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空 (佛教) - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-语源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#语源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>语源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-语源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-部派佛教詮釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#部派佛教詮釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>部派佛教詮釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-部派佛教詮釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-大乘佛教詮釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大乘佛教詮釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>大乘佛教詮釋</span> </div> </a> <button 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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-中觀學派-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-「斷滅空」、「沉空」、「惡取空」" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#「斷滅空」、「沉空」、「惡取空」"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>「斷滅空」、「沉空」、「惡取空」</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-「斷滅空」、「沉空」、「惡取空」-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-學術研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#學術研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>學術研究</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-學術研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>參考條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋與引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋與引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>註釋與引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋與引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">空 (佛教)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。42种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="سونياتا – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سونياتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Шунята – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шунята" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8)" title="শূন্যতা (ভারতীয় দর্শন) – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শূন্যতা (ভারতীয় দর্শন)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BE%D2%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хооһон шанар – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хооһон шанар" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C3%BAnjat%C3%A1" title="Šúnjatá – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šúnjatá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Śūnyatā" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunyata" title="Shunyata – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shunyata" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Śūnyatā" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Śūnyatā" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuniata" title="Shuniata – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shuniata" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BChjus_(budism)" title="Tühjus (budism) – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tühjus (budism)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A3_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="خلأ خلاق – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خلأ خلاق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Śūnyatā" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Śūnyatā" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90" title="שונייטא – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שונייטא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="शून्यता – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शून्यता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Śūnyatā" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAnjata" title="Súnjata – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Súnjata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Śūnyatā" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Śūnyatā" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99)" title="空 (仏教) – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="空 (仏教)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%89%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6" title="សុញ្ញតា – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សុញ្ញតា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5_(%EB%B6%88%EA%B5%90)" title="공 (불교) – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공 (불교)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanitas_(Buddhismus)" title="Inanitas (Buddhismus) – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Inanitas (Buddhismus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C5%ABnjata" title="Šūnjata – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šūnjata" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="शून्यता – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शून्यता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%8A%E1%80%90_%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="သုညတ ဝါဒ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သုညတ ဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="शून्यता – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शून्यता" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunyata" title="Sunyata – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sunyata" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Śūnyatā" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siunjata" title="Siunjata – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siunjata" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunyata" title="Sunyata – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sunyata" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Шуньята – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шуньята" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunyata" title="Shunyata – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Shunyata" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C3%BAnjat%C3%A1" title="Šúnjatá – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šúnjatá" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Шуњата – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шуњата" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunyata" title="Sunyata – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sunyata" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="สุญตา – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุญตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunyata" title="Sunyata – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sunyata" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunyata" title="Sunyata – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sunyata" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Шуньята – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шуньята" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADnh_Kh%C3%B4ng" title="Tính Không – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tính Không" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q546054#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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.ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antistub.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Antistub.svg/44px-Antistub.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Antistub.svg/66px-Antistub.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Antistub.svg/88px-Antistub.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要擴充。</b><span 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height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目需要<b>精通或熟悉<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>的编者</b>参与及协助编辑。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2020年3月27日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%82%80%E8%AB%8B%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%B0%8F%E7%B5%84" title="Wikipedia:專家邀請工作小組">邀請</a>適合的人士<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit">改善本条目</a>。更多的細節與詳情請參见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="Talk:空 (佛教)">討論頁</a>。<br />另見其他<a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B3%E6%B3%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:需要大乘佛教专家关注的页面">需要大乘佛教專家關注的頁面</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist nounderlines skin-invert" style="float: right; clear: both; border: 2px solid #af4630; background: #ffffe8; text-align:center;width:200px;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/120px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/240px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;">基本教義</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B" title="四谛">四圣谛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%81%96%E9%81%93%E5%88%86" title="八聖道分">八正道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%A0%E7%BC%98" title="十二因缘">十二因缘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8A" title="蘊">五蘊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7" title="緣起">緣起</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">空性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="因果论 (佛教)">因果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%AD_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="業 (佛教)">業</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%88%92%E5%BE%8B" title="佛教戒律">戒律</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6" title="毗奈耶">毗奈耶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E7%BE%85" title="尸羅">尸羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%88%92" title="五戒">五戒</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E9%82%A3" title="禪那">禪那</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9A%E5%A4%84" title="业处">业处</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E5%9B%9E" title="轮回">轮回</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="波罗密">波罗密</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">真如</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%80%A7" title="佛性">佛性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%88%E4%BE%9D" title="皈依">皈依</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%9D_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="三宝 (佛教)">三寶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%B0" title="三法印">三法印</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%AF%86" title="上座部佛教与大乘佛教的基本共识">佛教共識宣言</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E4%BD%8D" title="果位">修行成就/果位</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8" title="菩萨">菩萨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9F%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="辟支佛">辟支佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%90%91%E5%9B%9B%E6%9E%9C" title="四向四果">四向四果</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89" title="阿罗汉">阿罗汉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%90%AB" title="阿那含">阿那含</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%99%80%E5%90%AB" title="斯陀含">斯陀含</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%88%E9%99%80%E6%B4%B9" title="須陀洹">須陀洹</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教人物列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List_of_Buddhists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教人物列表(页面不存在)">人物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" class="extiw" title="en:List of Buddhists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List_of_Buddhists</span></a></span>)</span></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="释迦牟尼">释迦牟尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90" title="十大弟子">十大弟子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%A4%9A%E8%A1%8D%E5%B0%BC%E5%AD%90" title="迦多衍尼子">迦多衍尼子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%B3%B4" title="馬鳴">馬鳴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%A9%86_(%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="提婆 (人名)">提婆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E8%91%97" title="无著">无著</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BA%B2" title="世亲">世亲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%BA%E9%9F%B3" title="覺音">覺音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%A0%E6%91%A9%E7%BD%97%E4%BB%80" title="鸠摩罗什">鸠摩罗什</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A7%E9%81%A0" title="慧遠">慧遠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E8%BE%BE%E6%91%A9" title="菩提达摩">菩提达摩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E9%A1%97" title="智顗">智顗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E8%83%BD" title="惠能">惠能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%93%AE%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%9F" title="蓮花生">蓮花生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E5%96%80%E5%B7%B4" title="宗喀巴">宗喀巴</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%AB" title="佛教派别">宗派</a>、國家和地區</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">金剛乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B9%98" title="三乘">三乘</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9F%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="辟支佛">中乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="小乘佛教">小乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%9B%E4%B9%98" title="一佛乘">一佛乘</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="汉传佛教">漢傳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏傳</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藏傳佛教史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藏傳佛教史(页面不存在)">藏傳佛教史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tibetan_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:History of Tibetan Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="印度佛教">印度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="斯里兰卡佛教">斯里蘭卡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="緬甸佛教">緬甸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="泰國佛教">泰國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="中国佛教">中國大陸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="台灣佛教">台灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="日本佛教">日本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="新加坡佛教">新加坡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="马来西亚佛教">马来西亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="蒙古國佛教">蒙古國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">歐美</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="佛教历史">歷史</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="佛教历史">佛教历史</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="佛教時間線">佛教時間線</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="结集">结集</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="原始佛教研究">原始佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="初期佛教">初期佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="根本分裂">根本分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E9%83%A8" title="大眾部">大眾部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8" title="上座部">上座部</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育王</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">南傳佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="北傳佛教">北傳佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%B0%E8%90%BD" title="佛教在印度的衰落">於印度衰落</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E9%9B%A3" title="法難">法難</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="佛教现代主义">佛教现代主义</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="人間佛教">人間佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E4%B8%96%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="入世佛教">左翼佛教</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="佛经">經籍</a>舉要</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="大藏经">大藏经</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="巴利三藏">巴利大藏經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="大藏经">漢文大藏經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="藏文大藏经">藏文大藏经</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="阿含經">阿含經</a> <ul><li>南传<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%9F%AF%E8%80%B6" title="尼柯耶">尼柯耶</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%A5%E7%B6%93" title="法句經">法句經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="大般若经">大般若经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E8%9C%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%B6%93" title="般若波羅蜜多心經">心經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%B6%93" title="金剛經">金剛經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%99%E6%B3%95%E8%8E%B2%E5%8D%8E%E7%BB%8F" title="妙法莲华经">法華經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%B7%B1%E5%AF%86%E7%B6%93" title="解深密經">解深密經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="華嚴經">華嚴經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%91%A9%E8%A9%B0%E6%89%80%E8%AA%AA%E7%B6%93" title="維摩詰所說經">維摩經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%B6%93" class="mw-disambig" title="涅槃經">涅槃經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E4%BC%BD%E7%B6%93" title="楞伽經">楞伽經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%82%B2%E5%92%92" title="大悲咒">大悲咒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="楞嚴經">楞嚴經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E8%A7%89%E7%BB%8F" title="圆觉经">圆觉经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E5%B8%AB%E7%90%89%E7%92%83%E5%85%89%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E6%9C%AC%E9%A1%98%E5%8A%9F%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%93" title="藥師琉璃光如來本願功德經">藥師經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%97%8F%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E6%9C%AC%E6%84%BF%E7%BB%8F" title="地藏菩萨本愿经">地藏經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BD%8C%E9%99%80%E7%B6%93" title="阿彌陀經">阿彌陀經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E7%A5%96%E5%9D%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="六祖坛经">坛经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD%E5%B8%AB%E5%9C%B0%E8%AB%96" title="瑜伽師地論">瑜伽論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%99%BA%E5%BA%A6%E8%AB%96" title="大智度論">大智度論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%97%E8%BE%BE%E7%A3%A8%E4%BF%B1%E8%88%8D%E8%AE%BA" title="阿毗达磨俱舍论">俱舍論</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%81%96%E5%9C%B0" title="佛教聖地">聖地</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%AF%BA" title="佛寺">佛寺</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E8%88%8D" title="精舍">精舍</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%A3%E5%9C%B0" title="八大圣地">八圣地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%90%8D%E5%B1%B1" title="四大佛教名山">四道場</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E9%87%8D%E7%82%B9%E5%AF%BA%E9%99%A2" title="汉族地区佛教全国重点寺院">汉地寺院</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%A1%94%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古塔列表(页面不存在)">佛塔列表</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;">相關主題</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="佛教藝術">艺术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="佛教修行制度">修学制度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="Category:佛教組織">組織</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9" title="Category:佛教人物">人物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF" title="Category:佛教模板">佛教模板</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Template:佛教主题">佛教主題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:TheravadaBuddhism" title="Template:TheravadaBuddhism">上座部佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:PaliCanon" title="Template:PaliCanon">巴利聖典</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4" title="对佛教的批判">批評</a></li> <li>論諍 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E9%9D%9E%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E8%AB%96%E8%AB%8D" title="大乘非佛說論諍">大乘非佛說</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%96%B9%E8%AB%B8%E4%BD%9B%E8%AB%8D%E8%AB%96" title="十方諸佛諍論">十方諸佛</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教大綱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教大綱(页面不存在)">佛教大綱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/18px-Dharma_Wheel.gif" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/27px-Dharma_Wheel.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/36px-Dharma_Wheel.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Portal:佛教">佛教主題</a> <a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="WikiProject:佛教">佛教专题</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Template:佛教"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Template talk:佛教"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:佛教"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>空</b>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>:<span lang="sa">śūnya</span>)或<b>空性</b>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>:<span lang="sa">śūnyatā</span>),是基本<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="佛教术语">佛教术语</a>。<b>空性</b>是內在而言,外在的顯示,即為空相。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="语源"><span id=".E8.AF.AD.E6.BA.90"></span>语源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节:语源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>空</b>是梵文<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">śūnya</span>的意译,音译<b>舜若</b>;其对应的名词形式梵文是<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">śūnyatā</span>,意译是空性,音译<b>舜若多</b>。 </p><p>藏文(སྟོང་ཉིད།),「空」不是一般字面意義上的<b>不存在</b>或者<b>沒有</b>,而是「不執著」<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%80%A7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="自性 (佛教)">自性</a>的意思;「性」是<b>本質</b>的意思。換句話說:「空性」就是「不執著」事物的本質。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="部派佛教詮釋"><span id=".E9.83.A8.E6.B4.BE.E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99.E8.A9.AE.E9.87.8B"></span>部派佛教詮釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节:部派佛教詮釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>對「空」的論述,在佛教中源遠流長,如《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="雜阿含經">雜阿含經</a>》有《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E7%A9%BA%E6%B3%95%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大空法經(页面不存在)">大空法經</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-雜阿含大空經_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-雜阿含大空經-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>和《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%BE%A9%E7%A9%BA%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第一義空經(页面不存在)">第一義空經</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="中阿含經">中阿含經</a>》有《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E7%A9%BA%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小空經(页面不存在)">小空經</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E7%A9%BA%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大空經(页面不存在)">大空經</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>和《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A0%BB%E9%9E%9E%E5%A8%91%E9%82%8F%E7%8E%8B%E8%BF%8E%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="頻鞞娑邏王迎佛經(页面不存在)">頻鞞娑邏王迎佛經</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,等等。在<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派佛教</a>共通的“無<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="我 (佛教)">我</a>”、“無<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BE%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="眾生">眾生</a>”、“無<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD" title="寿命">壽命</a>”<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>之基礎上,更有加上“無<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%9C%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%BD%E7%BE%85_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="補特伽羅 (佛教)">人</a>”<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而合稱為<b>第一最空之法</b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,稱<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%95%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="五蕴">五蘊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%A4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="十二处">十二處</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E7%95%8C" title="十八界">十八界</a>等諸法,無我無我所,不實來實去<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,是<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="假名 (佛教)">假名</a>法、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E7%B7%A3" title="因緣">因緣</a>法<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="說一切有部">說一切有部</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%AF%98%E5%A9%86%E6%B2%99%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="大毘婆沙論">大毘婆沙論</a>》引《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%BD%E8%A8%AD%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="施設論(页面不存在)">施設論</a>》說十空對治<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E8%BF%A6%E8%80%B6%E8%A6%8B" title="薩迦耶見">薩迦耶見</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:內空,外空,內外空,有為空,無為空,無邊際空(無始空),本性空(性空)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,無所行空<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,勝義空(第一義空),空空<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%88%A5%E8%AA%AA%E9%83%A8" title="分別說部">分別說部</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E6%9B%87%E8%AB%96" title="舍利弗阿毘曇論">舍利弗阿毘曇論</a>》說空定有六空<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="巴利語">巴利</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%83%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93)" title="小部 (佛經)">小部</a>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E7%A4%99%E8%A7%A3%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無礙解道(页面不存在)">無礙解道</a>》說二十五空以釋「世間是空」<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="大乘佛教詮釋"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E4.B9.98.E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99.E8.A9.AE.E9.87.8B"></span>大乘佛教詮釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节:大乘佛教詮釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>按<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%99%BA%E5%BA%A6%E8%AB%96" title="大智度論">大智度論</a>》,大乘佛教與部派佛教在<b>性空</b>的解釋上有根本分歧: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%BB" title="声闻">聲聞</a>:性空有二種,一者、於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%A4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="十二处">十二處</a>中,無我、無我所;二者、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%A4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="十二处">十二處</a>相自空,無我、無我所。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98" class="mw-redirect" title="大乘">大乘</a>:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%A4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="十二处">十二處</a>,我、我所無故空;<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%A4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="十二处">十二處</a>,性無故空。</li></ul> <p>在大乘佛教中,諸法有能生之法及所生之法,所生之法都是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E7%B7%A3" title="因緣">因缘</a>和合所出生,而没有实在自体,不能單獨存在,藉因藉緣故,緣散則滅;終滅故,非真實常住法,故称自性空。再進一步分析,可以分成七空、十四空、十六空、十八空或二十空,也歸結為四空。 </p><p>大乘佛教中,一旦因為說空而無視<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C" class="mw-disambig" title="因果">因果</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%AD%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="業報">業報</a>則被稱為“<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A1%E5%8F%96%E7%A9%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="惡取空">惡取空</a>”,也有不准随便解说<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="空">空</a>的戒律。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="十八空"><span id=".E5.8D.81.E5.85.AB.E7.A9.BA"></span>十八空</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节:十八空"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%93%81%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="大品般若经">大品般若經</a>》說十八空:內空、外空、內外空,空空,大空,第一義空,有為空、無為空,畢竟空,無始空,散空,性空,自相空,諸法空,不可得空,無法空、有法空、無法有法空。<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%99%BA%E5%BA%A6%E8%AB%96" title="大智度論">大智度論</a>》有詳細解說: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td></td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%AF%83%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E8%9C%9C%E7%BB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="摩诃般若波罗蜜经">摩訶般若波羅蜜經</a>》</td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%99%BA%E5%BA%A6%E8%AB%96" title="大智度論">大智度論</a>》 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>內空</td> <td>何等為內空?內法名眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意。眼眼空,非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。耳耳空、鼻鼻空、舌舌空、身身空、意意空,非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。是名內空。</td> <td rowspan="3">內空者,內法內法空。內法者,所謂內六入,眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意。眼空,無我、無我所、無眼法;耳、鼻、舌、身、意,亦如是。<br />外空者,外法外法空。外法者,所謂外六入,色、聲、香、味、觸、法。色空者,無我、無我所、無色法;聲、香、味、觸、法,亦如是。<br />內外空者,內外法內外法空。內外法者,所謂內外十二入。十二入中,無我、無我所、無內外法。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>外空</td> <td>何等為外空?外法名色、聲、香、味、觸、法。色色空,非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。聲聲空、香香空、味味空、觸觸空、法法空,非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。是名外空。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>內外空</td> <td>何等為內外空?內外法名內六入、外六入。內法內法空,非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。外法外法空,非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。是名內外空。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>空空</td> <td>何等為空空?一切法空,是空亦空,非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。是名空空。</td> <td>空空者,以空破內空、外空、內外空,破是三空故,名為空空。<br />復次、先以法空,破內外法,復以此空,破是三空,是名空空。<br />復次、空三昧觀五眾空,得八聖道,斷諸煩惱,得有餘涅槃,先世業因緣身命盡時,欲放捨八道故,生空空三昧,是名空空。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>大空</td> <td>何等為大空?東方東方相空,非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。南、西、北方、四維、上、下、南、西、北方、四維、上、下空,非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。是名大空。</td> <td>大空者,聲聞法中,法空<sup id="cite_ref-二無我_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-二無我-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>為大空,如《雜阿含大空經》<sup id="cite_ref-雜阿含大空經_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-雜阿含大空經-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>說:「生因緣老死,若有人言,是老死,是人老死,二俱邪見。」是人老死,則眾生空;是老死,是法空。《摩訶衍經》說十方,十方相空,是為大空。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>第一義空</td> <td>何等為第一義空?第一義名涅槃。涅槃涅槃空,非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。是名第一義空。</td> <td>第一義空者,第一義,名諸法實相,不破不壞故,是諸法實相亦空,何以故?無受無著故。若諸法實相有者,應受應著,以無實故,不受不著,若受著者,即是虛誑。復次、諸法中,第一法,名為涅槃,如《阿毘曇》中說。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>有為空</td> <td>何等為有為空?有為法名欲界、色界、無色界。欲界欲界空,色界色界空,無色界無色界空,非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。是名有為空。</td> <td rowspan="2">有為空、無為空者,有為法<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,名因緣和合生,所謂五眾、十二入、十八界等。無為法<sup id="cite_ref-無為法_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-無為法-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,名無因緣,常、不生、不滅,如虛空。<br />今有為法,二因緣故空,一者、無我、無我所、及常相不變異不可得故空,二者、有為法有為法相空,不生、不滅、無所有故。<br />問曰:我、我所、及常相不可得,故應空,云何言有為法有為法相空?答曰:若無眾生法,無所依,又無常故,無住時,無住時故,不可得知,是故法亦空。……<br />復次、離有為,則無無為,所以者何?有為法實相,即是無為,無為相者,則非有為,但為眾生顛倒故分別說。有為相者,生、滅、住、異;無為相者,不生、不滅、不住、不異,是為入佛法之初門。若無為法有相者,則是有為,有為法生相者,則是集諦,滅相者,則是盡諦。若不集則不作,若不作則不滅,是名無為法如實相。若得是諸法實相,則不復墮生、滅、住、異相中。是時不見有為法與無為法合,不見無為法與有為法合,於有為法、無為法不取相,是為無為法,所以者何?若分別有為法、無為法,則於有為、無為而有礙;若斷諸憶想分別,滅諸緣,以無緣實智,不墮生數中,則得安隱常樂涅槃。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>無為空</td> <td>何等為無為空?無為法名若無生相、無住相、無滅相。無為法無為法空,非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。是為無為空。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>畢竟空</td> <td>何等為畢竟空?畢竟名諸法畢竟不可得,非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。是名畢竟空。</td> <td>畢竟空者,以有為空、無為空破諸法,令無有遺餘,是名畢竟空。如漏盡阿羅漢,名畢竟清淨;阿那含乃至離無所有處欲,不名畢竟清淨;此亦如是,內空、外空、內外空、十方空、第一義空、有為空、無為空,更無有餘不空法,是名畢竟空。<br />復次、若人七世百千萬億無量世貴族,是名畢竟貴,不以一世二三世貴族為真貴也;畢竟空,亦如是,從本已來,無有定實不空者。有人言:今雖空,最初不空,如天造物始及冥初微塵。是等皆空,何以故?果無常,因亦無常;如虛空不作果,亦不作因,天及微塵等,亦應如是;若是常,不應生無常。若過去無定相,未來、現在世,亦如是,於三世中,無有一法定實不空者,是名畢竟空。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>無始空</td> <td>何等為無始空?若法初來處不可得,非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。</td> <td>無始空者,世間若眾生若法,皆無有始,如今生從前世因緣有,前世復從前世有,如是展轉,無有眾生始;法亦如是,何以故?若先生後死,則不從死故生,生亦無死;若先死後有生,則無因無緣,亦不生而有死;以是故,一切法,則無有始,如經中說,佛語諸比丘:「眾生無有始,無明覆,愛所繫,往來生死,始不可得。」破是無始法,故名為無始空。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>散空</td> <td>何等為散空?散名諸法無滅。非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。是為散空。</td> <td>散空者,散名別離相,如諸法和合故有;如車以輻、輞、轅、轂眾合為車,若離散各在一處,則失車名;五眾和合因緣故,名為人,若別離五眾,人不可得。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>性空</td> <td>何等為性空?一切法性,若有為法性,若無為法性,是性非聲聞、辟支佛所作,非佛所作,亦非餘人所作,是性性空,非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。是名性空。</td> <td>性空者,諸法性常空,假業相續故,似若不空,譬如水性自冷,假火故熱,止火停久,水則還冷;諸法性亦如是,未生時空無所有,如水性常冷;諸法眾緣和合故有,如水得火成熱;眾緣若少若無,則無有法,如火滅湯冷。如經說:「眼空,無我、無我所,何以故?性自爾;耳、鼻、舌、身、意、色乃至法等,亦復如是。」<br />問曰:此經說我、我所空,是為眾生空<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,不說法空<sup id="cite_ref-二無我_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-二無我-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,云何證性空?答曰:此中但說性空,不說眾生空及法空。「性空有二種,一者、於十二入中,無我、無我所,二者、十二入相自空,無我、無我所。」是聲聞論中說。摩訶衍法說:「十二入我、我所無故空,十二入性無故空。」復次、若無我、無我所,自然得法空,以人多著我及我所故,佛但說無我、無我所,如是應當知,一切法空。若我、我所法尚不著,何況餘法,以是故,眾生空、法空,終歸一義,是名性空。復次、性名自有,不待因緣;若待因緣,則是作法,不名為性。諸法中皆無性,何以故?一切有為法,皆從因緣生,從因緣生,則是作法;若不從因緣和合,則是無法,如是一切諸法,性不可得故,名為性空。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>自相空</td> <td>何等為自相空?自相名色壞相、受受相、想取相、行作相、識識相,如是等有為無為法,各各自相空,非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。是名自相空。</td> <td>自相<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>空者,一切法,有二種相,總相、別相,是二相空故,名為相空。<br />問曰:何等是總相?何等是別相?答曰:總相者,如無常等。別相者,諸法雖皆無常,而各有別相,如地為堅相,火為熱相。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>一切法空</td> <td>何等為諸法空?諸法名色、受、想、行、識,眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意,色、聲、香、味、觸、法,眼界、色界、眼識界,乃至意界、法界、意識界。是諸法諸法空,非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。是為諸法空。</td> <td>一切法空者,一切法,名五眾、十二入、十八界等,是諸法皆入種種門,所謂:一切法,有相、知相、識相、緣相、增上相、因相、果相、總相、別相、依相。……如是等一法門相,攝一切法。復次、二法門攝一切法,所謂:色、無色法,可見、不可見法,有對、無對法,有漏、無漏法,有為、無為法,內法、外法,觀法、緣法,有法、無法,如是等種種二法門相,三、四、五、六、乃至無量法門相,攝一切法。是諸法皆空,如上說,名一切法空。……<br />或有利根梵志,求諸法實相,不厭老病死,著種種法相,為是故說法空,所謂先尼梵志<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,不說五眾即是實,亦不說離五眾是實。復有強論梵志<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,佛答:「我法中,不受有無,汝何所論有無,是戲論法,結使生處。」及雜阿含中《大空經》<sup id="cite_ref-雜阿含大空經_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-雜阿含大空經-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>說二種空:「眾生空,法空。」《羅陀經》<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>中說:「色眾破裂分散,令無所有。」《栰喻經》<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>中說:「法尚應捨,何況非法。」《波羅延經》、《利眾經》中說:「智者於一切法,不受不著,若受著法,則生戲論,若無所依止,則無所論;諸得道聖人,於諸法無取無捨,若無取捨,能離一切諸見。」如是等三藏中,處處說法空<sup id="cite_ref-二無我_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-二無我-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,如是等名為一切法空。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>不可得空</td> <td>何等為不可得空?求諸法不可得是不可得空。非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。是名不可得空。</td> <td>不可得空者,有人言:於眾、界、入中,我法、常法不可得故,名為不可得空。有人言:諸因緣中,求法不可得,如五指中,拳不可得故,名為不可得空。有人言:一切法及因緣,畢竟不可得故,名為不可得空。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>無法空</td> <td>何等為無法空?若法無,是亦空,非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。是名無法空。</td> <td rowspan="3">無法空者,有人言:無法,名法已滅,是滅無故,名無法空。<br />有法空者,諸法因緣和合生故,無有法,有法無故,名有法空。<br />無法有法空者,取無法、有法相不可得,是為無法有法空。<br />復次、觀無法有法空故,名無法有法空。<br />復次、行者觀諸法生滅,若有門,若無門,生門生喜,滅門生憂,行者觀生法空,則滅喜心,觀滅法空,則滅憂心,所以者何?生無所得,滅無所失,除世間貪憂故,是名無法有法空。<br />復次、十八空中,初三空,破一切法,後三空,亦破一切法。有法空,破一切法生時住時;無法空,破一切法滅時;無法有法空,生滅一時俱破。<br />復次、有人言:過去、未來法空,是名無法空;現在及無為法空,是名有法空,何以故?過去法滅失,變異歸無,未來法因緣未和合,未生未有,未出未起,以是故名無法;觀知現在法及無為法,現有是名有法;是二俱空故,名為無法有法空。<br />復次、有人言:無為法,無生住滅,是名無法;有為法,生住滅,是名有法;如是等空,名為無法有法空。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>有法空</td> <td>何等為有法空?有法名諸法和合中有自性相,是有法空,非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。是名有法空。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>無法有法空</td> <td>何等為無法有法空?諸法中無法,諸法和合中有自性相,是無法有法空,非常非滅故。何以故?性自爾。是名無法有法空。 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="四空"><span id=".E5.9B.9B.E7.A9.BA"></span>四空</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节:四空"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%93%81%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="大品般若经">大品般若經</a>》在廣說十八空後略說為四空:法法相空,無法無法相空,自法自法相空,他法他法相空。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td></td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%AF%83%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E8%9C%9C%E7%BB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="摩诃般若波罗蜜经">摩訶般若波羅蜜經</a>》</td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%99%BA%E5%BA%A6%E8%AB%96" title="大智度論">大智度論</a>》 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>法法相空</td> <td>何等名法法相空?法名五蔭,五蔭空,是名法法相空。</td> <td>法法相空者,一切法中,法相不可得,如色中色相不可得。復次、法中不生法故,名為法法空。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>無法無法相空</td> <td>何等名無法無法相空?無法名無為法,是名無法無法空。</td> <td>無法無法空者,無為法<sup id="cite_ref-無為法_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-無為法-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>名無法,何以故?相不可得故。<br />問曰:佛以三相說無為法,云何言無相?答曰:不然,破生故言無生,破住故言無住,破滅故言無滅,皆從生、住、滅邊有此名,更無別無生、無滅法,是名無法無法空。是義如無為空中說。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>自法自法相空</td> <td>何等名自法自法空?諸法自法空,是空、非知作、非見作,是名自法自法空。</td> <td rowspan="2">自法自法空者,自法名諸法自性,自性有二種:一者、如世間法地堅性等,二者、聖人知<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">如</a>、法性、實際。此法空,所以者何?不由智見知故。有二性空,如先說。<br />問曰:<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">如</a>、法性、實際,無為法中已攝<sup id="cite_ref-無為法_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-無為法-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,何以復更說?答曰:觀時分別說五眾、實相、法性、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">如</a>、實際,又非空智慧觀故令空,性自爾。<br />問曰:如色是自法,識為他法,此中何以說<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">如</a>、法性、實際、有佛無佛、常住,過是名為他法空?答曰:有人未善斷見結故,處處生著,是人聞是<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">如</a>、法性、實際,謂過是已更有餘法,以是故說過<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">如</a>、法性、實際亦空。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>他法他法相空</td> <td>何等名他法他法空?若佛出、若佛未出,法住、法相、法位、法性、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">如</a>、實際,過此諸法空,是名他法他法空。 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A9%E6%91%A9%E7%BE%85%E4%BB%80" class="mw-redirect" title="鳩摩羅什">鳩摩羅什</a>譯《<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%AF%83%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E8%9C%9C%E7%BB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="摩诃般若波罗蜜经">摩訶般若波羅蜜經</a>》中,此處“他空”或“他法空”義為“過<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">如</a>、法性、實際等無為法<sup id="cite_ref-無為法_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-無為法-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>之餘法為空”,在《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%93%81%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="大品般若经">大品般若經</a>》的其他版本中,此處為 “異空”即“餘事空”<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、“他故空”<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>或“他性空”即“由他性故空”<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>“<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%80%A7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="自性 (佛教)">自性</a>”(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">sva-bhāva</span>)中的“性”和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%A0%E7%B7%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="十二因緣">十二因緣</a>中的“<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="有 (佛教)">有</a>情”(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">bhāva</span>)在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>中是一個詞,“他性”(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">para-bhāva</span>)這個概念在<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A9%E6%91%A9%E7%BE%85%E4%BB%80" class="mw-redirect" title="鳩摩羅什">鳩摩羅什</a>譯《<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%AF%83%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E8%9C%9C%E7%BB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="摩诃般若波罗蜜经">摩訶般若波羅蜜經</a>》中也出現過<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="中論">中論</a>》對“他性”(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">para-bhāva</span>)進行了辨析,其義為“ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E8%87%AA%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="他自性">他自性</a>”(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">para-sva-bhāva</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中觀學派"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E8.A7.80.E5.AD.B8.E6.B4.BE"></span>中觀學派</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节:中觀學派"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>空性为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>理论基础。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%A7%80%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="中觀派">中觀派</a>以空性的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%AD%E9%81%93" title="八不中道">八不中道</a>為根本正見。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%A7%80%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="中觀派">中觀派</a>用「<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%98%E8%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="缘起">缘起</a>性空」來解釋<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E9%96%93" title="世間">世間</a>的一切法皆是因緣和合所生之法,因為是依緣而起,故不是“本來自在”的法,依緣滅而壞滅,所以不真實,是苦、空、無常、無我。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="「斷滅空」、「沉空」、「惡取空」"><span id=".E3.80.8C.E6.96.B7.E6.BB.85.E7.A9.BA.E3.80.8D.E3.80.81.E3.80.8C.E6.B2.89.E7.A9.BA.E3.80.8D.E3.80.81.E3.80.8C.E6.83.A1.E5.8F.96.E7.A9.BA.E3.80.8D"></span>「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B7%E6%BB%85%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斷滅空(页面不存在)">斷滅空</a>」、「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%89%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沉空(页面不存在)">沉空</a>」、「<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A1%E5%8F%96%E7%A9%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="惡取空">惡取空</a>」</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节:「斷滅空」、「沉空」、「惡取空」"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>以「<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="苦">苦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="空">空</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%B8%B8" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="無常">無常</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" title="無我">無我</a>」說「空」,可名之為「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B1%E8%AE%8A%E5%A3%9E%E8%A7%80%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="由變壞觀空(页面不存在)">由變壞觀空</a>」,有可能導致「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B7%E6%BB%85%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斷滅空(页面不存在)">斷滅空</a>」、「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%89%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沉空(页面不存在)">沉空</a>」、「<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A1%E5%8F%96%E7%A9%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="惡取空">惡取空</a>」的危險。仍然無所適從、持續流浪漂泊。<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%9F%A5" title="正知">正知</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="正見">正見</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5" class="mw-disambig" title="般若">般若</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%B3%95" class="mw-disambig" title="正法">正法</a>,由甚深<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%99%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="般若智(页面不存在)">般若智</a>開展,面對<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%95%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="五蕴">五蘊</a>世間,觀照世間<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%B8%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="諸法(页面不存在)">諸法</a>,超越其<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%8A%E5%A3%9E%E7%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="變壞相(页面不存在)">變壞相</a>。正知正見的般若正法,示現諸法<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E7%9B%B8" title="實相">實相</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E9%96%93" title="世間">世間</a>轉為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%95%8C" title="法界">法界</a>,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E4%BD%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安住(页面不存在)">安住</a>法界就在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B6%E4%B8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="當下(页面不存在)">當下</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>顯發<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">真如</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本心(页面不存在)">本心</a>的甚深般若智,如實覺知法界真如,則當下就成為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86" class="mw-redirect" title="如來">如來</a>,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%89%E5%85%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="證入(页面不存在)">證入</a>不<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9B%E5%A6%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="虛妄(页面不存在)">虛妄</a>、不變異的<b>真如法界</b>。<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>甚深般若智開展的般若正法,真正使生死涅槃猶如昨夢,真正使流浪漂泊倏然而止,真正使常樂我淨朗朗而現。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="學術研究"><span id=".E5.AD.B8.E8.A1.93.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>學術研究</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节:學術研究"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>近代學者認為,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%98%E8%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="缘起">缘起</a>性空是佛教区别于一切宗教或哲学的世界观<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。為人所見的世间万物都是由因缘和合而成,所以有生住異滅的現象可見,人们因特定条件下的功用(因缘)来确定诸法的生或灭,任何可見的事物(诸法)都随着变化而生灭,因此世間萬物没有所谓的“绝对<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%B4%A8" title="本质">本质</a>”(自性)。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考條目"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>參考條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节:參考條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%80%A7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="自性 (佛教)">自性 (佛教)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="空">空</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋與引用"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B.E8.88.87.E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>註釋與引用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节:註釋與引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-雜阿含大空經-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-雜阿含大空經_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-雜阿含大空經_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-雜阿含大空經_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="雜阿含經">雜阿含經</a>·二九七經》:「云何為大空法經?所謂此有故彼有,此起故彼起。謂緣無明行,緣行識,乃至純大苦聚集。<br />緣生老死者。若有問言:彼誰老死?老死屬誰?彼則答言:我即老死;今老死屬我,老死是我所。言:<b>命即是身</b>;或言:<b>命異身異</b>,此則一義,而說有種種。若見言:命即是身,彼梵行者所無有;若復見言:命異身異,梵行者所無有。於此<b>二<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8A%E8%A6%8B" title="邊見">邊</a></b>,心所不隨,正向<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%81%93_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="中道 (佛教)">中道</a>,賢聖出世。如實、不顛倒、正見,謂緣生老死,如是生、有、取、愛、受、觸、六入處、名色、識、行,緣無明故有行。<br />若復問言:誰是行?行屬誰?彼則答言:行則是我,行是我所。彼如是:命即是身;或言:命異身異。彼見命即是身者,梵行者無有;或言命異身異者,梵行者亦無有。離此二邊,正向中道,賢聖出世,如實、不顛倒、正見所知,所謂緣無明行。<br />諸比丘!若無明離欲而生明:彼誰老死,老死屬誰者,老死則斷,則知斷其根本,如截多羅樹頭,於未來世成不生法。若比丘無明離欲而生明:彼誰生,生屬誰,乃至誰是行,行屬誰者,行則斷,則知斷其根本,如截多羅樹頭,於未來世成不生法。若比丘無明離欲而生明,彼無明滅,則行滅,乃至純大苦聚滅。是名大空法經。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="雜阿含經">雜阿含經</a>·三三五經》:「云何為第一義空經?諸比丘!眼生時無有來處,滅時無有去處。如是眼不實而生,生已盡滅,<b>有業報而無作者</b>。此陰滅已,異陰相續,除俗數法。耳、鼻、舌、身、意亦如是說,除俗數法。俗數法者,謂此有故彼有,此起故彼起。如無明緣行,行緣識,廣說乃至純大苦聚集起。又復,此無故彼無,此滅故彼滅,無明滅故行滅,行滅故識滅,如是廣說,乃至純大苦聚滅。比丘!是名第一義空法經。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="中阿含經">中阿含經</a>·雙品·小空經》:「爾時。世尊答曰。阿難。彼我所說。汝實善知、善受、善持。所以者何。我從爾時及至於今。多行空也。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="中阿含經">中阿含經</a>·雙品·大空經》:「若比丘欲多行空者。彼比丘當持內心住止令一定。彼持內心住止令一定已。當念<b>內空</b>。……阿難。若比丘觀時。則知念內空。其心移動。不趣向近。不得清澄。不住不解於內空者。彼比丘當念<b>外空</b>。……阿難。若比丘觀時。則知念外空。其心移動。不趣向近。不得清澄。不住不解於外空者。彼比丘當念<b>內外空</b>。……阿難。若比丘觀時。則知念內外空。其心移動。不趣向近。不得清澄。不住不解於內外空者。彼比丘當念<b>不移動</b>。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="中阿含經">中阿含經</a>·王相應品·頻鞞娑邏王迎佛經》:「世尊知諸摩竭陀人心之所念。便為摩竭陀王洗尼<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E9%9E%9E%E5%A8%91%E9%82%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="頻鞞娑邏">頻鞞娑邏</a>說法。……大王。色生滅。汝當知色生滅。大王。覺、想、行、識生滅。汝當知識生滅。大王。猶如大雨時。水上之泡。或生或滅。大王。色生滅亦如是。汝當知色生滅。大王。覺、想、行、識生滅。汝當知識生滅。大王。若族姓子知色生滅。便知不復生當來色。大王。若族姓子知覺、想、行、識生滅。便知不復生當來識。……<br />於是。諸摩竭陀人而作是念。若使色無常。覺、想、行、識無常者。<b>誰活</b>。<b>誰受苦樂</b>。世尊即知摩竭陀人心之所念。便告比丘。愚癡凡夫不有所聞。見我、是我而著於我。但無我、無我所。空我、空我所。法生則生。法滅則滅。皆由因緣合會生苦。若無因緣。諸苦便滅。眾生因緣會相連續。則生諸法。如來見眾生相連續生已。便作是說。有生有死。我以清淨天眼出過於人。見此眾生死時。生時。好色、惡色。或妙、不妙。往來善處及不善處。隨此眾生之所作業。見其如真。……<br />於中或有作是念。此不相應。此不得住。其行如法。因此生彼。若無此因。便不生彼。因此有彼。若此滅者。彼便滅也。所謂緣無明有行。乃至緣生有老死。若無明滅。則行便滅。乃至生滅。則老死滅。<br />大王。於意云何。色為有常。為無常耶。答曰。無常也。世尊。……大王。於意云何。覺、想、行、識。為有常。為無常耶。答曰。無常也。世尊。復問曰。若無常者。是苦。非苦耶。答曰。苦、變易也。世尊。復問曰。若無常、苦、變易法者。是多聞聖弟子。頗受是我、是我所。我是彼所耶。答曰。不也。世尊。<br />大王。是故汝當如是學。若有色。或過去、或未來、或現在。或內、或外。或麤、或細。或好、或惡。或近、或遠。彼一切非我、非我所。我非彼所。當以慧觀知如真。大王。若有覺、想、行、識。或過去、或未來、或現在。……彼一切非我、非我所。我非彼所。當以慧觀知如真。大王。若多聞聖弟子如是觀者。彼便厭色。厭覺、想、行、識。厭已便無欲。無欲已便得解脫。解脫已便知解脫。生已盡。梵行已立。所作已辦。不更受有。知如真。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="雜阿含經">雜阿含經</a>·二九六經》:「若沙門、婆羅門起凡俗見所繫,謂說<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E8%A6%8B" title="我見">我見</a>所繫,說眾生見所繫,說壽命見所繫,忌諱吉慶見所繫。爾時悉斷、悉知,斷其根本,如截多羅樹頭,於未來世,成不生法。是名多聞聖弟子於因緣法、緣生法如實正知,善見、善覺、善修、善入。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E4%B8%80%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="增一阿含經">增一阿含經</a>·利養品·七經》:「爾時。尊者<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%88%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90" class="mw-redirect" title="須菩提">須菩提</a>語釋提桓因言。……一切所有皆歸於<b>空</b>。無我。無人。無壽。無命。無士。無夫。無形。無像。無男。無女。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E4%B8%80%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="增一阿含經">增一阿含經</a>·聽法品·五經》:「爾時。尊者<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%88%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90" class="mw-redirect" title="須菩提">須菩提</a>便捨縫衣之業。從坐起。右脚著地。是時。彼復作是念。此如來形。何者是世尊。為是眼、耳、鼻、口、身、意乎。往見者復是地、水、火、風種乎。一切諸法皆悉<b>空寂</b>。無造、無作。如世尊所說偈言。……此中無我、無命、無人、無造作。亦無形、容、有教、有授者。諸法皆悉空寂。何者是我。我者無主。我今歸命真法之聚。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E4%B8%80%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="增一阿含經">增一阿含經</a>·六重品·七經》:「世尊告曰。彼云何為名<b>第一最空之法</b>。若眼起時則起。亦不見來處。滅時則滅。亦不見滅處。除<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="假名 (佛教)">假號</a>法、因緣法。……耳、鼻、舌、身、意法亦復如是。起時則起。亦不知來處。滅時則滅。亦不知滅處。除其假號之法。彼假號法者。此起則起。此滅則滅。此六入亦<b>無人</b>造作。亦名色、六入法。六入亦<b>無人</b>造作。由父母而有胎者亦無。因緣而有。此亦假號。要前有對。然後乃有。猶如鑽木求火。以前有對。然後火生。火亦不從木出。亦不離木。若復有人劈木求火亦不能得。皆由因緣合會。然後有火。此六情起病亦復如是。皆由緣會於中起病。此六入起時則起。亦不見來。滅時則滅。亦不見滅。除其假號之法。因由父母合會而有。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="雜阿含經">雜阿含經</a>·二七三經》(《撫掌喻經》):「比丘!譬如兩手和合相對作聲,如是緣眼、色,生眼識,三事和合觸,觸俱生受、想、思。此等諸法非我、非常,是無常之我,非恒、非安隱、變易之我,所以者何?比丘!謂生、老、死、沒、受生之法。比丘!諸行如幻、如炎,<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8E%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="剎那">剎那</a>時頃盡朽,<b>不實來實去</b>。是故,比丘!於空諸行當知、當喜、當念,空諸行,常、恒住、不變易法空,無我、我所。譬如明目士夫,手執明燈,入於空室,彼空室觀察。如是,比丘!於一切空行、空心,觀察歡喜,於空法行,常、恒、住、不變易法,空我、我所。如眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意法,因緣生意識,三事和合觸,觸俱生受、想、思。此諸法無我、無常、乃至空我、我所。……時,彼比丘聞世尊說合手聲譬經教已,……成阿羅漢。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="雜阿含經">雜阿含經</a>·二三二經》:「云何名為世間空?佛告三彌離提:眼空,常、恒、不變易法空,我所空,所以者何?此性自爾。若色、眼識、眼觸、眼觸因緣生受,若苦、若樂、不苦不樂,彼亦空。常、恒、不變易法空,我所空,所以者何?此性自爾。耳、鼻、舌、身、意亦復如是。是名空世間。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E7%A8%BB%E8%8A%89%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="佛說稻芉經">佛說稻芉經</a>》:「地亦無我、<b>無人</b>、無眾生、無壽命、非男非女、亦非非男非非女、非此非彼。水、火、風、乃至識等亦皆無我、無眾生、無壽命、乃至亦非此非彼。」「復次欲樂父母精氣。眾緣和合故。生色牙。無主、無我、無造、無壽者。猶如虛空、如幻。從眾因緣和合而生。」「如火得薪便然薪盡則止。如是業結生識周遍諸趣。能起名色果。無我、無主、亦無受者。如虛空、如熱時炎、如幻、如夢。無有實法。而其善惡因緣果報隨業不亡。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%AF%98%E5%A9%86%E6%B2%99%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="大毘婆沙論">大毘婆沙論</a>》:「佛說有二十句薩迦耶見。尊者舍利子。於《池喻經》中。雖略分別此二十句薩迦耶見。而皆未說幾是我見幾我所見。彼經是此論所依根本。彼所未說者。今欲說之故作斯論。……此二十句薩迦耶見。幾我見幾我所見耶。答五我見。謂等隨觀色是我。受想行識是我。十五我所見。謂等隨觀我有色。色是我所。我在色中。我有受想行識。受想行識是我所。我在受想行識中。」<br />「《施設論》說空有多種。謂內空。外空。內外空。有為空。無為空。無邊際空。本性空。無所行空。勝義空。空空。」「復次薩迦耶見。是十種空近所對治。所以偏說。十種空者。謂內空。外空。內外空。有為空。無為空。散壞空。本性空。無際空。勝義空。空空。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%AF%98%E5%A9%86%E6%B2%99%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="大毘婆沙論">大毘婆沙論</a>》:「如契經說。一時佛住室羅筏城東鹿母精舍。尊者阿難來詣佛所。頂禮雙足而白佛言。我憶一時佛住釋種迷主盧園。親從世尊聞如是義。由我多住<b>空三摩地</b>。乃至廣說。我於是義善受持不。世尊告曰。汝善受持如說無異。……<br />問:尊者阿難聞持第一。如來所說八萬法蘊。以正念器皆能受持。寧於一句而生疑惑。答:聞此法時心憂惱故。誅諸釋種是此因緣。謂<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%98%E7%90%89%E7%92%83%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="毘琉璃王">毘盧宅迦</a>愚癡甚故。破<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AB%E6%AF%94%E7%BE%85%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="劫比羅城">劫比羅城</a>。誅諸釋種已。至第二日。尊者阿難將一苾芻。入彼城內。此城昔日如妙天宮。當於爾時其猶丘塚。……阿難復至母猪池側。見諸釋種。昨為癡王埋以半身。鐵磨磨殺。證聖死者七萬七千。尊者阿難見是事已。極生憂惱。於後世尊諸根閑寂。覺慧安住。不動如山。心意宴然。猶持石鉢。攝念安靜。若持油器。諸根調順。如寶馬王正視安庠。來入城內。觀有為法變壞無常。爾時阿難觀世尊面。威光轉盛。顏貌熙怡。見已念言。世尊與我。生地眷屬毀喪無異。世尊安靜不動如山。而我身心極生苦惱。佛知其念。告阿難言。由我多住<b>空三摩地</b>。汝起城邑想處。我起阿練若想。汝起親屬想處。我起中庸人想。汝起有情想處。我起圓滿法想。故我安靜不動如山。……<br />問:佛言我多住空三摩地者。多住何空?有說:多住<b>無所行空</b>。於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E5%A8%81%E5%84%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="四威儀(页面不存在)">四威儀</a>順此空故。謂若有一。餘三便空。是故此空。佛所多住。評曰:應作是說。住<b>本性空</b>。觀法本性空、無我故。雖見變壞。而不憂惱。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E6%9B%87%E6%AF%98%E5%A9%86%E6%B2%99%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="阿毘曇毘婆沙論">阿毘曇毘婆沙論</a>》:「《施設經》廣說空,謂內空,外空,內外空,有為空,無為空,無始空,性空,<b>無所有空</b>,第一義空,空空。」「佛說十種空,十種空者,所謂內空,外空,內外空,有為空,無為空,第一義空,<b>無所行空</b>,無始空,性空,空空。」「問曰:身見有二種,一行於我,二行我所;空有二種,一行於空,二行無我。此行與彼何行作近對治耶?答曰:無我行對於我見,空行對我所見。復次、無我行對五我見,空行對十五我所見。復次、無我行對己見,空行對己所見。復次、無我行對我親愛,空行對我所親愛。復次、陰非是我,是無我行。陰中無我,是空行。復次、眼入非我,是無我行。眼入中無我,是空行,乃至意入說亦如是。復次性空是無我行。<b>無所行</b>是空行。」「問曰:佛說我多住空。為住何空?答曰:或有說者,住<b>無所行空</b>;所以者何?無所行空,隨順四威儀法,行時餘三威儀空,餘威儀時亦爾。評曰:應作是說,住<b>性空</b>,所以者何?但觀<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%80%A7" title="法性">法性</a>故。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%AF%98%E5%A9%86%E6%B2%99%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="大毘婆沙論">大毘婆沙論</a>》:「《施設論》說。云何空空三摩地。謂有苾芻。思惟有漏有取諸行皆悉是空。觀此有漏有取諸行空。無常恒不變易法、我、及我所。如是觀時無間。復起心心所法。思惟前空觀亦復是空。觀此空觀亦空。無常恒不變易法、我、及我所。如人積聚眾多柴木。以火焚之。手執長竿周旋斂撥。欲令都盡既知將盡。所執長竿亦投火中。燒令同盡。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E6%9B%87%E8%AB%96" title="舍利弗阿毘曇論">舍利弗阿毘曇論</a>》:「何謂空定。如比丘。一切法。若一處法。思惟空、知空、解空、受空。以何義空。以我空。我所亦空。如是不放逸觀。得定心、住正住。是名空定。復次空定六空。內空、外空、內外空、空空、大空、第一義空。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E7%A4%99%E8%A7%A3%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無礙解道(页面不存在)">無礙解道</a>·俱存品·空論》:「空空、行空、壞空、最上空、相空、消除空、定空、斷空、止滅空、出離空、內空、外空、俱空、同分空、異分空、尋求空、攝受空、獲得空、通達空、一性空、異性空、忍空、攝持空、深解空、及正知者之流轉永盡一切空性中之勝義空。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-二無我-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-二無我_17-0"><sup><b>17.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-二無我_17-1"><sup><b>17.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-二無我_17-2"><sup><b>17.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%99%BA%E5%BA%A6%E8%AB%96" title="大智度論">大智度論</a>》:「聲聞乘陿小。佛乘廣大。聲聞乘自利自為。佛乘益一切。復次聲聞乘多說<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%9C%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%BD%E7%BE%85" title="補特伽羅">眾生</a>空</b>。佛乘說眾生空、<b>法空</b>。如是等種種分別說是二道故。」<br /> 「<b>空門</b>者。生空、法空。如《頻婆娑羅王迎經》中。佛告大王。色生時。但空生。色滅時。但空滅。諸行生時。但空生。滅時。但空滅。是中無吾我。無人、無神。無人從今世至後世。除因緣和合。名字等眾生。凡夫愚人。逐名求實。如是等經中。佛說<b>生空</b>。<br /> <b>法空</b>者。如佛說《大空經》中。十二因緣無明乃至老死。若有人言。是老死。若言。誰老死。皆是邪見。生、有、取、愛、受、觸、六入、名色、識、行、無明亦如是。若有人言。身即是神。若言。身異於神。是二雖異。同為邪見。佛言。身即是神。如是邪見。非我弟子。身異於神。亦是邪見。非我弟子。是經中佛說<b>法空</b>。若說誰老死。當知是虛妄。是名<b>生空</b>。若說是老死。當知是虛妄。是名<b>法空</b>。乃至無明亦如是。<br /> 復次、佛說《梵網經》中六十二見。若有人言。神常。世間亦常。是為邪見。若言。神無常。世間無常。是亦邪見。神及世間常亦無常。神及世間非常亦非非常。皆是邪見。以是故知。諸法皆空。是為實。……<br /> 復次、毘耶離梵志名論力。諸梨昌等。大雇其寶物。令與佛論。取其雇已。即以其夜思撰五百難。明旦與諸梨昌至佛所。問佛言。一究竟道?為眾多究竟道?佛言。一究竟道。無眾多也。梵志言。佛說一道。諸外道師各各有究竟道。是為眾多非一。佛言。是雖各有眾多。皆非實道。何以故。一切皆以邪見著故。不名究竟道。佛問梵志。鹿頭梵志得道不。答言。一切得道中。是為第一。是時長老鹿頭梵志比丘在佛後扇佛。佛問梵志。汝識是比丘不。梵志識之慚愧低頭。是時佛說《義品》偈:『各各謂究竟。而各自愛著。各自是非彼。是皆非究竟。是人入論眾。辯明義理時。各各相是非。勝負懷憂喜。勝者墮憍坑。負者墮憂獄。是故有智者。不隨此二法。論力汝當知。我諸弟子法。無虛亦無實。汝欲何所求。汝欲壞我論。終已無此處。一切智難勝。適足自毀壞。』如是等<b>處處聲聞經中</b>。<b>說諸法空</b>。<br /> 摩訶衍空門者。一切諸法性常自空。不以智慧方便觀故空。如佛為須菩提說色、色自空。受想行識識自空。十二入、十八界、十二因緣、三十七品、十力、四無所畏、十八不共法、大慈大悲薩婆若、乃至阿耨多羅三藐三菩提皆自空。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%99%BA%E5%BA%A6%E8%AB%96" title="大智度論">大智度論</a>》:「何等為有為法。若法生、住、滅。欲界、色界、無色界。五眾。乃至意、觸因緣生受。四念處。乃至十八不共法。及一切智。是名有為法。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-無為法-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-無為法_19-0"><sup><b>19.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-無為法_19-1"><sup><b>19.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-無為法_19-2"><sup><b>19.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-無為法_19-3"><sup><b>19.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%99%BA%E5%BA%A6%E8%AB%96" title="大智度論">大智度論</a>》:「何等為無為法。不生、不住、不滅。若染盡、瞋盡、癡盡。<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">如</a>、不異、法相、法性、法住、實際。是名無為法。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%99%BA%E5%BA%A6%E8%AB%96" title="大智度論">大智度論</a>》:「是眾生空。聲聞法中多說。一切佛弟子皆知。諸法中無我。佛滅後五百歲。分為二分。有信法空。 有但信眾生空。言五眾是定有法。但受五眾者空。以是故。佛說眾生空以況法空。」「眾生空者。眾生法無所有故。眾生不可得者。以實智求索不可得故。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“自相”的梵語為 <span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">sva-rūpa</span>。“別相”的梵語是 <span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">sva-lakṣaṇa</span>,“共相”的梵語是 <span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">sāmānya-lakṣaṇa</span>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A9%E6%91%A9%E7%BE%85%E4%BB%80" class="mw-redirect" title="鳩摩羅什">鳩摩羅什</a>譯《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="中論">中論</a>》裡“自相”的梵語為 <span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ātmanā</span>。 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="雜阿含經">雜阿含經</a>·一〇五經》:「佛告仙尼。色是常耶。為無常耶。答言。無常。世尊復問。仙尼。若無常者。是苦耶。答言。是苦。世尊復問仙尼。若無常、苦。是變易法。多聞聖弟子寧於中見我、異我、相在不。答言。不也。世尊。受、想、行、識亦復如是。復問。云何。仙尼。色是如來耶。答言。不也。世尊。受、想、行、識是如來耶。答言。不也。世尊。復問。仙尼。異色有如來耶。異受、想、行、識有如來耶。答言。不也。世尊。復問。仙尼。色中有如來耶。受、想、行、識中有如來耶。答言。不也。世尊。復問。仙尼。如來中有色耶。如來中有受、想、行、識耶。答言。不也。世尊。復問。仙尼。非色。非受、想、行、識有如來耶。答言。不也。世尊。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E8%B6%B3%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="義足經(页面不存在)">義足經</a>·勇辭梵志經》:「<br /> 自說淨法無上,餘無法明及我,著所知極快樂,因緣諦住邪學。<br /> 常在眾欲願勝,愚放言轉相燒,意念義忘本語,轉說難慧所言。<br /> 於眾中難合義,欲難義當竟句,在眾窮便瞋恚,所難解眾悉善。<br /> 自所行便生疑,自計非後意悔,語稍疑忘意想,欲邪難正不助。<br /> 悲憂痛所言短,坐不樂臥喑咋,本邪學致辭意,語不勝轉下意。<br /> 已見是尚守口,急開閉難從生,意在難見對生,出善聲為眾光。<br /> 辭悅好生意喜,著歡喜彼自彼,自大可墮漏行,彼不學從何增?<br /> 已學是莫空諍,不從是善解脫,多倚生痛行司,行求輩欲與難。<br /> 勇從來去莫慚,令當誰與汝議?抱冥柱欲難曰:『汝邪諦自守癡,汝行花不見果。』<br /> 所出語當求義,越邪度轉求明,法義同從相傷,於善法勇何言?彼善惡受莫憂。<br /> 行億到求到門,意所想去諦思,與大將俱議軍,比螢火上遍明。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="雜阿含經">雜阿含經</a>·一二二經》:「時。有侍者比丘名曰羅陀。白佛言。世尊。所謂眾生者。云何名為眾生。佛告羅陀。於色染著纏綿。名曰眾生。於受、想、行、識染著纏綿。名曰眾生。佛告羅陀。我說於色境界當散壞消滅。於受、想、行、識境界當散壞消滅。斷除愛欲。愛盡則苦盡。苦盡者我說作苦邊。譬如聚落中。諸小男小女嬉戲。聚土作城郭宅舍。心愛樂著。愛未盡、欲未盡、念未盡、渴未盡。心常愛樂、守護。言。我城郭。我舍宅。若於彼土聚。愛盡、欲盡、念盡、渴盡。則以手撥足蹴。令其消散。如是。羅陀。於色散壞、消滅、愛盡。愛盡故苦盡。苦盡故。我說作苦邊。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="中阿含經">中阿含經</a>·大品·阿梨吒經》:「世尊告曰。如是。我為汝等長夜說栰喻法。欲令棄捨。不欲令受。若汝等知我長夜說栰喻法者。當以捨是法。況非法耶。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%89" class="mw-redirect" title="西晉">西晉</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E7%BE%85%E5%8F%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無羅叉(页面不存在)">無羅叉</a>譯《<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%85%89%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="放光般若经">放光般若經</a>》:「須菩提!有以有為空,無以無為空,異以異為空。……何等為餘事空?有佛無佛,法性法寂如,及爾真際住如故。以是異空,是為餘事空。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%89" class="mw-redirect" title="西晉">西晉</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%BA%E6%B3%95%E6%8A%A4" title="竺法护">竺法護</a>譯《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E8%AE%9A%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="光讚經(页面不存在)">光讚經</a>》:「須菩提!其所有者,所有空。無所有者,無所有空。自然者,自然空。為他故者,他故亦空。……彼何謂為他故空?假使<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86" class="mw-redirect" title="如來">怛薩阿竭</a>興出現者,若怛薩阿竭不興出現,其法常住,其法界亦寂滅故無本,無本斯則本際,其於此者為他空,是謂為他故空。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>譯《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="大般若经">大般若經</a>·第二會》:「善現!有性由有性空,無性由無性空,自性由自性空,他性由他性空。……云何<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E6%80%A7%E7%A9%BA" title="他性空">他性由他性空</a>?謂一切法若佛出世、若不出世,法住、法定、法性、法界、法平等性、法離生性、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">真如</a>、不虛妄性、不變異性、實際,皆由他性故空,是謂他性由他性故空。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%AF%83%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E8%9C%9C%E7%BB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="摩诃般若波罗蜜经">摩訶般若波羅蜜經</a>》:「佛告須菩提:若諸欲惡不善法若有性,若自性、若<b>他性</b>,我本為菩薩行時,不能觀諸欲惡不善法無所有性入初禪。以諸欲惡不善法無有性,若自性、若他性,皆是無所有性故,我本行菩薩道時,離諸欲惡不善法,入初禪乃至入第四禪。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%99%BA%E5%BA%A6%E8%AB%96" title="大智度論">大智度論</a>》:「佛意若諸欲不善法。有定性實法若多若少自相者。若自身中若有淨常等性。性有二種。若自性。若他性。自性名自身不淨性。<b>他性名衣服等莊嚴身具</b>。此皆無常虛誑苦惱因緣。內外五欲中無有常樂我淨實。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%89" class="mw-redirect" title="西晉">西晉</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E7%BE%85%E5%8F%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無羅叉(页面不存在)">無羅叉</a>譯《<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%85%89%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="放光般若经">放光般若經</a>》:「佛告須菩提:若婬怒癡及餘諸非法之事,若<b>有所有</b>、<b>無所有</b>者,我為菩薩時不於有無中起四禪。是故,須菩提!亦不有所有、亦不無所有,是故我初發意行菩薩道時行四禪。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>譯《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="大般若经">大般若經</a>·第二會》:「佛告善現:若諸欲惡不善法等有少自性或復<b>他性為自性</b>者,我本修行菩薩道時,不應通達一切欲惡不善法等皆以無性為自性已,離欲惡等入初靜慮乃至能入第四靜慮具足安住,以諸欲惡不善法等都無自性、亦無他性,但以無性為自性故,我本修行菩薩道時,通達欲惡不善法等皆以無性為自性已,離欲惡等入初靜慮,乃至能入第四靜慮。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="中論">中論</a>》:「<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">na hi svabhāvo bhāvānāṁ pratyayādiṣu vidyate। avidyamāne svabhāve parabhāvo na vidyate॥5॥ </span><br />如諸法自性。不在於緣中。以無自性故。<b>他性</b>亦復無。<br />【青目釋】諸法自性不在眾緣中。但眾緣和合故得名字。自性即是自體。眾緣中無自性。自性無故不自生。自性無故他性亦無。何以故。因自性有他性。他性於他亦是自性。若破自性即破他性。是故不應從他性生。若破自性他性即破共義。無因則有大過。有因尚可破。何況無因。於四句中生不可得。是故不生。」<br /> 「<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kutaḥ svabhāvasyābhāve parabhāvo bhaviṣyati। svabhāvaḥ parabhāvasya parabhāvo hi kathyate॥3॥</span><br />法若無自性。云何有他性。自性於他性。亦名為他性。<br />【青目釋】諸法性眾緣作故。亦因待成故無自性。若爾者。他性於他亦是自性。亦從眾緣生相待故。亦無無故。云何言諸法從他性生。他性亦是自性故。」<br /> 「<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">buddhaḥ skandhānupādāya yadi nāsti svabhāvataḥ। svabhāvataśca yo nāsti kutaḥ sa parabhāvataḥ॥2॥</span><br />陰合有如來。則無有自性。若無有自性。云何因他有。<br />【青目釋】若如來五陰和合故有。即無自性。何以故。因五陰和合有故。問曰。如來不以自性有。但因他性有。答曰。若無自性。云何因他性有。何以故。他性亦無自性。又無相待因故。他性不可得。不可得故不名為他。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">所以 《大般若經》說:「佛說五蘊,名為世間。甚深般若波羅蜜多,能示世間色等五蘊,無變壞相。故說般若波羅蜜多,能示世間,諸法實相。所以者何?色等五蘊,無自性故,說名為空、無相、無願,即真法界。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">所以《大般若經》也說:「依般若波羅蜜多,能如實覺諸法真如、不虛妄性、不變異性,由如實覺真如相故,說名如來、應、正等覺。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%87%8E%E5%BC%98%E5%85%83" title="水野弘元">水野弘元</a>《原始佛教的特質》:「原始佛教排斥形而上學,只闡明有關世界人生現象之存在,而加以極合理、客觀的考察。其理論中心即是所謂的“<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7" title="緣起">緣起</a>論”。同時,成爲緣起論之基礎的[諸行無常]、[諸法無我]、[涅槃寂靜]<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%B0" title="三法印">三法印</a>,與加上[一切皆苦]之<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="四法印">四法印</a>,以及緣起論之另一形態——<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B" title="四谛">四諦</a>說,亦被視爲原始佛教的根本思想。」「原始佛教之<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="阿含經">阿含經</a>中,隨處皆述及<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" title="無我">無我</a>說。然其中含無我的最高意義而究意者極少,而以通俗低微的立場敍說者爲多。這如前所述,是因爲現存的原始佛教聖典,皆由<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派佛教</a>所傳,而部派佛教凡事皆捨去原始佛教的第一義立場,而僅採用世俗立場的學說之故。因此若以現存的原始聖典之無我說、多爲低俗之說爲理由,將釋尊與原始佛教的無我說視爲皆是低俗者,乃是錯誤的看法。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>興起的理由之一,乃在於欲改正部派佛教之此種低俗性。故大乘佛教爲了其無我或不致與部派佛教之無我混淆,乃用空(sūnya或sunyatā空性)一語代替無我之語,以解說高一層的無我。在<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="般若经">般若經</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a>之<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="中論">中論</a>中所說的空,才是原始佛教無我的真義。」</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节:外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E6%B1%9D%E9%88%9E" title="吳汝鈞">吳汝鈞</a>:〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chibs.edu.tw/ch_html/hkbj/08/hkbj0806.htm">般若經的空義及其表現邏輯</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200729203938/http://www.chibs.edu.tw/ch_html/hkbj/08/hkbj0806.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)〉。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw/zh/Y0036">印順《空之探究》</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Template:佛教主题"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:佛教主题(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:佛教主题"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="class=noviewer&#124;16x16px_佛教主题" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Portal:佛教">佛教主题</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛學大綱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛學大綱(页面不存在)">佛學大綱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%9D_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="三宝 (佛教)">三宝</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="释迦牟尼">佛</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E5%90%8D%E8%99%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="佛陀名號列表">諸佛</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="法 (佛教)">法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD" title="僧伽">僧</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B" title="四谛">四圣谛</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="苦 (佛教)">苦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B#集諦" title="四谛">集</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="滅諦" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nirodha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AD%E8%B0%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="灭谛">滅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirodha" class="extiw" title="en:Nirodha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nirodha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B#道諦" title="四谛">道</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%81%96%E9%81%93%E5%88%86" title="八聖道分">八正道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%A0%E7%BC%98" title="十二因缘">十二因缘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8A" title="蘊">五蘊</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="色 (佛教)">色</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97" title="受">受</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="想 (佛教)">想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E8%98%8A" title="行蘊">行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%98" title="識">識</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E7%95%8C" title="十八界">十八界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7" title="緣起">緣起</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%B8" title="三學">三學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86" title="波羅密">波罗密</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%BA%A6" title="六度">六度</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%B0" title="三法印">三法印</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">空性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">真如</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%81%93_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="中道 (佛教)">中道</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="释迦牟尼">釋迦牟尼佛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛陀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5" title="如来">如来</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%95" title="佛誕">佛誕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%96%80%E9%81%8A%E8%A7%80" title="四門遊觀">四門遊觀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%81%E7%A8%AE%E5%A5%BD" title="三十二相八十種好">三十二相八十種好</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%B6%B3%E7%9F%B3" title="佛足石">足印</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛陀的神迹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E%E8%BF%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛陀的神迹(页面不存在)">神迹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Miracles of Gautama Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Miracles of Gautama Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛陀的家庭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Family of Gautama Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛陀的家庭(页面不存在)">家庭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Family of Gautama Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Family of Gautama Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%80%E9%A5%AD%E7%8E%8B" title="净饭王">净饭王<small>(父亲)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="摩耶夫人">摩耶夫人 <small>(母亲)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E6%B3%A2%E9%97%8D%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90" title="摩訶波闍波提">摩訶波闍波提<small>(姨母,庶母)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%BE%93%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97" title="耶输陀罗">耶输陀罗 <small>(妻子)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E7%9D%BA%E7%BD%97" title="罗睺罗">罗睺罗 <small>(儿子)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9A%BE" title="阿难">阿难 <small>(堂弟)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%A9%86%E9%81%94%E5%A4%9A" title="提婆達多">提婆達多 <small>(堂弟)</small></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%">佛陀弟子</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90" title="十大弟子">十大弟子</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%A6%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="大迦葉">大迦葉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E7%8A%8D%E9%80%A3" title="目犍連">目犍連</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E6%A8%93%E9%82%A3" title="富樓那">富樓那</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%88%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90" class="mw-redirect" title="須菩提">須菩提</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97" title="舍利弗">舍利弗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%9D%BA%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="羅睺羅">羅睺羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%A3%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="阿難陀">阿難陀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E9%9B%A2" title="優婆離">優婆離</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿那律">阿那律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%83%E5%BB%B6" title="迦旃延">迦旃延</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98" title="五比丘">五比丘</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%8B%A5%E6%86%8D%E9%99%88%E5%A6%82" title="阿若憍陈如">憍陳如</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%8B%E6%8F%90" title="跋提">跋提</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%8B%E6%B3%A2" title="跋波">跋波</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%AA%AA%E7%A4%BA" title="阿說示">阿說示</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E7%94%B7" title="摩訶男">摩訶男</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E5%88%A9%E6%A7%83%E7%89%B9" title="周利槃特">周利槃特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AE%E6%8E%98%E9%AD%94%E7%BE%85" title="央掘魔羅">央掘魔羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%83%E5%BB%B6" title="迦旃延">迦旃延</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教人物列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Buddhists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教人物列表(页面不存在)">佛教人物列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" class="extiw" title="en:List of Buddhists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Buddhists</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="佛教用语列表">术语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="三相 (佛教)">三相</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%B8%B8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="无常 (佛教)">无常</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="苦 (佛教)">苦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%88%91" title="非我">非我</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7" title="緣起">緣起</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8A" title="蘊">蕴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="因果论 (佛教)">因果论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E7%94%9F" title="結生">結生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E5%9B%9E_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="轮回 (佛教)">轮回</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-disambig" title="行">行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A9%E6%83%B1_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="煩惱 (佛教)">烦恼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%98%8E" title="无明">无明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="愛 (佛教)">贪爱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%93%8B" title="五蓋">五蓋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="結 (佛教)">結</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="根 (佛教)">根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%8A%E6%AD%A3%E7%AD%89%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%BA" title="無上正等正覺">無上正等正覺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="般涅槃">般涅槃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">真如</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%AB%A6" title="二諦">二諦</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">空性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E5%BF%83" title="菩提心">菩提心</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8" title="菩萨">菩萨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%80%A7" title="佛性">佛性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%9B%B8%E7%BA%8C" title="心相續">心相續</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%86%E6%BB%A1" title="大圆满">大圆满</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%">倫理和世界觀</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教伦理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhist ethics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教伦理(页面不存在)">佛教伦理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhist ethics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhist ethics</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%B6%E7%9C%BE" title="在家眾">在家眾</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB" title="居士">居士</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A1%9E" title="優婆塞">優婆塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A4%B7" title="優婆夷">優婆夷</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%91%A9%E8%A9%B0%E6%89%80%E8%AA%AA%E7%B6%93" title="維摩詰所說經">维摩经</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%91%A9%E8%A9%B0%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="維摩詰菩薩">維摩詰菩薩</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88%E5%B0%B8%E8%BF%A6%E7%BE%85%E8%B6%8A%E7%B6%93" title="教授尸迦羅越經">善生經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB%E6%88%92" title="居士戒">居士戒</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%88%92" title="五戒">五戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E9%97%9C%E9%BD%8B%E6%88%92" title="八關齋戒">八戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%96%84" title="十善">十善業戒</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E6%88%92" title="菩薩戒">菩薩戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="因果论 (佛教)">佛教因果論</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%AD_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="業 (佛教)">業與業力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%A0%E4%BA%94%E6%9E%9C" title="六因五果">六因五果</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%88%91" title="非我">非我</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%B8%B8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="无常 (佛教)">無常</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E9%81%93" title="菩薩道">菩薩道</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E6%82%B2" title="慈悲">慈悲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%88%E6%96%BD" title="佈施">佈施</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E5%9B%9E_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="轮回 (佛教)">轮回</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E4%B8%96" title="轉世">轉世</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A1%E4%BA%BA%E8%90%BD%E9%81%93" title="亡人落道">亡人落道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%93%B6%E6%8E%A3%E7%B1%A4" title="金瓶掣籤">金瓶掣籤</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%8F%A4" title="祖古">活佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E4%B8%96%E7%81%B5%E7%AB%A5" title="转世灵童">转世灵童</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%95%8C" title="法界">法界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E9%96%93" title="世間">世間</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E4%B8%96%E9%96%93" title="出世間">出世間</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%83%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="大千世界">大千世界</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%91%E5%A9%86%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="娑婆世界">娑婆世界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BB%E5%BC%A5%E5%B1%B1" title="须弥山">须弥山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%B2" title="四大部洲">四大部洲</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E7%95%8C" title="十界">十法界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%95%8C_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="三界 (佛教)">三界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%B2%E7%95%8C" title="欲界">欲界</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%B2%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A9" title="欲界天">欲界天</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%81%93" title="六道">五道</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%81%93" title="六道">六道</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="天人 (佛教)">天道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="人道 (佛教)">人道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BF%AE%E7%BD%97_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="阿修罗 (佛教)">阿修罗道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A4%93%E9%AC%BC" title="餓鬼">餓鬼道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%9C%E7%94%9F" title="畜生">畜生道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%8D%84_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="地獄 (佛教)">地獄道</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="福德 (佛教)">功德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%80%A7" title="佛性">佛性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E4%BE%9B_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="法供 (佛教)">供养</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="Category:佛教神話">佛教神話</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教與暴力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and violence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教與暴力(页面不存在)">佛教與暴力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and violence"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and violence</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%A2%AE%E8%83%8E" title="佛教與墮胎">佛教與墮胎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA" title="佛教與自殺">佛教與自盡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%8B%E9%A3%9F" title="斋食">斋食</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E7%94%9F" title="放生">放生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%92%B0%E4%BF%9D%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="佛教環保運動">佛教環保運動</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教中的女性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Women in Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教中的女性(页面不存在)">佛教中的女性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Women in Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Women in Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%95%AC%E6%B3%95" title="八敬法">八敬法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%84%E5%A5%B3%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%BE%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83" title="善女子佛教女眾國際協會">善女子佛教女眾國際協會</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教与身体" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and the body"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E8%BA%AB%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教与身体(页面不存在)">佛教与身体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_body" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and the body"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and the body</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教和性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and sexuality"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%92%8C%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教和性(页面不存在)">佛教和性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexuality" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and sexuality"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and sexuality</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80%E8%88%87%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="同性戀與佛教">同性戀與佛教</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="佛教经济学">佛教经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="佛教哲学">佛教哲学</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教和西方哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and Western philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%92%8C%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教和西方哲学(页面不存在)">佛教和西方哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and Western philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and Western philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教和心理学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%92%8C%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教和心理学(页面不存在)">佛教和心理学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教和科学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%92%8C%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教和科学(页面不存在)">佛教和科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and science</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%81%96%E5%9C%B0" title="佛教聖地">佛教聖地</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="佛教修行制度">修行制度</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98" title="比丘">比丘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98%E5%B0%BC" title="比丘尼">比丘尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%BD%8C" title="沙彌">沙彌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%BD%8C%E5%B0%BC" title="沙彌尼">沙彌尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6%E7%9C%BE" title="出家眾">出家人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%9C" title="阿姜">阿姜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%9A" title="西亞多">西亞多</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%88" title="三藏法师">三藏法师</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%B8%AB" title="禪師">禪師</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="老師 (禅宗)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rōshi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E5%B8%AB_(%E7%A6%85%E5%AE%97)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老師 (禅宗)(页面不存在)">老师</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" class="extiw" title="en:Rōshi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rōshi</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="喇嘛">喇嘛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%87" title="仁波切">仁波切</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%A5%BF" title="格西">格西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%8F%A4" title="祖古">祖古</a>(活佛)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8" title="菩萨">菩萨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%B6%E7%9C%BE" title="在家眾">在家眾</a>/ <a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB" title="居士">居士</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A1%9E" title="優婆塞">優婆塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A4%B7" title="優婆夷">優婆夷</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%BB" title="声闻">声闻</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C%E6%B3%95%E9%96%80" title="Category:佛教修行法門">修行法门</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%AD%B7%E8%A1%9B%E7%A6%AA" title="四護衛禪">四護衛禪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%A2%B5%E4%BD%8F" title="四梵住">四梵住</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="慈 (佛教)">慈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%B2_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="悲 (佛教)">悲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="喜 (佛教)">喜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="捨 (佛教)">捨</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%B8" title="三學">三學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E7%BE%85" title="尸羅">戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%91%A9%E5%9C%B0" title="三摩地">定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="慧 (佛教)">慧</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E5%88%86%E6%B3%95" title="三十七菩提分法">三十七菩提分法</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BF%B5%E4%BD%8F" title="四念住">四念住</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%AD%A3%E5%8B%A4" title="四正勤">四正勤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%A5%9E%E8%B6%B3" title="四神足">四神足</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="力 (佛教)">五力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E8%A6%BA%E6%94%AF" title="七覺支">七覺支</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%81%96%E9%81%93%E5%88%86" title="八聖道分">八正道</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86" title="波羅密">波罗密</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%88%E6%96%BD" title="佈施">佈施</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E7%BE%85" title="尸羅">持戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%8D_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="忍 (佛教)">忍辱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E8%BF%9B" title="精进">精进</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%9A" title="禪定">禪定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="慧 (佛教)">般若</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%88%E4%BE%9D" title="皈依">皈依</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E4%BE%9D%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%9D" title="四依四不依">四依四不依</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="献身 (佛教)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhist devotion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8C%AE%E8%BA%AB_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="献身 (佛教)(页面不存在)">献身</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhist devotion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhist devotion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%83" title="法會">法會</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="祭品 (佛教)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Offering (Buddhism)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%AD%E5%93%81_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="祭品 (佛教)(页面不存在)">祭品</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="extiw" title="en:Offering (Buddhism)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Offering (Buddhism)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="跪拜 (佛教)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prostration (Buddhism)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AA%E6%8B%9C_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="跪拜 (佛教)(页面不存在)">跪拜</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" class="extiw" title="en:Prostration (Buddhism)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prostration (Buddhism)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E7%BE%85" title="尸羅">持戒</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%88%92" title="五戒">五戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E6%88%92" title="菩薩戒">菩薩戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E6%8F%90%E6%9C%A8%E5%8F%89" title="波羅提木叉">波羅提木叉</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="福德 (佛教)">功德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="护卫经" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Paritta"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%A4%E5%8D%AB%E7%BB%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="护卫经(页面不存在)">护卫经</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paritta" class="extiw" title="en:Paritta"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Paritta</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E9%9B%A2" title="出離">出離</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="力 (佛教)">五学力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="信 (佛教)">信</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AD%B8" title="禪學">禪學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%A6_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8)" title="諦 (印度哲學)">諦 (印度哲學)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="諦 (佛教)">諦 (佛教)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%9A" title="禪定">禪定</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E6%80%9B%E7%BE%85" title="曼怛羅">曼怛羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9A%E5%A4%84" title="业处">四十业处</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E5%BF%B5" title="随念">随念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E8%88%AC%E9%82%A3%E5%BF%B5" title="安那般那念">安那般那念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A2%E6%91%A9%E4%BB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="奢摩他">奢摩他</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="觀 (佛教)">觀 (佛教)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E7%85%A7%E7%A6%AA" title="默照禪">默照禪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%9D%90" class="mw-redirect" title="禪坐">禪坐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%A1%88" title="公案">公案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E8%8D%BC%E7%BE%85" title="曼荼羅">曼荼羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E4%BB%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E6%B3%95" title="自他交換法">自他交換法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9B%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86%E6%95%99" title="怛特羅密教">怛特羅密教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E8%97%8F%E5%B8%AB" title="伏藏師">伏藏師</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E8%97%8F" title="伏藏">伏藏</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%B5%E4%BD%9B" title="念佛">念佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E6%B3%95%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="淨土法門">淨土法門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%8F%E6%82%94" title="忏悔">忏悔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6%E8%A1%8C" title="苦行">苦行</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="頭陀">頭陀</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E9%87%8F" title="現量">證量</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛陀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9F%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="辟支佛">辟支佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E9%81%93#菩薩位階" title="菩薩道">菩萨位</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%90%91%E5%9B%9B%E6%9E%9C" title="四向四果">四向四果</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%88%E9%99%80%E6%B4%B9" title="須陀洹">須陀洹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%99%80%E5%90%AB" title="斯陀含">斯陀含</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%90%AB" title="阿那含">阿那含</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89" title="阿罗汉">阿罗汉</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="般涅槃">般涅槃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E5%9C%B0" title="悉地">悉地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E6%AC%A1%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%9A" title="九次第定">九次第定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%80%9A" title="神通">神通</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%98%8E%E5%85%AD%E9%80%9A" title="三明六通">三明六通</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E4%BD%8D" title="果位">果位</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B3%E8%BA%AB%E6%88%90%E4%BD%9B" title="即身成佛">即生成佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%89%E8%BA%AB%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="肉身菩薩">肉身菩薩</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="佛经">經典</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="三藏">三藏</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E8%97%8F" title="经藏">经藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E8%97%8F" title="律藏">律藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%97%8F" title="論藏">論藏</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="大藏经">大藏经</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="巴利三藏">巴利三藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%B0%E8%84%A9%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93" title="大正新脩大藏經">大正藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93" title="乾隆大藏經">乾隆大藏經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="藏文大藏经">藏文大藏经</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="初期佛教">原始佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="阿含經">阿含經</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%9F%AF%E8%80%B6" title="尼柯耶">巴利經藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%A5%E7%B6%93" title="法句經">法句經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%9F_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="本生 (佛教)">本生經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%88%86%E5%BE%8B" title="四分律">四分律</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%88%86%E5%BE%8B" title="五分律">五分律</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E5%BE%8B%E8%97%8F" title="巴利律藏">巴利律藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8" title="阿毘達磨">阿毘達磨</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="華嚴經">華嚴經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%91%A9%E8%A9%B0%E6%89%80%E8%AA%AA%E7%B6%93" title="維摩詰所說經">維摩經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="大般若经">大般若经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%B6%93" title="金剛經">金剛經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E8%9C%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%B6%93" title="般若波羅蜜多心經">心經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E7%A5%96%E5%9D%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="六祖坛经">六祖坛经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%99%E6%B3%95%E8%8E%B2%E5%8D%8E%E7%BB%8F" title="妙法莲华经">妙法莲华经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E4%BA%94%E7%B6%93%E4%B8%80%E8%AB%96" title="淨土五經一論">淨土三經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E7%B6%B2%E7%B6%93" class="mw-disambig" title="梵網經">梵網經</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">金剛乘佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E7%B6%93" title="大日經">大日經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E7%B6%93" title="金光明經">金光明經</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%88%86%E6%95%99" title="九分教">九分教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E6%95%99" title="十二分教">十二分教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%88%A4" title="教判">判教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%97%E5%88%A4%E6%95%99" title="天台宗判教">天台宗判教</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%AB" title="佛教派别">流派與系統</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B9%98" title="三乘">三乘</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%BB" title="声闻">聲聞乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9F%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="辟支佛">緣覺乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E9%81%93" title="菩薩道">菩薩道</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BC%A0%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="南传菩萨道">南传菩萨道</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%9B%E4%B9%98" title="一佛乘">一佛乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="小乘佛教">小乘佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="北傳佛教">北傳佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="汉传佛教">漢傳大乘佛教</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E6%B4%BE" title="漢傳佛教宗派">十宗</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">漢傳密宗</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%AF%86" title="唐密">唐密</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="东密">东密</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="台密">台密</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%85%E5%AE%97" title="禅宗">禅宗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E5%AE%97" title="淨土宗">淨土宗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%97" title="律宗">律宗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%97" title="天台宗">天台宗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%9B%B8%E5%AE%97" title="法相宗">唯識宗</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏傳</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="藏傳密宗">金刚乘佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E7%8E%9B%E6%B4%BE" title="宁玛派">宁玛派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E8%88%89%E6%B4%BE" title="噶舉派">噶舉派</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="Category:佛教組織">佛教组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="佛教现代主义">佛教现代主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="佛教历史">歷史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="初期佛教">初期佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">金剛乘佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="结集">結集</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E8%88%8D%E5%9F%8E%E7%B5%90%E9%9B%86" title="王舍城結集">第一次結集</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="第二次结集">第二次结集</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="第三次结集">第三次结集</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E6%AC%A1%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="第四次结集">第四次结集</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8B" title="十事">十事非法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="根本分裂">根本分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E9%9B%A3" title="法難">法難</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%AD%A6%E7%81%AD%E4%BD%9B" title="三武灭佛">三武一宗滅佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E9%9D%9E%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E8%AB%96%E8%AB%8D" title="大乘非佛說論諍">大乘非佛說論諍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%AF%86" title="上座部佛教与大乘佛教的基本共识">上座部佛教与大乘佛教的基本共识</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9C%9F%E6%B3%95%E8%BF%90" title="三期法运">三期法运</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%">地区/国别</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南亞佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in South Asia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南亞佛教(页面不存在)">南亞佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Asia" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in South Asia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in South Asia</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="印度佛教">印度佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="阿富汗佛教">阿富汗佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="孟加拉國佛教">孟加拉國佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="尼泊尔佛教">尼泊尔佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="巴基斯坦佛教">巴基斯坦佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="斯里兰卡佛教">斯里兰卡佛教</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="东南亚佛教">东南亚佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="泰國佛教">泰國佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="緬甸佛教">緬甸佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="柬埔寨佛教">柬埔寨佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="寮國佛教">寮國佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="越南佛教">越南佛教</a>中、南部</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="印尼佛教">印尼佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="马来西亚佛教">马来西亚佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="新加坡佛教">新加坡佛教</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="菲律宾佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in the Philippines"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菲律宾佛教(页面不存在)">菲律宾佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in the Philippines"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in the Philippines</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文莱佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Brunei"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%8E%B1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文莱佛教(页面不存在)">文莱佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brunei" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Brunei"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Brunei</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马尔代夫佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in the Maldives"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%AB%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马尔代夫佛教(页面不存在)">马尔代夫佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in the Maldives"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in the Maldives</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="東亞佛教">東亞佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="中国佛教">中国佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="日本佛教">日本佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="朝鲜佛教">朝鲜佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="台灣佛教">台灣佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="越南佛教">越南佛教</a>北部</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏地佛教</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藏地佛教史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藏地佛教史(页面不存在)">藏地佛教史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tibetan_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:History of Tibetan Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="不丹佛教">不丹佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="蒙古國佛教">蒙古佛教</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="內蒙古宗教#佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Religion_in_Inner_Mongolia#Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內蒙古宗教(页面不存在)">內蒙古佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Inner_Mongolia#Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Religion in Inner Mongolia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Religion_in_Inner_Mongolia#Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="俄罗斯佛教">俄罗斯佛教</a>西、南部</li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中亞佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Central Asia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中亞佛教(页面不存在)">中亞佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Central Asia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Central Asia</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E8%8C%B2%E5%88%A5%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="烏茲別克斯坦佛教">烏茲別克斯坦佛教</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中东佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in the Middle East"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中东佛教(页面不存在)">中东佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in the Middle East"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in the Middle East</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="伊朗佛教">伊朗佛教</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">西方佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="美国佛教">美国佛教</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英国佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英国佛教(页面不存在)">英国佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in the United Kingdom"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in the United Kingdom</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国佛教(页面不存在)">法国佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in France</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="比利时佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Belgium"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比利时佛教(页面不存在)">比利时佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Belgium" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Belgium"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Belgium</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="澳大利亚佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Australia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="澳大利亚佛教(页面不存在)">澳大利亚佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Australia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Australia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿根廷佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Argentina"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿根廷佛教(页面不存在)">阿根廷佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Argentina"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Argentina</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴西佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Brazil"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴西佛教(页面不存在)">巴西佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Brazil"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Brazil</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="委内瑞拉佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Venezuela"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%94%E5%86%85%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="委内瑞拉佛教(页面不存在)">委内瑞拉佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Venezuela"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Venezuela</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%">藝術</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="佛教藝術">佛教藝術</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教象征符号" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhist symbolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%81%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教象征符号(页面不存在)">符号</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhist symbolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhist symbolism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教建築" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhist architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教建築(页面不存在)">佛教建築</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhist architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhist architecture</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%AF%BA" title="佛寺">寺院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="日本佛教建築">日本佛教建築</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藏地佛教建築" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藏地佛教建築(页面不存在)">藏地佛教建築</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Tibetan Buddhist architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="佛教音樂">佛教音樂</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E5%94%84" title="梵唄">梵唄</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%99%A8" title="法器">法器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%83%8F" title="佛像">佛像</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91" title="中国佛教雕塑">中国佛教雕塑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%B6%B3%E7%9F%B3" title="佛足石">佛足石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%A2%98%E6%9D%90%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81" title="Category:佛教题材作品">佛教題材作品</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E8%8A%82" title="Category:佛教电影节">佛教電影節</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffeec2;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Buddhism_dham_jak.gif/20px-Buddhism_dham_jak.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Buddhism_dham_jak.gif/30px-Buddhism_dham_jak.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Buddhism_dham_jak.gif/40px-Buddhism_dham_jak.gif 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li> <li><b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛學大綱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛學大綱(页面不存在)">提纲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Category:佛教">分类</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="佛教用语列表">詞表</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="汉传佛教"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/20px-Dharma_Wheel.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/30px-Dharma_Wheel.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/40px-Dharma_Wheel.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></li> <li><b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教相关條目索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of Buddhism-related articles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教相关條目索引(页面不存在)">索引</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of Buddhism-related articles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of Buddhism-related articles</span></a></span>)</span></span></b></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Buddhism" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Buddhism"><b>共享</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Buddhism" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Buddhism"><b>语录</b></a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏传佛教"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tibetian_Wheel.gif/20px-Tibetian_Wheel.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tibetian_Wheel.gif/30px-Tibetian_Wheel.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tibetian_Wheel.gif/40px-Tibetian_Wheel.gif 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link 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