than 16 years of age) represent 25% of the Tunisian community abroad.<a href="#cite_note-mabrouk2-95">[95]</a> Thus there is currently a rejuvenation of the Tunisian diaspora which is now in its third generation. Women represent nearly 26% of the total community.<a href="#cite_note-mabrouk2-95">[95]</a> In France, their percentage is estimated at 38.2%. The portion of the diaspora who are over 60 years old is around 7%.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Originally, the largest part of the Tunisians in Europe worked in sectors requiring minimal qualifications. In effect the migrants of the 1960s and 70s were less educated (mostly farmers or manual labourers).<a href="#cite_note-mabrouk1-96">[96]</a> Subsequently, the majority of Tunisians settled in France have worked in the service sector (hotels, restaurants or retail) or have headed small businesses. In 2008, Tunisia became the first of the Maghreb countries to sign a management agreement concerning the flow of migrants, at the impetus of President <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>: it provides easy access for almost 9,000 Tunisian students enrolled in French institutions,<a href="#cite_note-mabrouk1-96">[96]</a> but also almost 500 titres de séjour (residency permits) for highly qualified individuals so that they can acquire experience in France, valid for a maximum of six years.<a href="#cite_note-mabrouk1-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People_of_Tunisian_Heritage">People of Tunisian Heritage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: People of Tunisian Heritage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prominent_Historical_Figures">Prominent Historical Figures</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Prominent Historical Figures">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tableau_farhat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Tableau_farhat.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Farhat_Hached" title="Farhat Hached">Farhat Hached</a> (1914–1952) was a Tunisian labor leader and nationalist activist who played a significant role in the struggle for Tunisia's independence from French colonial rule.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Aboul-Qacem_Echebbi" title="Aboul-Qacem Echebbi">Aboul-Qacem Echebbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Zakariya_Yahya" title="Abu Zakariya Yahya">Abu Zakariya Yahya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_I_ibn_Mustafa" title="Ahmad I ibn Mustafa">Ahmad I ibn Mustafa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aisha_Al-Manoubya" title="Aisha Al-Manoubya">Aisha Al-Manoubya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Douagi" title="Ali Douagi">Ali Douagi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Ziyad" title="Ali ibn Ziyad">Ali ibn Ziyad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asad_ibn_al-Furat" title="Asad ibn al-Furat">Asad ibn al-Furat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aziza_Othmana" title="Aziza Othmana">Aziza Othmana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azzedine_Ala%C3%AFa" title="Azzedine Alaïa">Azzedine Alaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bchira_Ben_Mrad" title="Bchira Ben Mrad">Bchira Ben Mrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beji_Caid_Essebsi" title="Beji Caid Essebsi">Beji Caid Essebsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Marcello" title="Carlos Marcello">Carlos Marcello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chokri_Belaid" title="Chokri Belaid">Chokri Belaid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farhat_Hached" title="Farhat Hached">Farhat Hached</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba" title="Habib Bourguiba">Habib Bourguiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_ibn_al-Nu%27man" title="Hassan ibn al-Nu'man">Hassan ibn al-Nu'man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Pasha" title="Hayreddin Pasha">Hayreddin Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zayd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Abi Zayd">Ibn Abi Zayd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jazzar" title="Ibn al-Jazzar">Ibn al-Jazzar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rachik" title="Ibn Rachik">Ibn Rachik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_II_of_Ifriqiya" title="Ibrahim II of Ifriqiya">Ibrahim II of Ifriqiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamine_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamine Bey">Lamine Bey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Azria" title="Max Azria">Max Azria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi" title="Mohamed Bouazizi">Mohamed Bouazizi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Brahmi" title="Mohamed Brahmi">Mohamed Brahmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moncef_Bey" title="Moncef Bey">Moncef Bey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moufida_Bourguiba" title="Moufida Bourguiba">Moufida Bourguiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tewhida_Ben_Sheikh" title="Tewhida Ben Sheikh">Tewhida Ben Sheikh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Tahir_ibn_Ashur" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur">Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radhia_Haddad" title="Radhia Haddad">Radhia Haddad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahnun" title="Sahnun">Sahnun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a> (Entity winner of the 2015 nobel peace prize) and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Perez_(Tunisian_boxer)" title="Victor Perez (Tunisian boxer)">Victor Perez</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_International_Figures">Modern International Figures</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Modern International Figures">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Salah_Mejri" title="Salah Mejri">Salah Mejri</a> (United States), <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Delano%C3%AB" title="Bertrand Delanoë">Bertrand Delanoë</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bartolone" title="Claude Bartolone">Claude Bartolone</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/Dove_Attia" title="Dove Attia">Dove Attia</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/M._Salah_Baouendi" title="M. Salah Baouendi">M. Salah Baouendi</a> (United States), <a href="/wiki/Poorna_Jagannathan" title="Poorna Jagannathan">Poorna Jagannathan</a> (United States), <a href="/wiki/Mustapha_Tlili" title="Mustapha Tlili">Mustapha Tlili</a> (United States), <a href="/wiki/Ferrid_Kheder" title="Ferrid Kheder">Ferrid Kheder</a> (United States), <a href="/wiki/Oussama_Mellouli" title="Oussama Mellouli">Oussama Mellouli</a> (United States), <a href="/wiki/Leila_Ben_Youssef" title="Leila Ben Youssef">Leila Ben Youssef</a> (United States), <a href="/wiki/Mounir_Laroussi" title="Mounir Laroussi">Mounir Laroussi</a> (United States), <a href="/wiki/Bushido_(rapper)" title="Bushido (rapper)">Bushido (rapper)</a> (Germany), <a href="/wiki/Loco_Dice" title="Loco Dice">Loco Dice</a> (Germany), <a href="/wiki/Sami_Allagui" title="Sami Allagui">Sami Allagui</a> (Germany), <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Cardinale" title="Claudia Cardinale">Claudia Cardinale</a> (Italy), <a href="/wiki/%C3%84nis_Ben-Hatira" title="Änis Ben-Hatira">Änis Ben-Hatira</a> (Germany), <a href="/wiki/Mounir_Chaftar" title="Mounir Chaftar">Mounir Chaftar</a> (Germany), <a href="/wiki/Sofian_Chahed" title="Sofian Chahed">Sofian Chahed</a> (Germany), <a href="/wiki/Nejmeddin_Daghfous" title="Nejmeddin Daghfous">Nejmeddin Daghfous</a> (Germany), <a href="/wiki/Marwan_Kenzari" title="Marwan Kenzari">Marwan Kenzari</a> (Netherlands), <a href="/wiki/Rani_Khedira" title="Rani Khedira">Rani Khedira</a> (Germany), <a href="/wiki/Sami_Khedira" title="Sami Khedira">Sami Khedira</a> (Germany), <a href="/wiki/Ayman" title="Ayman">Ayman</a> (Germany), <a href="/wiki/Elyas_M%27Barek" title="Elyas M'Barek">Elyas M'Barek</a> (Germany), <a href="/wiki/Adel_Tawil" title="Adel Tawil">Adel Tawil</a> (Germany), <a href="/wiki/Amel_Karboul" title="Amel Karboul">Amel Karboul</a> (Germany), <a href="/wiki/Michel_Boujenah" title="Michel Boujenah">Michel Boujenah</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/Tarak_Ben_Ammar" title="Tarak Ben Ammar">Tarak Ben Ammar</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2%C3%A2m" title="Lââm">Lââm</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/Yoann_Touzghar" title="Yoann Touzghar">Yoann Touzghar</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/Isleym" title="Isleym">Isleym</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/Hatem_Ben_Arfa" title="Hatem Ben Arfa">Hatem Ben Arfa</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/Sadek_(rapper)" title="Sadek (rapper)">Sadek</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/Tunisiano" title="Tunisiano">Tunisiano</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/Afef_Jnifen" title="Afef Jnifen">Afef Jnifen</a> (Italy), <a href="/wiki/Sana_Hassainia" title="Sana Hassainia">Sana Hassainia</a> (Canada), <a href="/wiki/Hinda_Hicks" title="Hinda Hicks">Hinda Hicks</a> (England), <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hechmi_Hamdi" title="Mohamed Hechmi Hamdi">Mohamed Hechmi Hamdi</a> (England), <a href="/wiki/Hend_Sabry" title="Hend Sabry">Hend Sabry</a> (Egypt), <a href="/wiki/Ghassan_bin_Jiddo" title="Ghassan bin Jiddo">Ghassan bin Jiddo</a> (Lebanon), <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Hanouna" title="Cyril Hanouna">Cyril Hanouna</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/Kev_Adams" title="Kev Adams">Kev Adams</a> (France), Sabrine Bentunsi (France), <a href="/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Moungi Bawendi</a> (United States), <a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%AFd_Bouziri" title="Saïd Bouziri">Saïd Bouziri</a> (France). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Links_with_Tunisia">Links with Tunisia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Links with Tunisia">edit</a>]</div> In Tunisia, free courses of instruction in <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian Arabic</a> are organised during the summer holidays for the children of Tunisian residents abroad, who are heavily influenced by the culture of the countries in which they live. Trips are also organised for them to experience Tunisian culture, history and civilisation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic">Genetic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Genetic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_North_Africa" title="Genetic history of North Africa">Genetic history of North Africa</a></div> Tunisians mainly carry <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M215_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)">E1b1 haplogroup</a> (55%) and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">J1 haplogroup</a> (34.2%).<a href="#cite_note-Semino_et_al_20042-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cruciani_et_al_2004-98">[98]</a> Listed here are the <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroups" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups">human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups</a> in Tunisia.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Haplogroup </th> <th>n </th> <th>B </th> <th>E1a </th> <th>E1b1a </th> <th>E1b1b1 </th> <th>E1b1b1a3 </th> <th>E1b1b1a4 </th> <th>E1b1b1b </th> <th>E1b1b1c </th> <th>F </th> <th>G </th> <th>I </th> <th>J1 </th> <th>J2 </th> <th>K </th> <th>P,R </th> <th>R1a1 </th> <th>R1b1a </th> <th>R1b1b </th> <th>T </th></tr> <tr> <td>Marker</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>M33</td> <td>M2</td> <td>M35</td> <td>V22</td> <td>V65</td> <td>M81</td> <td>M34</td> <td>M89</td> <td>M201</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>M172</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>V88</td> <td>M269</td> <td>M70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tunisia</td> <td>601</td> <td>0.17</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>0.67</td> <td>1.66</td> <td>3</td> <td>3.16</td> <td>62.73</td> <td>1.16</td> <td>2.66</td> <td>0.17</td> <td>0.17</td> <td>16.64</td> <td>2.83</td> <td>0.33</td> <td>0.33</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>1.83</td> <td>0.33</td> <td>1.16 </td></tr> </tbody></table> Elkamel, Sarra et al. (2021) wrote that: "Considering Tunisian populations as a whole, the majority part of their paternal haplogroups are of autochthonous Berber origin (71.67%), which co-exists with others assumedly from the Middle East (18.35%) and to a lesser extent from Sub-Saharan Africa (5.2%), Europe (3.45%) and Asia (1.33%)."<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moroccans" title="Moroccans">Moroccans</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisians&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ins-1"><a href="#cite_ref-ins_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610170957/http://www.ins.tn/fr/themes/population#417">"National Institute of Statistics-Tunisia"</a>. 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University of Western Sydney.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=An+outline+of+the+Shilha+%28Berber%29+vernacular+of+Douiret+%28Southern+Tunisia%29&rft.inst=University+of+Western+Sydney&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Gabsi&rft.aufirst=Zouhir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchdirect.uws.edu.au%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fuws%3A573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018153728/http://www.tunisia-live.net/2011/10/13/tunisian-amazigh-and-the-fight-for-recognition/">"Tunisian Amazigh and the Fight for Recognition – Tunisialive"</a>. Tunisialive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tunisia-live.net/2011/10/13/tunisian-amazigh-and-the-fight-for-recognition/">the original</a> on 18 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tunisialive&rft.atitle=Tunisian+Amazigh+and+the+Fight+for+Recognition+%E2%80%93+Tunisialive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tunisia-live.net%2F2011%2F10%2F13%2Ftunisian-amazigh-and-the-fight-for-recognition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Tunisia">"Tunisia | History, Map, Flag, Population, & Facts"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Tunisia+%26%23124%3B+History%2C+Map%2C+Flag%2C+Population%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FTunisia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/23/tunisia-last-jewish-community-djerba-israel">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/23/tunisia-last-jewish-community-djerba-israel</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/the-last-jews-of-tunisia/27809506.html">https://www.rferl.org/a/the-last-jews-of-tunisia/27809506.html</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/8838207/jewish-community-tunisia-djerba-antisemitism/">https://globalnews.ca/news/8838207/jewish-community-tunisia-djerba-antisemitism/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tunisia/">"Tunisia – the World Factbook"</a>. 22 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tunisia+%E2%80%93+the+World+Factbook&rft.date=2022-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Ftunisia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoscati2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sabatino_Moscati" title="Sabatino Moscati">Moscati, Sabatino</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1EEtmT9Tbj4C&pg=PA17">The Phoenicians</a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-533-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-533-4"><bdi>978-1-85043-533-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phoenicians&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-533-4&rft.aulast=Moscati&rft.aufirst=Sabatino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1EEtmT9Tbj4C%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aubet,_Maria_Eugenia_2001-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Aubet,_Maria_Eugenia_2001_23-0">^</a> Aubet, M. E. (2001). The Phoenicians and the West: politics, colonies and trade. Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-epig-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epig_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epig_24-1">b</a> Jongeling, K., & Kerr, R.M. (2005). Late Punic epigraphy: an introduction to the study of Neo-Punic and Latino- Punic inscriptions. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, pp. 114, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-148728-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-16-148728-1">3-16-148728-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1974" class="citation journal cs1">Jenkins, G. Kenneth (1974). "Coins of Punic Sicily, Part II". 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New Haven. p. 240 n. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300210156" title="Special:BookSources/9780300210156"><bdi>9780300210156</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hannibal%3A+A+Hellenistic+life&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=240+n.+8&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780300210156&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Eve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisians" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a>. 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John Wiley & Sons. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-19329-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-19329-6"><bdi>978-1-119-19329-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Languages&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2020-03-31&rft.isbn=978-1-119-19329-6&rft.aulast=Hasselbach-Andee&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLFbPDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Appian_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Appian of Alexandria">Appian of Alexandria</a> (162). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_punic_00.html">The Punic Wars</a>. Roman History </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Appian_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Appian of Alexandria">Appian of Alexandria</a> (162). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_punic_19.html#%A793">The Third Punic War</a>. Roman History" </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> The Muslim conquest and settlement of North Africa and Spain, Abdulwahid Thanun Taha, Routledge Library Edition: Muslim Spain p21 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/autre-region/Ifriqiya/124749">Article « Ifriqiya » (Larousse.fr)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishai1968" class="citation book cs1">Bishai, Wilson B. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IiBCAAAAIAAJ">Islamic History of the Middle East: Backgrounds, Development, and Fall of the Arab Empire</a>. Allyn and Bacon. p. 187. <q>Many Arabs settled in Qayrawan, which soon became one of several purely Arab settlements in the Arab Empire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+History+of+the+Middle+East%3A+Backgrounds%2C+Development%2C+and+Fall+of+the+Arab+Empire&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Allyn+and+Bacon&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Bishai&rft.aufirst=Wilson+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIiBCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheotokis2020" class="citation book cs1">Theotokis, Georgios (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fgo7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">Warfare in the Norman Mediterranean</a>. Boydell & Brewer. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78327-521-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78327-521-2"><bdi>978-1-78327-521-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+the+Norman+Mediterranean&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78327-521-2&rft.aulast=Theotokis&rft.aufirst=Georgios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFgo7EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldaufKaplan2007" class="citation book cs1">Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. 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University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1452912238" title="Special:BookSources/1452912238"><bdi>1452912238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabic+language%3A+Its+role+in+history&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=1452912238&rft.aulast=Chejne&rft.aufirst=Anwar+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisians" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> All the Arabic sources can be found in Michele Amari, Biblioteca arabo-sicula (Rome and Turin: 1880). </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbulafia1985" class="citation book cs1">Abulafia, David (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lje4QgAACAAJ&pg=PA26">"The Norman kingdom of Africa and the Norman expeditions to Majorca and the Muslim Mediterranean"</a>. 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(1978), The Tunisian Ulama 1873–1915: Social Structure and Response to Ideological Currents, BRILL, p. 69, ISBN 978-90-04-05687-9 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngus_Maddison2007" class="citation book cs1">Angus Maddison (20 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EeWy7a6nAHcC&pg=PA214">Contours of the World Economy 1–2030 AD:Essays in Macro-Economic History: Essays in Macro-Economic History</a>. OUP Oxford. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922721-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922721-1"><bdi>978-0-19-922721-1</bdi></a>. 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Que soit sauvegardée la richesse architecturale de nos villes », Réalités, n°1062, 4 mai 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20081121025123/http://www.saisonstunisiennes.com/panorama_txt07.html">"La Tunisie de A à Z, Instruments de musique"</a> (in French). Saisons tunisiennes. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saisonstunisiennes.com/panorama_txt07.html">the original</a> on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Tunisie+de+A+%C3%A0+Z%2C+Instruments+de+musique&rft.pub=Saisons+tunisiennes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saisonstunisiennes.com%2Fpanorama_txt07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cff-81"><a href="#cite_ref-cff_81-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jccarthage.org/eng/cinema_tunisien.php">History of Tunisian Cinema</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028003651/http://www.jccarthage.org/eng/cinema_tunisien.php">Archived</a> 28 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Carthage_Film_Festival/">"Carthage Film Festival Page"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Carthage+Film+Festival+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2FSections%2FAwards%2FCarthage_Film_Festival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-théâtre_municipal-83"><a href="#cite_ref-théâtre_municipal_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528103351/http://www.saisonstunisiennes.com/culture.html">"saisonstunisiennes.com"</a>. www.saisonstunisiennes.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saisonstunisiennes.com/culture.html">the original</a> on 28 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.saisonstunisiennes.com&rft.atitle=saisonstunisiennes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saisonstunisiennes.com%2Fculture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Yves Lacoste et Camille Lacoste-Dujardin [sous la dir. de], L’état du Maghreb, éd. La Découverte, Paris, 1991, p. 321 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Saïd (1970), p. 53[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Saïd (1970), p. 54[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Hosni (1996), p. 143[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Hosni (1996), p.144[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Hafsi-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Hafsi_89-0">^</a> Bedhioufi Hafsi, « Enjeux privés et sociaux du corps », Unité et diversité. Les identités culturelles dans le jeu de la mondialisation, éd. L’Harmattan, Paris, 2002, p. 321 </li> <li id="cite_note-h150-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-h150_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-h150_90-1">b</a> Hosni (1996), p. 150[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-tangka2-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tangka2_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tangka2_91-1">b</a> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guides.tangka.com/tunisie/Chapt8Sub1.htm">Fantaisie arabe et poésie (Guide Tangka)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007040510/http://guides.tangka.com/tunisie/Chapt8Sub1.htm">Archived</a> 7 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007040510/http://guides.tangka.com/tunisie/Chapt8Sub1.htm">"Littérature francophone (Guide Tangka)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guides.tangka.com/tunisie/Chapt8Sub1.htm">the original</a> on 7 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Litt%C3%A9rature+francophone+%28Guide+Tangka%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguides.tangka.com%2Ftunisie%2FChapt8Sub1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-littérature-93"><a href="#cite_ref-littérature_93-0">^</a> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture.tn/culture/HTML/pagedentree/livre.htm">Littérature tunisienne (Ministère de la Culture et de la Sauvegarde du patrimoine)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051229022530/http://www.culture.tn/culture/HTML/pagedentree/livre.htm">Archived</a> 29 December 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-hzreal-94"><a href="#cite_ref-hzreal_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realites.com.tn/home/Realites-Lire-Article?=&a=1085258">"« 2009, l'année des rendez-vous culturels importants », Réalités, 18 novembre 2008"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%AB+2009%2C+l%27ann%C3%A9e+des+rendez-vous+culturels+importants+%C2%BB%2C+R%C3%A9alit%C3%A9s%2C+18+novembre+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realites.com.tn%2Fhome%2FRealites-Lire-Article%3F%3D%26a%3D1085258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mabrouk2-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mabrouk2_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mabrouk2_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMabrouk2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mabrouk, Sonia (28 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jeuneafrique.com/64439/societe/les-tunisiens-dans-le-monde/">"Les Tunisiens dans le monde"</a> [Tunisians in the world]. Jeune Afrique (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jeune+Afrique&rft.atitle=Les+Tunisiens+dans+le+monde&rft.date=2008-04-28&rft.aulast=Mabrouk&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2F64439%2Fsociete%2Fles-tunisiens-dans-le-monde%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mabrouk1-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mabrouk1_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mabrouk1_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mabrouk1_96-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMabrouk2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mabrouk, Sonia (28 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jeuneafrique.com/64318/politique/un-dipl-me-pour-visa/">"Un diplôme pour visa"</a> [A visa diploma]. Jeune Afrique (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jeune+Afrique&rft.atitle=Un+dipl%C3%B4me+pour+visa&rft.date=2008-04-28&rft.aulast=Mabrouk&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2F64318%2Fpolitique%2Fun-dipl-me-pour-visa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Semino_et_al_20042-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Semino_et_al_20042_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeminoMagriBenuzziLin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A.; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maccioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; Shen, Peidong; Oefner, Peter J.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; King, Roy; Torroni, Antonio; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Underhill, Peter A.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana (1 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181965">"Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area"</a>. 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The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1014–1022. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F386294">10.1086/386294</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181964">1181964</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15042509">15042509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Phylogeographic+Analysis+of+Haplogroup+E3b+%28E-M215%29+Y+Chromosomes+Reveals+Multiple+Migratory+Events+Within+and+Out+Of+Africa&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1014-1022&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1181964%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15042509&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F386294&rft.aulast=Cruciani&rft.aufirst=Fulvio&rft.au=La+Fratta%2C+Roberta&rft.au=Santolamazza%2C+Piero&rft.au=Sellitto%2C+Daniele&rft.au=Pascone%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Moral%2C+Pedro&rft.au=Watson%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Guida%2C+Valentina&rft.au=Colomb%2C+Eliane+Beraud&rft.au=Zaharova%2C+Boriana&rft.au=Lavinha%2C+Jo%C3%A3o&rft.au=Vona%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Aman%2C+Rashid&rft.au=Cal%C3%AC%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Akar%2C+Nejat&rft.au=Richards%2C+Martin&rft.au=Torroni%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Novelletto%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Scozzari%2C+Rosaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1181964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekadaFregelCabreraLarruga2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bekada, Asmahan; Fregel, Rosa; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Larruga, José M.; Pestano, José; Benhamamouch, Soraya; González, Ana M. 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(December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8333252">"Insights into the Middle Eastern paternal genetic pool in Tunisia: high prevalence of T-M70 haplogroup in an Arab population"</a>. Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15728. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-95144-x">10.1038/s41598-021-95144-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8333252">8333252</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34344940">34344940</a>.</cite><span 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Canadians" title="Tunisian Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisians_in_France" title="Tunisians in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_communities_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="North African communities of Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews_in_Israel" title="Mizrahi Jews in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisians_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisians in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British-Tunisians" title="British-Tunisians">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Americans" title="Tunisian Americans">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" 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