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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution_and_latter_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_and_latter_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Constitution and latter century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution_and_latter_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liechtenstein_during_the_world_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liechtenstein_during_the_world_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Liechtenstein during the world wars </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Liechtenstein_during_the_world_wars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Liechtenstein during the world wars subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Liechtenstein_during_the_world_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period_(1919–1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period_(1919–1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Interwar period (1919–1939) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period_(1919–1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1928_embezzlement_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1928_embezzlement_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 1928 embezzlement scandal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1928_embezzlement_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotter_kidnapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotter_kidnapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Rotter kidnapping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotter_kidnapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1938–1939_crisis_and_failed_putsch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1938–1939_crisis_and_failed_putsch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 1938–1939 crisis and failed putsch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1938–1939_crisis_and_failed_putsch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-War_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-War_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Post-War era </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-War_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-War era subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-War_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cold_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Cold war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liechtenstein_during_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liechtenstein_during_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Liechtenstein during the 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liechtenstein_during_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">History of Liechtenstein</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Liechtensteins" title="Geschichte Liechtensteins – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Geschichte Liechtensteins" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تاريخ ليختنشتاين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ ليختنشتاين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lixten%C5%9Fteyn_tarixi" title="Lixtenşteyn tarixi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lixtenşteyn tarixi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%85%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гісторыя Ліхтэнштэйна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Ліхтэнштэйна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="История на Лихтенщайн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История на Лихтенщайн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_Liechtenstein" title="Història de Liechtenstein – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de Liechtenstein" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Lichten%C5%A1tejnska" title="Dějiny Lichtenštejnska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Lichtenštejnska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtensteins_historie" title="Liechtensteins historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Liechtensteins historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Liechtensteins" title="Geschichte Liechtensteins – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Liechtensteins" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Liechtenstein" title="Historia de Liechtenstein – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Liechtenstein" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtensteingo_historia" title="Liechtensteingo historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Liechtensteingo historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_Liechtenstein" title="Histoire du Liechtenstein – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire du Liechtenstein" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%AD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Լիխտենշտայնի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիխտենշտայնի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Liechtenstein" title="Historio di Liechtenstein – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Liechtenstein" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Liechtenstein" title="Sejarah Liechtenstein – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Liechtenstein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_del_Liechtenstein" title="Storia del Liechtenstein – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia del Liechtenstein" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Liechtenstein" title="Historia ya Liechtenstein – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Liechtenstein" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lihten%C5%A1teinas_v%C4%93sture" title="Lihtenšteinas vēsture – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lihtenšteinas vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichten%C5%A1teino_istorija" title="Lichtenšteino istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lichtenšteino istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Liechtenstein történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Liechtenstein történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD" title="Историја на Лихтенштајн – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на Лихтенштајн" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Liechtenstein" title="Geschiedenis van Liechtenstein – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Liechtenstein" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="リヒテンシュタインの歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リヒテンシュタインの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtensteins_historie" title="Liechtensteins historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Liechtensteins historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Liechtensteinu" title="Historia Liechtensteinu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Liechtensteinu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Liechtenstein" title="História de Liechtenstein – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História de Liechtenstein" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_Liechtensteinului" title="Istoria Liechtensteinului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria Liechtensteinului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="История Лихтенштейна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Лихтенштейна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Историја Лихтенштајна – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Лихтенштајна" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtensteinin_historia" title="Liechtensteinin historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liechtensteinin historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lihten%C5%9Ftayn_tarihi" title="Lihtenştayn tarihi – Turkish" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein in World War II</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg/220px-Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg/330px-Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg/440px-Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>Arms of <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></figcaption></figure>Political identity came to the territory now occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a> of <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> in 814, with the formation of the subcountry of Lower <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Rhætia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nationsencyclopedia.com-1">[1]</a> Liechtenstein's borders have remained unchanged since 1434, when the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> established the border between the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> cantons. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Switzerland in the Roman era</a></div> The area that is now Liechtenstein was part of the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Rhaetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhaetia">Rhaetia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> road crossed the region from south to north, traversing the Alps by the <a href="/wiki/Spl%C3%BCgen_Pass" title="Splügen Pass">Splügen Pass</a> and, following the right bank of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> at the edge of the floodplain, was uninhabited for long lengths of time because of periodic flooding. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> villas have been excavated in <a href="/wiki/Schaanwald" title="Schaanwald">Schaanwald</a><a href="#cite_note-smith-3">[3]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nendeln" title="Nendeln">Nendeln</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baedeker-4">[4]</a> The late Roman influx of the <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> from the north is memorialized by the remains of a Roman fort at <a href="/wiki/Schaan" title="Schaan">Schaan</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/County_of_Vaduz" title="County of Vaduz">County of Vaduz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Schellenberg" title="Lordship of Schellenberg">Lordship of Schellenberg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schlossvaduz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Schlossvaduz.jpg/220px-Schlossvaduz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Schlossvaduz.jpg/330px-Schlossvaduz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Schlossvaduz.jpg/440px-Schlossvaduz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vaduz_Castle" title="Vaduz Castle">Vaduz Castle</a>, built during the Middle Ages</figcaption></figure> The area, part of <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>, was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian empire">Carolingian empire</a>, and divided into countships, which became subdivided over the generations. Because the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Swabia" title="Duchy of Swabia">Duchy of Swabia</a> lost its duke in 1268 and was never restored, all vassals of the duchy became immediate vassals of the Imperial Throne (as has happened in much of Westphalia when the duchy of Saxons was divided and partially dissolved in aftermath of the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a>). Until about 1100, the predominant language of the area was <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansch</a>, but thereafter <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> gained ground, and in 1300 an Alemannic population called the <a href="/wiki/Walser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walser">Walsers</a> (originating in <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>) entered the region. In the 21st century, the mountain village of <a href="/wiki/Triesenberg" title="Triesenberg">Triesenberg</a> still preserves features of Walser dialect.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The medieval county of <a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a> was formed in 1342 as a small subdivision of the Werdenberg county of the dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Montfort_(Swabia)" title="Counts of Montfort (Swabia)">Montfort of Vorarlberg</a>. The 15th century brought three wars and some devastation. Centuries later, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Alexander_Heideloff" title="Carl Alexander Heideloff">Carl Alexander Heideloff</a> was the one who built the Lichtenstein Castle (with the help of peasants). But the 17th century was a lowpoint, with some plague, some skirmishing from the struggles of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> but most of all from a <a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">witch hunt</a>, in which more than 100 persons were persecuted and executed. The Principality takes its name from the Liechtenstein family, rather than vice versa, and the family in turn takes its name from <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein Castle">Liechtenstein Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a>, which it owned from at least 1140 until the 13th century and from 1807 onwards. Over the centuries, the family acquired huge landed estates, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Styria_(duchy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Styria (duchy)">Styria</a>. All of these rich territories were held in fief under other more senior feudal lords, particularly under various lines of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> family, to which many Liechtensteins were close advisors. Thus, without holding any land directly under the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperors</a>, the Liechtenstein dynasty was unable to meet the primary requirement to qualify for a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a>, (German Reichstag), although its head was elevated to princely rank in the late 17th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modern_era">Early modern era</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early modern era">edit</a>]</div> The area that was to become Liechtenstein was invaded by both <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> troops during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> of 1618–1648.<a href="#cite_note-:10-6">[6]</a> During the 17th century the country was afflicted by a <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> and also by the <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_witch_trials" title="Liechtenstein witch trials">Liechtenstein witch trials</a>, in which more than 100 people were persecuted and executed. Prince <a href="/wiki/Johann_Adam_Andreas_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Adam Andreas of Liechtenstein">Johann Adam Andreas of Liechtenstein</a> bought the domain of <a href="/wiki/Schellenberg" title="Schellenberg">Schellenberg</a> in 1699 and the county of <a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a> in 1712. This Prince of Liechtenstein had wide landholdings in Austria, Bohemia and Moravia, but none of his lands were held directly from the Emperor. Thus, the prince was barred from entry to the Council of Princes and the prestige and influence that would entail. By acquiring the Lordships of Schellenberg and Vaduz, modest areas of mountain villages each of which was directly subordinate to the Emperor because there no longer being a <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Swabia" title="Duke of Swabia">Duke of Swabia</a>, the Prince of Liechtenstein achieved his goal. The territory took the name of the family which now ruled it. On 23 January 1719, <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, decreed that the counties of Vaduz and Schellenberg be promoted to a principality with the name Liechtenstein for his servant <a href="/wiki/Anton_Florian_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton Florian of Liechtenstein">Anton Florian of Liechtenstein</a> whereby he and his successors became <a href="/wiki/Princes_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Princes of the Holy Roman Empire">Princes of the Holy Roman Empire</a>. The prince never visited his principality, and the first visit of a sovereign prince to Liechtenstein did not occur until 1842.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Instead, they were represented by the local district office based in Vaduz, consisting of a number of officials, which was regulated by civil service law. It served as the only form of administration in the country until its disbandment in 1848, and was primarily responsible for controlling the country's tax office and reporting significant developments to the prince, who resided in Vienna. Until the end of the 17th century, officials were primarily recruited from neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a>, and were paid directly by the prince.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nineteenth_century">Nineteenth century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nineteenth century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rheinbund_1812,_political_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png/220px-Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png/330px-Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png/440px-Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="1420" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Confederation of the Rhine.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_wars">French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Suvorov%27s_Swiss_campaign" title="Suvorov's Swiss campaign">Suvorov's Swiss campaign</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a>, Liechtenstein, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> contributed approximately 20 troops to the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_forces_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Coalition forces of the Napoleonic Wars">coalition forces</a> from 1793 to 1796. During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a>, France invaded the country on 6 March 1799 and plundered several towns, including <a href="/wiki/Nendeln" title="Nendeln">Nendeln</a> that was burned by French troops, which resulted in the deaths of four people. The Austrian and Volgraberg state militias under command by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_field_marshal" title="Lieutenant field marshal">Lieutenant field marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Jela%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Franjo Jelačić">Franjo Jelačić</a> defeated 18,000 French troops stationed in Liechtenstein under command of General <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a> and liberated the country by 14 May.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleon,_Francis_II,_Johann_Joseph_I_-_1805.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Napoleon%2C_Francis_II%2C_Johann_Joseph_I_-_1805.jpg/220px-Napoleon%2C_Francis_II%2C_Johann_Joseph_I_-_1805.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Napoleon%2C_Francis_II%2C_Johann_Joseph_I_-_1805.jpg/330px-Napoleon%2C_Francis_II%2C_Johann_Joseph_I_-_1805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Napoleon%2C_Francis_II%2C_Johann_Joseph_I_-_1805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johann_I_Joseph,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein">Johann I</a> with <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a>, 5 December 1805.</figcaption></figure> In 1806, Liechtenstein was one of the principalities and counties <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I of Bavaria</a> wanted to annex as his price for joining the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> but Napoleon refused because he had appreciated the personal qualities of <a href="/wiki/Johann_I_Joseph,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein">Johann I</a> as a negotiator, Austria's envoy during the negotiations leading to the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Treaty of Pressburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Thus Liechtenstein became a sovereign state later that year when it joined Napoleon's Confederation of the Rhine upon the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The French under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> occupied the country for a few years, but Liechtenstein retained its independence in 1815. Soon afterward, Liechtenstein joined the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (20 June 1815 – 24 August 1866, which was presided over by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="Emperor of Austria">Emperor of Austria</a>). In 1818, <a href="/wiki/Johann_I_Josef,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann I Josef, Prince of Liechtenstein">Johann I</a> granted a constitution, although it was limited in its nature.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> 1818 also saw the first visit of a member of the house of Liechtenstein, Prince Alois. However, the first visit by a sovereign prince did not occur until 1842.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 1833, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Menzinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Menzinger (page does not exist)">Michael Menzinger</a> applied for the creation of the administrative role of role of Landvogt, which served as the head of the district office, and he was its first office-holder.<a href="#cite_note-:16-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution_and_latter_century">Constitution and latter century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Constitution and latter century">edit</a>]</div> Like most of Europe at the time, Liechtenstein was subject to the <a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a> which caused increased opposition against the absolute monarchy of <a href="/wiki/Aloys_II,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Aloys II, Prince of Liechtenstein">Aloys II</a>. The aim of the revolution was to improve the economic and political situation of ordinary citizens in Liechtenstein, primarily fuelled by the worsening economy in the country in the years prior.<a href="#cite_note-:5223-16">[16]</a> On 22 March 1848, the people's committee appointed a three-person committee to lead the Liechtenstein revolutionary movement, which included <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kaiser_(historian)" title="Peter Kaiser (historian)">Peter Kaiser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Sch%C3%A4dler" title="Karl Schädler">Karl Schädler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Grass" title="Ludwig Grass">Ludwig Grass</a>. Together, they managed to maintain order in Liechtenstein and formed a constitutional council.<a href="#cite_note-:32-17">[17]</a> Liechtenstein was a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_in_Frankfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly in Frankfurt">National Assembly in Frankfurt</a> until April 1849.<a href="#cite_note-:02-18">[18]</a> Following the revolution, a constitutional council was elected on 27 July 1848 in response to popular demand from the revolutionaries, of which Schädler was elected as its president. The primary task of the council was the creation the draft for a new Liechtenstein constitution, of which the work was done primarily by him and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Menzinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Menzinger (page does not exist)">Michael Menzinger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-18">[18]</a> As a concession towards the revolution, the district office was disbanded and replaced by a <a href="/w/index.php?title=District_Council_(Liechtenstein)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District Council (Liechtenstein) (page does not exist)">District Council</a> that was formed on 7 March 1849 with 24 elected representatives and acted as the first democratic representation in Liechtenstein, with Schädler was elected as District Administrator.<a href="#cite_note-:6-19">[19]</a> In addition, the office of Landvogt was replaced by that of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Liechtenstein" title="List of heads of government of Liechtenstein">Governor of Liechtenstein</a>, with Menzinger also being the first-office holder.<a href="#cite_note-:16-14">[14]</a> After the failure of the German revolutions, Aloys II once again instated absolute power over Liechtenstein on 20 July 1852 and disbanded the district council.<a href="#cite_note-:6-19">[19]</a> However, calls for a new constitution once again appeared early in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Johann_II,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein">Johann II</a> and the constitutional council was reformed again led by Karl Schädler, once again tasked with drafting a new constitution, of which, similarly to 1848, he did most of the work.<a href="#cite_note-:02-18">[18]</a> The draft was reviewed by an unknown German legal expert and formed the basis of the <a href="/wiki/1862_Constitution_of_Liechtenstein" title="1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein">1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein</a>, which was ratified on 26 September.<a href="#cite_note-:14-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:44-21">[21]</a> It was heavily inspired by the constitution of <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a> and largely addressed the demands of the revolutionaries in Liechtenstein.<a href="#cite_note-:02-18">[18]</a> This constitution established civil liberties in the country and formed the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Liechtenstein" title="Landtag of Liechtenstein">Landtag of Liechtenstein</a> for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-:14-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:44-21">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liechtenstein_veterans_association_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Liechtenstein_veterans_association_1896.jpg/220px-Liechtenstein_veterans_association_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Liechtenstein_veterans_association_1896.jpg/330px-Liechtenstein_veterans_association_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Liechtenstein_veterans_association_1896.jpg/440px-Liechtenstein_veterans_association_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>The Liechtenstein veterans association in 1896, showing the remaining soldiers of the army that was disestablished in 1868.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> of 1866, Prince Johann II placed his soldiers at the disposal of the Confederation but only to “defend the German territory of Tyrol”.<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[22]</a> However, the Landtag had not been consulted regarding the deployment and the war was unpopular among the population, as such it faced resistance from the Landtag.<a href="#cite_note-:11-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52242-24">[24]</a> As a result, Johann II promised a loan to the country and refused to have his men fight against other Germans.<a href="#cite_note-:11-23">[23]</a> The Liechtenstein contingent took up position on the <a href="/wiki/Stilfser_Joch" class="mw-redirect" title="Stilfser Joch">Stilfser Joch</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Rheinberger" title="Peter Rheinberger">Peter Rheinberger</a> in the south of Liechtenstein to defend the Liechtenstein/Austrian border against attacks by the Italians under Garibaldi. A reserve of 20 men remained in Liechtenstein at Vaduz Castle. When the war ended on 22 July, the army of Liechtenstein marched home to a ceremonial welcome in Vaduz. Popular legend claims that 80 men went to war, but 81 came back. It is disputed who the additional person was: An Austrian <a href="/wiki/Liaison_officer" title="Liaison officer">liaison officer</a> may have joined up with the contingent on the way back, but it has also been claimed that the man was an Italian farmer.<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[22]</a> The German Confederation dissolved in 1866. In combination with its unpopularity among the population and the rising cost to maintain it, Liechtenstein disbanded its army of 80 men on 12 February 1868 and declared its permanent <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">neutrality</a>, neither joining the new <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871, nor the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-6">[6]</a> In 1893, former soldiers of the Liechtenstein army founded a veterans association, which had 141 members in 1896. Its last surviving member, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Kieber" title="Andreas Kieber">Andreas Kieber</a>, died in 1939, aged 94 years old.<a href="#cite_note-:10-6">[6]</a> This neutrality was respected during both World Wars, and ultimately would allow the country to avoid the fate of the other German monarchies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liechtenstein_during_the_world_wars">Liechtenstein during the world wars</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Liechtenstein during the world wars">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> Liechtenstein did not participate in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, claiming neutrality. However, until the end of the war, it was closely tied to <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> due to the customs union between the two countries and was sympathetic to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. The majority of the Liechtenstein government did not expect the war to last long, thus no food or economic preparations were made for it.<a href="#cite_note-:15-26">[26]</a> At the outbreak of the war <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> interned Liechtensteiners and partially confiscated their assets.<a href="#cite_note-:5-25">[25]</a> As a result, the Liechtenstein government made various declarations that the country was neutral and a separate entity from Austria-Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-:15-26">[26]</a> From September, food deliveries from Austria-Hungary, which Liechtenstein relied on, began to decrease. This quickly reduced the initial level of support for the war. In addition, Switzerland was pressured by Britain and France to end its food exports to Liechtenstein due to the latter's close ties to Austria-Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-:15-26">[26]</a> In response, the Liechtenstein government, led by <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Freiherr_von_Imhof" title="Leopold Freiherr von Imhof">Leopold Freiherr von Imhof</a>, issued emergency commissions throughout the country on 14 December 1914. These commissions aimed to manage the procurement of food and raw materials, now in short supply, and to distribute them to the population.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Foreign citizens living in Liechtenstein were conscripted into the armies of their respective home countries, primarily Austria-Hungary and <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, of which 27 did not return. In addition, many Liechtensteiners also voluntarily enlisted in both armies, including several members of the house of Liechtenstein. In total, 4 Liechtenstein citizens are known to have been killed in the war despite the country being neutral, including <a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_of_Liechtenstein" title="Prince Heinrich of Liechtenstein">Prince Heinrich of Liechtenstein</a>, who is the highest member of the house of Liechtenstein to have been killed in action.<a href="#cite_note-:15-26">[26]</a> Three Liechtensteiners were imprisoned for <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> during the war.<a href="#cite_note-:2-28">[28]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1916_Liechtenstein_smugglers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1916_Liechtenstein_smugglers.jpg/220px-1916_Liechtenstein_smugglers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/1916_Liechtenstein_smugglers.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="202" /></a><figcaption>A group of Liechtensteiner smugglers on pontoons, 1916.</figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/Entente_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Entente powers">Entente powers</a> imposed an economic embargo on Liechtenstein in 1916.<a href="#cite_note-:5-25">[25]</a> The country faced economic devastation and food shortages as a result due to the lack of natural resources, which increased smuggling within the country significantly and forced the country to reduce its reliance on Austria-Hungary and seek closer economic ties with Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-:5-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> By 1916 all food deliveries from Austria-Hungary had ceased, which forced Liechtenstein to seek closer ties with Switzerland in order to ensure food deliveries continued.<a href="#cite_note-:15-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/November_1918_Liechtenstein_putsch" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 Liechtenstein putsch">November 1918 Liechtenstein putsch</a></div> As the war dragged on, the country faced increasing civil unrest and dissatisfaction, particularly of that towards to the government of Leopold Freiherr von Imhof.<a href="#cite_note-:05-31">[31]</a> Figures such as <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Beck" title="Wilhelm Beck">Wilhelm Beck</a> formed an opposition group against him, and in November 1918 he was subject of a de facto <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> against him. The coup forced Imhof's government to resign and the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Executive_Committee_(Liechtenstein)" title="Provisional Executive Committee (Liechtenstein)">Provisional Executive Committee</a> in his place until 7 December headed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ritter" title="Martin Ritter">Martin Ritter</a>, who was the first Liechtensteiner head of government.<a href="#cite_note-:04-32">[32]</a> Despite diplomatic efforts by Liechtenstein, they received no representation in the negotiations or signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, though the country received indirect recognition of its sovereignty in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period_(1919–1939)">Interwar period (1919–1939)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Interwar period (1919–1939)">edit</a>]</div> In 1919, following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Dissolution of Austria-Hungary">dissolution of Austria-Hungary</a> the Liechtenstein government could no longer rely on Austria to fulfil their monetary and diplomatic needs. Liechtenstein and Switzerland signed a treaty under which <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> assumed the representation of Liechtenstein's interests at the diplomatic and consular level in countries where it maintains a representation and Liechtenstein does not.<a href="#cite_note-représenter-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vertretung-34">[34]</a> Liechtenstein adopted the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss franc</a> in 1920 and the two countries entered a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Liechtenstein applied to join the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in 1920, though unsuccessfully. Switzerland was the only country to vote in favour of their ascension at the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Nations Assembly">League of Nations Assembly</a> on 17 December 1920, as opposed to 28 against.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1921_Constitution_of_Liechtenstein.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/1921_Constitution_of_Liechtenstein.png/220px-1921_Constitution_of_Liechtenstein.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/1921_Constitution_of_Liechtenstein.png/330px-1921_Constitution_of_Liechtenstein.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/1921_Constitution_of_Liechtenstein.png/440px-1921_Constitution_of_Liechtenstein.png 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Front page of the Liechtenstein constitution, as signed by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Karl_Aloys_of_Liechtenstein" title="Prince Karl Aloys of Liechtenstein">Prince Karl Aloys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josef_Ospelt" title="Josef Ospelt">Josef Ospelt</a> on 5 October 1921.</figcaption></figure> The November 1918 putsch would begin a period of the next three years where both the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Citizens%27_Party" title="Progressive Citizens' Party">Progressive Citizens' Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian-Social_People%27s_Party_(Liechtenstein)" title="Christian-Social People's Party (Liechtenstein)">Christian-Social People's Party</a> worked together in creating a new constitution based on a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, much of which was loosely based on the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Swiss Federal Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:33-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-20">[20]</a> The drafting process included prominent politicians such as Wilhelm Beck, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Ospelt" title="Josef Ospelt">Josef Ospelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josef_Peer" title="Josef Peer">Josef Peer</a>, of which Beck and Peer created the first draft for the constitution. It was signed into law by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Karl_Aloys_of_Liechtenstein" title="Prince Karl Aloys of Liechtenstein">Prince Karl Aloys</a> on behalf of Johann II and Josef Ospelt as a government representative on 5 October 1921.<a href="#cite_note-:14-20">[20]</a> It established the rule of partial <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> mixed with that of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, as well as providing for referendums on decisions of the Landtag.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENohlenStöver20101156-39">[39]</a> It also abolished the three seats in the Landtag appointed by the Prince and lowered the voting age from 24 to 21 with <a href="/wiki/Universal_male_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal male suffrage">universal male suffrage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENohlenStöver20101158-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1928_embezzlement_scandal">1928 embezzlement scandal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1928 embezzlement scandal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1928_Liechtenstein_embezzlement_scandal" title="1928 Liechtenstein embezzlement scandal">1928 Liechtenstein embezzlement scandal</a></div> The country was subject to an embezzlement scandal in the <a href="/wiki/1928_Liechtenstein_embezzlement_scandal" title="1928 Liechtenstein embezzlement scandal">1928 Liechtenstein embezzlement scandal</a>, where it was revealed that leading members of the Christian-Social People's Party had embezzled funds from the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Liechtenstein" title="National Bank of Liechtenstein">National Bank of Liechtenstein</a> into various speculative transactions. The scandal forced <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%A4dler_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Schädler cabinet">the government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Sch%C3%A4dler" title="Gustav Schädler">Gustav Schädler</a> to resign and early elections to be called.<a href="#cite_note-:07-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rotter_kidnapping">Rotter kidnapping</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rotter kidnapping">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rotter_kidnapping" title="Rotter kidnapping">Rotter kidnapping</a></div> Since the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1933 and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_legislation_in_pre-war_Nazi_Germany" title="Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany">anti-Jewish laws</a> in Germany, Liechtenstein experienced a large rise of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> emigrants to the country in which the government led by <a href="/wiki/Josef_Hoop" title="Josef Hoop">Josef Hoop</a> had supported the <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalization</a> of the refugees under a new citizenship law.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In doing this, Liechtenstein faced attacks from German press and internal sources such as the <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Homeland_Service" title="Liechtenstein Homeland Service">Liechtenstein Homeland Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Hoop personally attempted to temper relations with Germany through the use of private contacts and actively downplayed the threat of <a href="/wiki/National-socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National-socialism">National-socialism</a> within Liechtenstein.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Most notably, German film directors and theatre managers Fritz and Alfred Rotter with a Jewish background were naturalized in Liechtenstein in 1931. Following German press and demands for their extradition local Liechtenstein Nazis used the event to kidnap the two men and forcefully return them to Nazi Germany in the <a href="/wiki/Rotter_kidnapping" title="Rotter kidnapping">Rotter kidnapping</a>. However, this failed and as a result of a highly publicized trial it held back the formation of an organized Nazi party in Liechtenstein until 1938.<a href="#cite_note-:010-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1938–1939_crisis_and_failed_putsch">1938–1939 crisis and failed putsch</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1938–1939 crisis and failed putsch">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1939_Liechtenstein_general_election" title="1939 Liechtenstein general election">1939 Liechtenstein general election</a> and <a href="/wiki/1939_Liechtenstein_putsch" title="1939 Liechtenstein putsch">1939 Liechtenstein putsch</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoop_Vogt_Schaedler_Marxer_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Hoop_Vogt_Schaedler_Marxer_1938.jpg/220px-Hoop_Vogt_Schaedler_Marxer_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Hoop_Vogt_Schaedler_Marxer_1938.jpg/330px-Hoop_Vogt_Schaedler_Marxer_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Hoop_Vogt_Schaedler_Marxer_1938.jpg/440px-Hoop_Vogt_Schaedler_Marxer_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>Four major political figures in Liechtenstein in 1938. From left; <a href="/wiki/Alois_Vogt" title="Alois Vogt">Alois Vogt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schaedler" title="Otto Schaedler">Otto Schaedler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Hoop" title="Josef Hoop">Josef Hoop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Marxer" title="Ludwig Marxer">Ludwig Marxer</a>.</figcaption></figure> On 31 March 1938, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss of Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_I,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein">Franz I</a> made his grandnephew <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_II,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein">Franz Joseph II</a> regent and moved to Feldberg, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>. On 25 July, he died while at one of his family's castles, Castle Feldberg, and Franz Joseph formally succeeded him as prince of Liechtenstein as Franz Joseph II.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Around the same time, the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein (VBDL)</a>, a local Liechtenstein <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> party, was formed and advocated for the annexation of Liechtenstein into Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-:36-49">[49]</a> There were plans for the party, with connections to the <a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Mittelstelle" title="Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle">Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle</a>, to be democratically elected into power via funding from Germany, then it would end the customs union with Switzerland and align towards Germany, leading to an eventual annexation of Liechtenstein into Germany. The plans were reportedly supported by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger2007141–142-50">[50]</a> However, it was personally blocked by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> himself as he did not want to complicate relations with Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger2007142–143-51">[51]</a> Under the initiative of Franz Joseph, the Progressive Citizens' Party and Patriotic Union started negotiations for the formation of a coalition government, led by Josef Hoop and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schaedler" title="Otto Schaedler">Otto Schaedler</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-:422-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-:011-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-54">[54]</a> This coalition was designed to avoid <a href="/wiki/Political_deadlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Political deadlock">political deadlock</a> while there was ongoing threat from Nazi Germany, and more importantly, prevent the VBDL from gaining any seats within the Landtag.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-56">[56]</a> A compromise for the coalition was to introduce a proportional representation to the country, despite it being <a href="/wiki/1935_Liechtenstein_electoral_system_referendum" title="1935 Liechtenstein electoral system referendum">rejected via referendum</a> three years prior.<a href="#cite_note-:09-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENohlenStöver20101172-58">[58]</a> It was introduced unanimously on 18 January 1939.<a href="#cite_note-:09-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-:24-59">[59]</a> Shortly after, Franz Joseph, in agreement with both parties, disbanded the Landtag and called for new elections.<a href="#cite_note-:1-60">[60]</a> However, the subsequent <a href="/wiki/1939_Liechtenstein_general_election" title="1939 Liechtenstein general election">1939 general election</a> was only used to distribute a roughly equal number of seats in the Landtag between the two parties, as such it became known as the "silent election" as no actual voting took place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENohlenStöver20101179-61">[61]</a> This was primarily due to both parties desire to not hold an election campaign period that would jeopardize the recently-formed coalition government and allow for the VBDL to be able to gain support.<a href="#cite_note-:1-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Josef_II_Berlin_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Franz_Josef_II_Berlin_1939.jpg/220px-Franz_Josef_II_Berlin_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Franz_Josef_II_Berlin_1939.jpg/330px-Franz_Josef_II_Berlin_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Franz_Josef_II_Berlin_1939.jpg/440px-Franz_Josef_II_Berlin_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption>Franz Joseph II (centre) with members of the German and <a href="/wiki/Third_Hoop_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Hoop cabinet">Liechtenstein government</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">Reich Chancellery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, 2 March 1939.</figcaption></figure> In March 1939, Franz Josef, Hoop and <a href="/wiki/Alois_Vogt" title="Alois Vogt">Alois Vogt</a> paid an official visit to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> where they met <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> in which they discussed safeguarding Liechtenstein's independence and neutrality while maintaining good relations.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Franz Joseph later reminisced on the visit and stated that Hitler showed little interest in them and that it only took place in order to "flatter Hitler's ego".<a href="#cite_note-:4-63">[63]</a> On 24 March 1939, the <a href="/wiki/1939_Liechtenstein_putsch" title="1939 Liechtenstein putsch">1939 putsch</a> took place. The plan was for members of the VDBL to march on <a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a> and seize control of the government, which was hoped would cause clashes between them and the government. German troops from Feldkirch would then move into Liechtenstein in response to a call for help and incorporate the country into Germany. The plan failed however, as they were stopped by opponents, and most VBDL members were arrested or fled.<a href="#cite_note-:43-64">[64]</a> No German invasion took place as it was blocked by Hitler's orders following intervention by Alois Vogt. It was is not exactly known why Hitler decided to not intervene in the coup, though it has been speculated that he had little interest in Liechtenstein, and that he did not want to provoke a war with Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger2000364–408-65">[65]</a> This led to the <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Loyalty_Association" title="Liechtenstein Loyalty Association">Liechtenstein Loyalty Association</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisanism">nonpartisan</a> organisation designed to oppose the actions of the VBDL that was formed earlier in the year, to heighten its operations and launch a signature campaign reaffirming Liechtenstein's independence, which gained 2492 signatures.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Staatsbesuch_FL_in_Bern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Staatsbesuch_FL_in_Bern.jpg/220px-Staatsbesuch_FL_in_Bern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Staatsbesuch_FL_in_Bern.jpg/330px-Staatsbesuch_FL_in_Bern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Staatsbesuch_FL_in_Bern.jpg/440px-Staatsbesuch_FL_in_Bern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>Franz Joseph II, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Pilet-Golaz" title="Marcel Pilet-Golaz">Marcel Pilet-Golaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Celio" title="Enrico Celio">Enrico Celio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, 1943.</figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Liechtenstein remained neutral, while family treasures within the war zone were brought to Liechtenstein (and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>) for safekeeping. At the same time, Liechtenstein tied itself as closely as possible to <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> during the war in hopes of retaining the country's <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutrality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:42-68">[68]</a> It achieved the de facto inclusion of Liechtenstein in the Swiss national supply.<a href="#cite_note-:8-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-70">[70]</a> Franz Joseph himself periodically sent congratulatory letters to Hitler, such as the thwarting of the <a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a>, of which he briefly replied.<a href="#cite_note-:8-69">[69]</a> Though Nazi Germany did have plans for the annexation of Liechtenstein, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tannenbaum" title="Operation Tannenbaum">Operation Tannenbaum</a>, these were never implemented and Liechtenstein's neutrality was not violated during the war.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In 1943, at the request of both the Progressive Citizens' Party and Patriotic Union, Franz Joseph extended the government's term indefinitely while there was ongoing threat from Nazi Germany, primarily to prevent the (VDBL) from gaining seats in the <a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:722-73">[73]</a> General elections were not held again until <a href="/wiki/1945_Liechtenstein_general_election" title="1945 Liechtenstein general election">April 1945</a>, shortly before the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENohlenStöver20101164-74">[74]</a> Notable figures in the Liechtenstein government, such as Alois Vogt, retained contacts with Nazi Germany during the war, such as <a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Mittelstelle" title="Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle">Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle</a>, who regarded him as a trusted contact.<a href="#cite_note-:06-75">[75]</a> Three Liechtensteiner's were sentenced to death by Switzerland for spying for Nazi Germany during the war.<a href="#cite_note-:2-28">[28]</a> Most notably, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Quaderer" title="Alfred Quaderer">Alfred Quaderer</a>, a Liechtenstein citizen who became an agent for the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle was sentenced to death for treason against Switzerland in March 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger1999116–122-76">[76]</a> Despite efforts by Quaderer's sister and mother to have him pardoned, such as pleading to Franz Joseph for a private audience, they were denied, and he was <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">executed by firing squad</a> on 7 June 1944, aged 24 years old.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger1999123–129-77">[77]</a> Just before the end of the war, Franz Joseph granted political asylum to <a href="/wiki/First_Russian_National_Army" title="First Russian National Army">First Russian National Army</a> pro-Axis pro-emperor <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Kirillovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia">Vladimir</a> White emigres led by General <a href="/wiki/Boris_Smyslovsky" title="Boris Smyslovsky">Boris Smyslovsky</a>, who were being cared for by the <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Red_Cross" title="Liechtenstein Red Cross">Liechtenstein Red Cross</a>. On 16 August 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> sent a delegation to Liechtenstein in an attempt to repatriate the Russians, which was refused despite increasing Soviet pressure to participate in the repatriation program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy1977-78">[78]</a> Eventually the government of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> offered the Russians asylum, and about a hundred people left.<a href="#cite_note-:72-79">[79]</a> This is commemorated by a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Monument_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Monument Liechtenstein">monument</a> at the border town of <a href="/wiki/Hinterschellenberg" title="Hinterschellenberg">Hinterschellenberg</a> which is marked on the country's <a href="/wiki/Tourist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist">tourist</a> map. According to prime minister <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Frick" title="Alexander Frick">Alexander Frick</a>, with the support of Franz Joseph, the Russians were at no point in danger of being <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradited</a> and the general population of Liechtenstein supported the government in providing asylum to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy1977-78">[78]</a> At the close of the conflict, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, acting to seize what they considered to be German possessions, expropriated the entirety of the Liechtenstein dynasty's hereditary lands and possessions in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-80">[80]</a> — the princes of Liechtenstein lived in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> of 1938. During the war, Liechtenstein's princely family owned land in Austria whose managers hired Nazi forced labor, but a much later inquiry found the family not to have known about this.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The expropriations (subject to modern legal dispute at the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>) included over 1,600 square kilometres (600 sq mi) of agricultural and forest land (most notably the UNESCO listed <a href="/wiki/Lednice%E2%80%93Valtice_Cultural_Landscape" title="Lednice–Valtice Cultural Landscape">Lednice–Valtice Cultural Landscape</a>), and several family castles and palaces.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Citizens of Liechtenstein were also forbidden from entering Czechoslovakia during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. In August 1945, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a>, the Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>, had attempted to seek refuge in Liechtenstein after being flown to the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">American-occupied zone of Austria</a>, but was turned away.<a href="#cite_note-:8-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-War_era">Post-War era</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Post-War era">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_war">Cold war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cold war">edit</a>]</div> After World War II, the country's low taxes have spurred strong economic growth. Liechtenstein became increasingly important as a financial center. In dire financial straits following the war, the Liechtenstein dynasty often resorted to selling family artistic treasures, including for instance the portrait "<a href="/wiki/Ginevra_de%27_Benci" title="Ginevra de' Benci">Ginevra de' Benci</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, which was purchased by the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-:13-80">[80]</a> Liechtenstein prospered, however, during the decades following, as its economy modernized with the advantage of low corporate tax rates which drew many companies to the country.<a href="#cite_note-:03-83">[83]</a> In 1949, Liechtenstein ceded the <a href="/wiki/Ellhorn" title="Ellhorn">Ellhorn</a> mountain to Switzerland as a result of Swiss demands and threats to, among other things, end the <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> between the two countries. Despite the local community in <a href="/wiki/Balzers" title="Balzers">Balzers</a> previously refusing to do so in November 1948, the transfer was approved by the Landtag of Liechtenstein the following month. In exchange to the transfer, Switzerland agreed to forgive much of Liechtenstein's debt that it had acquired to the country throughout World War II.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Liechtenstein was neutral during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, but sided with the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a> ideologically, politically and economically. The nuclear threat has led to the expansion of civil defence since the 1960s in Liechtenstein. In 1964–1965, the Liechtenstein government built a command bunker with protection against nuclear bombs in <a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a>. Liechtenstein condemned the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1968_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia">1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia</a>. Liechtenstein boycotted the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> twice- in <a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">1956</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> in protest against the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian uprising</a> and in <a href="/wiki/1980_Olympics_boycott" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Olympics boycott">1980</a> in Moscow due to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_War_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet War in Afghanistan">Soviet war in Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Women in Liechtenstein received voting rights for the first time, following <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_women%27s_suffrage_referendum,_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein women's suffrage referendum, 1984">a referendum on the topic</a> (among men only) in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%BCrst_Hans-Adam_II._von_und_zu_Liechtenstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/F%C3%BCrst_Hans-Adam_II._von_und_zu_Liechtenstein.jpg/220px-F%C3%BCrst_Hans-Adam_II._von_und_zu_Liechtenstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/F%C3%BCrst_Hans-Adam_II._von_und_zu_Liechtenstein.jpg/330px-F%C3%BCrst_Hans-Adam_II._von_und_zu_Liechtenstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/F%C3%BCrst_Hans-Adam_II._von_und_zu_Liechtenstein.jpg/440px-F%C3%BCrst_Hans-Adam_II._von_und_zu_Liechtenstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1369" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hans-Adam_II,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein">Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein</a></figcaption></figure>Franz Joseph II handed over most of his powers to his son, <a href="/wiki/Hans-Adam_II,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein">Hans-Adam</a> on 26 August 1984.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-:46-88">[88]</a> On 13 November 1989, he succeeded him as prince as <a href="/wiki/Hans-Adam_II,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein">Hans-Adam II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In 1996, Russia returned the Liechtenstein family's archives, ending a long-running dispute between the two countries. In 1978, Liechtenstein became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, and then joined the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1990 following <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_663" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 663">Security Council Resolution 663</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (EFTA) in its own right in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-:35-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1990s">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1992_Liechtenstein_constitutional_crisis" title="1992 Liechtenstein constitutional crisis">1992 Liechtenstein constitutional crisis</a></div> On 6 December 1992 a referendum was to be held in Switzerland on a federal resolution on the accession to the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:08-93">[93]</a> In correspondence with the <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> between the two countries, a similar referendum was to be held in Liechtenstein at a similar time.<a href="#cite_note-:23-94">[94]</a> Hans-Adam II called for the referendum to be held before the <a href="/wiki/1992_Swiss_referendums" title="1992 Swiss referendums">corresponding referendum in Switzerland</a>, against the countries custom union and the wishes of the government with the Landtag of Liechtenstein. On 28 October 1992, he threatened to dismiss the Landtag and prime minister <a href="/wiki/Hans_Brunhart" title="Hans Brunhart">Hans Brunhart</a> over the dispute and appoint an acting Prime Minister in his place. In response, approximately 2000 people demonstrated in front of the government house in Vaduz. In the same day, the government and Hans-Adam II negotiated and came to an agreement that scheduled the referendum after the corresponding one in Switzerland, though notably it affirmed that Liechtenstein would commit to agreements with the EEA despite the result in Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-:45-95">[95]</a> As a result, the 1923 customs union treaty between Liechtenstein and Switzerland was now compromised, and was no longer viable due to conflicting interests regarding accession to the EEA.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In 1994, the treaty was revised to allow for greater freedom for Liechtenstein in defining its foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-:34-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/1995_Liechtenstein_European_Economic_Area_membership_referendum" title="1995 Liechtenstein European Economic Area membership referendum">A referendum on the topic</a> took place on 9 April 1995, which was accepted by 55.9% of voters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENohlenStöver20101176-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Liechtenstein subsequently joined the EEA in May the same year.<a href="#cite_note-:23-94">[94]</a> In 1997, at the start of <a href="/wiki/Mario_Frick_(politician)" title="Mario Frick (politician)">Mario Frick</a>'s second term, the coalition government that had existed between the Progressive Citizens' Party and Patriotic Union since 1938 was dissolved, marking the first time either party had been in opposition to each other since.<a href="#cite_note-:3-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-:012-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liechtenstein_during_the_21st_century">Liechtenstein during the 21st century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Liechtenstein during the 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (January 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Alois_of_Liechtenstein_2024_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Prince_Alois_of_Liechtenstein_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Prince_Alois_of_Liechtenstein_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Prince_Alois_of_Liechtenstein_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Prince_Alois_of_Liechtenstein_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Prince_Alois_of_Liechtenstein_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Prince_Alois_of_Liechtenstein_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="1018" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alois,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Alois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein">Alois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein</a> in 2024</figcaption></figure> In a <a href="/wiki/2003_Liechtenstein_constitutional_referendum" title="2003 Liechtenstein constitutional referendum">referendum</a> on 16 March 2003, Prince Hans-Adam, who had threatened to leave the country if he lost, won a large majority (64.3%) in favour of overhauling the constitution to effectively give him more powers than any other European monarch. The new constitution gave the prince the right to dismiss governments and approve judicial nominees and allowed him to veto laws simply by refusing to sign them within a six-month period.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> On 15 August 2003, Hans-Adam announced he would step down in one year and hand over the reins to his son <a href="/wiki/Prince_Alois_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Alois of Liechtenstein">Alois</a>. on 15 August 2004, Prince Hans-Adam handed over the practical running of the principality to his son, Crown Prince Alois, although still remaining official head of state.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> On 1 July 2007, the first two <a href="/wiki/Consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="Consuls">consuls</a> in the history of the Principality were appointed to represent Liechtenstein in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> On 3 March 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Armed_Forces" title="Swiss Armed Forces">Swiss Armed Forces</a> "invaded" Liechtenstein territory by mistake, with 170 Swiss Army troops crossing the border.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> On 27 November 2005, Liechtenstein voters <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_abortion_referendum,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein abortion referendum, 2005">rejected an initiative</a> that would prohibit <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> and birth control in the country. The initiative was supported by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Haas" title="Wolfgang Haas">Wolfgang Haas</a>. Prince Alois was initially sympathetic to the proposal, but he became neutral during the run-up to the vote. Instead, a government-sponsored counter proposal was ratified.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In 2011, Alois announced he would veto any relaxing of the ban on abortion in Liechtenstein, which was an subject for referendum later that year.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Such a veto was not necessary, however, as the voters rejected the proposal.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Following the prince's threat, an initiative called "Damit deine Stimme zählt" ("So that your voice counts") was launched to change the constitution of Liechtenstein to prevent the prince from vetoing legislation approved in referendums. <a href="/wiki/2012_Liechtenstein_constitutional_referendum" title="2012 Liechtenstein constitutional referendum">The referendum</a> was held on 1 July 2012, and 76% of voters upheld the prince's power to veto referendum results.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-111">[111]</a> In November 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Liechtenstein" title="Landtag of Liechtenstein">Landtag of Liechtenstein</a> passed a motion calling on the government to introduce a bill legalizing same-sex marriage, with broad support from across the political spectrum. A bill legalizing same-sex marriage was introduced in February 2024 and passed its final reading in the Landtag on 16 May 2024 by a 24–1 vote.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> On 21 October 2024, Liechtenstein joined the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Liechtenstein" title="List of monarchs of Liechtenstein">List of monarchs of Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Liechtenstein" title="Military history of Liechtenstein">Military history of Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Liechtenstein" title="List of heads of government of Liechtenstein">List of heads of government of Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Liechtenstein" title="Politics of Liechtenstein">Politics of Liechtenstein</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nationsencyclopedia.com-1"><a href="#cite_ref-nationsencyclopedia.com_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/Liechtenstein-HISTORY.html">"History - Liechtenstein - issues, growth, area, system, economic growth, power"</a>. Nationsencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 13 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+-+Liechtenstein+-+issues%2C+growth%2C+area%2C+system%2C+economic+growth%2C+power&rft.pub=Nationsencyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationsencyclopedia.com%2FEurope%2FLiechtenstein-HISTORY.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattie2004" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, David (2004). Liechtenstein : a modern history. Triesen: Van Eck. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-905501-62-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-905501-62-7"><bdi>3-905501-62-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liechtenstein+%3A+a+modern+history&rft.place=Triesen&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Van+Eck&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-905501-62-7&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-3"><a href="#cite_ref-smith_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation book cs1">Smith, J.T. (February 2011). Roman villas : A study in social structure. London: Routledge. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415620116" title="Special:BookSources/9780415620116"><bdi>9780415620116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+villas+%3A+A+study+in+social+structure&rft.place=London&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011-02&rft.isbn=9780415620116&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=J.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baedeker-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Baedeker_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaedeker1891" class="citation book cs1">Baedeker, Karl (1891). The eastern Alps : including the Bavarian highlands, the Tyrol, Salzkammergut, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, and Istria : handbook for travellers. London: Dulau. p. 265.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+eastern+Alps+%3A+including+the+Bavarian+highlands%2C+the+Tyrol%2C+Salzkammergut%2C+Styria%2C+Carinthia%2C+Carniola%2C+and+Istria+%3A+handbook+for+travellers&rft.place=London&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Dulau&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Baedeker&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> P. Christiaan Klieger, The Microstates of Europe: Designer Nations in a Post-Modern World (2014), p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrommeltRupert2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frommelt, Fabian; <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Quaderer" title="Rupert Quaderer">Rupert, Quaderer</a> (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Militär">"Militär"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a> (in German). Retrieved 23 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Milit%C3%A4r&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Frommelt&rft.aufirst=Fabian&rft.au=Rupert%2C+Quaderer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FMilit%C3%A4r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBüchelGeigerMayrMerz2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Büchel, Donat; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Geiger" title="Peter Geiger">Geiger, Peter</a>; Mayr, Ulrike; Merz, Anna; Niederstätter, Alois; <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Quaderer" title="Rupert Quaderer">Quaderer, Rupert</a> (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Liechtenstein_(Land)?marker=Liechtenstein">"Liechtenstein (Land)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a> (in German). 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Retrieved 29 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Oberamt&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Vogt&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FOberamt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWanner2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wanner, Gerhard (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Koalitionskriege">"Koalitionskriege"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a> (in German). 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Vaduz: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liechtenstein_Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liechtenstein Verlag (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein Verlag</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liechtensteinhis0000rato/page/27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006D0J8E">B0006D0J8E</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liechtenstein%3A+History+and+Institutions+of+the+Principality&rft.place=Vaduz&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Liechtenstein+Verlag&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006D0J8E%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Raton&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fliechtensteinhis0000rato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Raton 1970, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurmeister2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Burmeister, Karl Heinz (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Menzinger,_Johann_Michael">"Menzinger, Johann Michael"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a> (in German). 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Retrieved 24 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Verfassung&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Wille&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FVerfassung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:44-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:44_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:44_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattie2004" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, David (4 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mBnZwAEACAAJ">Liechtenstein: A Modern History</a>. 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Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein. 24. 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Retrieved 22 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Preussisch-%C3%96sterreichischer+Krieg&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Quaderer&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FPreussisch-%C3%96sterreichischer_Krieg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52242-24"><a href="#cite_ref-:52242_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRheinberger1991" class="citation book cs1">Rheinberger, Rudolf (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/viewer/image/000000453_89/46/">Liechtensteiner Ärzte des 19. Jahrhunderts</a>. Vol. 89. Vaduz: <a href="/wiki/Jahrbuch_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_das_F%C3%BCrstentum_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein">Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein</a>. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liechtensteiner+%C3%84rzte+des+19.+Jahrhunderts&rft.place=Vaduz&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Jahrbuch+des+Historischen+Vereins+f%C3%BCr+das+F%C3%BCrstentum+Liechtenstein&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Rheinberger&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eliechtensteinensia.li%2Fviewer%2Fimage%2F000000453_89%2F46%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_25-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxer2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marxer, Roland (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Neutralität">"Neutralität"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a> (in German). Retrieved 28 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Neutralit%C3%A4t&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Marxer&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FNeutralit%C3%A4t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_26-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuaderer2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Quaderer" title="Rupert Quaderer">Quaderer, Rupert</a> (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Erster_Weltkrieg">"Erster Weltkrieg"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a> (in German). Retrieved 28 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Erster+Weltkrieg&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Quaderer&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FErster_Weltkrieg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuaderer2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Quaderer" title="Rupert Quaderer">Quaderer, Rupert</a> (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Notstandskommissionen">"Notstandskommissionen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a> (in German). Retrieved 12 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Notstandskommissionen&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Quaderer&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FNotstandskommissionen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeigerQuaderer2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geiger" title="Peter Geiger">Geiger, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Quaderer" title="Rupert Quaderer">Quaderer, Rupert</a> (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Spionage">"Spionage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Spionage&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Geiger&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Quaderer%2C+Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FSpionage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgmeier2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Burgmeier, Markus (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Schmuggel">"Schmuggel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a> (in German). Retrieved 12 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Schmuggel&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Burgmeier&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FSchmuggel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1915/03/21/archives/10000-neutrals-starving-swiss-government-sends-food-to.html">"10,000 NEUTRALS STARVING.; Swiss Government Sends Food to Liechtenstein Population"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 21 March 1915. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=10%2C000+NEUTRALS+STARVING.%3B+Swiss+Government+Sends+Food+to+Liechtenstein+Population.&rft.date=1915-03-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1915%2F03%2F21%2Farchives%2F10000-neutrals-starving-swiss-government-sends-food-to.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-31"><a href="#cite_ref-:05_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuaderer2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Quaderer" title="Rupert Quaderer">Quaderer, Rupert</a> (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Imhof,_Leopold_Freiherr_von">"Imhof, Leopold Baron von"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a> (in German). Retrieved 3 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Imhof%2C+Leopold+Baron+von&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Quaderer&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FImhof%2C_Leopold_Freiherr_von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-32"><a href="#cite_ref-:04_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuaderer2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Quaderer" title="Rupert Quaderer">Quaderer, Rupert</a> (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Novemberputsch_1918">"Novemberputsch 1918"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a> (in German). Retrieved 3 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Novemberputsch+1918&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Quaderer&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FNovemberputsch_1918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-représenter-33"><a href="#cite_ref-représenter_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dodis.ch/64801">"Le Conseil fédéral confirme le souhait de la Principauté de représenter ses intérêts à l'étranger et propose la création d'une commission mixte pour élaborer les modalités des futures relations bilatérales"</a>. Dodis.ch. Dodis. Retrieved 2 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dodis.ch&rft.atitle=Le+Conseil+f%C3%A9d%C3%A9ral+confirme+le+souhait+de+la+Principaut%C3%A9+de+repr%C3%A9senter+ses+int%C3%A9r%C3%AAts+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9tranger+et+propose+la+cr%C3%A9ation+d%27une+commission+mixte+pour+%C3%A9laborer+les+modalit%C3%A9s+des+futures+relations+bilat%C3%A9rales.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdodis.ch%2F64801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vertretung-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Vertretung_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dodis.ch/64800">"Die liechtensteinische Gesandtschaft unterbreitet dem Politischen Departement die Grundlagen, auf welchen sich der Fürst die Vertretung des Fürstentums im Ausland wünscht"</a>. Dodis.ch. Dodis. Retrieved 2 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dodis.ch&rft.atitle=Die+liechtensteinische+Gesandtschaft+unterbreitet+dem+Politischen+Departement+die+Grundlagen%2C+auf+welchen+sich+der+F%C3%BCrst+die+Vertretung+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+im+Ausland+w%C3%BCnscht.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdodis.ch%2F64800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxer2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marxer, Roland (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Zollanschlussvertrag">"Zollanschlussvertrag"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a> (in German). Retrieved 25 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Zollanschlussvertrag&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Marxer&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FZollanschlussvertrag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp150_e.htm">"Switzerland and Liechtenstein: December 2000"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>. 6 December 2000. Retrieved 16 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Switzerland+and+Liechtenstein%3A+December+2000&rft.pub=World+Trade+Organization&rft.date=2000-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Ftpr_e%2Ftp150_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiland2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Biland, Susanna (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Völkerbund">"Völkerbund"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a> (in German). Retrieved 25 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=V%C3%B6lkerbund&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Biland&rft.aufirst=Susanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FV%C3%B6lkerbund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-38"><a href="#cite_ref-:33_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuaderer2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Quaderer" title="Rupert Quaderer">Quaderer, Rupert</a> (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Schlossabmachungen_(Septemberabmachungen,_Schloss-Protokoll)">"Schlossabmachungen (Septemberabmachungen, Schloss-Protokoll)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a> (in German). Retrieved 18 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Schlossabmachungen+%28Septemberabmachungen%2C+Schloss-Protokoll%29&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Quaderer&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FSchlossabmachungen_%28Septemberabmachungen%2C_Schloss-Protokoll%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENohlenStöver20101156-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENohlenStöver20101156_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNohlenStöver2010">Nohlen & Stöver 2010</a>, p. 1156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENohlenStöver20101158-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENohlenStöver20101158_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNohlenStöver2010">Nohlen & Stöver 2010</a>, p. 1158. </li> <li id="cite_note-:07-41"><a href="#cite_ref-:07_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBüchel2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Büchel, Donat (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Sparkassaskandal">"Sparkassaskandal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a> (in German). Retrieved 17 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Sparkassaskandal&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=B%C3%BCchel&rft.aufirst=Donat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FSparkassaskandal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-archiv.li/textDetail.aspx?backurl=auto&etID=41700&eID=1">"Regierungschef Josef Hoop orientiert den Landtag über einen Entwurf für ein Staatsbürgerschaftsgesetz"</a>. Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein (in German). 29 May 1933. Retrieved 28 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Staatsarchiv+des+F%C3%BCrstentum+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Regierungschef+Josef+Hoop+orientiert+den+Landtag+%C3%BCber+einen+Entwurf+f%C3%BCr+ein+Staatsb%C3%BCrgerschaftsgesetz&rft.date=1933-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-archiv.li%2FtextDetail.aspx%3Fbackurl%3Dauto%26etID%3D41700%26eID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-archiv.li/textDetail.aspx?backurl=auto&etID=41287&eID=1">"Die liechtensteinische Regierung protestiert gegen die deutsche Pressekampagne gegen Liechtenstein"</a>. Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein (in German). 9 April 1933. Retrieved 28 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Staatsarchiv+des+F%C3%BCrstentum+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Die+liechtensteinische+Regierung+protestiert+gegen+die+deutsche+Pressekampagne+gegen+Liechtenstein&rft.date=1933-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-archiv.li%2FtextDetail.aspx%3Fbackurl%3Dauto%26etID%3D41287%26eID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-archiv.li/textDetail.aspx?backurl=auto&etID=41288&eID=1">"Regierungschef Josef Hoop bemüht sich über private Kontakte, der deutschen Pressekampagne gegen Liechtenstein entgegenzutreten"</a>. Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein (in German). 7 March 1933. Retrieved 28 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Staatsarchiv+des+F%C3%BCrstentum+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Regierungschef+Josef+Hoop+bem%C3%BCht+sich+%C3%BCber+private+Kontakte%2C+der+deutschen+Pressekampagne+gegen+Liechtenstein+entgegenzutreten&rft.date=1933-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-archiv.li%2FtextDetail.aspx%3Fbackurl%3Dauto%26etID%3D41288%26eID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-archiv.li/textDetail.aspx?backurl=auto&etID=41487&eID=1">"Regierungschef Josef Hoop versichert Prinz Alois von Liechtenstein, dass von der Gründung der Ortsgruppe Liechtenstein der NSDAP keine Gefahr ausgehe"</a>. Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein (in German). 21 July 1933. Retrieved 28 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Staatsarchiv+des+F%C3%BCrstentum+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Regierungschef+Josef+Hoop+versichert+Prinz+Alois+von+Liechtenstein%2C+dass+von+der+Gr%C3%BCndung+der+Ortsgruppe+Liechtenstein+der+NSDAP+keine+Gefahr+ausgehe&rft.date=1933-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-archiv.li%2FtextDetail.aspx%3Fbackurl%3Dauto%26etID%3D41487%26eID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:010-46"><a href="#cite_ref-:010_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Editorial (16 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Rotter-Entführung">"Rotter-Entführung"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a> (in German). Retrieved 23 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Rotter-Entf%C3%BChrung&rft.date=2021-08-16&rft.au=Editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FRotter-Entf%C3%BChrung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49180180/daily-news/">"Prince Franz to Return to Estate"</a>. Daily News. 1 April 1938. p. 216. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200420235228/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49180180/daily-news/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Prince+Franz+to+Return+to+Estate&rft.pages=216&rft.date=1938-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F49180180%2Fdaily-news%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49178617/kenosha-news/">"Oldest Former Ruler Succumbs"</a>. Kenosha News. 26 July 1938. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200420233456/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49178617/kenosha-news/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kenosha+News&rft.atitle=Oldest+Former+Ruler+Succumbs&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1938-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F49178617%2Fkenosha-news%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:36-49"><a href="#cite_ref-:36_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxer2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marxer, Wilfried (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Volksdeutsche_Bewegung_in_Liechtenstein_(VDBL)">"Volksdeutsche Bewegung in Liechtenstein (VDBL)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a> (in German). Retrieved 14 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Volksdeutsche+Bewegung+in+Liechtenstein+%28VDBL%29&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Marxer&rft.aufirst=Wilfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FVolksdeutsche_Bewegung_in_Liechtenstein_%28VDBL%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger2007141–142-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger2007141–142_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeiger2007">Geiger 2007</a>, pp. 141–142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger2007142–143-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger2007142–143_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeiger2007">Geiger 2007</a>, pp. 142–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-:422-52"><a href="#cite_ref-:422_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-11-15-mn-1750-story.html">"Liechtenstein's Prince Franz Josef II, 83"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. 15 November 1989. Retrieved 17 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Liechtenstein%27s+Prince+Franz+Josef+II%2C+83&rft.date=1989-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1989-11-15-mn-1750-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:011-53"><a href="#cite_ref-:011_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeiger2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geiger" title="Peter Geiger">Geiger, Peter</a> (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Hoop,_Josef_(1895–1959)">"Hoop,_Josef_(1895–1959)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a> (in German). Retrieved 26 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Hoop%2C_Josef_%281895%E2%80%931959%29&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Geiger&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FHoop%2C_Josef_%281895%E2%80%931959%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-54"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxer2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marxer, Wilfried (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Vaterländische_Union_%28VU%29">"Patriotic Union (VU)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a> (in German). Retrieved 14 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Patriotic+Union+%28VU%29&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Marxer&rft.aufirst=Wilfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FVaterl%C3%A4ndische_Union_%2528VU%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBüchel2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Büchel, Donat (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/M%C3%A4rzkrise?marker=1938">"Märzkrise"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a> (in German). Retrieved 28 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=M%C3%A4rzkrise&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=B%C3%BCchel&rft.aufirst=Donat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FM%25C3%25A4rzkrise%3Fmarker%3D1938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxer2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marxer, Wilfred (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Koalition">"Koalition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a> (in German). Retrieved 28 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Koalition&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Marxer&rft.aufirst=Wilfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FKoalition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:09-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:09_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:09_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fuerstundvolk.li/fuv/fuv.do?site=421174076f221000996d610c1957690b">"Parties in Liechtenstein 1921-1943"</a>. Prince and People: Liechtenstein Civics (in German). 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prince+and+People%3A+Liechtenstein+Civics&rft.atitle=Parties+in+Liechtenstein+1921-1943&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fuerstundvolk.li%2Ffuv%2Ffuv.do%3Fsite%3D421174076f221000996d610c1957690b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENohlenStöver20101172-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENohlenStöver20101172_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNohlenStöver2010">Nohlen & Stöver 2010</a>, p. 1172. </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-59"><a href="#cite_ref-:24_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202041112/https://www.gesetze.li/lilexprod/lgpage2.jsp?formname=showlaw&lgblid=1939004000&version=0&search_loc=text&lgblid_von=1939004000&sel_lawtype=chrono&rechts_gebiet=0&menu=0&tablesel=0&observe_date=26.02.2016#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url">"Gesetz vom 18. Januar 1939 - über die Einführung des Verhältniswahlrechtes"</a>. Liechtensteinische Landesverwaltung (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gesetze.li/lilexprod/lgpage2.jsp?formname=showlaw&lgblid=1939004000&version=0&search_loc=text&lgblid_von=1939004000&sel_lawtype=chrono&rechts_gebiet=0&menu=0&tablesel=0&observe_date=26.02.2016">the original</a> on 2 February 2017. 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Liechtenstein in den Dreissigerjahren 1928–1939 (in German) (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Institute" title="Liechtenstein Institute">Liechtenstein Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liechtenstein+in+den+Dreissigerjahren+1928%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Liechtenstein+Institute&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Geiger&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeiger1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geiger" title="Peter Geiger">Geiger, Peter</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/viewer/image/000000453_98/112/#topDocAnchor">Landesverrat. Der Fall des 1944 in der Schweiz hingerichteten Alfred Quaderer</a> (in German) (98 ed.). Vaduz: <a href="/wiki/Jahrbuch_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_das_F%C3%BCrstentum_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein">Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein</a>. pp. 109–142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landesverrat.+Der+Fall+des+1944+in+der+Schweiz+hingerichteten+Alfred+Quaderer&rft.place=Vaduz&rft.pages=109-142&rft.edition=98&rft.pub=Jahrbuch+des+Historischen+Vereins+f%C3%BCr+das+F%C3%BCrstentum+Liechtenstein&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Geiger&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eliechtensteinensia.li%2Fviewer%2Fimage%2F000000453_98%2F112%2F%23topDocAnchor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolstoy1977" class="citation book cs1">Tolstoy, Nikolai (1977). The Secret Betrayal. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-15635-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-15635-0"><bdi>0-684-15635-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Betrayal&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-684-15635-0&rft.aulast=Tolstoy&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liechtenstein.li/en/pdf-fl-lik-geschichte-03_geschichte.pdf">Fullest history of Liechtenstein on the Web</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Liechtenstein:_Primary_Documents">History of Liechtenstein: Primary Documents</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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talk:Liechtenstein topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liechtenstein_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liechtenstein topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liechtenstein_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Liechtenstein-related_articles" title="Index of Liechtenstein-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werdenberg_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Werdenberg (Holy Roman Empire)">Werdenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein Castle">Liechtenstein Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaduz_Castle" title="Vaduz Castle">Vaduz Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_Family_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely Family of Liechtenstein">Princely family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Liechtenstein" title="Military history of Liechtenstein">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1862_Constitution_of_Liechtenstein" title="1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein">1862 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1918_Liechtenstein_putsch" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 Liechtenstein putsch">1918 putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Liechtenstein_embezzlement_scandal" title="1928 Liechtenstein embezzlement scandal">1928 embezzlement scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Liechtenstein_spy_affair" title="1937 Liechtenstein spy affair">Spy affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Liechtenstein_putsch" title="1939 Liechtenstein putsch">1939 failed putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Liechtenstein_constitutional_crisis" title="1992 Liechtenstein constitutional crisis">1992 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Liechtenstein_tax_affair" title="2008 Liechtenstein tax affair">2008 tax affair</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein"><img alt="Liechtenstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg/80px-Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg/120px-Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg/160px-Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="352" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Liechtenstein" title="Geography of Liechtenstein">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Liechtenstein" title="List of mountains in Liechtenstein">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Liechtenstein" title="Municipalities of Liechtenstein">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Liechtenstein" title="List of rivers of Liechtenstein">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Liechtenstein" title="Politics of Liechtenstein">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Liechtenstein" title="Constitution of Liechtenstein">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Liechtenstein" title="Elections in Liechtenstein">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_microstates" title="European microstates">European microstates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microstates_and_the_European_Union" title="Microstates and the European Union">and the European Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Liechtenstein" title="Foreign relations of Liechtenstein">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Liechtenstein" title="Human rights in Liechtenstein">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Liechtenstein">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Liechtenstein" title="Landtag of Liechtenstein">Landtag (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Liechtenstein">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Liechtenstein" title="List of political parties in Liechtenstein">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Liechtenstein" title="List of heads of government of Liechtenstein">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Economy of Liechtenstein">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Liechtenstein" title="List of banks in Liechtenstein">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_frank" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein frank">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Liechtenstein" title="Energy in Liechtenstein">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Liechtenstein" title="Healthcare in Liechtenstein">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Liechtenstein" title="Telecommunications in Liechtenstein">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Employees%27_Association" title="Liechtenstein Employees' Association">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein#Transport" title="Liechtenstein">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein#Culture" title="Liechtenstein">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oben_am_jungen_Rhein" title="Oben am jungen Rhein">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Liechtenstein" title="Coat of arms of Liechtenstein">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Liechtenstein" title="Demographics of Liechtenstein">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Liechtenstein" title="Flag of Liechtenstein">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Liechtenstein" title="Languages of Liechtenstein">Languages</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Liechtenstein" title="Public holidays in Liechtenstein">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein#Sports" title="Liechtenstein">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Liechtenstein" title="Outline of Liechtenstein">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Liechtenstein-related_articles" title="Index of Liechtenstein-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liechtenstein" title="Category:Liechtenstein">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_current_European_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Template:European history by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_history_by_country" title="Template talk:European history by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European history by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_current_European_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of current European countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Svalbard" title="History of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&oldid=1259679651#World_War_II">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liechtenstein&oldid=1259679651#World_War_II</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Liechtenstein" 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