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Economie : toute l'actualité économique avec Libération
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href="/economie/medias/" class="font_tertiary color_black decoration_none font_xs">Médias • </a><a href="/economie/economie-numerique/" class="font_tertiary color_black decoration_none font_xs">Economie numérique • </a><a href="/economie/social/" class="font_tertiary color_black decoration_none font_xs">Social</a></div><div id="fusion-static-enter:html-block-f0fgS3O7O2mo1WJ" style="display:none" data-fusion-component="html-block-f0fgS3O7O2mo1WJ"></div><div><hr /></div><div id="fusion-static-exit:html-block-f0fgS3O7O2mo1WJ" style="display:none" data-fusion-component="html-block-f0fgS3O7O2mo1WJ"></div><div class="flex-chain container-fluid"><div class=""><div class="row"><div order="1" class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 fpjgZS col-sm-12 col-md-xl-6 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom "><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a 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France «malgré l’incertitude politique»"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/economie/lagence-de-notation-standard-poors-maintient-la-note-de-la-france-malgre-lincertitude-politique-20241129_D4UDA453ABH3PCCLPDL5M6VEVM/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Bien mais peut mieux faire</a><a href="/economie/lagence-de-notation-standard-poors-maintient-la-note-de-la-france-malgre-lincertitude-politique-20241129_D4UDA453ABH3PCCLPDL5M6VEVM/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="L’agence de notation Standard & Poor’s maintient la note de la France «malgré l’incertitude politique»"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">L’agence de notation Standard & Poor’s maintient la note de la France «malgré l’incertitude politique»</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">29 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l’énergie : grève en vue le 5 décembre, annonce l’intersyndicale"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/economie/social/secteur-de-lenergie-greve-en-vue-le-5-decembre-annonce-lintersyndicale-20241129_TDTICZD37FDPNOUAXHSMYBWUUM/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Pouvoir d'achat</a><a href="/economie/social/secteur-de-lenergie-greve-en-vue-le-5-decembre-annonce-lintersyndicale-20241129_TDTICZD37FDPNOUAXHSMYBWUUM/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Secteur de l’énergie : grève en vue le 5 décembre, annonce l’intersyndicale"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">Secteur de l’énergie : grève en vue le 5 décembre, annonce l’intersyndicale</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">29 nov. 2024</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 keBvAW col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/economie/conso/autoroute-en-2025-les-peages-vont-augmenter-de-092-en-moyenne-20241129_AVMNUHHLJVDQTDUNCSBUHQWROQ/" title="Autoroute : en 2025, les péages vont augmenter de 0,92 % en moyenne"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/economie/conso/autoroute-en-2025-les-peages-vont-augmenter-de-092-en-moyenne-20241129_AVMNUHHLJVDQTDUNCSBUHQWROQ/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Tarifs</a><a href="/economie/conso/autoroute-en-2025-les-peages-vont-augmenter-de-092-en-moyenne-20241129_AVMNUHHLJVDQTDUNCSBUHQWROQ/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Autoroute : en 2025, les péages vont augmenter de 0,92 % en moyenne"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">Autoroute : en 2025, les péages vont augmenter de 0,92 % en moyenne</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">29 nov. 2024</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 kwKUVH col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/economie/medias/fellation-porno-la-bollosphere-surexcitee-par-leducation-sexuelle-a-lecole-20241129_N4MQJEI2RJFE5N5OEXFWOMTMT4/" title="«Fellation», «porno»… la bollosphère surexcitée par l’éducation sexuelle à l’école"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/economie/medias/fellation-porno-la-bollosphere-surexcitee-par-leducation-sexuelle-a-lecole-20241129_N4MQJEI2RJFE5N5OEXFWOMTMT4/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Billet</a><a href="/economie/medias/fellation-porno-la-bollosphere-surexcitee-par-leducation-sexuelle-a-lecole-20241129_N4MQJEI2RJFE5N5OEXFWOMTMT4/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="«Fellation», «porno»… la bollosphère surexcitée par l’éducation sexuelle à l’école"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">«Fellation», «porno»… la bollosphère surexcitée par l’éducation sexuelle à l’école</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">29 nov. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="flex-chain container-fluid"><div class=""><div class="row"><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 gWdzdQ col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/economie/social/negociations-salariales-a-la-sncf-la-direction-et-deux-syndicats-trouvent-un-accord-pour-2025-20241129_TR5PVTN7XVDQ5IGO73CUCXTDWU/" title="Négociations salariales à la SNCF : la direction et deux syndicats trouvent un accord pour 2025"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/economie/social/negociations-salariales-a-la-sncf-la-direction-et-deux-syndicats-trouvent-un-accord-pour-2025-20241129_TR5PVTN7XVDQ5IGO73CUCXTDWU/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Deal</a><a href="/economie/social/negociations-salariales-a-la-sncf-la-direction-et-deux-syndicats-trouvent-un-accord-pour-2025-20241129_TR5PVTN7XVDQ5IGO73CUCXTDWU/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Négociations salariales à la SNCF : la direction et deux syndicats trouvent un accord pour 2025"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">Négociations salariales à la SNCF : la direction et deux syndicats trouvent un accord pour 2025</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">29 nov. 2024</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 keBvAW col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/environnement/alimentation/la-production-de-vin-dans-le-monde-est-au-plus-bas-depuis-1961-la-france-en-chute-libre-20241129_PVOXRVRKBNBEZGBU6K4HBC6WVI/" title="La production de vin dans le monde est au plus bas depuis 1961, la France en net recul"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/environnement/alimentation/la-production-de-vin-dans-le-monde-est-au-plus-bas-depuis-1961-la-france-en-chute-libre-20241129_PVOXRVRKBNBEZGBU6K4HBC6WVI/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Gloups</a><a href="/environnement/alimentation/la-production-de-vin-dans-le-monde-est-au-plus-bas-depuis-1961-la-france-en-chute-libre-20241129_PVOXRVRKBNBEZGBU6K4HBC6WVI/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="La production de vin dans le monde est au plus bas depuis 1961, la France en net recul"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">La production de vin dans le monde est au plus bas depuis 1961, la France en net recul</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">29 nov. 2024</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 kwKUVH col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/economie/medias/adele-van-reeth-a-france-inter-nous-ne-sommes-pas-la-pour-flatter-ou-seduire-lauditeur-20241129_QJGJAPDGXBBFPH5CI65C7I6EFU/" title="Adèle Van Reeth : «A France Inter, nous ne sommes pas là pour flatter ou séduire l’auditeur»"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/economie/medias/adele-van-reeth-a-france-inter-nous-ne-sommes-pas-la-pour-flatter-ou-seduire-lauditeur-20241129_QJGJAPDGXBBFPH5CI65C7I6EFU/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Entretien</a><a href="/economie/medias/adele-van-reeth-a-france-inter-nous-ne-sommes-pas-la-pour-flatter-ou-seduire-lauditeur-20241129_QJGJAPDGXBBFPH5CI65C7I6EFU/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Adèle Van Reeth : «A France Inter, nous ne sommes pas là pour flatter ou séduire l’auditeur»"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">Adèle Van Reeth : «A France Inter, nous ne sommes pas là pour flatter ou séduire l’auditeur»</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">29 nov. 2024</span><span 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fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Mouvement contre la vie chère</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Martinique : le leader de la contestation Rodrigue Petitot à nouveau arrêté, pour des menaces contre les élus</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">29 nov. 2024</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/economie/conso/linflation-en-france-quasiment-stable-en-novembre-a-13-sur-un-an-selon-linsee-20241129_3NEDJKGG7ZGYPAPBOBINWWSTMI/" title="L’inflation en France quasiment stable en novembre 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href="/politique/trump-et-musk-invites-par-macron-a-paris-il-faut-avoir-tout-le-monde-autour-de-la-table-estime-la-secretaire-detat-clara-chappaz-20241129_KZBYJAR4AVDFNEP7X76GBXLYAY/" title="Trump et Musk invités par Macron à Paris : «Il faut avoir tout le monde autour de la table», estime la secrétaire d’Etat Clara Chappaz" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Interview</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Trump et Musk invités par Macron à Paris : «Il faut avoir tout le monde autour de la table», estime la secrétaire d’Etat Clara Chappaz</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">29 nov. 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color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">29 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/societe/police-justice/proces-squarcini-face-a-francois-ruffin-bernard-arnault-en-veut-a-lideologie-socialo-marxiste-et-trotskiste-20241128_H4K2TVRURNGDNEWE6LORBPH6UU/" title="Procès Squarcini : face à François Ruffin, Bernard Arnault en veut à «l’idéologie socialo-marxiste et trotskiste»" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">A la barre</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Procès Squarcini : face à François Ruffin, Bernard Arnault en veut à «l’idéologie socialo-marxiste et trotskiste»</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/economie/transports/passe-navigo-le-prix-de-labonnement-mensuel-va-augmenter-a-8880-euros-par-mois-a-partir-de-janvier-2025-20241128_2U7HWK7HWZFLVEOATA4YZURGVA/" title="Passe navigo : le prix de l’abonnement mensuel va augmenter à 88,80 euros par mois à partir de janvier 2025" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Nouvelle grille</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Passe navigo : le prix de l’abonnement mensuel va augmenter à 88,80 euros par mois à partir de janvier 2025</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/politique/budget-2025-michel-barnier-annonce-quil-naugmentera-pas-les-prix-de-lelectricite-20241128_DBF4JCUW3RD2TEM6E5O34YNRJI/" title="Budget 2025 : Michel Barnier cède sur l’électricité, Marine Le Pen pose un ultimatum «jusqu’à lundi» pour ses autres «lignes rouges» " class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Basse tension</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Budget 2025 : Michel Barnier cède sur l’électricité, Marine Le Pen pose un ultimatum «jusqu’à lundi» pour ses autres «lignes rouges» </h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/economie/social/la-cgt-investit-rungis-pour-mobiliser-lors-des-elections-syndicales-dans-les-tpe-largement-meconnues-20241128_EZFX73ESTNG4JFLHYZ73CXS3ZA/" title="La CGT investit Rungis pour mobiliser lors des élections syndicales dans les TPE, largement méconnues" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Reportage</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">La CGT investit Rungis pour mobiliser lors des élections syndicales dans les TPE, largement méconnues</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/economie/avec-la-loi-anti-airbnb-la-ville-de-paris-espere-arriver-au-bout-de-la-bataille-contre-les-meubles-touristiques-illegaux-20241128_UHIGNPUEGFCKDOW3OR6KDLRCXU/" title="Avec la loi «anti-Airbnb», la ville de Paris espère arriver «au bout de la bataille contre les meublés touristiques illégaux»" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Reportage</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Avec la loi «anti-Airbnb», la ville de Paris espère arriver «au bout de la bataille contre les meublés touristiques illégaux»</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/economie/transports/louverture-du-troncon-sud-de-la-ligne-15-du-grand-paris-express-reportee-de-fin-2025-a-lete-2026-20241128_2NDTJUQATBEU5EHD7TVSC2H6VE/" title="L’ouverture du tronçon sud de la ligne 15 du Grand Paris Express reportée de fin 2025 à l’été 2026" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Retard</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">L’ouverture du tronçon sud de la ligne 15 du Grand Paris Express reportée de fin 2025 à l’été 2026</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/economie/le-parlement-vote-le-retour-de-lactionnariat-salarie-chez-edf-envers-et-contre-le-gouvernement-20241128_3ROLVAYX6VEV7J6ANNDPQNRHPU/" title="Le Parlement vote le retour de l’actionnariat salarié chez EDF envers et contre le gouvernement" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Bourse</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Le Parlement vote le retour de l’actionnariat salarié chez EDF envers et contre le gouvernement</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/economie/quand-le-paternalisme-liberal-rejoue-la-tragedie-grecque-pour-faire-peur-aux-francais-20241128_DNZCAOXOVNCCRJIQ2XCOKTWHVY/" title="Quand le paternalisme libéral rejoue la «tragédie grecque» pour faire peur aux Français" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Le billet de Jean-Christophe Féraud</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Quand le paternalisme libéral rejoue la «tragédie grecque» pour faire peur aux Français</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/economie/les-maths-matrice-des-inegalites-salariales-entre-hommes-et-femmes-20241128_LEC5P24JYJA3NBVSQXJE5VHRMI/" title="Les maths, matrice des inégalités salariales entre hommes et femmes" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Etude</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Les maths, matrice des inégalités salariales entre hommes et femmes</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/economie/la-penalite-parentalite-grande-coupable-des-inegalites-hommes-femmes-20241128_LA75BJNESFE4FOBVPIVJ2MMXFA/" title="La «pénalité parentalité», grande coupable des inégalités hommes-femmes" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Revenus</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">La «pénalité parentalité», grande coupable des inégalités hommes-femmes</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/economie/conso/le-black-friday-entre-lattrait-du-rabais-et-le-risque-de-mettre-de-largent-dans-des-stocks-dont-on-na-pas-forcement-besoin-20241128_AHKH7RSZD5DJ5GFN5XQ6ZD7TXU/" title="Le Black Friday, entre l’attrait du rabais et le risque de «mettre de l’argent dans des stocks dont on n’a pas forcément besoin»" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Consommation</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Le Black Friday, entre l’attrait du rabais et le risque de «mettre de l’argent dans des stocks dont on n’a pas forcément besoin»</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/economie/le-ministre-de-leconomie-antoine-armand-pret-a-des-concessions-pour-eviter-une-tempete-a-la-france-20241128_23FO5OIQFBBM5AWZVWXPXVLV54/" title="Budget 2025 : le ministre de l’Economie Antoine Armand prêt à «des concessions» pour éviter une «tempête» à la France" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Budget</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Budget 2025 : le ministre de l’Economie Antoine Armand prêt à «des concessions» pour éviter une «tempête» à la France</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/economie/economie-numerique/enquete-bd-sur-elon-musk-les-editeurs-americains-ont-eu-peur-deventuelles-poursuites-judiciaires-20241128_LE2234JKDVH27CK7IZGMHNU4NI/" title="Enquête BD sur Elon Musk : «Les éditeurs américains ont eu peur d’éventuelles poursuites judiciaires»" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Interview</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Enquête BD sur Elon Musk : «Les éditeurs américains ont eu peur d’éventuelles poursuites judiciaires»</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/economie/marche-locatif-entre-airbnb-et-les-villes-un-jeu-permanent-du-chat-et-de-la-souris-20241128_DBT7CFBH7RA5LAH4TOKNMFKZVE/" title="Marché locatif : entre Airbnb et les villes, un jeu permanent du chat et de la souris" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Enquête</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Marché locatif : entre Airbnb et les villes, un jeu permanent du chat et de la souris</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><div class="default__PaginationWrapper-sc-uxkk9j-0 ZcQhr"><div class="sc-hogtv hctwMl"><div class="sc-cYmoNK lmRMug"><a href="/economie/" class="sc-dexYeb iNenfp"><span color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-gVUVPo hNEITA kDCchR">1</span></a><a href="/economie/2/" class="sc-dexYeb iNenfp"><span color="#737373" class="sc-iRaSfU 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<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/pourquoi-michelin-ferme-des-usines-malgre-des-resultats-financiers-records-20241114_YFFA2AEAM5DKVAP67HOW3VAIEI/\" target=\"_blank\">Michelin</a> à <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/social/fermeture-darcelormittal-a-reims-nous-les-ouvriers-on-est-toujours-les-premiers-a-trinquer-20241120_MP7XS3PFI5HAZBIIHOOW3SGQBM/\" target=\"_blank\">ArcelorMittal</a>, de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/social/lequipementier-automobile-valeo-supprime-868-postes-en-france-et-ferme-une-usine-20241127_663PYRN7HFAQBF4ZG5MGYEE7AE/\" target=\"_blank\">Valeo </a>à General Electric, plus un jour ne se passe sans l’annonce d’un plan social, de la fermeture d’un site industriel ou de l’annulation d’un projet. Syndicats, économistes, industriels… Tous tirent la sonnette d’alarme sur l’industrie en France. Et désormais même l’exécutif reconnaît l’urgence de la situation. Ce vendredi 29 novembre, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/les-trois-votes-qui-pourraient-faire-tomber-le-gouvernement-barnier-20241129_QEMIJCAICFCYDBVBPI2WVLFY4A/\" target=\"_blank\">Michel Barnier</a> a présenté à Limoges (Haute-Vienne) son <i>«plan pour réindustrialisation la France».</i>"},{"_id":"GG7VC356LFH5JI3DJXHQQLQ2WE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732891932778},"type":"text","content":"Parmi les principales mesures : un fonds de 250 millions d’euros pour l’automobile, un autre de 425 millions pour l’aéronautique. Le Premier ministre a par ailleurs décidé d’exempter pour cinq ans tous les projets industriels du zéro artificialisation nette (ZAN) et de les sortir du champ de la commission nationale du débat public (CNDP). Ironie du sort, cette commission, qui permet aux citoyens de participer aux discussions lors des implantations industrielles, avait été créée en 1995 par le même Michel Barnier. Soit un double recul, environnemental et démocratique. En plus d’actions déjà connues, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/le-gouvernement-prevoit-pres-d16-milliards-deuros-pour-decarboner-lindustrie-20241113_FPNFBDX3ZBEPDKTRN4HFYJGSDU/\" target=\"_blank\">comme les 1,55 milliard d’euro pour la décarbonation des 50 sites les plus polluants</a>, le Premier ministre a également annoncé la création d’une «task force» interministérielle pour l’accompagnement des entreprises en difficulté, des simplifications de procédures, le soutien à la formation, ou encore <i>«une start-up d’Etat qui identifie par un algorithme d’intelligence artificielle les fragilités des entreprises», </i>précise le gouvernement. Des propositions qui auront du mal à enrayer la pente négative prise par l’industrie en France."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"74JZ6EU5TRE4ZNHWLRHKSMQZAU","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"MN4V4SMJPRGBHKRJUL3YG5CY7M"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"3C5AAZGYNNADTIJDJ4TYIJ3RSQ","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"TRIPE4SWEBBKLD3DMCJLUX73TA","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Multiplication des suppressions d’emplois : le mauvais plan social des défaillances d’entreprises","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/social/multiplication-des-suppressions-demplois-le-mauvais-plan-social-des-defaillances-dentreprises-20241107_IPGCEVFX6FCN7POILEF66IVH6Q/"}]},{"_id":"OJNUSHXQ6NAKRNHPJM4F3LARLE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732878400447},"type":"text","content":"Emmanuel Macron a pourtant fait de la réindustrialisation dans l’Hexagone un objectif majeur de son action économique. Et à écouter le chef de l’Etat, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/finances-publiques-si-cetait-a-refaire-bruno-le-maire-referait-la-meme-chose-20241107_WKCUROMU2JFPRJVX6FHEHUUORI/\" target=\"_blank\">l’ex-ministre de l’Economie Bruno Le Maire</a> et divers ministres et députés de la macronie, cela fonctionnait. Grands raouts à l’occasion de France 2030 et de Choose France, inaugurations de gigafactorys… La communication a été abondante concernant les bonnes nouvelles. Sauf que les chiffres, qui étaient déjà plus nuancés avant le début de l’année, montrent désormais<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/social/lequipementier-automobile-valeo-supprime-868-postes-en-france-et-ferme-une-usine-20241127_663PYRN7HFAQBF4ZG5MGYEE7AE/\" target=\"_blank\"> une inversion de tendance</a>, que dénoncent les syndicats. Selon le baromètre du gouvernement, la balance nette (entre ouvertures et fermetures de sites industriels) était de +49 en 2022, +57 en 2023 mais de -8 au premier semestre 2024."},{"_id":"4X2KCVSKZRADVISPRUM4OXN5X4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-29T15:13:04.443Z","start":50,"end":155,"text":"?","user":"Grégory Schwartz","email":"g.schwartz@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1732879536309},"type":"text","content":"Le cabinet Trendeo, qui fait également référence, compte pour sa part une balance nette de +20 au premier semestre mais de -25 du 1er juillet à aujourd’hui. L’année risque donc de s’achever dans le rouge. <i>«On ne peut pas nier que l’observation de la tendance, quel que soit l’indicateur, est inquiétante</i>, analyse auprès de <i>Libération </i>David Cousquer, créateur et gérant de Trendeo. <i>Mais la réindustrialisation est un projet à long terme, avec forcément des hauts et des bas, ne l’enterrons pas trop vite.»</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"ZNG4B6TCD5CFJBIJ5LUNQMDIDY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732879536310},"type":"header","content":"«Résultats contrastés»"},{"_id":"KI5YPLXS4BD6TDSVVJUS6MWKKA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732878400449},"type":"text","content":"<i>«La France a connu, par rapport aux autres grands pays européens comparables, un rythme de désindustrialisation plus marqué entre les années 2000 et 2010»</i>, rappelle de son côté la Cour des comptes dans un rapport publié jeudi, qui s’intéresse<i> «à dix ans de politiques publiques en faveur de l’industrie»</i>, de 2012 à 2022. Et le rapport d’asséner : <i>«Ces actions, qui ont pris des formes diverses, présentent des résultats contrastés en 2024.»</i> La Cour des comptes propose notamment d’<i>«engager une revue des priorités de France 2030 et arrêter ou réorienter dès 2025 les financements de certains projets»</i>, de repenser la stratégie industrielle de l’Etat ou encore de réajuster les mécanismes de soutiens publics, notamment le crédit d’impôt recherche, pas suffisamment ciblé aux yeux de l’institution."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"VF4ELRXW7ZFUFLM33JS6GNFEXA","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"PEPXA63JINEGPER3YPFXI6BJVI"},"title":"Reportage","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"HOIOGKJZ5RCTTAEELFOCPXXO7E","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"EJ4VRBJF4NFLZAHN4RJ74GMPBQ","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Fermeture d’ArcelorMittal à Reims : «Nous, les ouvriers, on est toujours les premiers à trinquer»","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/social/fermeture-darcelormittal-a-reims-nous-les-ouvriers-on-est-toujours-les-premiers-a-trinquer-20241120_MP7XS3PFI5HAZBIIHOOW3SGQBM/"}]},{"_id":"27NIJ3CSTNDTXKAZNMUIIHKGQI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732878400450},"type":"text","content":"Michel Barnier n’était en tout cas pas le seul à s’agiter sur la question cette semaine. Six mois après une première liste de plans sociaux déjà sur la table, la CGT estime désormais que 210 sites à caractère industriel sont concernés par des suppressions de postes depuis septembre 2023, et que sur les 70 586 emplois directs menacés ou supprimées, 30 870 le sont <i>«dans la seule industrie». </i>Pire : en prenant en compte les emplois directs et induits, la CGT calcule, sources à l’appui, que 128 250 à 200 330 emplois sont en danger depuis un an."},{"_id":"VMNBN3QDENAWRFIH5CAEC76G6A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732884667319},"type":"text","content":"Mercredi, au siège du syndicat à Montreuil, Sophie Binet, secrétaire générale, et Sébastien Menesplier, membre du bureau confédéral, avaient invité la presse et les secrétaires des secteurs les plus touchés : chimie, métallurgie, verre, papier-carton mais aussi commerce… <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/social/mobilisations-sociales-cheminots-fonctionnaires-victimes-de-plans-sociaux-le-fond-de-lair-est-chaud-20241120_LAIQHMFZFBGM5DW52BZKPGJ5ZI/\" target=\"_blank\">La CGT a promis <i>«un décembre rouge»</i></a><i>,</i> avec six journées de grèves sectorielles début décembre, qui s’achèvera le 12 décembre par une mobilisation nationale pour l’emploi et l’industrie. <i>«On est au pied du mur,</i> a tonné Sophie Binet. <i>On fête les 10 ans de la politique de l’offre, […] cette politique est un naufrage.» </i>Et la secrétaire générale de la CGT de réagir à la création de la «task force» du gouvernement sur l’industrie : <i>«Il était temps, mais si c’est pour avoir des hauts fonctionnaires qui, comme aujourd’hui, se font le relais des directions d’entreprise, cela ne sert à rien. Ce que nous voulons, c’est une mobilisation de tout l’appareil d’Etat.» </i>Et de lister l’entrée au capital de l’Etat, la nationalisation, la préemption des lieux et outils de production <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/social/sophie-binet-propose-de-muscler-la-loi-florange-qui-contraint-les-grosses-entreprises-qui-veulent-fermer-un-site-a-chercher-un-repreneur-20241127_BZLX33CTMRDKTOR6ERXYQYMVIM/\" target=\"_blank\">mais aussi un moratoire sur les licenciements</a>. <i>«Il faut que le gouvernement prenne ses responsabilités s’il ne veut pas être le gouvernement de la désertification industrielle»,</i> complète Cédrick Laparlière, délégué de la Filpac, filière papier-carton."},{"level":2,"_id":"PA3APORVJRBCRCKXTJCPWZGHYI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732878400452},"type":"header","content":"«Narratif»"},{"_id":"5YTT3NYI5ZFBFPSRNJMG6MCUZA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[{"pos":195,"comment":"«Il faut faire très attention aux cas particuliers : c’est bien de montrer les réussites à Dunkerque. Mais il ne faut pas oublier Denain», rappelle un ministre du précédent gouvernement."}],"comments":[],"_id":1732884895524},"type":"text","content":"Le contraste entre les bonnes nouvelles dans l’industrie – qui existent – et les mauvaises – désormais bien plus nombreuses – est en tout cas saisissant. La mise en lumière différente également. Mardi, le ministre de l’Industrie, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/automobile-le-ministre-de-lindustrie-reprend-sa-respiration-chez-toyota-20241126_BGCQHGUR3VDIPHEIGXAVMJ4GXU/\" target=\"_blank\">Marc Ferracci, s’était en effet rendu chez Toyota</a> près de Valenciennes pour célébrer la cinq millionième voiture sortie de l’usine d’Onnaing. A quelques kilomètres <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/arcelormittal-met-en-pause-ses-projets-de-decarbonation-a-dunkerque-le-secteur-durcit-son-bras-de-fer-avec-lue-20241125_QAIX4M6TKJGQHEZ2Z4HB7NPBZ4/\" target=\"_blank\">d’ArcelorMittal Denain</a>, où 24 emplois vont être supprimés."},{"_id":"ITXDC3QPDRFBPCZRL4XFZLS6AM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732884895525},"type":"text","content":"Ce vendredi, c’est Damien Maudet, député LFI de Haute-Vienne, qui fustige : <i>«Le Premier ministre arrive à Limoges aujourd’hui pour aborder l’industrie et l’emploi. Legrand et Valeo sont concernés par des fermetures d’emplois dans le secteur. Aucune visite n’est prévue. Ça ne doit pas coller au narratif.»</i> Ni au mirage de la réindustrialisation qui, lui, est en train de s’effacer."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Le Premier ministre effectue un déplacement à Limoges ce vendredi 29 novembre sur fond de multiplications des annonces de plans sociaux et de suppressions d’emplois dans l’industrie. Et annonce notamment des fonds pour l’automobile et l’aéronautique."},"description":{"basic":"Le Premier ministre effectue un déplacement à Limoges ce vendredi 29 novembre sur fond de multiplications des annonces de plans sociaux et de suppressions d’emplois dans l’industrie. 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principales économies européennes peinent déjà à rattraper les Etats-Unis dans leur reprise post-pandémique. Les experts avertissent que les politiques protectionnistes mises en place par Donald Trump pourraient entraîner une nouvelle contraction de l’activité du Vieux Continent, tout en mettant à mal les alliances internationales. Voici les points essentiels à retenir."},{"level":2,"_id":"YLE7NASTNVGP3CNIL77WEKZBHM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738138},"type":"header","content":"Trump menace d’une hausse historique"},{"_id":"6HSAWGQWJVHFJO4NNMLMDSSRJI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738139},"type":"text","content":"Lors de son précédent mandat, Donald Trump avait imposé de lourdes taxes sur l’acier et l’aluminium. Cette fois-ci, il menace d’aller beaucoup plus loin. <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/amerique/droits-de-douane-donald-trump-annonce-une-augmentation-sur-les-produits-venant-de-chine-du-canada-et-du-mexique-20241126_IAPL3TTERVHVNCRBSOMKPE4EIE/\" target=\"_blank\">Il a annoncé vouloir instaurer des droits de douane</a> de 60% sur tous les produits chinois et de 10 à 20% sur les importations en provenance d’autres pays, y compris l’Union européenne."},{"_id":"JCLOMODK4RCQ5H6RXGKXSLZ2PE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738140},"type":"text","content":"Trump a exprimé sa frustration concernant les déséquilibres commerciaux, notamment dans les secteurs de l’automobile et de l’agriculture. L’Union européenne applique un tarif douanier de 10% sur les voitures (contre seulement 2,5% pour les Etats-Unis) et des taxes agricoles avoisinant 11% (soit plus du double du taux américain)."},{"_id":"NV66B4MXONGYJNA6F3TPZCWEKQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738141},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Je vous le dis, l’Union européenne semble tellement agréable, n’est-ce pas ? Tous ces petits pays européens qui se réunissent</i>, a déclaré Trump lors d’un meeting en Pennsylvanie en octobre. <i>Ils ne prennent pas nos voitures, ni nos produits agricoles. Ils vendent des millions de voitures aux Etats-Unis. Non, non, non, ils vont devoir payer un prix très élevé.»</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"22AA6V26C5D5HLSMHHQPIG763A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738142},"type":"header","content":"Ces taxes pourraient gravement affecter les économies européennes"},{"_id":"OAG7GT7SPNHS7C3H3LIERNQXNI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738143},"type":"text","content":"L’ampleur des conséquences reste incertaine. Certains évoquent déjà <i>«le pire cauchemar économique de l’Europe»</i> et une <i>«récession généralisée»</i>."},{"_id":"MAY2NZ6JKRDG3A4TJQSILCKCEQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738144},"type":"text","content":"Certains modèles estiment que, face à des droits de douane généralisés de 10%, les exportations de la zone euro vers les Etats-Unis pourraient chuter de près d’un tiers. Cela serait particulièrement dramatique, car l’Europe est fortement dépendante de ses exportations et ses grandes économies connaissent déjà une croissance stagnante et un endettement croissant. Goldman Sachs estime que ce conflit commercial pourrait réduire de 0,9% le PIB de la zone euro."},{"_id":"2LZRR4GFHNDBPKLXMTAMKSBW5E","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738145},"type":"text","content":"D’autres modèles suggèrent que les droits de douane proposés par Trump pourraient affecter l’Europe autant, voire plus, que la Chine. Bien que Pékin soit le principal fournisseur des Etats-Unis, la valeur totale des importations en provenance de l’Union européenne a tendance à être supérieure à celle des produits chinois, selon l’Office du représentant commercial des Etats-Unis. De plus, de nouvelles barrières douanières américaines sur la Chine pourraient avoir un impact indirect sur l’Europe. Si la Chine réagit en redirigeant davantage de biens vers le continent européen, cela pourrait augmenter l’offre et faire pression sur les prix des produits concurrents fabriqués sur le Vieux Continent."},{"level":2,"_id":"LI4UGAPCIRAAZNSRR7ACLUCQZA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738146},"type":"header","content":"L’Allemagne et son industrie automobile particulièrement vulnérables"},{"_id":"5QDAU2PRGFAWRARV4OVRSHYO2A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738147},"type":"text","content":"L’Allemagne, moteur économique traditionnel de l’Europe et cible fréquente de Trump, serait particulièrement exposée."},{"_id":"HWAOPGBC5JCO5KMLYYUTXLSQXQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738148},"type":"text","content":"Parmi les pays de l’Union européenne, l’Allemagne est de loin le premier exportateur vers les Etats-Unis, avec des exportations évaluées à 171,8 milliards de dollars (environ 162,9 milliards d’euros au cours actuel) en 2023, selon l’Office fédéral de la statistique allemande. Une hausse des tarifs douaniers imposée par Trump pourrait entraîner une chute significative de ces exportations, avec un impact particulièrement marqué sur les secteurs automobile et pharmaceutique."},{"_id":"I7HJ6FIQPFD2RBUQANGI2MK2Q4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738149},"type":"text","content":"Trump aime s’attaquer aux voitures allemandes. Mais ce secteur traverse déjà des difficultés face à une concurrence accrue de la Chine et à une demande en baisse. Volkswagen a d’ailleurs déclaré qu’elle pourrait devoir fermer des usines pour la première fois de son histoire."},{"_id":"6NG2KCQ6ERDMJA5TDUCSXEEMM4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738150},"type":"text","content":"Parallèlement, l’économie allemande est en stagnation. La perspective d’une guerre commerciale n’a fait qu’aggraver les <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/europe/dans-une-allemagne-en-recession-les-entreprises-ont-perdu-confiance-dans-le-gouvernement-dolaf-scholz-20241021_BZV74D4RHNHQ7HYM5MQ3S4ZF6A/\" target=\"_blank\">craintes de récession</a> à Berlin. Le président de la Banque fédérale allemande, Joachim Nagel, a indiqué que de nouvelles barières douanières pourraient coûter à l’Allemagne 1% de son produit intérieur brut. «<i>Si ces nouveaux tarifs se concrétisent, nous pourrions même entrer en récession»</i>, a-t-il confié au journal allemand <i>Zeit</i>."},{"_id":"CSZOX66N2VFHJKGMCFRIIRMFX4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738151},"type":"text","content":"L’Institut économique allemand a averti qu’une combinaison de tarifs américains de 10% et de contre-tarifs de l’UE pourrait entraîner une perte de plus de 134 milliards de dollars du PIB allemand d’ici à la fin du mandat de Trump. Des droits de douane de 20% des deux côtés pourraient coûter à l’économie allemande 190 milliards de dollars."},{"level":2,"_id":"RQTESPMNN5FMBPMARIGFCGJGWU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738152},"type":"header","content":"L’Europe pourrait riposter avec des tarifs ciblant certains Etats républicains"},{"_id":"6QLMBVOOT5CCDPE3PVBQ2JFTYA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738153},"type":"text","content":"En prévision du retour de Trump, les responsables de l’UE ont élaboré des listes de tarifs douaniers de rétorsion potentiels."},{"_id":"X6DYTCAW5ZBADC7MWDKXYH56TA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738154},"type":"text","content":"<i>«C’est une situation perdant-perdant, car oui, cela signifie que nous ripostons, mais cela nuit également à l’économie des deux côtés»</i>, a déclaré un diplomate européen, sous couvert d’anonymat pour évoquer les discussions internes."},{"_id":"JGK7N3ETRVGJPDLAPDNPO6OWGY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738155},"type":"text","content":"Les plans n’ont pas été rendus publics. Cependant, des indices peuvent être trouvés dans la réponse de l’UE aux taxes sur l’acier et l’aluminium imposées pendant le premier mandat de Trump. A l’époque, comme aujourd’hui, l’UE avait privilégié des taxes ciblées ayant un impact politique maximal. L’Union européenne avait ainsi visé des industries implantées dans les Etats d’origine des dirigeants républicains. Parmi les produits visés : le bourbon du Kentucky, les motos Harley-Davidson (Wisconsin) et les jeans Levi’s (fabriqués notamment en Caroline du Nord)."},{"level":2,"_id":"EUCKTA7AYRBINBNDXVZEXJWJAA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738156},"type":"header","content":"L’Europe s’organise pour éviter une guerre commerciale"},{"_id":"KBHJUR4SWFBBXEFCOPSSERPVQE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738157},"type":"text","content":"L’objectif principal des responsables européens serait de convaincre collectivement Trump d’abandonner ses hausses de tarifs. La présidente de la Commission européenne, Ursula von der Leyen, a détaillé l’approche prévue :<i> «Tout d’abord, dialoguer. Ensuite, discuter des intérêts communs… puis entrer en négociations.»</i>"},{"_id":"TV5G3EACFJGZNFFTMC6JOBIUIM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738158},"type":"text","content":"Les responsables de l’UE estiment que Trump utilise la menace des tarifs comme levier. Selon eux, son véritable objectif pourrait être de lancer de nouvelles négociations commerciales et d’obtenir des concessions. Ils pensent qu’il pourrait être attiré par des offres d’achat accru de gaz naturel liquéfié ou d’équipements militaires produits par des entreprises américaines. Il pourrait également être sensible à des engagements visant à adopter une position plus ferme vis-à-vis du commerce chinois, en imposant de nouveaux tarifs ou en restreignant l’accès aux biens venus de Chine."},{"level":2,"_id":"NMQJKEZH3BHOFNDZV7PYF444FI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738159},"type":"header","content":"Les menaces de Trump pourraient diviser l’UE"},{"_id":"CIFZDY7FBNGOXA7Q2ACRCXMREM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738160},"type":"text","content":"Les dirigeants européens insistent sur la nécessité de rester unis face aux menaces de nouvelles barrières douanières, mais cela pourrait s’avérer difficile."},{"_id":"FCPQ4J5EKBCY7LAX3BOBEW7SJI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738161},"type":"text","content":"Les opinions divergent au sein de l’UE sur la question de savoir si une ligne plus ferme envers la Chine constituerait une concession raisonnable. L’Allemagne, en particulier, est très réticente à renoncer au marché chinois pour ses voitures ou à perdre l’accès aux installations de fabrication que les entreprises allemandes y ont implantées."},{"_id":"W64S65YWVBFARD35WS3LW45IX4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738162},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Il y a un risque de division parmi les Européens, en fonction des intérêts sectoriels et des différents pays, certains étant très exposés au marché chinois</i>, a averti le président français, Emmanuel Macron, <i>tandis que d’autres, plus dépendants du marché américain, céderont plus rapidement à la pression exercée par le gouvernement fédéral américain.»</i>"},{"_id":"E5GDFPA3BVCNTMTRG62U2BGQMU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738163},"type":"text","content":"On craint également que Trump tente de jouer les uns contre les autres parmi les dirigeants européens, ou que certains pays cherchent à obtenir des exceptions tarifaires dans le cadre d’une administration axée sur les transactions. Les alliés de Trump ont qualifié la Première ministre italienne, Giorgia Meloni, étoile montante de l’extrême droite européenne, de<i> «partenaire naturel»</i>. Cela suffira-t-il à protéger les fromages italiens des hausses tarifaires ?"},{"_id":"OK4EUS5CTRBELPGDZJ6N6BJXK4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725738164},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Il existe un risque qu’il se rapproche de certains et en écarte d’autres – que cela exacerbe les divisions</i>, a déclaré un deuxième diplomate européen. <i>Mais il y a aussi une chance de trouver une solution commune.»</i>"},{"subtype":"encadre","_id":"3M6CZQOBYVDVDAHRHAUROEC4YY","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":1732724116675},"embed":{"id":"framed-79260","config":{"title":"Article original de llen Francis et Kate Brady, publié le 20 novembre 2024 dans le «Washington Post» ","content":"Cet article publié dans le «Washington Post» a été sélectionné par «Libération». 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impression de déjà-vu en Martinique. Rodrigue Petitot, 42 ans, a été arrêté en début de soirée jeudi 28 novembre, dans le quartier des Terres-Sainville à Fort-de-France, où il devait participer à un débat sur le rapport entre la vie chère et le milieu carcéral selon <a href=\"https://www.martinique.franceantilles.fr/actualite/justice/rodrigue-petitot-de-nouveau-arrete-1013599.php\" target=\"_blank\"><i>France-Antilles</i></a>. Contacté par <i>Libération</i>, le parquet de Fort-de-France fait savoir que <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/martinique-toujours-massivement-soutenu-le-mouvement-de-mobilisation-contre-la-vie-chere-cherche-a-sexporter-20241106_Z43NJSTD6BA2HBATFSGM5PRAUM/\" target=\"_blank\">le leader du RPPRAC</a>, le collectif à l’origine du <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/en-martinique-tout-est-trop-cher-malheureusement-il-faut-quil-y-ait-des-degats-pour-quon-en-parle-20241012_I5G6HTTYHJFB5LIDC4NU4CD2XA/\" target=\"_blank\">mouvement contre la vie chère</a>, a été placé en garde à vue pour <i>«menaces et actes d’intimidation sur des élus et provocation à la haine raciale»</i>. "},{"_id":"L436TBUZLVG5HDU6T55SVL6YZU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"text","content":"D’après son avocat Max Bellemare, cité par <a href=\"https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/rodrigue-petitot-le-president-du-rpprac-a-ete-a-nouveau-place-en-garde-a-vue-1540807.html\" target=\"_blank\">Martinique la 1ere</a>, il doit être interrogé ce vendredi."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"FPNE4OBIEBBRJHFQK3LNYKDF7U","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"TF7YXLTJH5AVVD772AG6EPABVQ"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"TNX5AQEQBJGAPNZPBMQVSD55OA","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"32YYGHSZTBH2XGVQ5EFQ7BBU7Q","type":"interstitial_link","content":"«Il arrive à lever les masses» : en Martinique, Rodrigue Petitot, leader de la colère contre la vie chère","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/vie-chere-en-martinique-rodrigue-petitot-il-y-a-de-lorage-dans-lr-20241017_ZQCXQV5BJBA6DHYBOMCG337Y7M/"}]},{"_id":"7R7TOM64TVDBPPDNAG6SIMACYM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732876313034},"type":"text","content":"En début de semaine, celui que tout le monde appelle le «R» et qui jouit d’une forte popularité sur l’île, s’en était pris violemment aux maires de Martinique dans une vidéo publiée, comme toujours, sur TikTok. <i>«Démontrez-nous que l’on peut compter sur vous. On va vous attaquer. On va faire un grand nettoyage, de l’extérieur comme de l’intérieur»</i>, avait-il lancé, exigeant au passage le départ du préfet, représentant de l’Etat sur l’île des Caraïbes."},{"_id":"ZO6RVAMIWZBE5P27YNDMYWWVW4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"text","content":"Sa déclaration était très mal passée chez les élus, qui ont pour beaucoup condamné cette sortie, parlant de propos <i>«menaçants»</i>,<i> «inacceptables» </i>ou <i>«profondément inquiétants pour notre démocratie»</i>. La préfecture a pour sa part évoqué <i>«des menaces explicites extrêmement graves»</i>."},{"_id":"ZPBQP3R7OFC5BMGPGLAMEWZQUU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732876313036},"type":"text","content":"Dans une nouvelle vidéo publiée depuis, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/conso/martinique-rodrigue-petitot-le-leader-du-mouvement-contre-la-vie-chere-sera-juge-le-21-janvier-2025-20241116_GMV34FPPEVCFRJEZJCU67TBBJA/?redirected=1\" target=\"_blank\">Rodrigue Petitot</a> avait joué la carte de l’apaisement, expliquant qu’il ne s’agissait<i> «bien évidemment pas d’une attaque physique» </i>mais d’une <i>«prise de conscience pour aider le peuple»</i>. Cela ne l’a donc pas empêché de se faire arrêter jeudi, le parquet nous confirmant que son interpellation était bien en lien avec les menaces proférées lors de la première vidéo."},{"level":2,"_id":"77AFGXFIKVDFRHXJNSFQMB3ZFQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732876313035},"type":"header","content":"Déjà arrêté le 12 novembre"},{"_id":"KIJFASPLYNF3ZMV3EV4EGBHQHI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732876313037},"type":"text","content":"Rodrigue Petitot avait déjà été <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/martinique-rodrigue-petitot-le-leader-du-mouvement-contre-la-vie-chere-interpelle-et-place-en-garde-a-vue-20241113_ZS63QURUPZFXBAH2SI2K22TX6E/\" target=\"_blank\">interpellé et placé en garde à vue le 12 novembre</a> pour «menaces et intimidations sur personnes dépositaires de l’autorité publique» et «violation de domicile». Il lui était reproché de s’être introduit la veille avec plusieurs membres du RPPRAC dans la résidence du préfet pour exiger une rencontre avec le ministre des Outre-mer, François-Noël Buffet, qui était en visite en Martinique."},{"_id":"45XM24E2NFD7PHPIB4LCQBC5YQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732876313038},"type":"text","content":"Placé depuis sous contrôle judiciaire, avec obligation de pointer chaque semaine dans un commissariat et de rester à son domicile entre 21 heures et 6 heures, il sera jugé en janvier 2025. Trois autres membres du RPPRAC ont également été entendus en garde à vue le 21 novembre concernant cette intrusion dans la résidence préfectorale."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Le quadragénaire à la tête du mouvement contre la vie chère a été interpellé jeudi 28 novembre soir, pour «menaces et actes d’intimidation sur des élus et provocation à la haine raciale». Il avait déjà été placé en garde à vue mi-novembre pour une autre affaire."},"description":{"basic":"Le quadragénaire à la tête du mouvement contre la vie chère a été interpellé jeudi 28 novembre soir, pour «menaces et actes d’intimidation sur des élus et provocation à la haine raciale». 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Les prix de l’alimentation et des produits manufacturés seraient en revanche stables par rapport à octobre, mais <i>«ceux de l’énergie et du tabac seraient en légère hausse en novembre»</i>, peut-on encore lire."},{"level":2,"_id":"B4OPQ4YCGFGPDH6KLV67E5QV2Q","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"header","content":"«Toutes les raisons réunies pour une réduction» des taux"},{"_id":"FYREYJ424FBMBKWXIQ5RXMIVH4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732875316003},"type":"text","content":"L’indice des prix à la consommation harmonisé (IPCH), qui permet les comparaisons entre pays européens, augmente pour sa part de 1,7 % en novembre après 1,6 % en octobre sur un an. 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Quelques jours après la victoire présidentielle de Donald Trump, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/elon-musk-influenceur-milliardaire-au-service-de-donald-trump-20240807_3QC6NCRS55HMDDJP4Z3ABK7MQQ/\" target=\"_blank\">soutenu par le milliardaire Elon Musk</a>. Quelques mois avant le lancement à Paris d’un sommet de l’IA auquel Emmanuel Macron a d’ailleurs cordialement convié les deux hommes. A son retour de voyage, la ministre revient auprès de <i>Libé</i> sur ses rencontres outre-Atlantique et sa volonté de bâtir dans ce contexte incertain une IA française <i>«éthique, inclusive et sobre»</i>."},{"_id":"SH3PR4BMKFAEHPSFLMSMWNLHNI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871381311},"type":"text","content":"<b>Les Français expriment </b><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/social/42-des-francais-ont-peur-de-voir-leur-emploi-supprime-a-cause-de-lintelligence-artificielle-20230607_GCKZQI2XH5DETJGXBJOO4X6FEY/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>de nombreuses craintes sur l’IA</b></a><b>. Les Américains sont-ils aussi inquiets ?</b>"},{"_id":"WXLFIZWKPRD6VAYU5PHBATFR34","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871381312},"type":"text","content":"On a le sentiment que l’Europe se pose plus de questions sur l’IA que les autres continents. Pourtant, lorsque je suis arrivée aux Etats-Unis, un douanier m’a accueillie en me disant : <i>«Bienvenue aux Etats-Unis, madame la Ministre. S’il vous plaît, assurez-vous que l’IA ne tue pas mon emploi.» </i>Cela montre bien que tout le monde s’interroge. En France, seulement 51 % de la population dit ne pas être effrayée par cette technologie. C’est bien trop peu. Ce que l’on souhaite, c’est que les Français puissent l’utiliser pour améliorer leur métier et tirer les bénéfices qu’elle amène dans la recherche en médecine ou en matière de transition écologique."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"5RJMREX6TBARJBHQHWTD6OUHDM","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"RUSYYWBZHJBLBINYKTBFS3NXDQ"},"title":"Interview","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"IGZBTAVC6FHYZO6QKQORMDJPVE","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"N4TPKSU2UNFIJJJWLSGX4NQ4TY","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Enquête BD sur Elon Musk : «Les éditeurs américains ont eu peur d’éventuelles poursuites judiciaires»","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/economie-numerique/enquete-bd-sur-elon-musk-les-editeurs-americains-ont-eu-peur-deventuelles-poursuites-judiciaires-20241128_LE2234JKDVH27CK7IZGMHNU4NI/"}]},{"_id":"2GO2KSJFRVBPPCSU7V2LXSSMZU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871381314},"type":"text","content":"La réponse que j’ai donnée au douanier est aussi celle que j’adresse aux Français et aux Françaises : nous sommes là pour accompagner, faire en sorte que l’IA ne soit pas vue comme quelque chose qui fait peur mais comme un outil du progrès qui peut bénéficier à tous et toutes. Et pour cela, la question de la confiance est fondamentale. Je suis allée à San Francisco à l’occasion de la réunion internationale des «AI Safety Institutes», les instituts de sécurité en IA. Dans le monde, il y en a dix. Ils se sont rassemblés pour faire avancer la réflexion sur l’évaluation et la régulation des modèles de langage. Ce qui est une façon de créer cette confiance si cruciale."},{"_id":"DCDCJDXQDBDCTJ56P6W47DMTTI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871381315},"type":"text","content":"<b>Avez-vous déduit de votre voyage que la France avait du retard sur les Etats-Unis ?</b>"},{"_id":"PDHP4CSH65HYJJ6O2ADFIV5WHU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871381316},"type":"text","content":"Absolument pas, nous ne sommes pas en retard. Au contraire, la France est attendue sur l’IA. Et notamment sur des questions d’inclusivité, de sobriété et d’éthique. A San Francisco, j’ai eu énormément de conversations sur ce sujet. Sur l’inclusion, j’ai échangé avec une scientifique qui a demandé à une IA de générer une image d’elle à partir des informations dont elle disposait à son sujet. Elle m’a montré le résultat : à gauche,<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/economie-numerique/hommes-carrieristes-femmes-prostituees-lunesco-alerte-sur-des-prejuges-sexistes-dans-lintelligence-artificielle-generative-20240307_7XHF7W76SJEKDLOACWKDES6PUM/\" target=\"_blank\"> on voyait une femme en train de cuisiner avec ses enfants</a> ; à droite, un homme en train de travailler. Autrement dit, quand elle faisait des sciences, l’application la transformait en homme. L’IA est biaisée parce que les données sur lesquelles elle repose le sont. C’est pour cela qu’il est important de développer ces technologies en France : la façon dont on nourrit ces modèles va par la suite façonner notre vision du monde."},{"_id":"ES5W7GYBQ5ECVO6CSAPLOJB7JE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871381317},"type":"text","content":"<b>OpenAI, </b><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/economie-numerique/openai-la-start-up-derriere-chatgpt-veut-devenir-une-entreprise-a-but-lucratif-20240926_BP3OQCVKRNC7LGVJGEV2W3NI5Y/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>l’entreprise californienne derrière ChatGPT</b></a><b>, a ouvert des bureaux à Paris ce mois-ci. D’autres grandes entreprises américaines vous ont-elles démarchée pour des projets en France ?</b>"},{"_id":"6DDU2252XNBF5JLEANBG2IB7JM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871381318},"type":"text","content":"La France a un écosystème incroyable et compte plus de 1 000 startups en IA. Voir une société comme OpenAI s’installer à Paris, ça ne peut qu’être bon signe car elle peut participer à la montée en puissance de notre industrie. Les fondateurs <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/economie-numerique/intelligence-artificielle-arthur-mensch-et-mistral-ai-le-reseau-du-plus-fort-20241028_VGBRJICNWFAL7L6QZSS4ZQEIDE/\" target=\"_blank\">de startups françaises comme Mistral,</a> Dust ou encore Optimus viennent tous de ces entreprises étrangères où ils ont appris un certain nombre de choses avant de revenir en France pour lancer leur propre société. Enfin, est-ce que d’autres entreprises comme OpenAI ont prévu de s’installer dans le pays ? Ce que je peux dire, c’est que celles que j’ai rencontrées et qui prévoient de le faire sont très intéressées par l’écosystème qui se développe dans l’Hexagone."},{"_id":"ZJMYYBNYZFDPVJMBNNEUNLAXSE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871381319},"type":"text","content":"<b>Emmanuel Macron invite Donald Trump et Elon Musk au Sommet pour l’action sur l’IA en février à Paris. Cela n’est pas contradictoire avec les objectifs de l’événement, censés mettre l’accent sur </b><i><b>«le développement de l’IA au bénéfice de nos sociétés, de nos économies et de l’environnement»</b></i><b> ?</b>"},{"_id":"GAKS5M3CKFDENNWRVI62VVEIEA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871381320},"type":"text","content":"Pour parler sérieusement de l’IA, il faut avoir tout le monde autour de la table. Lorsqu’un grand nombre de citoyens s’interroge sur les conséquences de cette technologie, la pire des réponses serait de s’enfermer et de réfléchir de son côté. La démarche de la France, impulsée par le président de la République, est de rallier tous les grands pays, les grands chefs d’Etat et les grands scientifiques pour en discuter. Mais aussi d’inviter les nations qui ne sont pas très avancées en IA pour que tout le monde puisse réfléchir ensemble à ce qu’il faut construire."},{"_id":"FOO5IPHO3NH3TK7ISBW6OZMVY4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871381321},"type":"text","content":"<b>Depuis l’élection présidentielle américaine et la nomination de son propriétaire Elon Musk </b><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/amerique/donald-trump-nomme-elon-musk-a-la-tete-dun-ministere-de-l-efficacite-gouvernementale-20241113_XE7KGUXTUFE4PBVP6LAO7M43ZU/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>dans l’administration de Trump</b></a><b>, chercheurs, politiques et entreprises quittent le réseau social X. Avez-vous songé à faire de même ?</b>"},{"_id":"DVDER2LW5ZF7TF532AAZSY6MN4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871381322},"type":"text","content":"Mon rôle n’est pas de dire quelle plateforme il faut utiliser. Je pense que les Français n’attendent pas de savoir sur quel réseau je poste mes contenus. En revanche, mon but est de veiller à ce que toutes les applications qui opèrent en France respectent nos règles. Les espaces numériques doivent suivre un certain nombre d’obligations dans le traitement des données et les informations qu’ils laissent circuler. Ils ne doivent pas être des espaces de non-droit. Concernant X, la Commission européenne a entrepris <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/economie-numerique/le-reseau-social-x-epingle-par-la-commission-europeenne-pour-ses-coches-bleues-trompeuses-et-a-lencontre-des-lois-europeennes-20240712_ILGZPZWDTJCIROVOSZRBJIDSCM/\" target=\"_blank\">un certain nombre de démarches</a> à son égard. Ce n’est pas mon rôle de juger les procédures en cours."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"J6DCCZH5RBG65GZ3MDXXY4QEVA","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"LGBLJLKHKJA6TLVH3HYNXETLMI"},"title":"Tribune","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"JTAJMI4TVFFVXEZFXGXYAWOZLQ","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"7BY36BQSFNHFPOIENAG6B6APCA","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Rester sur X, c’est cautionner ce qu’est devenu ce réseau sous la coupe d’Elon Musk","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/tribunes/rester-sur-x-cest-cautionner-ce-quest-devenu-ce-reseau-sous-la-coupe-delon-musk-20241115_LUAALBSXVFHDZAGFEQRHCFE5GY/"}]},{"_id":"CEVYW6JI35BSJCOUUQWZROPIPY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871381324},"type":"text","content":"<b>Est-ce que ça ne pose pas question de voir le gouvernement français rester sur une plateforme qui a été transformée en outil politique par son propriétaire ?</b>"},{"_id":"BMT62KQKONBC7MXOLEHQRL24RM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871381325},"type":"text","content":"Notre rôle est de nous assurer que les entreprises respectent leurs obligations. Et, en l’occurrence, que l’on puisse avoir accès sur leur plateforme à une information fiable, multiple, diverse et éclairante. Il ne faut pas fermer les yeux sur le fait que des millions de Français sont sur ce type de réseau. En ce sens,<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/medias/ouest-france-devient-le-premier-journal-francais-a-suspendre-ses-publications-sur-x-20241119_FOIYKW3FFZBAVPH2Y6SGDEOUQY/\" target=\"_blank\"> voir des médias quitter X </a>m’interpelle car cela implique que ces utilisateurs n’auront plus accès à une information de qualité."},{"_id":"RZWVZXIBWNCGBJV74ONP3CSO6Q","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871381326},"type":"text","content":"<b>Parmi les utilisateurs ayant fui X, beaucoup ont rejoint </b><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/economie-numerique/bluesky-progression-fulgurante-algorithmes-createur-cinq-questions-sur-le-succes-du-rival-de-x-20241121_LQBCT465P5CBNJCUQQBNBEKFIQ/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>un réseau concurrent, Bluesky</b></a><b>. Comptez-vous vous y inscrire ?</b>"},{"_id":"FKRNVAZSUJHPPCESDK2F33XQJ4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871381327},"type":"text","content":"On n’a pas encore avancé sur cette question. Ce qui m’importe, c’est de pouvoir parler aux Français. Je leur parle sur le terrain et ce sont d’ailleurs les échanges les plus importants. Ensuite, je leur parle sur les réseaux sociaux parce que beaucoup d’entre eux passent un temps non négligeable dessus. Ma vision, c’est qu’il faut être là où les Français sont."},{"_id":"I2TUUXHAJBAQ5J2OJOIRVOB2I4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871381328},"type":"text","content":"<b>En Australie, les députés viennent de voter une loi visant à interdire les réseaux aux moins de 16 ans. Songez-vous à faire de même ?</b>"},{"_id":"43VJ23GTYZAAHOBF7KIGQH6LTE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871381329},"type":"text","content":"<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/anonymat-vpn-bannissements-le-projet-de-loi-sur-internet-fait-polemique-20230919_D2RCF6ZHSRCHLLD2E4LKZAOPMQ/\" target=\"_blank\">La loi sur la sécurisation et la régulation de l’espace numérique</a> <i>[promulguée en mai, ndlr]</i> a apporté un certain nombre d’éléments en faveur de la protection de nos jeunes en ligne. Je pense notamment aux contenus pornographiques. La loi impose aux sites pour adultes de vérifier l’âge de leurs internautes. Nous avons fait de grandes avancées dont je me réjouis. L’Arcom a publié un référentiel déterminant les exigences techniques minimales applicables aux systèmes de vérification de l’âge. Le chrono est lancé et<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/la-justice-decide-le-blocage-de-quatre-sites-pornographiques-accessibles-aux-mineurs-20241017_KBQN32HZLBEMZKHSHZMCB2NXMQ/\" target=\"_blank\"> les sites ont trois mois pour se mettre en conformité</a>. J’y veillerai."},{"_id":"OL4C2WAAIBHSHMFI3LG5NO5TMI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732872393768},"type":"text","content":"Concernant l’utilisation des réseaux sociaux par des mineurs, un rapport avait été lancé par le président de la République, celui de la commission écran.<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/familles/les-enfants-face-aux-ecrans-un-rapport-propose-de-les-interdire-aux-moins-de-3-ans-tout-comme-les-portables-avant-11-ans-20240430_AVXDY34P5RHUVPATECUB736O3E/\" target=\"_blank\"> Il a formulé un certain nombre de recommandations</a> <i>[ne pas exposer les enfants de moins de 3 ans aux écrans, limiter leur usage avant 6 ans, interdire les téléphones portables avant 11 ans…]</i> qui font partie de mes priorités."},{"_id":"OLADLDH5K5DDLLI7RE5LTCDMJU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871381330},"type":"text","content":"<b>La victoire de Donald Trump change-t-elle votre feuille de route ?</b>"},{"_id":"3AYBMGJOUZEAPP7VR4R6YVEHNM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871381331},"type":"text","content":"Certainement pas ! Le gouvernement est mobilisé depuis 2018 avec une stratégie pour l’IA qui déploie 2,5 milliards d’euros dans toutes les infrastructures nécessaires. C’est l’opportunité de créer un écosystème d’innovation dont l’Europe a atrocement besoin. Il faut libérer notre potentiel pour créer des entreprises qui développeront des modèles d’IA plus éthiques, plus inclusifs et plus sobres énergétiquement."},{"_id":"CO3P37L4PBBONPPF66ZEN2VL4U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732872393771},"type":"text","content":"En France, on a des startups qui se saisissent du potentiel positif de l’IA pour diminuer certaines frontières. Je pense par exemple à Glaaster, qui permet aux enfants atteints de dyslexie d’utiliser cette technologie pour passer outre cette barrière. Wandercraft fait de son côté des exosquelettes qui permettent à des personnes de remarcher grâce à l’IA. Quant à la question de la sobriété énergétique, la France a une carte énorme à jouer avec l’énergie stable et verte grâce au nucléaire. L’élan est en route, le train va très vite, on est très bien positionné et déterminé à le rester."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"De retour des Etats-Unis, la secrétaire d’Etat chargée de l’IA et du numérique partage auprès de «Libé» ses réflexions sur le secteur. Entre construction d’une intelligence artificielle à la française, départ des médias de X et envolée de Bluesky."},"description":{"basic":"De retour des Etats-Unis, la secrétaire d’Etat chargée de l’IA et du numérique partage à «Libé» ses réflexions sur le secteur. 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Libération","site_tagline":null},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Politique"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/politique","100666"]},"inactive":false,"node_type":"section","_website":"liberation","name":"Politique","_id":"/politique","ancestors":{"footer2":["/idees-et-debats"],"footer-nav-bar":[],"default":["/"],"footer":[],"Test":[],"accueil-tag-block":["/"],"burgermenu":["/"],"amp-menu":["/"],"headernav":["/"]},"order":{"footer2":2001,"default":1003,"accueil-tag-block":1001,"burgermenu":1004,"amp-menu":1003,"headernav":1001}}},"_website_section_id":"liberation./politique","type":"section","version":"0.6.0"}}},"created_date":"2024-11-28T10:55:17.584Z","publish_date":"2024-11-29T11:40:41.725Z","_id":"KZBYJAR4AVDFNEP7X76GBXLYAY","website":"liberation","website_url":"/politique/trump-et-musk-invites-par-macron-a-paris-il-faut-avoir-tout-le-monde-autour-de-la-table-estime-la-secretaire-detat-clara-chappaz-20241129_KZBYJAR4AVDFNEP7X76GBXLYAY/"},{"content_elements":[{"_id":"T4TGFNTB2BCDLNW53Y7ES72FDM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732790518356},"type":"text","content":"La chasse à la bonne affaire est officiellement lancée. De l’autre côté de l’écran, le <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/tribunes/black-friday-2024-mais-ou-est-donc-passee-la-loi-anti-fast-fashion-20241128_7NSWDV3D4JHCRFGOEDEPEHOB6M/\" target=\"_blank\">Black Friday</a> (qui tombe cette année ce vendredi 29 novembre) affole les compteurs. Environ dix millions de visiteurs en quelques jours, contre 17 millions lors d’un mois normal, pour Cdiscount. Et en moyenne 1 000 commandes par minute. En coulisse, l’enseigne de commerce en ligne se prépare depuis plusieurs mois. <i>«Dès octobre, on fait appel à des renforts, notamment en intérimaires dans les entrepôts et jusqu’à la période de janvier»,</i> explique la directrice de communication de l’entreprise en ligne, Elody Rustarucci. Il a fallu tester la capacité à supporter une telle affluence sur le site. <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/conso/le-black-friday-entre-lattrait-du-rabais-et-le-risque-de-mettre-de-largent-dans-des-stocks-dont-on-na-pas-forcement-besoin-20241128_AHKH7RSZD5DJ5GFN5XQ6ZD7TXU/\" target=\"_blank\">Pour les promos</a>, l’e-commerçant pousse les vendeurs externes présents sur sa Marketplace (environ 70 % de l’activité de la plateforme) à proposer des offres intéressantes avec une mise en avant et <i>«des négociations pour faire baisser la commission» </i>sur les ventes."},{"_id":"TFCWRNCMZJHFXFGYYEIMNO56GI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732817420215},"type":"text","content":"Pour les produits commercialisés par Cdiscount, les négociations entre les commerciaux et les marques ont été lancées plusieurs mois à l’avance. Objectif : proposer <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/le-black-friday-loccasion-quand-on-na-pas-trop-dargent-de-se-payer-ce-quon-veut-a-pas-cher-20241127_BPOT73X4DFBS7EQTE6KXN6V6XE/\" target=\"_blank\">des «bons plans»</a> avec des marques connues tout en garantissant un certain stock pour tenir le week-end. <i>«L’avantage c’est que l’e-commerce dispose de davantage de flexibilité. Certaines choses peuvent se jouer sur le moment. Imaginons que nous avons un super deal Black Friday, mais avec un nombre limité de références et que l’on tombe vite en rupture, l’acheteur va appeler son contact pour lui demander de rallonger ou bien de proposer un autre produit à mettre rapidement en avant»,</i> détaille Elody Rustarucci."},{"level":2,"_id":"RKZKYFVDCFH3ZNWNIYLLYXCVCM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732817420217},"type":"header","content":"«Accélérer la rotation des produits»"},{"_id":"VGVZXNMPIBDC7OQQOYQRLXNKL4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732866798415},"type":"text","content":"En réalité, la course a déjà commencé pour le secteur avec des offres promotionnelles étendues sur plusieurs jours, voire semaines, comme la «Black Week». <i>«L’année dernière, il y avait les prémices d’un Black Month avec des communications autour du Black Friday dès le 6 novembre. Cette année, la communication anticipée est confirmée avec plus d’enseignes qui prennent la parole sur tout le mois de novembre. A périmètre égal de clients, nous avons observé une augmentation de la pression marketing [volumes de communications] de 20 à 30 % par rapport à l’année dernière»,</i> analyse Ous Ouzzani, directeur général de Notify AI, société qui propose aux entreprises une solution pour gérer la communication marketing grâce à l’intelligence artificielle. Et d’ajouter que <i>«le phénomène </i>[arrivé des Etats-Unis en France en 2010, ndlr] <i>n’est pas nouveau, mais il s’est démocratisé depuis deux ans».</i>"},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"5CYRMJRSFREUZJUHIJKSCLQY5U","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"MYT43WCLZRGAPGBYUAR2YD6VCE"},"title":"Interview","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"CJ6RBUOYIRCJNKHY3W3SEDEIAY","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"DZY34RU6IZCA7ALUNMFEEGMGPU","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Black Friday : «Il y a un transfert des achats de produits plutôt onéreux vers des achats du quotidien»","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/lifestyle/consommation/black-friday-il-y-a-un-transfert-des-achats-de-produits-plutot-onereux-vers-des-achats-du-quotidien-20241128_65P4PLBDQVGU5DNKEV5DL2S7QU/?redirected=1"}]},{"_id":"RKZKYFVDCFH3ZNWNIYLLYXCVCM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732817420217},"type":"text","content":"<i>«C’est devenu une raison de prendre la parole pour attirer les clients et anticiper les achats de Noël»,</i> explique Ous Ouzzani. Selon lui, le Black Friday représente une opération commerciale forte dans deux sens : <i>«Certaines entreprises comptent dessus pour écouler des produits qui ne se sont pas très bien vendus sur les deux derniers mois», </i>car ce rendez-vous est devenu un marronnier pour l’ensemble du secteur. Y compris des vendeurs, comme les enseignes de jouets, qui font pourtant leur chiffre d’affaires sur la période de Noël.<i> «Nous, c’est un peu différent, on a entré nos marchandises de Noël, ce n’est pas du déstockage. C’est de la promotion sur les produits de Noël»,</i> explique Francis Céron, directeur général de la Grande Récré, qui propose non pas un «Black» mais un «Color» Friday. A l’image, <i>«des couleurs»</i> que reprend l’enseigne après<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/joueclub-rachete-la-grande-recre-et-avec-la-quasi-totalite-des-salaries-20230609_L2AC3F5UDNC67PPLZC2SDJYOEI/\" target=\"_blank\"> sa reprise par JouéClub, en 2023</a>, explique son directeur. Une façon aussi de se démarquer de ses concurrents. Les promos se concentrent sur 90 références parmi des grandes marques, des licences connues et «des produits phares» pour attirer les clients qui commencent à faire leurs courses de Noël, détaille Francis Céron.<i> «Quand on est en promo, cela réduit les marges, mais ça rentre dans la politique globale d’attractivité de la marque»,</i> précise-t-il. <i>«Certains clients entrent dans le magasin et demandent où sont les produits Black Friday»,</i> témoigne le porte-parole de JouéClub, Franck Mathais. D’où l’importance d’avoir une offre attractive. Même si, dans le cas de JouéClub, le Black Friday permet <i>«d’accélérer la rotation des produits»,</i> comme<i> «les promotions en général»</i>."},{"level":2,"_id":"4UUY3GKQENF2NKX2WEKNXXKODA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732866798418},"type":"header","content":"Course inégale"},{"_id":"D2DF6F3S3JAGBFDCF5PVKTBI5U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732817420218},"type":"text","content":"Déstocker et attirer des consommateurs toujours plus vigilants sur la qualité des promotions. <i>«Avec la concurrence accrue, certains sont prêts à sacrifier leur marge sur des produits récents pour se démarquer et appâter les consommateurs sur leur site»,</i> explique Romain Gavache, responsable chez Le Dénicheur, un comparateur qui propose notamment un historique de la variation des prix sur un mois. Autrement dit, face à l’engouement autour du Black Friday, le marketing joue autant voire plus que la qualité des promotions. Au final, lors du Black Friday 2023, Romain Gavache a observé<i> «une variation des prix de -4,2 %, bien loin des niveaux de réduction communément affichés»</i>. Un indicateur qui intègre l’ensemble des produits, même ceux hors promotion. Mais <i>«si on devait isoler les promotions Black Friday, les niveaux de prix réels constatés seraient inférieurs à ceux utilisés dans les messages marketing»,</i> assure-t-il. Globalement,<i> «le message promotionnel ne correspond pas forcément à une baisse de prix. C’est une étiquette marketing avant tout»,</i> estime-t-il. Occuper le terrain pour devancer la concurrence, une course inégale. Au détriment <i>«des commerçants indépendants qui ne peuvent pas se permettre les mêmes rabais»,</i> déplore Laure Brunet-Ruinart de Brimont, déléguée générale des Commerçants de France."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Renforts, négociations avec les commerciaux, gestion des stocks… Pour les grandes enseignes, la course a commencé il y a plusieurs mois pour convaincre les clients de venir profiter de l’opération chez elles ce vendredi 29 novembre."},"description":{"basic":"Renforts, négociations avec les commerciaux, gestion des stocks… Pour les grandes enseignes, la course a commencé il y a plusieurs mois pour convaincre les clients de venir profiter de l’opération chez elles ce vendredi 29 novembre."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/economie/conso","parent_id":"/economie","name":"Conso","description":null,"_id":"/economie/conso","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"default":"/economie"},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Conso"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité conso et ses enjeux : derniers articles, analyses et témoignages sur « Libération ». 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Friday : comment les enseignes préparent leurs promos"},"websites":{"liberation":{"website_url":"/economie/conso/black-friday-comment-les-enseignes-preparent-leurs-promos-20241129_TBBRPWFB4NFVZC2HXH5W4GVBSY/","website_section":{"path":"/economie/conso","parent":{"default":"/economie"},"_website":"liberation","parent_id":"/economie","name":"Conso","description":null,"_id":"/economie/conso","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"default":"/economie"},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Conso"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité conso et ses enjeux : derniers articles, analyses et témoignages sur « Libération ». 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La déposition de Bernard Arnault, PDG du groupe de luxe LVMH, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/violations-de-secrets-missions-pour-lvmh-les-turpitudes-de-lex-chef-espion-bernard-squarcini-au-tribunal-20241112_JNAUI64WSFGIJMMV7NUJBYOCMM/\" target=\"_blank\">au procès de Bernard Squarcini</a>, devait, ce jeudi 28 novembre, éclairer le tribunal correctionnel de Paris. Depuis trois semaines, l’ancien directeur du renseignement intérieur, ainsi qu’une équipe de barbouzes, anciens policiers du contre-espionnage ou ex-magistrat, sont jugés pour une série de délits supposés, dont plusieurs apparaissent liés aux rapports entre LVMH et l’ancien <i>«premier flic de France», </i>comme le désigne le patron du CAC40 au cours de l’audience. Squarcini, encore en poste, aurait mené une surveillance au profit des intérêts personnels d’Arnault grâce à des moyens d’Etat ; passé dans le privé, le même se serait occupé de l’espionnage de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/justice-francois-ruffin-au-bal-des-barbouzes-20241122_TYYX34CLJNHGHGXTP4Z2EYMITY/\" target=\"_blank\">François Ruffin</a> – alors journaliste cinéaste, élu député depuis – et de son association Fakir pendant le tournage de <i>Merci patron !</i>"},{"_id":"3TXOH5VKRNEJZIZGOCM3GBGFHQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810100973},"type":"text","content":"Le tribunal n’a probablement rien appris mais a eu droit, dans une salle pleine à craquer, à un choc inédit : celui des obsessions réciproques du grand bourgeois milliardaire et du petit gars d’Amiens. Accompagné d’une sécurité maximale, d’une équipe de conseillers, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/france/2020/08/06/les-arnault-une-famille-en-ordre_1796206/\" target=\"_blank\">de son fils Antoine</a> et de son avocate Jacqueline Laffont, le PDG de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/luxe-le-paquebot-lvmh-tangue-avec-un-benefice-en-baisse-de-14-au-premier-semestre-20240723_O23OAE3JVBEXFFRKXM7ONYDMPM/\" target=\"_blank\">LVMH </a>rappelle que son groupe a échappé aux poursuites pénales en acceptant une <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/affaire-squarcini-la-justice-valide-un-accord-avec-lvmh-qui-paie-10-millions-deuros-pour-eviter-des-poursuites-20211217_JGUQGEYRMZH6XAAOTRW2D7XM34/\" target=\"_blank\">convention judiciaire d’intérêt public</a> et le paiement de 10 millions d’euros. <i>«On a voulu éviter le tohu-bohu médiatique vu la personnalité de certaines parties civiles.»</i>"},{"_id":"HUDQPCVDKFBITECOUXGKTVKENU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810100974},"type":"text","content":"Nous y voilà. Il n’a pas fallu attendre dix minutes pour que Bernard Arnault pointe François Ruffin, l’un des plaignants. Ce sont les avocats de ce dernier qui ont cité l’<i>«ingénieur»</i> – c’est sa profession, dit-il à la barre – à comparaître."},{"level":2,"_id":"54TGZGBLDBGWBAIEM64VALIHNE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810100976},"type":"header","content":"«Ça ne sert à rien d’infiltrer une bande de clowns»"},{"_id":"LZS32EQ6RBDC3JKHOMYQ7GWQ4E","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810100975},"type":"text","content":"D’une voix frêle, Arnault déroule les chiffres de sa réussite – 75 marques passées sous la bannière du groupe, nombre de pays où LVMH est implanté, d’usines, de salariés en France et dans le monde. <i>«Nous avons tous un sentiment de fierté par rapport à ce que nous apportons au pays»,</i> ajoute-t-il. Mais surgit son obsession : <i>«M. Ruffin dit que nous sommes les champions du licenciement. C’est une contre-vérité absolue.»</i>"},{"_id":"54TGZGBLDBGWBAIEM64VALIHNE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810100976},"type":"text","content":"Mais qu’a-t-il exactement contre Ruffin et Fakir, cette association d’activistes sociaux qui a pour particularité d’acquérir des actions des grands groupes afin de se rendre aux assemblées générales et prendre la parole sur les sujets de l’emploi, de la redistribution, du capitalisme ? Dans une écoute téléphonique de 2013, Pierre Godé, alors bras droit du PDG, mort en 2018, suggère à Bernard Squarcini d’<i>«infiltrer»</i> Fakir, à cause du film que Ruffin est en train de tourner et de ses velléités de s’inviter à l’assemblée de LVMH. Le patron l’assure : <i>«Ça ne sert à rien d’infiltrer une bande de clowns. Et ça n’est pas très conforme à l’éthique.»</i> Il n’était au courant <i>«de rien»,</i> jure-t-il. C’est Godé qui était en charge des questions de la sécurité et du juridique, en toute <i>«autonomie».</i> Squarcini et lui <i>«ont fait ce qu’ils avaient à faire»,</i> point barre. On n’en saura pas plus."},{"_id":"VMW6RZ3VDNE35CDRKVEGW4XXNA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810100977},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Je pensais que M. Ruffin mettrait un peu de bazar dans l’assemblée, ça me perturbait un peu», </i>reconnaît Arnault, en admettant qu’il se doutait que Fakir ne viendrait pas à l’AG pour <i>«tirer sur les gens avec une mitraillette».</i> C’est <i>«possible» </i>que la menace ait été prise <i>«trop au sérieux».</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"4L6RJJQPIFEEPKF4YPAV2ADEFQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810100979},"type":"header","content":"«Bonjour, monsieur Arnault»"},{"_id":"3O5TP25HLZBN7ES3EP255ITR4M","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810100978},"type":"text","content":"Le PDG se souvient d’être tombé sur Ruffin un jour, dans le hall du siège de LVMH. <i>«Je me suis demandé qui était cet illuminé, il avait un tee-shirt à mon nom»,</i> arborant le fameux <i>«I love Bernard». </i>Le président : <i>«C’était peut-être un fan. Vous n’avez pas pensé au culte de la personnalité ?» «Ah non, je n’en suis pas là.»</i> Rires. <i>«Je n’ai aucun antagonisme personnel contre lui. Je serai ravi de l’inviter à prendre un café, avec un cornet de frites, et on parlera cinéma.»</i> Il fait rire la salle en reconnaissant qu’il a trouvé le film de Ruffin<i> «très drôle»</i>."},{"_id":"4L6RJJQPIFEEPKF4YPAV2ADEFQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810100979},"type":"text","content":"C’est le moment des bisous. Arnault, à la barre, se retourne pour jeter un œil à Ruffin, qui l’écoute depuis le banc des parties civiles. <i>«Bonjour, monsieur Arnault»,</i> lance celui qui, pour une fois, n’est pas raccompagné à la porte entre deux vigiles."},{"_id":"OCVH5DYEEJFNBHW5V6JTBMSREE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810100980},"type":"text","content":"Mais la concorde ne dure pas. Saviez-vous que des photos de M. Ruffin avec ses enfants ont circulé, demande le président ? Dénégations du témoin qui semble ne pas savoir grand-chose de ce que faisaient ses conseillers. <i>«C’est pas bien. Je le regrette»,</i> affirme-t-il benoîtement, en précisant – quand même – être <i>«tout à fait contre les barbouzes».</i>"},{"_id":"H4YUJYJOEJF5NKCG2XGHRUCLPA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810100981},"type":"text","content":"Arnault en veut à Ruffin, qu’il accuse d’être, hier avec son film et aujourd’hui au procès, <i>«plus intéressé par les retombées médiatiques qu’il pourrait instrumentaliser».</i> Il suggère au tribunal de lire <i>Marianne</i>, selon qui Ruffin <i>«serait en perdition»,</i> invoque le trotskisme et Jean-Luc Mélenchon, qui à ses yeux est <i>«plus brillant que lui sur le plan politique».</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"GFPBWCHJJNG73G6GGGBBBVX2UU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810100982},"type":"header","content":"Aboutissement d’une confrontation entre les deux hommes"},{"_id":"GFPBWCHJJNG73G6GGGBBBVX2UU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810100982},"type":"text","content":"Avec les questions de la partie civile, Bernard Arnault finit par perdre son calme. Benjamin Sarfati, l’avocat de François Ruffin, le met en face de ses contradictions, sur la <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/quand-bernard-arnault-tente-dinterdire-aux-equipes-de-lvmh-de-parler-a-certains-medias-20240918_TW4PR7LK25GPBMQ7SISGC7O3YU%20/\" target=\"_blank\">liberté de la presse</a> et sur l’emploi – c’est l’idée fixe de François Ruffin et l’aboutissement d’une confrontation entre les deux hommes longtemps recherchée par le fondateur de Fakir, jamais réalisée. On se perd un peu, mais c’est à l’image de ce procès qui a exploré différentes pistes parfois bien éloignées les unes des autres."},{"_id":"LM7FKAWM7ZE4TEB7HXI6ZAQ3FQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810100983},"type":"text","content":"Après avoir rappelé la sincérité du combat mené par le député de la Somme, l’avocat revient sur les désastres des délocalisations pour les salariés, notamment de l’usine de Poix-du-Nord (Nord), qui s’était retrouvée dans le film de Ruffin ; sur l’engagement pris par Arnault, à la reprise du conglomérat Boussac, de <i>«préserver les emplois».</i> Et d’enfoncer le clou : <i>«Cette surveillance s’est mise en place contre un journal et François Ruffin qui voulaient ouvrir un dialogue entre vous et les salariés, et que vous veniez voir sur place le chômage, les usines désaffectées ?»</i>"},{"_id":"V5AMY2DCEFGYHECZK3CLDSQBGM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810100984},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Elucubrations», </i>questions <i>«débiles»</i>… Bernard Arnault finit par se lâcher. Tout ça c’est de la faute de <i>«l’idéologie socialo-marxiste et trotskiste</i>» qui n’aimerait pas, selon lui, <i>«qu’un grand groupe réussisse dans le monde entier et embauche.» </i>Drôle d’audience<i>.</i>"},{"_id":"L3AOHYVE6ZHVPKFSG56IGYURDQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"text","content":"L’accusation a requis jeudi soir 4 ans d’emprisonnement avec sursis et 300 000 euros d’amende contre l’ex-patron du renseignement intérieur. Les avocats de Bernard Squarcini, qui s’est défendu à la barre de toute infraction, doivent plaider vendredi."},{"_id":"JA3X5WL5AJER7NKW5DMZEWE6GI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"text","content":"<i><b>Mise à jour : </b></i><i>à 21 h 55, avec les réquisitions contre Bernard Squarcini. </i>"}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Ce jeudi 28 novembre, le PDG de LVMH était entendu comme témoin lors du procès de l’ancien patron du renseignement intérieur. Ce dernier est soupçonné d’avoir organisé la surveillance du journaliste devenu député au profit du milliardaire."},"description":{"basic":"Ce jeudi 28 novembre, le PDG de LVMH était entendu comme témoin lors du procès de l’ancien patron du renseignement intérieur. 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href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/sports/jeux-olympiques/jo-de-paris-2024-il-vous-reste-trois-jours-pour-acheter-vos-tickets-de-metro-a-un-prix-normal-20240716_6WPZYEB6TZGOTLVEA2OZDU54E4/#:~:text=Le%20ticket%20de%20m%C3%A9tro%20%C3%A0,35%20euros%20%C3%A0%2032%20euros.\" target=\"_blank\">avaient déjà considérablement augmenté le temps des JO de Paris</a>. Quelques mois plus tard, nouveau coup de semonce pour les utilisateurs des transports transiliens : Île-de-France Mobilités a annoncé, ce jeudi, la hausse du tarif mensuel du passe Navigo. Selon les informations de <a href=\"https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/transports/info-france-bleu-paris-hausse-des-tarifs-des-transports-le-passe-navigo-coutera-88-80-euros-au-1er-janvier-2025-1297319\" target=\"_blank\">France Bleu Paris,</a> l’abonnement passera au 1er janvier prochain de 86,40 euros à 88,80 euros, soit une hausse de 2,40 euros. En 2024, le passe Navigo avait déjà subi une augmentation de 2,30 euros, le rapprochant de la barre fatidique des 90 euros."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"TDFUQMK5NVAAJA5EB5SHM2EW2Q","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"LB74ADN5JBDRDECHQWH3OSVMQI"},"title":"Travaux","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"65LIKOGQ2BGZ5D42P3GVY7JI4I","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"NRXRYFPKQ5HCNBKS647P4JHQP4","type":"interstitial_link","content":"L’ouverture du tronçon sud de la ligne 15 du Grand Paris Express reportée de fin 2025 à l’été 2026","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/transports/louverture-du-troncon-sud-de-la-ligne-15-du-grand-paris-express-reportee-de-fin-2025-a-lete-2026-20241128_2NDTJUQATBEU5EHD7TVSC2H6VE/"}]},{"_id":"7WQVKWSIHBGFPO7WG7TW7K7R6I","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732820510676},"type":"text","content":"Le prix du passe annuel augmentera lui aussi : il faudra désormais débourser 976,80 euros pour l’obtenir, soir 26,40 de plus qu’aujourd’hui. Le passe Imagine R, réservé aux étudiants, coûtera quant à lui près de 10 euros supplémentaire. Cette nouvelle tarification sera soumise au vote du budget le 11 décembre prochain précise Île-de-France Mobilités, l’autorité organisatrice des transports en Ile-de-France. <i>«Ce que paient les voyageurs, c’est environ 33% du coût réel du passe Navigo»,</i> justifie l’organisme, cité par <a href=\"https://www.bfmtv.com/paris/ile-de-france-le-prix-du-passe-navigo-va-augmenter-a-88-80-euros-par-mois-a-partir-de-janvier-2025_AN-202411281007.html\" target=\"_blank\">BFM Paris</a>, qui ajoute le développement toujours croissant du réseau de transport francilien,<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/transports/prolongement-de-la-ligne-14-de-paris-a-orly-les-habitants-de-la-banlieue-sud-nattendent-que-ca-20240622_YSE54UD5KRACJHE2CBSKGNWR6E/\" target=\"_blank\"> notamment avec l’extension de la ligne 14. </a>"},{"_id":"SIWBAK6UVJBR5HHTNNNAZSOCHI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732820510678},"type":"text","content":"Toujours selon <i>France Bleu</i>, cette revalorisation des tarifs se déroule dans le cadre d’un accord conclu entre Île-de-France Mobilités et l’Etat en septembre 2023. Selon ce texte, qui prévoit des hausses régulières de tarifs jusqu’en 2031, l’augmentation des abonnements ne doit pas dépasser <i>«l’inflation +1% »</i>. Puisque l’inflation prévue pour l’année 2025 est fixée à 1,8%, la hausse des tarifs à 2,8% constituait le plafond maximal."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Cette nouvelle tarification sera soumise au vote du budget le 11 décembre prochain, précise Île-de-France Mobilités, l’autorité organisatrice des transports dans la région parisienne."},"description":{"basic":"Cette nouvelle tarification sera soumise au vote du budget le 11 décembre prochain, précise Île-de-France Mobilités."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/economie/transports","parent_id":"/economie","name":"Transports","description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité sur le secteur des Transports et ses enjeux : derniers articles, analyses et témoignages de la rubrique Transports de Libération.","_id":"/economie/transports","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/economie","default":"/economie","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/economie","amp-menu":"/economie","headernav":"/economie"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité sur le secteur des Transports et ses enjeux : derniers articles, analyses et témoignages de la rubrique Transports de Libération.","site_title":"Transports : actualités et informations - 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fléchissement pour éviter le renversement du gouvernement ? Michel Barnier a annoncé ce jeudi 28 novembre dans un entretien au <i>Figaro </i>qu’il n’augmenterait pas autant que prévu initialement les taxes sur l’électricité, par rapport au niveau prévu dans le projet de budget pour 2025. Largement rejetée sur tous les bancs de l’Assemblée comme du Sénat, la disposition était également dans le viseur du Rassemblement national, qui en a fait l’une des ses lignes rouges <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/elections/censurera-censurera-pas-le-rn-continue-de-cacher-son-jeu-20241127_ESXQ7HSQRRDA5PBC36EFRHJHL4/\" target=\"_blank\">pour ne pas censurer le gouvernement.</a>"},{"_id":"6Y6K2WTWBREFTEIQKNN7TPJK2M","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732805023817},"type":"text","content":"<i>«J’ai décidé de ne pas augmenter les taxes sur l’électricité dans le projet de loi de finances 2025», «cela permettra une baisse des prix de l’électricité de 14 %, qui ira donc bien au-delà de la baisse de 9 % prévue initialement», </i>affirme le Premier ministre dans des extraits <a href=\"https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/j-ai-decide-de-ne-pas-augmenter-les-taxes-sur-l-electricite-michel-barnier-accede-a-la-demande-de-marine-le-pen-20241128\" target=\"_blank\">d’un entretien au quotidien</a>. <i>«Que ce soit dans ma majorité ou les chefs de l’opposition que j’ai reçus : presque tous m’ont demandé d’évoluer», </i>justifie-t-il, alors que son gouvernement est exposé à une censure en cas d’usage du 49.3 pour faire adopter le budget. <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/le-ministre-de-leconomie-antoine-armand-pret-a-des-concessions-pour-eviter-une-tempete-a-la-france-20241128_23FO5OIQFBBM5AWZVWXPXVLV54/\" target=\"_blank\">Le matin même,</a> son ministre de l’Economie Antoine Armand s’était dit prêt à <i>«des concessions»</i> pour éviter une<i> «tempête» </i>à la France."},{"_id":"LKEXCPWEFVEEJJFETGIZHLNL5U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732807258917},"type":"text","content":"Dans la foulée, Michel Barnier a confirmé que les allègements de cotisation des entreprises ne seraient pas réduits jusqu’à 2,25 smic dans le budget 2025 de la Sécurité sociale. Le résultat du vote des parlementaires en commission mixte paritaire mercredi soir réduisant l’effort demandé aux entreprises en matière de cotisations sociales. Alors que le projet initial prévoyait de supprimer 4 milliards d’euros d’allègements de cotisation, ce montant a été réduit à 1,6 milliard. Il y a donc <i>«un effort de 2,4 milliards d’euros finalement qui vont être rendus ou préservés pour les entreprises au titre des charges sociales, </i>a calculé le Premier ministre.<i> C’est l’accord qui a été passé avec les parlementaires et avec le Sénat.»</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"TCB3QGA23FDTDDWWYDTNYNCC7A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732817074247},"type":"header","content":"Des «lignes rouges demeurent» pour le RN"},{"_id":"KEGRASA2FFDSHN5PQ2DBOV72TY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732822721661},"type":"text","content":"Malgré les concessions du Premier ministre sur l’électricité, l’Aide médicale d’Etat et les allègements de charges des entreprises, Marine Le Pen a assuré dans un entretien au <i>Monde </i>ce jeudi que Michel Barnier avait <i>«jusqu’à lundi»</i> pour répondre aux <i>«lignes rouges» </i>du Rassemblement national sur les textes budgétaires pour 2025 et éviter ainsi la censure. <i>«Il y a encore des difficultés», </i>a ajouté la cheffe des députés du RN. Parmi ses revendications encore non satisfaites à ses yeux : la revalorisation des pensions de tous les retraités au 1er janvier, l’annulation des déremboursements de médicaments prévus initialement, et des précisions sur la manière dont l’exécutif entend compenser financièrement les concessions annoncées jeudi."},{"_id":"IAJAGZC2MFEY5KO3XFVAL7PEEQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732822721662},"type":"text","content":"Quelques heures plus tôt, Jordan Bardella avait lui-même estimé que le recul de Michel Barnier sur les taxes sur l’électricité constituait <i>«une victoire»</i> pour le son parti, mais avait ajouté : des <i>«lignes rouges demeurent», </i>notamment sur le déremboursement de médicaments. <i>«Il faut un moratoire sur toute nouvelle création ou hausse d’impôt et de taxe», </i>avait affirmé le président du RN sur X, plaidant également pour la réindexation des pensions <i>«dès le 1er janvier»</i> ou encore <i>«un tour de vis migratoire». </i>De l’autre côté de l’échiquier, la mesure est également bien reçue<i>. «C’est plutôt une chose qui va dans le bon sens», </i>a estimé sur LCP Arthur Delaporte, qui déplore toutefois que Michel Barnier l’ait adoptée parce qu’il <i>«cherche à courber l’échine devant Marine Le Pen».</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"ZB5V7HNO6BBJ7CAHZMSDMV7KNE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732817074243},"type":"header","content":"3,4 milliards à retrouver"},{"_id":"JDJUDTQQQBFMDOB7CW37B4PKVQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732809630148},"type":"text","content":"Ce qui était <i>«prévu initialement»</i> pour les factures de février 2025 était en réalité <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/la-taxe-sur-lelectricite-va-bien-augmenter-mais-limpact-sur-les-factures-reste-flou-20241007_NE7X4E4S7BGCVN42KSQHYGPR5M/\" target=\"_blank\">une baisse des tarifs réglementés de vente de l’électricité (TRVE) de 10 % à 15 %.</a> C’était en tout cas la promesse formulée par Bruno Le Maire et le gouvernement précédent en juin 2024. Mais Michel Barnier, revenant sur cette mesure pour équilibrer son prochain budget, avait vu dans cette révision des tarifs de février 2025 une source de recettes supplémentaires qui ne serait pas traduite par une hausse des prix pour le consommateur mais… une baisse moindre que prévue. Le Premier ministre avait donc inscrit dans le projet de loi de finances 2025 un article 7 qui <i>«adapte les tarifs normaux d’accise en sortie de bouclier tarifaire afin de garantir au consommateur une baisse de 9 % du tarif réglementé de vente en 2025 à partir du 1er février», </i>renvoyant à fin décembre 2024 le calcul exact du montant de la taxe intérieure sur la consommation finale d’électricité (TICFE)."},{"_id":"NOISG5KJQBCVFJK27TNE7AUNTA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732809630149},"type":"text","content":"Lorsque l’Etat a mis en place le bouclier tarifaire en 2022, il a fait bouger le curseur de cette taxe. De 32,44 euros par MWh, elle est passée à 1 euro pour les particuliers le 1er février 2022. Elle a progressivement été réajustée, à mesure que les prix du marché se calmaient. De 1 à 21 euros à partir du 1er février 2024, puis 22,50 euros quelques mois après. Cette dernière devrait remonter finalement à 29,98€/MWh, inflation comprise, a précisé jeudi soir Matignon,. C’est moins que les quelque 34 euros prévus dans le projet de budget initial. A sa création en 2004, elle n’était que de de 4,50 euros."},{"_id":"ZLFWG7GRKZDA5M5T2UNVAHY4LI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732809630150},"type":"text","content":"Alors que Bercy étudiait la possibilité de l’augmenter jusqu’à 50 euros par MWh, l’affaire avait hérissé les bancs de l’Assemblée comme du Sénat. <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/budget-2025-les-choix-du-gouvernement-menacent-la-transition-energetique-20241025_J5RMUV3THFB3HBNS7PWEQAMMSA/\" target=\"_blank\">Des amendements de suppression de l’article 7 avaient été votés par le NFP et le RN à l’Assemblée le 25 octobre</a> puis la disposition a également été rejetée par le Sénat. Avant même que la commission mixte paritaire se réunisse, Michel Barnier enterre donc définitivement sa hausse de la TICFE. Il va donc falloir trouver ailleurs <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/budget-2025-et-soudain-le-senat-exista-20241125_NAHBIVM6RFCNDJ3YT4ZU7S45IY/\" target=\"_blank\">les 3,4 milliards de recettes que cet article 7 prévoyait de générer</a>."},{"_id":"ILH7ZGW6NFFQFDUQ5VA2VYAAVU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732817074250},"type":"text","content":"<i><b>Mise à jour à 19 h 20 </b></i><i>avec les précisions de Matignon sur le nouveau niveau de la taxe ; 20 h 10, avec la réaction de Marine Le Pen</i>"}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Dans un entretien au «Figaro» jeudi 28 novembre, le Premier ministre annonce revenir sur une disposition du projet de loi de finances 2025 rejetée par une large majorité à l’Assemblée comme au Sénat. Dans «Le Monde», la cheffe des députés RN expose d’autres revendications et menace toujours de voter la censure."},"description":{"basic":"Dans un entretien au Figaro jeudi 28 novembre, le Premier ministre annonce revenir sur une disposition rejetée par une large majorité à l’Assemblée comme au Sénat. 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est 6 heures, Paris s’éveille lorsque Sophie Binet, secrétaire générale de la CGT, pose le pied dans la fourmilière du marché de Rungis. Écharpe rouge, sticker du syndicat collé sur son manteau, elle n’est pas venue seule. <i>«Plus de 500 camarades venus de toute la France sont déjà en train de tracter dans les pavillons»</i>, lance fièrement Zahia Saïm, directrice du pôle logistique du marché international et ancienne déléguée syndicale CGT, qui guide la délégation dans le dédale du «ventre de Paris»."},{"_id":"OUJBTV5SXJBWXH2OWJ3TTAQ5XA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811542270},"type":"text","content":"La CGT organise ce jeudi matin l’un des grands événements de sa campagne pour <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/social/enjeux-mode-demploi-syndicat-gilets-jaunes-ce-quil-faut-savoir-sur-les-elections-dans-les-tpe-qui-demarrent-ce-lundi-20241125_XYFHLC2HDNC33HLB3EUORUAAXI/\" target=\"_blank\">les élections dans les TPE, ces «très petites entreprises» de moins de 11 salarié</a>s qui n’ont pas de représentants syndicaux en leur sein, mais seulement au niveau des branches professionnelles. Mais ce scrutin, organisé du 25 novembre au 9 décembre, et que la CGT avait remporté en 2021, reste délaissé par les quelque 5 millions de salariés concernés. Il y a 4 ans, la participation à ces élections, organisées pour la première fois sous François Hollande en 2012, n’était que de 5,4 %. Et cette année, deux jours après le début du vote en ligne, seul 1 % des concernés s’est exprimé."},{"level":2,"_id":"2UPD7IR2R5AHLFY23USERRBOC4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811542271},"type":"header","content":"«Mon patron m’exploite !»"},{"_id":"2UPD7IR2R5AHLFY23USERRBOC4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811542271},"type":"text","content":"À Rungis, qui compte 1 500 employés de TPE sur un total de 13 000 salariés, le constat d’une méconnaissance se pose d’entrée. <i>«Quelle élection ?»</i>, entend-on fréquemment à l’arrivée des syndicalistes dans le secteur «fruits et légumes», le plus grand du marché. En tête du groupe, Sophie Binet cravache. E2, E1F, D2… la secrétaire générale arpente pendant une heure trente les grands entrepôts où les restaurateurs, vendeurs et acheteurs des grandes surfaces se pointent dès 2 heures du matin pour sélectionner leurs produits. Entre les cagettes de mangues et les tire-palettes électriques qui filent à toute allure, les syndicalistes ont du mal à se frayer un passage. <i>«Si vous m’empêchez de faire mon travail…»</i>, grogne un vendeur. <i>«Un vrai hargneux celui-là, un vrai patron»</i>, marmonne un syndicaliste dans sa barbe. D’autres crient au passage du cortège : <i>«Mon patron m’exploite !»</i> Quelques rires dans les allées."},{"owner":{"sponsored":false,"id":"liberation"},"copyright":"Remy Artiges","address":{},"auth":{"1":"a45923e6cd771f681713353d4e6cb1c98b0d2b7c983147f75cbe7a2d1f233f66"},"caption":"Sophie Binet au marché de Rungis, le 28 novembre 2024.","source":{"system":"photo center","edit_url":"","additional_properties":{"editor":"photo center"}},"taxonomy":{},"type":"image","version":"0.10.9","url":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/6D37HWEFNZCL3DUKX4OCBBAV6A.jpg","licensable":false,"credits":{"affiliation":[{"name":"Libération","type":"author"}],"by":[{"name":"Remy Artiges","type":"author","byline":"Remy Artiges"}]},"subtitle":"PRODLIBE 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marché de Rungis est emblématique des spécificités du travail en TPE, que la CGT a recensées dans une enquête à l’occasion du scrutin : horaires décalés et supérieurs à la moyenne, exposition à des conditions de travail difficiles, manque d’information sur le droit du travail. Mais aussi attachement au métier, alors que les travailleurs de Rungis aiment recenser les nombreuses <i>«success-storys»</i> de commis qui ont débuté en bas de l’échelle et sont devenus patrons."},{"_id":"J5VGS6CUDBFP3KN6JLM2VANPHY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811542273},"type":"text","content":"Un duo de cégétistes joyeux, un peu en retrait du cortège, profite de la visite. <i>«Ici, les patrons, c’est Dieu le père»</i>, rigole Usain Lydirim, élu syndical de l’aéroport de Lyon venu exprès pour faire campagne. <i>«C’est vrai, ils font ce qu’ils veulent»</i>, renchérit Hicham Betahi, délégué syndical des aéroports de Paris. C’est l’une des principales difficultés pour faire campagne dans les TPE : les employés travaillent toujours en relation étroite - voire seuls - avec leur patron, ce qui rend plus difficile l’implication des syndicats lors de conflits. Mais les deux copains, qui arborent fièrement le portrait de Che Guevara sur leur dos, ne se découragent pas. <i>«L’objectif de la mission c’est de les renseigner sur leurs droits, leur faire savoir qu’ils peuvent être représentés par les syndicats au niveau national, parce que pour l’instant ils sont délaissés»</i>, déplorent-ils."},{"level":2,"_id":"MDUGXZXVDZHPPOLBWUZ3DJ47SQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732814234219},"type":"header","content":"«Ils ont peur»"},{"_id":"IZWTYSJRGNCJ5JCOXDZ73FRENY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811542274},"type":"text","content":"Pourquoi ce désintérêt envers les syndicats ? <i>«Mon père était à la CGT, mais moi ça ne m’intéresse pas,</i> explique Julie Garcia, employée d’une TPE, qui s’entend <i>«très bien»</i> avec son patron et travaille depuis 20 ans à Rungis. <i>J’ai 2 enfants, je travaille de 2 heures à 14 heures… Et puis j’ai jamais voté moi, je me défends toute seule.»</i> Son patron est à côté, on insiste un peu. <i>«Rungis, c’est un autre monde, si t’es pas content, tu te barres, et il y en aura dix derrière pour prendre ta place»</i>, répond-elle, cash."},{"_id":"WIXCCCFLKBADJF6BR3VGZBPGVI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811542275},"type":"text","content":"Autre justification ? <i>«Il y a beaucoup de doublettes ici»</i>, nous explique Mohammed Bouargi, délégué syndical à Rungis depuis 2008, en référence aux travailleurs sans-papiers qui empruntent l’identité d’un proche pour travailler. <i>«Les sans-papiers dans les petites structures, ils ont peur</i>. <i>Pourtant, on peut intervenir pour les aider».</i> En 2017, l’occupation de la tour Semmaris, qui surplombe le marché, par des sans-papiers et la CGT avait débouché sur l’obtention d’une centaine d’autorisations de travail. Ici, comparé à ailleurs, la culture syndicale reste assez forte."},{"owner":{"sponsored":false,"id":"liberation"},"copyright":"Remy Artiges","address":{},"syndication":{},"auth":{"1":"25896d1150765676530eac5edb2ffab19ab3b238e71d9f3357ac509411461209"},"caption":"Sophie Binet et des militants CGT avec Dominique Batani, directeur du marché de Rungis.","source":{"system":"photo center","edit_url":"","additional_properties":{"editor":"photo center"}},"taxonomy":{"associated_tasks":[]},"type":"image","version":"0.10.9","url":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/XMU6FKECBJC3NAB2RWXYVW2H74.jpg","licensable":false,"credits":{"affiliation":[{"name":"Libération","type":"author"}],"by":[{"name":"Remy Artiges","type":"author","byline":"Remy Artiges"}]},"subtitle":"PRODLIBE 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est-ce que vous pouvez me dire si vous êtes ici juste pour quelques jours ?» </i>Passage de la Brie, dans le XIXe arrondissement, un agent de la ville de Paris sort sa carte tricolore et tente d’en savoir plus auprès d’une touriste un peu étonnée qui vient de lui ouvrir la porte à l’heure du petit déjeuner. C’est ainsi que se pratiquent les contrôles de meublés touristiques afin de débusquer ceux en situation d’illégalité. En clair, les appartements mis en location sur Airbnb, Abritel ou encore Booking.com, alors que la législation en vigueur ne leur permet pas de le faire. Il s’agit de propriétaires ou de locataires d’une résidence principale qui ont déjà loué leur bien plus de 120 nuits au cours des douze derniers mois. Ou encore d’investisseurs dont le logement est mis en location de courte durée toute l’année, mais qui n’ont pas d’autorisation en ce sens."},{"_id":"SOS7E5JAVFBNJNSPPZDPAJ2QPU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732813195373},"type":"text","content":"Pour la seule ville de Paris, 25 000 biens immobiliers seraient ainsi hors la loi selon le maire adjoint chargé du logement et de la transition écologique, Jacques Baudrier. La municipalité a donc créé un service d’une trentaine d’agents dont la mission est de trouver les fraudeurs en la matière. L’objectif est également de sensibiliser leurs voisins souvent victimes de nuisances, en déposant des flyers dans les boîtes aux lettres. Une résidente de l’immeuble arrive sur ces entrefaites et se souvient de locataires éphémères ne trouvant visiblement plus leurs clés : <i>«Il était 3 heures du matin et ils ont sonné à tous les interphones jusqu’à obtenir l’ouverture de la porte.»</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"AMG7CVYFLZFR7EKP6GQHISMSNI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732813195375},"type":"header","content":"«Nous allons avoir plus de procédures et donc plus de sanctions»"},{"_id":"XILGHV5MWNH6FEOLEKYQMM6ZLY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732813195374},"type":"text","content":"Après leur premier contrôle ce matin-là, les agents ont déjà commencé à se faire une opinion. Le mobilier fonctionnel et l’absence d’effets personnels sont autant d’éléments de nature à prouver que les lieux sont loués toute l’année. Or, un examen préalable du statut juridique de cet appartement montre qu’il n’a pas obtenu d’agrément pour être proposé sur des plateformes de location 365 jours par an. Le propriétaire devrait donc être convoqué dans les prochains jours afin de justifier sa situation. 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un des changements introduit <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/logement/la-loi-anti-airbnb-enfin-enterinee-par-le-parlement-apres-un-parcours-sinueux-20241107_UDVQGW7QPBC7HGLS7PMGYQYDHI/\" target=\"_blank\">par la loi votée le 7 novembre</a> à l’Assemblée sur les locations temporaires en meublés touristiques. Les amendes ont été sérieusement alourdies. Elles s’échelonnent désormais de 30 000 à 100 000 euros. <i>«Nous allons avoir plus de procédures et donc plus de sanctions. Nous arrivons avec cette loi au bout de la bataille contre les meublés touristiques illégaux»,</i> estime Jacques Baudrier. Toutefois, les services municipaux n’encaisseront pas immédiatement le fruit de ces pénalités. Il faut en moyenne deux ans pour qu’une procédure de ce type, menée devant le tribunal judiciaire de Paris arrive à son terme. La loi votée le 7 novembre va également donner aux copropriétés la possibilité de refuser plus facilement la location temporaire. Jusqu’à présent les interdictions devaient être votées à l’unanimité. Désormais une majorité des deux tiers sera suffisante."},{"level":2,"_id":"N7SMRSVCWNDMJMRGNAVPEH6W64","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732816445122},"type":"header","content":"Stopper l’hémorragie de logements autrefois en location de longue durée"},{"_id":"II6Y5E2MKNCM7CPC4EIUXDULTU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732814084761},"type":"text","content":"D’immeubles en immeubles, les agents municipaux grimpent inlassablement les escaliers, car localiser exactement un logement en situation d’illégalité dans une résidence qui en compte une centaine n’est pas chose aisée. <i>«Nous avons en général une adresse, mais ni l’étage, ni l’escalier concerné lorsqu’il y en a plusieurs»,</i> constate Alice Veyrié, sous-directrice de l’habitat à la mairie de Paris. Sans compter la difficulté, pour les agents municipaux à pénétrer dans les immeubles lorsqu’ils n’ont pas le code d’entrée et ne peuvent prétendre à un passe identique à celui dont bénéficient les postiers."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"IWSWIFYS3JBILEPOAIRY2U3JWM","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"7UQOWQSMNRHH7B2LGBP5WSZDBE"},"title":"Enquête","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"BANC4RK5D5HH7N2XM663DIALUE","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"QBKGOQDO3RBOZCBEEQQV3SOVWA","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Marché locatif : entre Airbnb et les villes, un jeu permanent du chat et de la souris","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/marche-locatif-entre-airbnb-et-les-villes-un-jeu-permanent-du-chat-et-de-la-souris-20241128_DBT7CFBH7RA5LAH4TOKNMFKZVE/?xtor=CS7-62&fbclid=PAZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAaajAf8OjczpPYfqJHG-Mpw2v_4U0aWsXhYPrcnTGi_S9LcVkqf4ci85U4g_aem_eV7WAyudcMsElMqOtsvUJw"}]},{"_id":"N7SMRSVCWNDMJMRGNAVPEH6W64","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732816445124},"type":"text","content":"Pour autant l’objectif de ces contrôles (il y en a plusieurs milliers chaque année) n’est pas uniquement de faire tourner le compteur des sanctions financières. Le but premier demeure de stopper l’hémorragie de logements autrefois en location de longue durée avec un bail classique et désormais proposés sur des plateformes pour des séjours temporaires. Pour lutter contre ce phénomène, le maire adjoint à l’habitat dispose d’ailleurs d’une arme bien plus dissuasive : la préemption. Quand des logements, ou même un immeuble, sont mis en vente, la municipalité est prioritaire pour sortir son carnet de chèques et doubler les investisseurs susceptibles d’acquérir ces biens dans l’unique but de les mettre en location sur Airbnb. L’an dernier, la ville de Paris a ainsi «récupéré» 1 800 appartements."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Forte d’une nouvelle loi adoptée le 7 novembre, la municipalité espère débusquer plus de loueurs hors la loi sur les plateformes de location de meublés touristiques et demander des amendes plus lourdes."},"description":{"basic":"Forte d’une nouvelle loi adoptée le 7 novembre, la municipalité espère débusquer plus de loueurs hors la loi sur les plateformes de location de meublés touristiques et demander des amendes plus lourdes."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/economie","parent_id":"/","name":"Economie","description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité économique et financière en France et à l'international : conjoncture, économie numérique, médias, social, 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moins six mois de retard en plus des retards déjà accumulés. L’ouverture du <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/france/2020/06/03/deconfinement-c-est-le-grand-paris-express-qui-redemarre_1790179/\" target=\"_blank\">tronçon sud de la ligne 15 du Grand Paris Express,</a> prévue en décembre 2025, va être décalée à l’été 2026 en raison de retards pris dans la conduite des essais, a indiqué ce jeudi 28 novembre la Société des grands projets (SGP), en charge du chantier."},{"_id":"C3PAOHKZVFCE7OYRUBQE5N7NNE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732808435117},"type":"text","content":"Le coût de cette ligne de 33 km, qui s’étendra de Pont de Sèvres à Noisy-Champs au travers de 22 communes des Hauts-de-Seine, du Val-de-Marne et de la Seine-Saint-Denis, reste en revanche inchangé, à 8 milliards d’euros, selon la SGP. <i>«Il faut rappeler l’extrême complexité du Grand Paris Express, qui tient d’abord à sa taille»,</i> insiste le président de la SGP, Jean-François Monteils. Les lignes 15, 16, 17 et 18 formeront 200 km d’un réseau entièrement neuf de métros automatiques d’ici 2031, composé de 68 nouvelles gares réparties dans toute l’Ile-de-France, le tout pour 36,1 milliards d’euros – contre une estimation à 22 milliards en 2010."},{"level":2,"_id":"AUQBY3ZIJVBZXM7JWGQBKSNYMM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732813343302},"type":"header","content":"«Des bugs inattendus»"},{"_id":"OZYQ6A2NIFFQ7B6LDKD3ROUBLA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732813343303},"type":"text","content":"La ligne 15 sud, dont le chantier a démarré en mars 2015, <i>«est probablement la plus lourde» </i>en termes de défis techniques et de coûts, souligne Jean-François Monteils. Son ouverture a été décalée à de multiples reprises. D’abord attendue pour 2020, l’inauguration a une première fois été ajournée à 2023 avant qu’Edouard Philippe, Premier ministre en 2018, ne fixe la date à 2024. 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Les équipes ont alors découvert <i>«des bugs inattendus, des difficultés qu’on n’anticipe pas tout à fait».</i>"},{"_id":"IGTFNYJT4RDVFKHNAHK75QYGG4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732813343306},"type":"text","content":"A terme, la ligne 15 Sud doit être complétée par des tronçons à l’est et à l’ouest pour former un cercle tout autour de la capitale où les trains rouleront par endroits jusqu’à 110 km/h. Elle sera longue de 75 km et composée de 36 nouvelles gares. Son inauguration est attendue pour 2031. Le premier roulage de test d’un métro avait eu lieu le 28 novembre 2023 depuis le centre de maintenance de Champigny-sur-Marne en présence de nombreux élus, dont Valérie Pécresse, la présidente de la région Ile-de-France."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Maintes fois repoussée, l’ouverture du sud de la ligne 15 du métro parisien, qui doit relier le Pont de Sèvres à Noisy-Champs, connaîtra un nouveau retard de six mois supplémentaire, a annoncé la Société des grands projets ce jeudi 28 novembre."},"description":{"basic":"Maintes fois repoussée, l’ouverture du sud de la ligne 15 du métro parisien, qui doit relier le Pont de Sèvres à Noisy-Champs, connaîtra un nouveau retard de six mois supplémentaire, a annoncé la Société des grands projets."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/economie/transports","parent_id":"/economie","name":"Transports","description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité sur le secteur des 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perdu 20 000 euros d’épargne salariale, cet argent, j’avais prévu de le consacrer aux études de mes enfants»</i>,<i> «nous avons eu nos actions au plus haut et l’Etat nous les a rachetées au plus bas, c’est de l’escroquerie»</i>… Des témoignages comme ceux-là, il y en a la pelle. Et ils n’émanent pas de gros boursicoteurs qui auraient joué à qui perd gagne sur les marchés, à leurs risques et périls : on parle ici de près de 100 000 actionnaires salariés et retraités d’EDF, qui ont été associés au capital de leur entreprise à partir de 2005, au moment de la privatisation partielle du géant français de l’électricité. <i>«L’ouverture du capital d’EDF se fera dans l’intérêt de la France, de l’entreprise et de ses salariés», </i>avait promis<i> </i>avec enthousiasme<i> </i>un certain Dominique de Villepin, alors Premier ministre de Jacques Chirac. La mise en Bourse de 15 % du capital de l’électricien avait rapporté à l’époque 8 milliards d’euros aux finances publiques. Mais vingt ans plus tard, ce qui devait être<i> «un bel exemple d’actionnariat populaire»</i> a tourné à la débâcle et les salariés d’EDF apparaissent comme les grands perdants de la renationalisation décidée par Emmanuel Macron. Pour ne pas dire, les dindons de la farce…"},{"level":2,"_id":"FE7XSRB4LBFOZL5JIINCNFDHTI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"header","content":"Annus horribilis et perte stratosphérique"},{"_id":"KMS6ACJZSZFD7EROUZESWPEJ7Q","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732722119986},"type":"text","content":"Bouclée le 8 juin 2023, cette opération qui a consisté pour l’Etat à monter à 100 % du capital d’EDF en rachetant les actionnaires minoritaires dans le cadre d’une offre publique d’achat (OPA), a été lancée comme une<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/letat-prevoit-une-opa-a-97-milliards-deuros-pour-renationaliser-edf-20220719_H3MP7ZVKANDARJ4W37M2DJOZNI/\" target=\"_blank\"> bouée de sauvetage </a>pour éviter à l’exploitant nucléaire <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/edf-annonce-les-pires-resultats-de-son-histoire-plombee-par-son-nucleaire-20230217_JUQNVD6RNNB3JII2EFEJI7IPSA/\" target=\"_blank\">une faillite quasi certaine </a>mais inenvisageable <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/epr-de-flamanville-et-la-premiere-reaction-nucleaire-fut-apres-dix-sept-ans-dans-le-jus-20240902_K2OTBP6HUNDCHFBZ3JM4ZX36WQ/?redirected=1\" target=\"_blank\">après le désastre industriel de l’EPR de Flamanville</a> et la découverte de graves problèmes de corrosion sur la moitié de ses réacteurs. Elle a coûté plus de 10 milliards d’euros aux contribuables, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/edf-renationalise-un-retour-a-la-raison-apres-la-parenthese-calamiteuse-du-marche-20230608_5JYBM6HAW5ETBPCVFURS3PXKLU/?redirected=1\" target=\"_blank\">tout en spoliant les salariés détenteurs de titres EDF</a> dans le cadre de leurs plans d’épargne salariale : l’action qui cotait 32 euros à ses débuts en Bourse il y a vingt ans leur a été rachetée à 12 euros seulement par l’Agence des participations de l’Etat (APE), ce qui représente une perte de 62 % par rapport au cours initial… On a vu mieux comme produit d’épargne populaire garanti par la puissance publique."},{"_id":"OR7IMG5XINF5TKHFJ5RZUZ36BQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732732263536},"type":"text","content":"Douze euros c’est (certes) ce que vaut toujours ces jours-ci le titre EDF. Mais, entretemps, l’Etat actionnaire a prévu de se verser pour 2 milliards d’euros de dividendes en 2025. Et pour cause : après l’annus horribilis qui avait vu l’électricien afficher <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/edf-annonce-les-pires-resultats-de-son-histoire-plombee-par-son-nucleaire-20230217_JUQNVD6RNNB3JII2EFEJI7IPSA/\" target=\"_blank\">une perte stratosphérique de 17,9 milliards d’euros en 2022</a>, les comptes du groupe ont opéré un redressement spectaculaire avec un profit historique de 10 milliards l’an passé. Les salariés d’EDF qui ont laissé leur chemise dans la nationalisation de leur entreprise n’en verront pas la couleur."},{"level":2,"_id":"BOOQKPTSWZAVNB2XS4QXOX56EI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811680438},"type":"header","content":"Une mesure «gaullienne» face à la raison d’Etat"},{"_id":"GSGPFY2HMFD23IAFX6XZJEH33A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810245974},"type":"text","content":"C’est pour réparer cette injustice faite aux salariés épargnants d’EDF que des sénateurs de tous horizons <a href=\"https://www.senat.fr/enseance/2024-2025/143/Amdt_I-1829.html\" target=\"_blank\">ont déposé un amendement </a>dans le cadre du projet de loi de finances pour 2025. Lequel a été adopté en séance ce jeudi 28 novembre à une large majorité par la haute assemblée, avec le soutien de toute la gauche, de la droite et d’une partie des macronistes. Cet amendement en reprend un autre, du député socialiste Philippe Brun, déjà adopté sans coup férir en première lecture à l’Assemblée nationale. Il prévoit de reconstituer l’actionnariat salarié d’EDF en lui rétrocédant 2 % du capital du groupe, soit peu ou prou la part détenue avant nationalisation, et toujours au prix de 12 euros. <i>«L’actionnariat salarié constitue une application du principe constitutionnel de participation des travailleurs. Il est un héritage du Conseil national de la Résistance et de la pensée gaullienne»</i>, rappellent les sénateurs signataires dans l’exposé des motifs. Et de rappeler que le Premier ministre Michel Barnier a annoncé vouloir développer la participation dans son discours de politique générale."},{"_id":"JKKKMVHXQNH6FNRLWYBB5ALVWA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811680440},"type":"text","content":"Ces parlementaires mentionnent également la volonté d’Emmanuel Macron, avec <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/france/2018/06/17/avec-la-loi-pacte-le-maire-reforme-l-entreprise-en-laissant-les-salaries-de-cote_1659897/?redirected=1\" target=\"_blank\">la loi Pacte adoptée lors de la précédente mandature</a>, qui ambitionnait de porter l’actionnariat salarié à 10 % du capital des grandes entreprises. Selon eux, l’Etat est censé montrer l’exemple via ses entreprises publiques. <i>«Alors que l’entreprise se redresse, il serait injuste de les laisser à l’écart de ce mécanisme de partage de la valeur auquel ils sont tant attachés»</i>, relèvent aussi les sénateurs. Qui ont un autre argument à faire valoir : l’opération rapporterait 700 millions d’euros aux finances publiques."},{"_id":"CPKBURZPNVC6HMTRL5ZVP6NBA4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810245975},"type":"text","content":"Alors pourquoi dire non à cette mesure de justice comme l’a encore fait le ministre du Budget et des Comptes publics Laurent Saint-Martin ce jeudi au Sénat, estimant que les salariés d’EDF n’auraient pas les moyens de racheter 2 % du capital alors que l’épargne salariale abondée par l’entreprise est précisément faite pour les y aider ? Battu au Sénat et à l’Assemblée, le gouvernement compte maintenant sur la commission mixte paritaire pour défaire ce qu’a voté le Parlement. <i> «L’Etat n’aime pas se dédire et Bercy veut avoir les mains totalement libres pour piloter le chantier du nouveau nucléaire voulu par Emmanuel Macron», </i>explique l’avocat qui défend les intérêts des actionnaires salariés d’EDF. Ce jeudi, <i>les Echos </i>révélaient d’ailleurs que devant le dérapage annoncé du coût des six premiers EPR de 50 à près de 70 milliards d’euros, l’exécutif envisageait comme financement <a href=\"https://www.lesechos.fr/industrie-services/energie-environnement/edf-vers-un-pret-de-letat-a-taux-zero-pour-enclencher-la-relance-du-nucleaire-2134327\" target=\"_blank\">un prêt à taux zéro</a> qu’EDF remboursera… quand il pourra."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Ce jeudi 28 novembre, les sénateurs ont voté un amendement prévoyant de restituer 2 % du capital de leur entreprise aux salariés d’EDF «spoliés» par la nationalisation. Une mesure que refuse l’exécutif, qui veut garder les mains libres pour piloter le chantier des centrales EPR."},"description":{"basic":"Ce jeudi 28 novembre, les sénateurs ont voté un amendement prévoyant de restituer 2 % du capital de leur entreprise aux salariés d’EDF «spoliés» par la nationalisation. 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ne rater aucun billet de Jean-Christophe Féraud, inscrivez-vous aux </b></i><a href=\"https://offre.liberation.fr/chroniqueurs-de-libe\"><i><b>newsletters de nos chroniqueurs</b></i></a>"},{"_id":"27P6S6H5PRFLBB3OCOQFKKYU3M","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732793573723},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Y a-t-il des adultes dans la salle ?» </i>: on repense ces jours-ci au livre de Yánis Varoufákis (2017, Les liens qui libèrent) dans lequel l’ancien ministre grec de l’Economie du gouvernement d’Aléxis Tsípras racontait avec quelle arrogance l’ancienne patronne du FMI Christine Lagarde l’avait comparé à un enfant parce qu’il refusait, en l’état, le très brutal plan d’austérité imposé à son pays en 2015 par la «troïka» (Commission européenne, Banque centrale européenne et Fonds monétaire international) : âge de départ à la retraite reporté à 67 ans, baisse des salaires et des retraites des fonctionnaires, hausse de la TVA, etc. Cet épisode dit tout de la manière dont l’Europe libérale a tout fait à l’époque pour imposer son diktat financier à la démocratie la plus ancienne du monde."},{"level":2,"_id":"QTGQREIANFDL7NAJ4TK52YK3E4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810129665},"type":"header","content":"De bonne guerre"},{"_id":"X4Z5TBCJTRE2BP3WEKNVNYV5RI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732793573724},"type":"text","content":"Comment ne pas voir aujourd’hui le même paternalisme dans la façon dont le gouvernement Barnier et les tenants de l’orthodoxie libérale qui le soutiennent, menacent la France de vivre ce qui a été infligé à la Grèce il y a presque dix ans ? Le message à nos concitoyens est le suivant : la perte de souveraineté et l’austérité, la vraie, c’est ce qui arrivera si vos députés censurent Michel Barnier après le 49.3 qu’il devra dégainer pour faire passer en force son projet de loi de financement de la sécurité sociale (PLFSS). Opposée à ce PLFSS qui prévoit <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/de-la-non-indexation-des-retraites-a-la-taxation-des-hauts-revenus-le-budget-au-coeur-dun-grand-marchandage-20241119_TOZ3FH3X5VDY5CC2BFYOH3EMWE/\" target=\"_blank\">de nouvelles économies sur le dos des assurés sociaux</a>, la gauche pourrait effectivement faire tomber le Premier ministre si le RN vote la motion de censure qu’elle compte déposer. Ce qui aurait pour effet immédiat de rendre caduc <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/budget-2025-le-gouvernement-prevoit-un-effort-de-60-milliards-deuros-20241002_HJBHQ4HOYRAHVCWBJYKR2E2DLI/$/\" target=\"_blank\">le projet de budget à 60 milliards d’économies</a> péniblement préparé par le gouvernement pour ramener le déficit du pays de 6,1 à 5 % du PIB en 2025…"},{"_id":"EHU4EP576ZGFNLW2DVJMAGZNVU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732793573725},"type":"text","content":"De quoi entraîner la France dans une sorte de <i>«tragédie grecque des temps modernes» </i>(l’expression est <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/cinema/2019/11/05/adults-in-the-room-la-dette-sur-le-billot_1761778/?redirected=1\" target=\"_blank\">de Costa-Gavras</a>, auteur du film <i>Adults in the room</i>) ? <i>«S’il y a une alliance dans les votes […] entre les voix de monsieur Mélenchon, de l’extrême gauche LFI et les voix de Mme Le Pen […] le gouvernement s’arrête, il n’y a plus de budget»,</i> <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/sur-tf1-michel-barnier-menace-predit-une-tempete-assez-grave-en-cas-de-censure-20241126_NPVCNGAR55F7HDA5STG3BJK5MA/\" target=\"_blank\">a prédit Michel Barnier mardi 26 novembre sur TF1</a> en agitant le spectre d’une <i>«tempête» </i>et de <i>«turbulences graves sur les marchés financiers». </i>Et de rappeler que la France emprunte déjà sur les marchés <i>«presqu’au niveau de la Grèce»</i>. Cette comparaison est fallacieuse. La France, deuxième économie de la zone euro, n’est pas devenue en quelques jours «l’homme malade de l’Europe» : la dette pèse 112 % du PIB chez nous, pas 160 % comme en Grèce. Et si les taux d’intérêt français et grecs à dix ans se sont rejoints ces derniers jours à 3 %, on est bien loin de l’usure des 36 % imposée à Athènes en pleine crise ! Autant dire Barnier dramatise sciemment pour tenter d’échapper la censure. On n’en fera pas le reproche à un vieux briscard à court de munitions : c’est de bonne guerre. Plus étonnant est d’entendre son ministre de l’Economie, Antoine Armand, faire la leçon aux élus comme il l’a fait ce jeudi matin au micro de BFMTV :<i> «Ce n’est pas parce qu’on n’est pas d’accord avec une politique qu’on met un pays dans le rouge […], qu’on plonge le pays dans l’inconnu budgétaire et financier.»</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"DGWNGBT22FBHJK7MRTNXFMT4MA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732794616891},"type":"header","content":"Démocratie ou «main invisible du marché» ?"},{"_id":"YWD4IRXFMFHKVGXTHOA52FSJHI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732793573726},"type":"text","content":"Mais à qui revient la faute si la dette du pays s’est creusée de plus de 800 milliards d’euros depuis l’arrivée d’Emmanuel Macron à l’Elysée en 2017, a-t-on envie de demander à ce fidèle du Président qui a succédé à Bercy à un Bruno Le Maire qui n’est pas pour rien dans le dérapage budgétaire. L’objectif est bien de faire peur aux Français en les menaçant de la même punition que les Grecs il y a dix ans. C’est tout le sens de la dramatisation opérée par le gouvernement et dans son sillage par tous les «toutologues» de plateau et une partie de la presse libérale : c’est le journal patronal <i>les Echos </i>qui fait sa une ce jeudi sur le thème <i>«Taux : la France au même niveau que la Grèce»,</i> c’est <i>Le Figaro</i> titrant de concert <i>«Budget, retraites, censure : les marchés en état d’alerte», </i>et toutes les chaînes d’info en boucle sur le sujet…"},{"_id":"2NJBTYHJFJDJZBPOSTXCEPLDKE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732793573727},"type":"text","content":"Non décidément, cette comparaison avec la Grèce, paria de l’Europe il y a dix ans, n’a rien d’anodine. Surtout à la veille d’un verdict de l’agence Standard and Poor’s qui doit décider de dégrader ou non la note financière de la France, ce qui aurait pour effet de renchérir encore les taux d’intérêt de sa dette de 3 300 milliards d’euros. Mais au fait, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/et-si-on-notait-les-agences-de-notation-les-moodys-et-sp-ont-aussi-une-dette-a-notre-egard-20240425_4SEGG7XLTBAJPADQ3ZBSNDN4W4/\" target=\"_blank\">qui note les agences de notation</a>, d’où tirent-elles leur légitimité à décerner des bons ou des mauvais points à des Etats souverains ? Bonne question à laquelle les fanatiques de l’orthodoxie budgétaire ne répondront pas plus. On a juste envie de leur dire, arrêtez de chercher à nous faire peur ! Cela n’exclut pas des efforts budgétaires mais nous sommes toujours en mesure de financer la dette, reconnaissent tous les experts. <i>«La France ce n’est pas la Grèce»,</i> a d’ailleurs du rétropédaler Antoine Armand sur BFM. Le mieux dans cette histoire serait donc de laisser le Parlement décider seul s’il censure ou non le gouvernement. Car jusqu’à preuve du contraire, la démocratie n’est pas censée obéir à la «main invisible du marché»."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"A la veille d’un verdict de l’agence de notation Standard and Poor’s, le gouvernement et certains médias n’hésitent pas à comparer la situation de la France à celle de la Grèce en crise d’il y a dix ans. Une dramatisation qui n’a d’autre objet que de soutenir une politique d’austérité."},"description":{"basic":"A la veille d’un verdict de l’agence de notation Standard and Poor’s, le gouvernement et certains médias n’hésitent pas à comparer la situation de la France à celle de la Grèce en crise d’il y a dix ans."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/economie","parent_id":"/","name":"Economie","description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité économique et financière en France et à l'international : conjoncture, économie numérique, médias, social, transports...","_id":"/economie","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/","default":"/","footer":null,"accueil-tag-block":null,"burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité économique et 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CP que ça commence à dérailler. Alors qu’en maternelle et à l’entrée au CP, les filles sont aussi bonnes voire légèrement meilleures en mathématiques que les garçons, elles décrochent ensuite durablement, quelles que soient leur catégorie sociale ou la configuration familiale. C’est particulièrement le cas des plus performantes en entrant à l’école primaire. Cela se confirme ensuite tout au long de leur parcours scolaire. Arrivées au lycée, elles délaissent les filières scientifiques du bac, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/education/la-reforme-blanquer-a-provoque-une-chute-de-la-presence-des-filles-en-filiere-scientifique-20240315_O32DKDAI7BDHNDP5COF7U43QYI/\">et la réforme Blanquer</a> n’a rien arrangé. Elles sont ensuite sous-représentées en prépa et dans les écoles d’ingénieurs (40% et 30% des effectifs), puis <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/droits-des-femmes/carrieres-scientifiques-les-femmes-sous-representees-et-toujours-confrontees-aux-stereotypes-de-genre-20240923_6L6C6R7JAZGSRJLZRGBLYNR2QI/?redirected=1\">dans les carrières scientifiques</a>. La plus grande réussite des filles, la féminisation de l’enseignement général et supérieur – les femmes représentent 60% des diplômés du supérieur –, n’a pas gommé ces différences genrées dans l’orientation."},{"owner":{"sponsored":false,"id":"liberation"},"address":{},"syndication":{},"auth":{"1":"5b0695d870b5e2db5ee26d0d55f37e6dcb278bf2f75ad8bf6b687e241331797d"},"caption":"","source":{"system":"photo center","edit_url":"","additional_properties":{"editor":"photo center"}},"taxonomy":{"associated_tasks":[]},"type":"image","version":"0.10.9","url":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/JAGDNG6WUFB7LHVQVJOD5U7TOM.png","geo":{},"licensable":false,"credits":{"by":[{"image":{"version":"0.5.8","url":""},"socialLinks":[{"site":"email","deprecated":true,"deprecation_msg":"Please use social_links.","url":"a.clair@liberation.fr"}],"social_links":[{"site":"email","url":"a.clair@liberation.fr"}],"name":"Alice Clair","description":"","_id":"Alice 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(voir ci-contre),"}],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-28T14:05:51.783Z","start":292,"end":307,"text":"pour le print","user":"Anne-Sophie LECHEVALLIER","email":"a.lechevallier@liberation.fr"},{"date":"2024-11-28T14:06:24.672Z","start":138,"end":291,"text":"à ne mettre que sur le web","user":"Anne-Sophie LECHEVALLIER","email":"a.lechevallier@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1732802870271},"type":"text","content":"Ces constats, dressés par plusieurs études fondées notamment sur les évaluations nationales et internationales, sont repris dans une note <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/la-penalite-parentalite-grande-coupable-des-inegalites-hommes-femmes-20241128_LA75BJNESFE4FOBVPIVJ2MMXFA/\" target=\"_blank\">publiée ce jeudi 28 novembre </a>par le Conseil d’analyse économique et intitulée : <i>«Egalité hommes-femmes, une question d’équité et un impératif économique» </i>qui y voit <i>«la première brique des inégalités de genre en matière salariale», </i>notamment parce que les rémunérations sont plus élevées dans les filières de sciences et techniques que dans les filières littéraires."},{"level":2,"_id":"F2BN2E7HPJBMJBY5B6AKJETPAU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"header","content":"Biais de genre dans l’enseignement"},{"_id":"2PUGZ65CRRFM5NHIHT75WSS7HE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732802870272},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Il est préoccupant que les inégalités de genre en sciences apparaissent au moment de l’entrée à l’école primaire et soient plus prononcées en France que chez certains de ses voisins», </i>remarquent les économistes. En s’appuyant sur des études israéliennes et italiennes menées sur le sujet, ils insistent sur les biais de genre dans l’enseignement des maths : <i>«Le comportement des enseignants aux premiers stades de la scolarité a un impact significatif et durable sur les performances des filles et des garçons à court terme, et sur leurs aspirations à long terme.»</i> Ils appellent à <i>«une prise de conscience des stéréotypes de genre dans l’enseignement des mathématiques et de la mise en place de stratégies éducatives visant à les déconstruire, afin de permettre à chaque enfant de développer son plein potentiel, indépendamment de son genre»</i>. Des expériences menées à l’étranger ont montré que ce n’était pas une fatalité, souligne Camille Landais, le président du CAE : <i>«Quand vous rendez lisibles ces stéréotypes aux enseignants, ils peuvent améliorer cet aspect. De même, l’exposition à des modèles féminins peut jouer un rôle positif.»</i> Les débats de ces derniers jours sur les projets de programmes sur l’éducation à la sexualité, visant notamment à s’attaquer à ces stéréotypes à l’école, laissent penser que le chemin est encore long."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Alors que les inégalités en matière d’éducation ont presque disparu, les disparités dans les choix d’orientation sont vivaces, au détriment des matières scientifiques."},"description":{"basic":"Alors que les inégalités en matière d’éducation ont presque disparu, les disparités dans les choix d’orientation sont vivaces, au détriment des matières scientifiques."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/economie","parent_id":"/","name":"Economie","description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité économique et financière en France et à l'international : conjoncture, économie numérique, médias, social, 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retraites ; redresser la productivité ; repeupler les déserts médicaux ; enrayer la chute de la natalité… Tant de sujets sur lesquels butent les politiques publiques. 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Ces chercheurs, travaillant respectivement à la Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), à la London School of Economics (LSE) au Royaume-Uni, et au Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) aux Etats-Unis, y dressent l’état des savoirs sur le sujet."},{"level":2,"_id":"UBFIQ6ZXRZD5LHL3UIPZLEPCJI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732807261632},"type":"header","content":"Le mouvement de réduction des inégalités de revenus quasi interrompu"},{"_id":"WKPTPNOJYVH5NK7JAPXMJ6BTXA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732800541614},"type":"text","content":"S’il ne semble pas superflu d’ajouter des arguments à la liste déjà longue en faveur de l’égalité réelle entre les femmes et les hommes, c’est qu’on est encore loin de l’atteindre. Le grand mouvement de réduction des inégalités des revenus du travail entre les hommes et les femmes, favorisé par la progression du taux de formation et du taux d’activité des secondes, s’est, depuis quinze ans, quasiment interrompu. <i>«Les progrès ont pour l’essentiel été réalisés entre 1990 et 2010 (-15 points de pourcentage) et se sont considérablement ralentis depuis. L’écart n’a baissé que de cinq points de pourcentage entre 2010 et 2020»</i>, notent les économistes, chiffrant cet écart à 30 % en 2020. Cinq points de plus que le pourcentage calculé par l’Insee, car ils incluent les personnes qui ne sont pas en emploi. Un écart majeur que l’économie française paie au centuple : <i>«Ces revenus représentant plus de deux tiers du PIB»</i>, cela <i>«correspond à un coût économique qui se chiffre en une dizaine de points de PIB».</i>"},{"owner":{"sponsored":false,"id":"liberation"},"address":{},"syndication":{},"auth":{"1":"818637e95cbc4ec1c65fcbfc95f1a3f8069eb9db305164abb05d340f4517e2e6"},"caption":"","source":{"system":"photo center","edit_url":"","additional_properties":{"editor":"photo center"}},"taxonomy":{"associated_tasks":[]},"type":"image","version":"0.10.9","url":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/NVA3OPOPD5FT5KHELIGJXOHQOU.png","geo":{},"licensable":false,"credits":{"by":[{"image":{"version":"0.5.8","url":""},"socialLinks":[{"site":"email","deprecated":true,"deprecation_msg":"Please use social_links.","url":"a.clair@liberation.fr"}],"social_links":[{"site":"email","url":"a.clair@liberation.fr"}],"name":"Alice Clair","description":"","_id":"Alice Clair","additional_properties":{"original":{"lastName":"Clair","image":"","education":[],"longBio":"","native_app_rendering":false,"fuzzy_match":false,"affiliations":"","bio":"","firstName":"Alice","books":[],"podcasts":[],"contributor":false,"awards":[],"_id":"Alice Clair","bio_page":"","last_updated_date":"2021-04-15T14:38:25.462Z","byline":"Alice Clair","email":"a.clair@liberation.fr","slug":"alice-clair","status":true}},"type":"author","version":"0.5.8","url":"","slug":"alice-clair"}]},"subtitle":"Infographie : Plus un domaine est féminisé, plus les salaires sont bas","width":1800,"_id":"NVA3OPOPD5FT5KHELIGJXOHQOU","additional_properties":{"fullSizeResizeUrl":"/resizer/PE_Wb8XKh0xA9MeuIoL2UoB-8xM=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/NVA3OPOPD5FT5KHELIGJXOHQOU.png","owner":"a.clair@liberation.fr","comments":[],"keywords":[],"proxyUrl":"/resizer/PE_Wb8XKh0xA9MeuIoL2UoB-8xM=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/NVA3OPOPD5FT5KHELIGJXOHQOU.png","originalUrl":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/NVA3OPOPD5FT5KHELIGJXOHQOU.png","published":true,"resizeUrl":"/resizer/PE_Wb8XKh0xA9MeuIoL2UoB-8xM=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/NVA3OPOPD5FT5KHELIGJXOHQOU.png","ingestionMethod":"manual","thumbnailResizeUrl":"/resizer/Z7Ex5x6T4hTHxBBaAIdbaiqCerk=/300x0/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/NVA3OPOPD5FT5KHELIGJXOHQOU.png","version":1,"originalName":"LIB-2024-11-28-Inegalite-FH-Etudes-Salaires-2.png","mime_type":"image/png","restricted":false,"template_id":183,"galleries":[],"_id":"LJ2LK43QHVGVXJTBA3QCXNACOI"},"created_date":"2024-11-28T15:19:55Z","last_updated_date":"2024-11-28T15:20:10Z","height":1800,"image_type":"graphic","resized_params":[{"url":"resizer/PgSFZlQ2jP5T-KrBGNe60TNhfOw=/84x56/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/NVA3OPOPD5FT5KHELIGJXOHQOU.png","width":84,"height":56},{"url":"resizer/dvj3hJGAifF7qmRdhJjoLVCQI-4=/105x70/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/NVA3OPOPD5FT5KHELIGJXOHQOU.png","width":105,"height":70},{"url":"resizer/Fz2mc4CUnqMRHvPEvibEwdMBpqE=/158x105/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/NVA3OPOPD5FT5KHELIGJXOHQOU.png","width":158,"height":105},{"url":"resizer/ZwtaLle_xou0ehh7yg0JMZysyi8=/274x183/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/NVA3OPOPD5FT5KHELIGJXOHQOU.png","width":274,"height":183},{"url":"resizer/twj9J2QMVGKRd-to39EIeQ2jHf0=/377x251/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/NVA3OPOPD5FT5KHELIGJXOHQOU.png","width":377,"height":251},{"url":"resizer/w0DkvioSxpb5GkosMpA-bs0I4ic=/400x267/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/NVA3OPOPD5FT5KHELIGJXOHQOU.png","width":400,"height":267},{"url":"resizer/sUbW7TTK2YIkYJm9iaW6yCOh6zM=/600x400/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/NVA3OPOPD5FT5KHELIGJXOHQOU.png","width":600,"height":400},{"url":"resizer/EbQxNkbpsvzTTWKYZ5xSry6D9MU=/768x512/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/NVA3OPOPD5FT5KHELIGJXOHQOU.png","width":768,"height":512},{"url":"resizer/Ew9yGhe6QxQdKKs46YI8q5ksuuM=/800x533/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/NVA3OPOPD5FT5KHELIGJXOHQOU.png","width":800,"height":533},{"url":"resizer/_pJIUS5PgVTv2GbnWj6pQu7M3s8=/1024x683/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/NVA3OPOPD5FT5KHELIGJXOHQOU.png","width":1024,"height":683},{"url":"resizer/_OF2L7pgoLMBzaG-lfThwbQoDSQ=/1200x800/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/NVA3OPOPD5FT5KHELIGJXOHQOU.png","width":1200,"height":800},{"url":"resizer/9xOGznctQuqrffNQq6N3RkQ8omo=/1440x960/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/NVA3OPOPD5FT5KHELIGJXOHQOU.png","width":1440,"height":960},{"url":"resizer/bDLX1o3frkb2whDPjQudTgPqehc=/1600x1067/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/NVA3OPOPD5FT5KHELIGJXOHQOU.png","width":1600,"height":1067}]},{"_id":"DN42IEQOH5D6BHJSFSSGT53TEI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810400027},"type":"text","content":"Cette inégalité persistante s’explique par le fait que les femmes participent toujours moins au marché du travail que les hommes, qu’elles sont plus fréquemment à temps partiel pendant des carrières souvent interrompues, et que même à responsabilités et durées de travail égales, elles subissent des écarts salariaux. Tous ces facteurs n’ont pas le même poids. La première responsable, qui explique près de 90 % de l’écart constaté en 2020, les économistes l’ont baptisée <i>«pénalité parentalité».</i> Trente ans plus tôt, elle jouait déjà un rôle majeur, mais elle n’expliquait que la moitié de l’écart, qui était alors de 50 %. <i>«L’écart moyen de revenu du travail a diminué fortement depuis 1990, alors que la pénalité induite par l’arrivée des enfants est restée globalement stable»</i>, constatent les trois économistes et cette pénalité vaut aussi lorsque les enfants sont adoptés. Leurs constats résonnent avec ceux dressés dans de nombreuses autres études, dont celle menée pour la première fois auprès des femmes cadres par l’Association de l’emploi des cadres (Apec) et <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/droits-des-femmes/dun-point-de-vue-professionnel-jai-regrette-davoir-ete-enceinte-les-femmes-cadres-paient-le-prix-fort-20240208_RCRSOFHZJBFVZKRN6BPKO43R7Y/\">publiée en février</a>, où plus des trois quarts de celles devenues mères ces dix dernières années estiment qu’une femme qui a eu des enfants est freinée dans son évolution professionnelle."},{"level":2,"_id":"G2TNX6T2EFHQFOE4SQBDCLZFB4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732802260907},"type":"header","content":"Des «ajustements durables» après la naissance"},{"_id":"YZKNDIWMEZFQVFDI7B7BIAXRCA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732800541616},"type":"text","content":"A l’arrivée des enfants, les femmes sont, en effet, les seules du couple à subir un préjudice sur leurs revenus du travail, qui chutent, avant de se stabiliser à un niveau bas. Dans les dix années suivant la naissance de leur premier enfant, elles voient leurs revenus du travail diminuer de près de 38 % (par rapport à une situation contrefactuelle où elles n’auraient pas eu d’enfants). Pendant ce temps-là, <i>«le revenu moyen des hommes n’est pratiquement pas affecté par la parentalité»</i>, observent les économistes. Mais pourquoi, alors que les femmes au foyer sont de plus en plus rares ? C’est, avancent les chercheurs, <i>«le fruit d’ajustements durables faits par les mères sur toutes les marges de leur offre de travail» </i>: une baisse du nombre d’heures travaillées, le choix d’un emploi plus flexible sur les horaires et moins exigeant en matière d’engagement, plus près de leur domicile… Autant de choix qui entraînent une baisse relative de leur salaire horaire."},{"owner":{"sponsored":false,"id":"liberation"},"address":{},"syndication":{},"auth":{"1":"73c12b463c525967b8d74b94c0c659e9bc440a339c6523a84f0d1e714ea3962f"},"caption":"","source":{"system":"photo center","edit_url":"","additional_properties":{"editor":"photo center"}},"taxonomy":{"associated_tasks":[]},"type":"image","version":"0.10.9","url":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RFSH4UF3PVFWVMHBKYRKGPQJ64.png","geo":{},"licensable":false,"credits":{"by":[{"image":{"version":"0.5.8","url":""},"socialLinks":[{"site":"email","deprecated":true,"deprecation_msg":"Please use social_links.","url":"a.clair@liberation.fr"}],"social_links":[{"site":"email","url":"a.clair@liberation.fr"}],"name":"Alice Clair","description":"","_id":"Alice Clair","additional_properties":{"original":{"lastName":"Clair","image":"","education":[],"longBio":"","native_app_rendering":false,"fuzzy_match":false,"affiliations":"","bio":"","firstName":"Alice","books":[],"podcasts":[],"contributor":false,"awards":[],"_id":"Alice Clair","bio_page":"","last_updated_date":"2021-04-15T14:38:25.462Z","byline":"Alice Clair","email":"a.clair@liberation.fr","slug":"alice-clair","status":true}},"type":"author","version":"0.5.8","url":"","slug":"alice-clair"}]},"subtitle":"Infographie : L’écart de revenus se creuse au premier enfant","width":1800,"_id":"RFSH4UF3PVFWVMHBKYRKGPQJ64","additional_properties":{"fullSizeResizeUrl":"/resizer/n8rn17fS3LEm-K9yHkrd2UiLqd8=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/RFSH4UF3PVFWVMHBKYRKGPQJ64.png","owner":"a.clair@liberation.fr","comments":[],"keywords":[],"proxyUrl":"/resizer/n8rn17fS3LEm-K9yHkrd2UiLqd8=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/RFSH4UF3PVFWVMHBKYRKGPQJ64.png","originalUrl":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RFSH4UF3PVFWVMHBKYRKGPQJ64.png","published":true,"resizeUrl":"/resizer/n8rn17fS3LEm-K9yHkrd2UiLqd8=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/RFSH4UF3PVFWVMHBKYRKGPQJ64.png","ingestionMethod":"manual","thumbnailResizeUrl":"/resizer/NBeMfh2qneYc5C9e0OVBXVnA0qg=/300x0/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/RFSH4UF3PVFWVMHBKYRKGPQJ64.png","version":1,"originalName":"LIB-2024-11-28-Inegalite-FH-Etudes-Salaires-4.png","mime_type":"image/png","restricted":false,"template_id":183,"galleries":[],"_id":"3C5I32C2OVHJTDPN7ASVIGB7CU"},"created_date":"2024-11-28T15:19:55Z","last_updated_date":"2024-11-28T15:20:26Z","height":1800,"image_type":"graphic","resized_params":[{"url":"resizer/UOUEg9zieNNT1x5Hl-3nQ210zBo=/84x56/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RFSH4UF3PVFWVMHBKYRKGPQJ64.png","width":84,"height":56},{"url":"resizer/XkTJEsbEnO4L44SrZGGHQsTdlMg=/105x70/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RFSH4UF3PVFWVMHBKYRKGPQJ64.png","width":105,"height":70},{"url":"resizer/1Piyhh_atyv1rcBWhVPIbdrCEcs=/158x105/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RFSH4UF3PVFWVMHBKYRKGPQJ64.png","width":158,"height":105},{"url":"resizer/salzmQzF1li4u7LobMzZhxkpvNI=/274x183/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RFSH4UF3PVFWVMHBKYRKGPQJ64.png","width":274,"height":183},{"url":"resizer/NpuVGPJwdZ7C0cD4kdzU6aZ7EMg=/377x251/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RFSH4UF3PVFWVMHBKYRKGPQJ64.png","width":377,"height":251},{"url":"resizer/_Lii6JBgLs7T8Drtt4n03CBAHXQ=/400x267/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RFSH4UF3PVFWVMHBKYRKGPQJ64.png","width":400,"height":267},{"url":"resizer/YNSZgoZhVjXIdvUfqqWMjQkdOkE=/600x400/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RFSH4UF3PVFWVMHBKYRKGPQJ64.png","width":600,"height":400},{"url":"resizer/Zvu1R4YGQum0X1VUPuZSMuN3hIM=/768x512/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RFSH4UF3PVFWVMHBKYRKGPQJ64.png","width":768,"height":512},{"url":"resizer/NGmO5uoZI_OFoWrZmsC-GgkBmRw=/800x533/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RFSH4UF3PVFWVMHBKYRKGPQJ64.png","width":800,"height":533},{"url":"resizer/Hdw_vD-ZDLopJkjvXLbdBuoImBE=/1024x683/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RFSH4UF3PVFWVMHBKYRKGPQJ64.png","width":1024,"height":683},{"url":"resizer/1iK3quvp7lh__xviPjrMTglSnAk=/1200x800/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RFSH4UF3PVFWVMHBKYRKGPQJ64.png","width":1200,"height":800},{"url":"resizer/gSCxWmQKINk_CDcRo4KJoW-42s0=/1440x960/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RFSH4UF3PVFWVMHBKYRKGPQJ64.png","width":1440,"height":960},{"url":"resizer/iF4MmuyShAaysJKXKrIGvM-IYIY=/1600x1067/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RFSH4UF3PVFWVMHBKYRKGPQJ64.png","width":1600,"height":1067}]},{"_id":"BRPGVPYWGZDZNPXHZ2ED6NMFTY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732800541617},"type":"text","content":"Ce sont les mères, en tout cas, qui bouleversent leur vie professionnelle, et ce n’est pas l’aboutissement d’un raisonnement économique. <i>«On pourrait penser que les couples qui viennent d’avoir un enfant donnent la priorité au travail rémunéré du parent dont les revenus sont les plus élevés», </i>explique la note. Or, quand elles sont mieux payées que leur conjoint ou qu’elles ont des perspectives de carrière plus prometteuses, le <i>«préjudice [est] équivalent à celui des femmes dont des revenus du travail étaient inférieurs à ceux de leur conjoint avant la naissance des enfants»</i>. Les coupables sont plutôt <i>«les stéréotypes de genre et les normes sociales relatives à l’organisation de la famille»</i>. Les comparaisons montrent que les pays où la proportion de personnes à approuver la phrase <i>«quand la mère travaille, les enfants en souffrent»</i> sont aussi ceux où la «pénalité parentalité» est la plus conséquente, et inversement. La France se situe dans la moyenne de l’OCDE avec près de 30 % des hommes et 25 % des femmes à adhérer à cette phrase, bien moins que le Japon ou l’Allemagne, mais aussi bien plus que les pays scandinaves (le taux de réponse positive est de 5 % au Danemark)."},{"_id":"IOXXLIHVHRCNFEFNMGGYUNXQDU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732800541618},"type":"text","content":"Ces inégalités mettent à mal le désir d’enfants et donc la natalité, alors que la baisse de la fécondité devient préoccupante – le nombre de naissances a accusé un recul historique de 6,6 % l’an dernier en France. L’annonce de la statistique avait d’ailleurs <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/rearmement-demographique-emmanuel-macron-sur-de-fausses-pistes-20240117_AMEU5X5A4RHJ7J4DVWP25SZWCQ/\">conduit le chef de l’Etat à annoncer en janvier un <i>«réarmement démographique</i></a><i>»</i>, resté sans suite. Les économistes en concluent qu’<i>«à rebours de beaucoup de politiques natalistes, la stabilisation des taux de fécondité passe donc par le travail des femmes et une meilleure répartition des tâches domestiques et du temps dédié aux enfants au sein des couples».</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"MB4E2BHVNFHHXK7LLBHKG5OCMA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732800541619},"type":"header","content":"Défavorisées aussi au travail"},{"_id":"6253SQKGAZGDFLVQXYV2B44AVA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732802260912},"type":"text","content":"Même lorsqu’il n’est pas question de maternité, à temps de travail égal et à qualification égale, les femmes restent défavorisées non seulement en matière de rémunération, mais aussi sur le contenu de leur travail. Des études économiques attestent <i>«qu’à postes égaux, les femmes effectuent moins de tâches intellectuelles et ont moins souvent des fonctions de supervision de projets et de coordination des équipes»</i> que leurs collègues hommes. Certains arguments longtemps avancés pour expliquer la différence salariale sont battus en brèche. Les femmes auraient moins confiance en elles et oseraient moins s’imposer ? <i>«En réalité, ces traits de caractère sont peu genrés, la littérature à ce sujet est fausse»</i>, relève Camille Landais. Il s’agirait plutôt du résultat d’une asymétrie d’informations : <i>«Communiquer aux femmes le montant des demandes de salaire formulées par des hommes semblables à elles permet de réduire à zéro les écarts de prétention salariale»</i>."},{"owner":{"sponsored":false,"id":"liberation"},"address":{},"syndication":{},"auth":{"1":"af3c079b7ca4bae94957d81ab30de60b688aed572ca9fd2f64b15f98de889e60"},"caption":"","source":{"system":"photo center","edit_url":"","additional_properties":{"editor":"photo center"}},"taxonomy":{"associated_tasks":[]},"type":"image","version":"0.10.9","url":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/S5AWBWJXVBBDNM5PHFBJZVQ6GI.png","geo":{},"licensable":false,"credits":{"by":[{"image":{"version":"0.5.8","url":""},"socialLinks":[{"site":"email","deprecated":true,"deprecation_msg":"Please use social_links.","url":"a.clair@liberation.fr"}],"social_links":[{"site":"email","url":"a.clair@liberation.fr"}],"name":"Alice 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mesures pour renforcer la transparence ont été prises, sans grand effet, comme l’avait déjà constaté la <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/droits-des-femmes/grande-cause-la-cour-des-comptes-etrille-la-politique-egalite-femmes-hommes-sous-emmanuel-macron-20230914_HSGAIBUIPFDHHAJ7R7IY777NZY/?redirected=1\">Cour des comptes l’an dernier dans un rapport critique</a> sur les efforts en faveur de l’égalité, la grande cause du premier quinquennat d’Emmanuel Macron. 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Rhaled, mais l’homme de 56 ans reconnaît <i>«faire bien attention»</i> au <i>«trou dans le budget»</i> car c’est <i>«devenu difficile»</i>. Ce mercredi 27 novembre, il est en repérage dans la petite zone commerciale de Saint-Jeoire-Prieuré, au sud de l’agglomération de Chambéry, parmi les plus pauvres de Savoie. Sur le parking d’un supermarché discount, cet agent d’entretien détaille sa liste pour <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/le-black-friday-loccasion-quand-on-na-pas-trop-dargent-de-se-payer-ce-quon-veut-a-pas-cher-20241127_BPOT73X4DFBS7EQTE6KXN6V6XE/\" target=\"_blank\">d’éventuels rabais à l’occasion du Black Friday</a> : <i>«Les pâtes, le riz, le sucre, la farine, le sel, l’huile, les pommes de terre…»</i> <i>«Tout ce qui est simple»</i> pour pouvoir <i>«mettre de côté les choses»</i>. <i>«Le pain, ma femme le fait à la maison et on congèle les aromates comme l’ail. On stocke aussi beaucoup de thym, du cumin et du paprika si on tombe sur de la bonne qualité, on essaie de minimiser les coûts comme on peut»</i>, explique celui qui gagne 1200 euros par mois. Le décompte est vite fait : <i>«On a 219 euros de loyer à payer, avec les factures, ça va vite, il nous reste autour de 400 euros pour deux et pour la nourriture, on dépense entre 150 et 200 euros par mois.»</i>"},{"_id":"VIGZ3XQ3KFFRREZAYJKFCQHZWM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732727973388},"type":"text","content":"Rhaled <i>«trouve dommage»</i> d’être conditionné par la chasse aux promos dans les grandes surfaces, qu’il s’agisse d’une journée ou du reste de l’année. Il aimerait plus de <i>«justice économique»</i> et d’<i>«autonomie»</i> alimentaire : <i>«Plus les prix augmentent, plus ça nous pousse à nous débrouiller en faisant les choses nous-mêmes, ce n’est peut-être pas si mal. Sinon, on consomme en fermant les yeux alors qu’on pourrait produire plus via notre agriculture et encourager les producteurs plutôt que d’aller se servir dans d’autres pays.»</i>"},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"4IPN42EAFFD7FJZY3PDIBJMMBA","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"SWPEFVA55ZCSPIIAAIQCX6VGWU"},"title":"Billet","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"26NVSEIG3NFXROAWKFIU3HZJVM","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"56N5JQUI7VC7RDAQZ5JSGGLDEA","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Black Friday : non, vous n’avez pas besoin d’un robot laveur de vitres","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/lifestyle/consommation/black-friday-non-vous-navez-pas-besoin-dun-robot-laveur-de-vitres-20241124_LXDUUAYYCNHBLNZ4R3BMJZRBJA/"}]},{"_id":"BPHPZ5UEKZEELJNFB3EDUIVGZA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732726938263},"type":"text","content":"Sur le parking d’à côté, une enseigne de grande distribution classique, Joshua, 24 ans, charge sa voiture. Son souci : la viande. <i>«On prend moins ou pas de viande rouge, la plus chère.»</i> Cet ouvrier intérimaire, qui travaille en 3/8 sur une chaîne d’embouteillage de sirop, n’a pas prévu de faire des réserves aujourd’hui. Mais il est tombé sur un lot de 12 tranches de jambon à prix cassé : <i>«Ça se congèle bien.»</i> Joshua n’est pas sûr de faire des courses à nouveau vendredi. Il ne prend déjà plus que <i>«des pâtes en lot»</i>, <i>«des œufs en plaques»</i>. Son <i>«bon»</i> salaire – près de 2 000 euros net – lui permet de vivre avec sa copine encore étudiante. <i>«On fait attention pour s’accorder des petits plaisirs, comme à Noël.»</i> Récemment, à la caisse d’un discount, il a croisé une collecte de la banque alimentaire : <i>«Je ne suis pas contre, mais déjà que nous, on se prive…»</i>"},{"_id":"CRHMSLY5EVEEJAL74SXXAYU4O4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732726938264},"type":"text","content":"Autre zone périurbaine, mais même faible intérêt pour les promesses publicitaires du Black Friday : Michèle, 65 ans, vit sur une<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/social/au-supermarche-face-a-linflation-aujourdhui-pour-30-euros-vous-navez-plus-rien-20230331_U5FYX34HONHYBFXLN72WVA2Y7Y/&xtor=CS7-51-/?redirected=1\" target=\"_blank\"> colline au-dessus de la Tour-du-Pin</a>, dans le nord de l’Isère. Cette coiffeuse retraitée juge l’opération <i>«pas si intéressante, les différences de prix ne sont pas flagrantes en réalité»</i>. Et ça l’embête de <i>«mettre de l’argent dans des stocks dont on n’a pas forcément besoin, des articles dont [elle ne va] rien faire dans l’immédiat»</i>."},{"_id":"5HSSULOLUFFLNGKS5UK6LZE7GU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732725362972},"type":"text","content":"Michèle boucle son mois avec 1 000 euros, à la suite d’une <i>«très bonne surprise»</i> : un recalcul de sa pension de retraite. <i>«Je touche 63 euros de plus qu’avant, j’ai senti la différence.»</i> Son budget alimentation : 50 euros par semaine. Celle qui regrette que le <i>«bio soit devenu très difficile d’accès»</i> et qui fonctionne <i>«au système D»</i>, fait son pain, comme son potager, ce qui lui permet d’être <i>«autonome à 80 %»</i> en fruits et légumes. Il y a bien certains produits dont elle surveille les prix et qu’elle met de côté, des <i>«matières premières, comme je fais beaucoup de choses moi-même»</i>. Dans ses placards, il y a <i>«toujours du sucre, du lait, de l’huile d’avance»</i>. Et surtout de la farine <i>«qui ne vient pas de l’autre bout de l’Europe»</i> : <i>«Dernièrement, dans un magasin, pour un paquet acheté, le second était à 50 %. Et c’est de la farine d’un moulin local, faite par un artisan.»</i>"}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"En Savoie et en Isère, «Libé» a rencontré des consommateurs de plus en plus attentifs à leurs dépenses alimentaires, et qui ne comptent pas forcément profiter des réductions du dernier vendredi de novembre."},"description":{"basic":"En Savoie et en Isère, «Libé» a rencontré des consommateurs de plus en plus attentifs à leurs dépenses alimentaires, et qui ne comptent pas forcément profiter des réductions du dernier vendredi de novembre."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/economie/conso","parent_id":"/economie","name":"Conso","description":null,"_id":"/economie/conso","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"default":"/economie"},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Conso"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité conso et ses enjeux : derniers articles, analyses et témoignages sur « Libération ». 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Invité ce jeudi 28 novembre de la matinale de BFMTV-RMC, le ministre de l’Economie et des Finances s’est dit disposé à faire <i>«des concessions» </i>sur les textes budgétaires, notamment concernant la taxe sur l’électricité, afin d’éviter la <i>«tempête»</i> économique et financière qu’entraînerait selon lui la <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/budget-2025-le-gouvernement-barnier-entre-dans-une-nouvelle-dissension-20241121_SWTOFCJ6CRGUZA5ZTF24GINVWY/\" target=\"_blank\">chute du gouvernement sans budget</a>."},{"level":2,"_id":"SM4WO5LO4BHGFAKYCDNOKZN24E","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"header","content":"Armand prêt à un «geste», mais «pas à n’importe quel prix»"},{"_id":"VRNLBPBUXRANBIN3DBPPEACNZU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732783146958},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Quelles que soient les différences de valeur qu’on a, on est aujourd’hui face à une situation extrêmement grave pour le pays. </i><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/sur-tf1-michel-barnier-menace-predit-une-tempete-assez-grave-en-cas-de-censure-20241126_NPVCNGAR55F7HDA5STG3BJK5MA/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Le Premier ministre a parlé de tempête.</i></a><i> Ce n’est pas un mot choisi au hasard, c’est un mot qui a une résonance financière, économique et budgétaire, et nous sommes évidemment prêts à des concessions pour éviter cette tempête»</i>, a déclaré Antoine Armand."},{"_id":"RYTNRWUVXZE47KA2OUG4QQ7INM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732783146957},"type":"text","content":"Jugée <i>«inadmissible»</i>, l’augmentation éventuelle de la taxe sur l’électricité est le principal point de discorde agité par le Rassemblement national, qui se dit opposé à tout ce qui entamerait le <i>«pouvoir d’achat des Français». </i>Le parti d’extrême droite<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/elections/censurera-censurera-pas-le-rn-continue-de-cacher-son-jeu-20241127_ESXQ7HSQRRDA5PBC36EFRHJHL4/\" target=\"_blank\"> menace même de voter la censure du gouvernement</a> avec la gauche. Marine Le Pen a donc demandé des <i>«engagements clairs et fermes sur l’abandon des 3 milliards d’euros de hausses du prix de l’électricité [au budget de l’Etat], l’abandon du déremboursement de nouveaux médicaments et de la désindexation des retraites»</i>. Au sujet précis de la taxe sur l’électricité, le ministre s’est dit prêt à un <i>«geste sur l’électricité», </i>mais <i>«pas à n’importe quel prix»</i>, seulement <i>«en cohérence avec le budget que nous portons».</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"FMHFH45XSJGR7BS4FYB62KD5Y4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732785287861},"type":"header","content":"La France en passe de «sauter dans l’inconnu budgétaire»"},{"_id":"KMKXKLPUQVBBLMPUHGGPEUT4XU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732785287862},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Ce que je dis aux partis politiques qui n’ont rien en commun, tout à droite ou tout à gauche de l’hémicycle, c’est [que] ce n’est pas parce qu’on n’a pas un accord avec un gouvernement qu’on affaiblit son pays. Ce n’est pas parce qu’on n’est pas d’accord avec une politique qu’on met un pays dans le rouge. Ce n’est pas parce qu’on n’est pas d’accord avec un Premier ministre et avec un gouvernement qu’on plonge le pays dans l’inconnu budgétaire et financier»</i>, a lancé Antoine Armand."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"XENYWC7LEJEKNGPQQKT2BFHCYI","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"GGQFZ764TFH2NATZKCBIBKJG2I"},"title":"CheckNews","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"RAMGV5UHVJENVAGSLTWLCGQWEI","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"YYBHBCKSQRBOBMSG3ARZ5AKX34","type":"interstitial_link","content":"La France risque-t-elle la paralysie en cas de censure du gouvernement sur le budget ?","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/plus-de-carte-vitale-de-retraites-et-dallocations-chomage-une-censure-sur-le-budget-pourrait-elle-paralyser-le-pays-20241126_X76Q5TYCLZAKHFZXOTYJLVYYKE/"}]},{"_id":"34XYEQNO4NCFHFAFSKJM7GRFRY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732785287864},"type":"text","content":"Si le gouvernement tombe sans qu’un budget ait été voté, <i>«on risque de décrocher comme un avion qui est en altitude et qui à un moment risque de perdre le contrôle. Or, il y a un chemin : ce chemin, c’est ce budget»</i>, a-t-il ajouté, tout en reconnaissant que celui-ci pouvait être amélioré."},{"_id":"53DNWTEGKVFLXLUA7Z7LMCVRII","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732785287865},"type":"text","content":"A l’opposé, <i>«il y a le chemin de l’inconnu, il y a le chemin de la dégradation, il y a le chemin de la dislocation du pays, il y a le chemin du saut dans l’inconnu budgétaire, économique et financier»</i>, a poursuivi le locataire de Bercy, à la veille de la décision de l’agence de notation S & P sur la dette de la France."},{"_id":"F2Y75YLQJJFZTJQXQCG5NBARZM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732785287866},"type":"text","content":"<i><b>Mis à jour à 10h12 </b></i><i>avec de nouvelles déclarations d’Antoine Armand</i>"},{"_id":"MWRIQPYAZFBPNKBCLMUM63FHCY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732785287867},"type":"text","content":"<br/>"}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Le ministre de l’Economie et des Finances a affirmé ce jeudi 28 novembre être prêt à lâcher du lest, notamment concernant la taxe sur l’électricité, pour éviter la chute du gouvernement."},"description":{"basic":"Le ministre de l’Economie et des Finances a affirmé ce jeudi 28 novembre être prêt à lâcher du lest, notamment concernant la taxe sur l’électricité, pour éviter la chute du gouvernement."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/economie","parent_id":"/","name":"Economie","description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité économique et financière en France et à l'international : conjoncture, économie numérique, médias, social, 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2025 : le ministre de l’Economie Antoine Armand prêt à «des concessions» pour éviter une «tempête» à la France"},"websites":{"liberation":{"website_url":"/economie/le-ministre-de-leconomie-antoine-armand-pret-a-des-concessions-pour-eviter-une-tempete-a-la-france-20241128_23FO5OIQFBBM5AWZVWXPXVLV54/","website_section":{"path":"/economie","parent":{"default":"/"},"_website":"liberation","parent_id":"/","name":"Economie","description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité économique et financière en France et à l'international : conjoncture, économie numérique, médias, social, transports...","_id":"/economie","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/","default":"/","footer":null,"accueil-tag-block":null,"burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"social":{"twitter":null,"rss":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null},"site_topper":{"site_logo_image":null},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité économique et financière en France et à l'international : conjoncture, économie numérique, médias, social, transports...","site_title":"Economie : toute l'actualité économique avec Libération","site_tagline":null},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Economie"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/economie/","200001"]},"inactive":false,"node_type":"section","_website":"liberation","name":"Economie","_id":"/economie","ancestors":{"footer2":[],"default":["/"],"footer":[],"accueil-tag-block":[],"burgermenu":["/"],"amp-menu":["/"],"headernav":["/"]},"order":{"footer2":1006,"default":1009,"burgermenu":1013,"amp-menu":1007,"headernav":1010}}},"_website_section_id":"liberation./economie","type":"section","version":"0.6.0"}}},"created_date":"2024-11-28T08:25:37.394Z","publish_date":"2024-11-28T10:18:06.953Z","_id":"23FO5OIQFBBM5AWZVWXPXVLV54","website":"liberation","website_url":"/economie/le-ministre-de-leconomie-antoine-armand-pret-a-des-concessions-pour-eviter-une-tempete-a-la-france-20241128_23FO5OIQFBBM5AWZVWXPXVLV54/"},{"content_elements":[{"_id":"S5UY34H7VFB2LJS4U4MCYZOSGA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732696992463},"type":"text","content":"Sur le papier, ça ne fait aucun sens. On pourrait s’attendre à ce qu’une BD consacrée à Elon Musk, l’homme le plus riche au monde, attise la convoitise des maisons d’édition. Surtout à l’heure où le PDG de Tesla <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/amerique/dans-une-tribune-elon-musk-detaille-son-plan-pour-reduire-de-maniere-radicale-le-role-de-letat-federal-americain-20241120_EMZZB4PAF5FVJGTDRBAFBWSO3E/\" target=\"_blank\">s’apprête à rejoindre l’équipe du président Donald Trump.</a> Et d’autant plus si le livre en question expose les sujets tabous de sa vie : du mariage toxique de ses parents à la mort prématurée de son premier enfant, sans omettre les multiples ratés de ses sociétés."},{"_id":"UHWA47PDLRDJXPBX4QBCWU3EDU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732707282651},"type":"text","content":"On pourrait s’attendre aussi à ce que le nom de l’auteur, Darryl Cunningham, facilite l’accès aux presses des imprimeries. Avec pas moins de sept livres de non-fiction abordant des sujets tels que la crise de 2008 <i>(</i><a href=\"https://www.caetla.fr/L-Ere-de-l-egoisme-comment-le\" target=\"_blank\"><i>L’ère de l’égoïsme</i></a><i>),</i> la vie des ultrariches <i>(</i><a href=\"https://myriadeditions.com/books/billionaires/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Billionaires</i></a><i>)</i> ou celle de Vladimir Poutine (sous-titré<a href=\"https://www.editions-delcourt.fr/bd/series/serie-poutine/album-poutine\" target=\"_blank\"> <i>L’ascension d’un dictateur</i></a>), le dessinateur britannique de 64 ans n’en est pas à son premier coup de crayon. Pourtant, <a href=\"https://www.editions-delcourt.fr/bd/album-elon-musk\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Elon Musk, enquête sur un nouveau maître du monde</i></a> n’a pour l’heure été édité que par une maison : le groupe français Delcourt, qui l’a fait paraître en mai dans l’Hexagone. Depuis, Darryl Cunningham confie à <i>Libé </i>faire l’objet d’une surprenante frilosité de la part des éditeurs américains."},{"owner":{"sponsored":false,"id":"liberation"},"copyright":"Darryl Cunningham","address":{},"auth":{"1":"313c36d2ec0d94da16c85817c041497c1db550aa3ccb9f0062699a3568085016"},"caption":"Une planche issue de la BD «Elon Musk, enquête sur un nouveau maître du monde».","source":{"system":"photo center","edit_url":"","additional_properties":{"editor":"photo center"}},"taxonomy":{},"type":"image","version":"0.10.9","url":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OPSP2KIQJFA7JCW3CA2RUOSHDA.jpg","licensable":false,"credits":{"affiliation":[{"name":"Éditions Delcourt","type":"author"}],"by":[{"name":"Darryl Cunningham","type":"author","byline":"Darryl Cunningham"}]},"subtitle":"","width":607,"_id":"OPSP2KIQJFA7JCW3CA2RUOSHDA","additional_properties":{"fullSizeResizeUrl":"/resizer/vWe1AcbIa68KH4BVQ4rFVovyODw=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/OPSP2KIQJFA7JCW3CA2RUOSHDA.jpg","owner":"n.delmouly@liberation.fr","iptc_source":"Éditions Delcourt","comments":[],"proxyUrl":"/resizer/vWe1AcbIa68KH4BVQ4rFVovyODw=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/OPSP2KIQJFA7JCW3CA2RUOSHDA.jpg","originalUrl":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OPSP2KIQJFA7JCW3CA2RUOSHDA.jpg","published":true,"resizeUrl":"/resizer/vWe1AcbIa68KH4BVQ4rFVovyODw=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/OPSP2KIQJFA7JCW3CA2RUOSHDA.jpg","ingestionMethod":"manual","thumbnailResizeUrl":"/resizer/-q-YGZAb7fuLY9AOcrMA0kzfZqE=/300x0/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/OPSP2KIQJFA7JCW3CA2RUOSHDA.jpg","version":1,"usage_instructions":"PARUTION GRATUITE","originalName":"Capture d’écran 2024-11-27 161252.jpg","mime_type":"image/jpeg","restricted":false,"template_id":183,"galleries":[],"_id":"VBVNGGB33FF5TBM6OD5VSDOR7Q"},"created_date":"2024-11-27T15:16:15Z","last_updated_date":"2024-11-28T08:40:05Z","height":886,"image_type":"photograph","resized_params":[{"url":"resizer/S4aLuedvSrhEZf1-jXrNfirrqo8=/84x56/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OPSP2KIQJFA7JCW3CA2RUOSHDA.jpg","width":84,"height":56},{"url":"resizer/WTdjvujEP3X8qv74Q3iaCC1rKf8=/105x70/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OPSP2KIQJFA7JCW3CA2RUOSHDA.jpg","width":105,"height":70},{"url":"resizer/p-wR-LZbyLvGzCh_yY-5yB_4B0Y=/158x105/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OPSP2KIQJFA7JCW3CA2RUOSHDA.jpg","width":158,"height":105},{"url":"resizer/Ln7swuaxAH410Z_MxkBfsS7BG1U=/274x183/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OPSP2KIQJFA7JCW3CA2RUOSHDA.jpg","width":274,"height":183},{"url":"resizer/PpxDzwOdz9w4ZwU7bjEB_NcYSW4=/377x251/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OPSP2KIQJFA7JCW3CA2RUOSHDA.jpg","width":377,"height":251},{"url":"resizer/ldcZ1dRZnHwlQVAh8T8paWNgbkE=/400x267/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OPSP2KIQJFA7JCW3CA2RUOSHDA.jpg","width":400,"height":267},{"url":"resizer/PXTcd36ZcgUzGSdVDcmz1U0FjsI=/600x400/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OPSP2KIQJFA7JCW3CA2RUOSHDA.jpg","width":600,"height":400},{"url":"resizer/Uhs3SSlvcpL0o914vEwL9XVLdMs=/768x512/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OPSP2KIQJFA7JCW3CA2RUOSHDA.jpg","width":768,"height":512},{"url":"resizer/jokbA-auks1ot6Fulsu0B6yGohE=/800x533/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OPSP2KIQJFA7JCW3CA2RUOSHDA.jpg","width":800,"height":533},{"url":"resizer/2vESP5Sr_3XvhppP2KZkDZ8xEkQ=/1024x683/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OPSP2KIQJFA7JCW3CA2RUOSHDA.jpg","width":1024,"height":683},{"url":"resizer/QDGhgSOp8QKQ7wJvlN-5J9IHCqI=/1200x800/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OPSP2KIQJFA7JCW3CA2RUOSHDA.jpg","width":1200,"height":800},{"url":"resizer/RoYwJrn5vnOuy_8ICe5HKxVZs00=/1440x960/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OPSP2KIQJFA7JCW3CA2RUOSHDA.jpg","width":1440,"height":960},{"url":"resizer/H19YnKnvW74EdXorPxkoPAwY0Wo=/1600x1067/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OPSP2KIQJFA7JCW3CA2RUOSHDA.jpg","width":1600,"height":1067}]},{"_id":"WVBVOT5OJZGM7BXC5PGVWIISY4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732721759133},"type":"text","content":"<b>Il y a deux façons de raconter Elon Musk : vanter un visionnaire de génie ou décrire un mégalo-manipulateur. Où placez-vous le curseur dans votre livre ?</b>"},{"_id":"ZA6HBRQU4BCTFBUHCEPYI5BGIY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732721759134},"type":"text","content":"Il y a des aspects d’Elon Musk que l’on peut admirer. Comme son incroyable motivation et sa vision. Mais il a aussi un côté très sombre. Par exemple, il a déjà eu tendance à s’attribuer les mérites de choses qu’il n’a pas réellement faites. Comme pour <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/apres-la-reelection-de-donald-trump-laction-du-groupe-tesla-delon-musk-grimpe-en-fleche-20241106_ONYGK7TRYRH5ZHBMG7X4YEKRHM/\" target=\"_blank\">Tesla</a>, dont il n’est pas le fondateur malgré ce que raconte sa légende. Du côté de SpaceX, les gens lui attribuent les prouesses techniques de l’entreprise alors qu’il n’est ni un bon ingénieur, ni un bon scientifique. Il a su s’entourer des meilleurs experts et ce sont ces personnes qu’il faudrait créditer."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"JHFQIPIUQVFR5JIGFY3GAUPBNA","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"VCQPKNW4ABDITHZT3ZZNEGW3AI"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"64O4NYRG7VD6VDK7NGOE5MKYYI","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"AFOL56YMURFB7JHO3F6AMAWJ3Y","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Elon Musk dans les archives de «Libé»: héros, mytho, barré, zinzin, showman...","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/economie-numerique/elon-musk-dans-les-archives-de-libe-heros-mytho-barre-zinzin-showman-20220426_T6K5JTKCEBDGXE3BJ7TW6Z3UVY/"}]},{"_id":"CS4DRXDZUZD3LK6WRWH7LWVV4U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732726775621},"type":"text","content":"Avec le temps, je trouve que ce portrait devient de plus en plus sombre. Mon livre est sorti avant <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/amerique/elections-americaines-2024-trump-et-musk-la-consecration-de-la-bouffonnerie-20241024_NV2ONNVAUJCR7GG6MPRT6FE2QM/\" target=\"_blank\">l’implication politique de Musk </a>dans la campagne de Trump. Depuis, il a utilisé sa fortune pour mettre un dictateur à la tête des Etats-Unis. Lui qui se disait être un champion de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/tribunes/le-mythe-de-la-liberte-dexpression-sur-les-reseaux-sociaux-20221112_D4KMKDDI7VGAFDPQAYPFLUZ5WY/\" target=\"_blank\">la liberté d’expression</a> se retrouve à tenter de mettre fin à la démocratie outre-Atlantique. Tout le bien qu’a jamais fait Elon Musk est annulé par ce seul acte."},{"_id":"YU7ZTUAUWJHVLHIZ42SBS4YIX4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732726775622},"type":"text","content":"<b>Pour l’heure, votre ouvrage n’a été publié qu’en France. Pourquoi ?</b>"},{"_id":"2RCNKJ3K2ZANTFZ6UBCZ3XNJQE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732726775623},"type":"text","content":"Les éditions Delcourt possèdent les droits mondiaux sur mon livre et ont essayé de les vendre à l’étranger. Je n’étais pas directement en contact avec les éditeurs américains et n’avais donc pas beaucoup d’informations. Alors, le mois dernier, j’ai essayé de savoir où ça en était. La réponse que j’ai obtenue était que le livre avait suscité beaucoup d’intérêt chez les éditeurs, mais que ces derniers ont eu peur d’éventuelles poursuites judiciaires s’ils le publiaient. A titre de comparaison, mes autres BD ont généralement été reprises sans problème à l’international, par sept éditeurs différents."},{"_id":"ZFZWTAPIIBE7LMMJ53ND5ESSQA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732726775624},"type":"text","content":"<b>D’</b><i><b>«éventuelles poursuites judiciaires»</b></i><b>… Elon Musk a-t-il l’habitude d’attaquer les livres qui ne lui plaisent pas ?</b>"},{"_id":"ML4LMOJM3BG2LJZGMBG6NM6F7U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732726775625},"type":"text","content":"A ma connaissance, non. Il n’a pas la réputation de traîner les gens devant les tribunaux. <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/economie-numerique/elon-musk-le-milliardaire-aux-mille-et-une-poursuites-judiciaires-20220709_IUNTSJ2JWNGAJL3IIJU3EK2SSY/\" target=\"_blank\">C’est plutôt l’inverse.</a> Pourtant, il existe énormément de livres à son sujet et certains sont beaucoup plus critiques que le mien. J’ai donc été surpris que les maisons d’édition soient si prudentes. Mais je pense que leurs craintes sont surtout liées à la période. Nous sommes dans un contexte de transition, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/avec-ses-nominations-donald-trump-tue-letat-et-la-politique-20241116_FY6NVCI4FZFVFN42TM2UP2LCPI/\" target=\"_blank\">Donald Trump n’est pas encore à la Maison Blanche</a> et nous ne savons pas ce qu’il va se passer l’année prochaine. Je pense que les éditeurs attendent de voir comment la situation va évoluer, qu’ils sont dans un moment de calme avant la tempête et mettent les choses en pause en attendant."},{"owner":{"sponsored":false,"id":"liberation"},"copyright":"Darryl Cunningham","address":{},"syndication":{},"auth":{"1":"9b31adb636b10ea4e379604e637b05bdae765cde3fc15790f0c2bb334cb3c4b6"},"caption":"Une planche issue de la BD «Elon Musk, enquête sur un nouveau maître du monde», consacrée à son entreprise SpaceX.","source":{"system":"photo center","edit_url":"","additional_properties":{"editor":"photo center"}},"taxonomy":{"associated_tasks":[]},"type":"image","version":"0.10.9","url":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/D7P5GZKICBAEBJQR35VFFGRD7Q.jpg","licensable":false,"credits":{"affiliation":[{"name":"Éditions Delcourt","type":"author"}],"by":[{"name":"Darryl Cunningham","type":"author","byline":"Darryl Cunningham"}]},"subtitle":"","width":615,"creditIPTC":"Éditions 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y a quelques jours, le journal britannique </b><i><b>The Guardian </b></i><b>a évoqué vos difficultés. Avez-vous été contacté par d’autres maisons d’édition depuis ?</b>"},{"_id":"KUYIWRNBFBFGBJO6V3AASRANLU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732726775628},"type":"text","content":"D’habitude, ce sont les éditeurs de bandes dessinées qui sont les premiers à faire la queue. Ce qui est intéressant, <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/nov/23/we-live-in-a-climate-of-fear-graphic-novelists-elon-musk-book-cant-find-uk-or-us-publisher\" target=\"_blank\">depuis l’article du <i>Guardian,</i></a> c’est que des maisons d’un genre un peu différent ont commencé à démarcher Delcourt pour ma BD. Ce ne sont pas des grosses boîtes mais plutôt des petites structures, engagées politiquement et qui ne publient généralement pas de romans graphiques. Au moins trois d’entre elles sont situées aux Etats-Unis, une autre est au Brésil et la dernière dont j’ai entendu parler est finlandaise."},{"_id":"5YAUPNIPSBHA5NFCV3HKMZUFIA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732726775629},"type":"text","content":"<b>Avez-vous eu des ennuis après la publication de votre BD en France ?</b>"},{"_id":"I6BPNPF2QNAPVAHV26CNCETGVY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732726775630},"type":"text","content":"Non, aucun. Et je remercie au passage la maison Delcourt pour son soutien. Son service juridique a examiné chaque ligne et chaque dessin très soigneusement pour s’assurer que je pouvais tout étayer. J’ai fait très attention à ne mettre que des informations sérieuses, déjà publiées dans des ouvrages reconnus. Je me suis reposé sur des écrits détaillant les histoires des entreprises d’Elon Musk, comme <i>The Founders</i> de Jimmy Soni, qui décrit les premiers jours de Paypal."},{"_id":"VP3TUOCP2FFX5KX3VL235ZGDAU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732726775631},"type":"text","content":"J’ai aussi puisé dans des sources plus personnelles, comme<i> les Leçons d’une vie,</i> le livre de sa mère Maye Musk, qui contient beaucoup d’informations sur son enfance et sa famille. On apprend ainsi que son grand-père possédait son propre avion, qu’il a été avec sa femme la première personne à voler de l’Afrique du Sud à l’Australie et qu’il était par ailleurs chiropracteur. Maye Musk omet toutefois de préciser qu’il était aussi un nationaliste blanc."},{"_id":"UWTZTXRU5RCJ7CBX2L4RBC7VII","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[{"pos":0,"comment":"Toutes ces difficultés vous dissuadent-elles d’écrire à nouveau sur des soutiens de Trump à l’avenir ?"}],"comments":[],"_id":1732726775632},"type":"text","content":""},{"_id":"YUNBZPJHHBA2BKYQ7DOFDRGWNM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[{"pos":0,"comment":"Non. J’ai plusieurs projets en tête. L’un d’eux est un récit autobiographique sur ma jeunesse et les problèmes de santé mentale que j’ai eus. Aussi - mais rien n’est encore sûr - je songe à un livre sur l’entourage de Trump et les figures de son mouvement, Make America Great Again. Comme JD Vance, son vice-président, ou Robert Kennedy Junior. 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2022. Dans une salle du centre de la préfecture de Charente-Maritime, elle fait face à 200 personnes, pour l’essentiel des propriétaires de logements mis en location sur la plateforme Airbnb. <i>«J’étais présente pour expliquer la nouvelle réglementation mise en place par la ville. A l’issue de cette rencontre, j’ai quitté la salle sous la protection d’agents de sécurité, tant les invectives étaient nombreuses.»</i> Le site de location temporaire de logements a profondément modifié le comportement des voyageurs. Il inquiète les élus, toutes tendances confondues, au moins autant qu’il séduit les utilisateurs."},{"_id":"ACS7FL3ZENBCPDITYULWABVOVM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732716030251},"type":"text","content":"Pour tenter de réguler cette déferlante, la ville de Paris s’est carrément dotée, la semaine dernière, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/ville/a-paris-un-nouveau-plan-local-durbanisme-pour-passer-dune-ville-avec-des-jardins-a-une-ville-jardin-20241119_GDAFSORSGVAIBAHVF6BDFNVERU/\" target=\"_blank\">d’un nouveau plan local d’urbanisme (PLU)</a>. A partir du mois de décembre, dans les onze premiers arrondissements et dans une partie du XVIIIe, il sera interdit de changer l’usage d‘un logement pour permettre sa mise en location temporaire. Que ce soit pour les biens existants ou ceux construits dans le futur. <i>«Il s’agit d’une nouvelle étape dans notre lutte pour préserver l’habitat résidentiel»,</i> estime Barbara Gomes, élue communiste et déléguée à l’encadrement des loyers, aux plateformes locatives et à la protection des locataires dans l’équipe d’Anne Hidalgo. Pour autant, ce durcissement sans précédent est-il de nature à bousculer le modèle économique d’une entreprise qui a réalisé l’an dernier 4,4 milliards de dollars de bénéfice net pour 9,9 milliards de chiffres d’affaires, soit une marge brute de 45 % ? L’entreprise créée en 2007 par trois étudiants de Californie en mal de logement pèse aujourd’hui 85 milliards de dollars en bourse. Soit plus que le premier groupe hôtelier mondial, Marriott, fort d’un chiffre d’affaires deux fois supérieur et d’un parc hôtelier de 8 755 établissements."},{"level":2,"_id":"IMGIEAVAKVEFPM4AXLIAEXXH6M","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732716030255},"type":"header","content":"Contraintes sur la durée et la traçabilité"},{"_id":"DXVERLEGDVA3TP7UHHSDAEBKLM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732705914074},"type":"text","content":"Installée en France depuis 2011, Airbnb a fait de l’Hexagone son premier marché hors des Etats-Unis. Chaque jour, selon le Collectif national des habitants permanents, association ayant pour objectif de <i>«réguler les locations de courte durée»</i>, plus de 900 000 logements sont proposés par des plates-formes comme Airbnb. Un chiffre que ne confirme pas l’entreprise, pas plus qu’elle ne révèle le chiffre d’affaires réalisé en France (1). Les loueurs de logements, utilisateurs de la plateforme, se rangent en deux catégories. Ceux qui proposent temporairement leur résidence principale et ceux qui possèdent un logement entièrement dédié à la location temporaire. C’est bien entendu la seconde catégorie qui suscite le plus vif débat."},{"_id":"WXQJ5ZHJBRH7ROOE2NDEWKK6IU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732705914075},"type":"text","content":"Il peut en effet s’avérer bien plus rentable aujourd’hui, pour un propriétaire de logement, de le mettre en location sur Airbnb plutôt qu’avec un bail classique. A fortiori si le bien est situé dans une zone touristique. Le revenu généré par une location temporaire peut être deux fois supérieur à celui encaissé avec un loyer traditionnel. En outre, le propriétaire n’est pas «scotché» pour une durée minimale (trois ans pour un logement vide). Il peut récupérer son logement quand il le souhaite et s’éviter les impayés, puisque sur Airbnb on paye d’avance, au moment de la réservation."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"II5KNUMXAFC7LDQ3G4RLDD5QM4","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"ELM2R2ZPA5EQ3IFWQMQH3CWDXM"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"FURRCYB65FAILHDQBZQEYQR6VA","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"SWVAX7O5U5CZ7HBCHPFGI7D75A","type":"interstitial_link","content":"A Marseille, Benoît Payan promet «la réglementation la plus stricte de France pour lutter contre Airbnb»","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/logement/a-marseille-benoit-payan-promet-la-reglementation-la-plus-stricte-de-france-pour-lutter-contre-airbnb-20241007_3KXXEUIWVZDHRMVRR4YNAYZ6YQ/"}]},{"_id":"OIJ5HNJUDBGKXBS2ZDTKYAG3AE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732713550503},"type":"text","content":"Au fil des ans, les métropoles comme les communes touristiques ont donc vu un nombre croissant de logements disparaître du marché locatif traditionnel pour migrer vers la mise à disposition de courte durée. <i>«L’augmentation est de plus de 200 % en trois ans. Cela représente 6 000 logements sur un total de 52 000 soit 12 % du parc immobilier de La Rochelle»,</i> s’inquiète Marie Nédellec. A Paris, les meublés à louer temporairement seraient au nombre de 65 000 dont 25 000 seraient en situation d’illégalité. <i>«Le chiffre est cependant difficile à vérifier»,</i> constate l’élue de la ville de Paris Barbara Gomes."},{"level":2,"_id":"RA7LI4MYZFEMNG7AGAF5LUJLZU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732705914077},"type":"header","content":"«Syndrome de la valise à roulettes»"},{"_id":"WDHJPRWE7FBMTHGKF56WUDZBCY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"text","content":"Pas question pour autant pour les élus de rester les bras ballants devant la raréfaction du parc de logements locatifs de longue durée. <i>«Ce mouvement fait grimper les prix et rend plus difficile l’accès au logement pour toute une catégorie de salariés contraints de s’installer de plus en plus loin de leur lieu de travail, </i>regrette Marie Nédellec<i>. Les trajets qu’ils doivent alors effectuer ne sont pas tout à fait en accord avec la transition écologique.»</i> Depuis une décennie, les lois et réglementations locales se sont enchaînées. Le plus simple a d’abord été de limiter la durée maximale de location, dès lors qu’il s’agit de la résidence principale d’un loueur. Elle a d’abord été fixée à 120 nuits par an et vient d’être abaissée à 90. Ce n’est toutefois pas la disposition la plus contraignante. Un utilisateur s’absente rarement plus de trois mois de son appartement. Histoire d’être mieux tracés, les loueurs sur Airbnb situés dans des villes de plus de 200 000 habitants sont dans l’obligation d’avoir un numéro d’enregistrement délivré par la commune. Sans ce sésame, ils ne sont pas autorisés à publier une annonce en ligne. Faute d’avoir été suffisamment vigilant, Airbnb a écopé d’une amende de 8 millions d’euros, le 1er juillet 2021. L’autre raison d’être de cette immatriculation est de nature fiscale : il s’agit d’éviter que certains loueurs «oublient» de déclarer tout ou partie de leurs revenus."},{"_id":"RA7LI4MYZFEMNG7AGAF5LUJLZU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732705914077},"type":"text","content":"Les «occasionnels» qui mettent à disposition leur résidence principale ne sont toutefois pas la cible première des pouvoirs publics, qui ont pour cible les «professionnels». Dans certains quartiers centraux de Paris, des immeubles sont totalement ou partiellement rachetés et redécoupés en unités spécialement conçues pour être commercialisées de manière temporaire sur les plateformes. Vu du côté des personnes qui cherchent à se loger, ce type d’opération a deux inconvénients majeurs. Il raréfie le nombre de logements en location longue durée et il provoque des nuisances. La principale étant celle du «syndrome de la valise à roulettes» : les arrivées et départ de locataires à toute heure du jour et de la nuit et les fêtes organisées aussi bien en semaine que le week-end. <i>«Imaginez ceux qui avaient pour voisin un cabinet d’avocats transformé du jour en lendemain en appartement loué sur une plateforme»,</i> décrit Marie Nédellec à La Rochelle. Dans cette cité littorale, le prix du mètre carré a atteint 10 000 euros et des investisseurs venus des Etats-Unis ou de Singapour ont réalisé des acquisitions d’immeubles pour les découper en vue de les louer à titre temporaire."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"P4U5NCTEM5CLFIA52K3SQTFWWA","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"SYA6VVLOIZECBAEYT6YGKO4FRE"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"VBAAHTIF2ZGF5EDLE26DGEK72I","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"R7WGBIBV35CEJIZJUEIGWRG27E","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Vote de la loi «anti-Airbnb» : la plateforme joue la transparence de façade avec un portail d’accès à ses données","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/logement/vote-de-la-loi-anti-airbnb-la-plateforme-joue-la-transparence-de-facade-avec-un-portail-dacces-a-ses-donnees-20241118_4FINIBULE5EZ7JJTX76J4CCIUI/"}]},{"_id":"JYIIUMYEYNFKBHTAIPJ6SGXPFY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732713550506},"type":"text","content":"La seule parade pour les villes réside justement dans la limitation du changement de destination d’un logement. Il est en effet obligatoire d’obtenir une autorisation de la commune pour le faire basculer de la location traditionnelle de longue durée à la commercialisation temporaire. Dans un premier temps, la loi a imposé un mécanisme de compensation. Un propriétaire désireux de changer le statut de son bien vers la location temporaire est contraint d’en convertir un autre vers l’utilisation de longue durée. Certes dissuasif, mais pas totalement rédhibitoire. Le 7 novembre 2022, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/opinions/loi-anti-airbnb-seule-la-regulation-peut-empecher-quen-france-en-2024-on-ne-dorme-plus-dans-sa-voiture-20241108_2K2ZD6EFCBB2TIYUYL5ADS7F3A/\" target=\"_blank\">une nouvelle loi, d’essence parlementaire, est encore venue durcir la réglementation</a>. Elle comporte un volet fiscal qui réduit la ristourne d’impôts dont bénéficient les propriétaires de meublés touristiques et donne la possibilité de limiter à 90 jours le nombre de nuits louées pour une résidence principale. En outre, ce texte adopté à l’unanimité (sans les voix du RN) permet aux maires de limiter, voire d’interdire le changement de statut des logements vers celui de meublé touristique. Iñaki Echaniz, député socialiste des Pyrénées-Atlantiques, a été l’un des artisans de ce texte : <i>«Désormais le nombre de meublés de tourisme va se stabiliser. Les communes vont pouvoir mettre en œuvre des quotas»,</i> indique-t-il à <i>Libération</i>."},{"level":2,"_id":"IMGIEAVAKVEFPM4AXLIAEXXH6M","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732716030261},"type":"header","content":"L’exemple radical de Manhattan"},{"_id":"YQURLS2JVRDNLLBTNY7EBYMDGY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732713550507},"type":"text","content":"Mehdi Farajallah, enseignant chercheur à l’Ecole supérieure de commerce de Rennes, travaille depuis plusieurs années sur les plateformes de mise en relation et ne partage pas ce constat : <i>«Airbnb pourra continuer avec son modèle actuel basé sur la commission perçue sur chaque location. Son offre repose sur l’élasticité entre le prix et la demande. Même si les tarifs augmentent, il y aura des clients.»</i> Sans compter qu’Airbnb, à la différence d’un groupe hôtelier, ne possède pas de patrimoine immobilier. Son activité peut se déplacer très rapidement, là où le marché est moins contraignant."},{"_id":"4PGWZ3XJQBG6TFGWIPPAWNBBMU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732713550508},"type":"text","content":"Les seules mesures de nature à véritablement pénaliser le site sont celles prises notamment par la municipalité de New York. Dans Manhattan, seules les offres d’une durée de trente jours minimum et avec la présence du propriétaire des lieux dans les murs sont désormais autorisées. Résultat, il n’y a quasiment plus de logements proposés du nord au sud de la ville. Ce à quoi Airbnb répond dans son rapport annuel que la ville de New York représente 1 % de son chiffre d’affaires et que 80 % de ses 200 «top destinations» sont situées dans des villes «sous régulation». Une manière polie de rappeler que le site a une capacité assez forte à s’adapter à son environnement. Sans compter qu’il peut compter sur des légions de défenseurs."},{"_id":"RQQQOOVBIZAVVDGKTCPHWL2HN4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732716030264},"type":"text","content":"Dans chaque métropole il existe ainsi des associations d’hôtes (les loueurs) prompts à défendre leurs intérêts et par voie de conséquence ceux d’Airbnb. Ils ont jusqu‘à présent attaqué devant les tribunaux un certain nombre de décisions municipales limitant l’activité des meublés touristiques. Les édiles ne peuvent quant à eux plus ignorer que le site est une source de revenus pour leur budget. La taxe de séjour payée par les occupants sur les meublés et collectée par Airbnb a représenté l’an dernier un total de 187 millions d’euros, partagé entre 24 500 communes. Alertés sans doute par la dernière loi, plus restrictive, les loueurs potentiels sont en constante créativité pour la contourner. Ainsi, à La Rochelle, fleurissent depuis quelques mois des annonces sur le port. Elles émanent de propriétaires de bateaux, absolument pas concernés par les restrictions sur les logements. Le phénomène a pris une telle ampleur que l’administration portuaire vient d’adopter une mesure d’interdiction de location temporaire des bateaux."},{"_id":"YXP4UG5WUVF6LDLGJFSACKKEUA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732791167926},"type":"text","content":"(1) Sollicité par <i>Libération,</i> le directeur général d’Airbnb n’a pas souhaité répondre à nos questions."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Confronté à de multiples mesures de restrictions, Airbnb n’en continue pas moins de se développer. Son modèle économique résiste à l’action des Etats et des villes soucieux d’éviter la raréfaction des locations «classiques» de longue durée."},"description":{"basic":"Confronté à de multiples mesures de restrictions, Airbnb n’en continue pas moins de se développer. Son modèle économique résiste à l’action des Etats et des villes soucieux d’éviter la raréfaction des locations «classiques» de longue durée."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/economie","parent_id":"/","name":"Economie","description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité économique et financière en France et à l'international : conjoncture, économie numérique, médias, social, transports...","_id":"/economie","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/","default":"/","footer":null,"accueil-tag-block":null,"burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité économique et financière en France et à l'international : conjoncture, économie numérique, médias, social, transports...","site_title":"Economie : toute l'actualité économique avec 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