CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: space missions</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: space missions"> <meta name="keywords" content="space missions"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="space missions" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="space missions"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 3804</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: space missions</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3804</span> Orbiting Intelligence: A Comprehensive Survey of AI Applications and Advancements in Space Exploration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Somoshree%20Datta">Somoshree Datta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chithra%20A.%20V."> Chithra A. V.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandeep%20Nithyanandan"> Sandeep Nithyanandan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Smitha%20K.%20K."> Smitha K. K.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Space exploration has always been at the forefront of technological innovation, pushing the boundaries of human knowledge and capabilities. In recent years, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the field, offering unprecedented opportunities to enhance the efficiency, autonomy and intelligence of space missions. This survey paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted applications of AI in space exploration, exploring the evolution of this synergy and its impact on mission success, scientific discovery, and the future of space endeavors. Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has achieved great feats in the recent moon mission (Chandrayaan-3) and sun mission (Aditya L1) by using artificial intelligence to enhance moon navigation as well as help young scientists to study the Sun even before the launch by creating AI-generated image visualizations. Throughout this survey, we will review key advancements, challenges and prospects in the intersection of AI and space exploration. As humanity continues its quest to explore the cosmos, the integration of AI promises to unlock new frontiers, reshape mission architectures, and redefine our understanding of the universe. This survey aims to serve as a comprehensive resource for researchers, engineers and enthusiasts interested in the dynamic and evolving landscape of AI applications in space exploration. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20intelligence" title="artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20exploration" title=" space exploration"> space exploration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20missions" title=" space missions"> space missions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title=" deep learning"> deep learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188421/orbiting-intelligence-a-comprehensive-survey-of-ai-applications-and-advancements-in-space-exploration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188421.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">33</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3803</span> Sustainability in Space: Material Efficiency in Space Missions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamda%20M.%20Al-Ali">Hamda M. Al-Ali </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> From addressing fundamental questions about the history of the solar system to exploring other planets for any signs of life have always been the core of human space exploration. This triggered humans to explore whether other planets such as Mars could support human life on them. Therefore, many planned space missions to other planets have been designed and conducted to examine the feasibility of human survival on them. However, space missions are expensive and consume a large number of various resources to be successful. To overcome these problems, material efficiency shall be maximized through the use of reusable launch vehicles (RLV) rather than disposable and expendable ones. Material efficiency is defined as a way to achieve service requirements using fewer materials to reduce CO2 emissions from industrial processes. Materials such as aluminum-lithium alloys, steel, Kevlar, and reinforced carbon-carbon composites used in the manufacturing of spacecrafts could be reused in closed-loop cycles directly or by adding a protective coat. Material efficiency is a fundamental principle of a circular economy. The circular economy aims to cutback waste and reduce pollution through maximizing material efficiency so that businesses can succeed and endure. Five strategies have been proposed to improve material efficiency in the space industry, which includes waste minimization, introduce Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to measure material efficiency, and introduce policies and legislations to improve material efficiency in the space sector. Another strategy to boost material efficiency is through maximizing resource and energy efficiency through material reusability. Furthermore, the environmental effects associated with the rapid growth in the number of space missions include black carbon emissions that lead to climate change. The levels of emissions must be tracked and tackled to ensure the safe utilization of space in the future. The aim of this research paper is to examine and suggest effective methods used to improve material efficiency in space missions so that space and Earth become more environmentally and economically sustainable. The objectives used to fulfill this aim are to identify the materials used in space missions that are suitable to be reused in closed-loop cycles considering material efficiency indicators and circular economy concepts. An explanation of how spacecraft materials could be re-used as well as propose strategies to maximize material efficiency in order to make RLVs possible so that access to space becomes affordable and reliable is provided. Also, the economic viability of the RLVs is examined to show the extent to which the use of RLVs has on the reduction of space mission costs. The environmental and economic implications of the increase in the number of space missions as a result of the use of RLVs are also discussed. These research questions are studied through detailed critical analysis of the literature, such as published reports, books, scientific articles, and journals. A combination of keywords such as material efficiency, circular economy, RLVs, and spacecraft materials were used to search for appropriate literature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=access%20to%20space" title="access to space">access to space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20economy" title=" circular economy"> circular economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=material%0D%0Aefficiency" title=" material efficiency"> material efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reusable%20launch%20vehicles" title=" reusable launch vehicles"> reusable launch vehicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spacecraft%20materials" title=" spacecraft materials"> spacecraft materials</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131332/sustainability-in-space-material-efficiency-in-space-missions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131332.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3802</span> A Machine Learning-based Study on the Estimation of the Threat Posed by Orbital Debris</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suhani%20Srivastava">Suhani Srivastava</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research delves into the classification of orbital debris through machine learning (ML): it will categorize the intensity of the threat orbital debris poses through multiple ML models to gain an insight into effectively estimating the danger specific orbital debris can pose to future space missions. As the space industry expands, orbital debris becomes a growing concern in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) because it can potentially obfuscate space missions due to the increased orbital debris pollution. Moreover, detecting orbital debris and identifying its characteristics has become a major concern in Space Situational Awareness (SSA), and prior methods of solely utilizing physics can become inconvenient in the face of the growing issue. Thus, this research focuses on approaching orbital debris concerns through machine learning, an efficient and more convenient alternative, in detecting the potential threat certain orbital debris pose. Our findings found that the Logistic regression machine worked the best with a 98% accuracy and this research has provided insight into the accuracies of specific machine learning models when classifying orbital debris. Our work would help provide space shuttle manufacturers with guidelines about mitigating risks, and it would help in providing Aerospace Engineers facilities to identify the kinds of protection that should be incorporated into objects traveling in the LEO through the predictions our models provide. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerospace" title="aerospace">aerospace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orbital%20debris" title=" orbital debris"> orbital debris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space" title=" space"> space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20situational%20awareness" title=" space situational awareness"> space situational awareness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nasa" title=" nasa"> nasa</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192438/a-machine-learning-based-study-on-the-estimation-of-the-threat-posed-by-orbital-debris" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192438.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">20</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3801</span> An Autonomous Space Debris-Removal System for Effective Space Missions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shriya%20Chawla">Shriya Chawla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vinayak%20Malhotra"> Vinayak Malhotra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Space exploration has noted an exponential rise in the past two decades. The world has started probing the alternatives for efficient and resourceful sustenance along with utilization of advanced technology viz., satellites on earth. Space propulsion forms the core of space exploration. Of all the issues encountered, space debris has increasingly threatened the space exploration and propulsion. The efforts have resulted in the presence of disastrous space debris fragments orbiting the earth at speeds up to several kilometres per hour. Debris are well known as a potential damage to the future missions with immense loss of resources, mankind, and huge amount of money is invested in active research on them. Appreciable work had been done in the past relating to active space debris-removal technologies such as harpoon, net, drag sail. The primary emphasis is laid on confined removal. In recently, remove debris spacecraft was used for servicing and capturing cargo ships. Airbus designed and planned the debris-catching net experiment, aboard the spacecraft. The spacecraft represents largest payload deployed from the space station. However, the magnitude of the issue suggests that active space debris-removal technologies, such as harpoons and nets, still would not be enough. Thus, necessitating the need for better and operative space debris removal system. Techniques based on diverting the path of debris or the spacecraft to avert damage have turned out minimal usage owing to limited predictions. Present work focuses on an active hybrid space debris removal system. The work is motivated by the need to have safer and efficient space missions. The specific objectives of the work are 1) to thoroughly analyse the existing and conventional debris removal techniques, their working, effectiveness and limitations under varying conditions, 2) to understand the role of key controlling parameters in coupled operation of debris capturing and removal. The system represents the utilization of the latest autonomous technology available with an adaptable structural design for operations under varying conditions. The design covers advantages of most of the existing technologies while removing the disadvantages. The system is likely to enhance the probability of effective space debris removal. At present, systematic theoretical study is being carried out to thoroughly observe the effects of pseudo-random debris occurrences and to originate an optimal design with much better features and control. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20exploration" title="space exploration">space exploration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=debris%20removal" title=" debris removal"> debris removal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20crafts" title=" space crafts"> space crafts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20accidents" title=" space accidents"> space accidents</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100009/an-autonomous-space-debris-removal-system-for-effective-space-missions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100009.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">169</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3800</span> Studies on Space-Based Laser Targeting System for the Removal of Orbital Space Debris</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krima%20M.%20Rohela">Krima M. Rohela</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raja%20Sabarinath%20Sundaralingam"> Raja Sabarinath Sundaralingam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Humans have been launching rockets since the beginning of the space age in the late 1950s. We have come a long way since then, and the success rate for the launch of rockets has increased considerably. With every successful launch, there is a large amount of junk or debris which is released into the upper layers of the atmosphere. Space debris has been a huge concern for a very long time now. This includes the rocket shells released from the launch and the parts of defunct satellites. Some of this junk will come to fall towards the Earth and burn in the atmosphere. But most of the junk goes into orbit around the Earth, and they remain in orbits for at least 100 years. This can cause a lot of problems to other functioning satellites and may affect the future manned missions to space. The main concern of the space-debris is the increase in space activities, which leads to risks of collisions if not taken care of soon. These collisions may result in what is known as Kessler Syndrome. This debris can be removed by a space-based laser targeting system. Hence, the matter is investigated and discussed. The first step in this involves launching a satellite with a high-power laser device into space, above the debris belt. Then the target material is ablated with a focussed laser beam. This step of the process is highly dependent on the attitude and orientation of the debris with respect to the Earth and the device. The laser beam will cause a jet of vapour and plasma to be expelled from the material. Hence, the force is applied in the opposite direction, and in accordance with Newton’s third law of motion, this will cause the material to move towards the Earth and get pulled down due to gravity, where it will get disintegrated in the upper layers of the atmosphere. The larger pieces of the debris can be directed towards the oceans. This method of removal of the orbital debris will enable safer passage for future human-crewed missions into space. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=altitude" title="altitude">altitude</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kessler%20syndrome" title=" Kessler syndrome"> Kessler syndrome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laser%20ablation" title=" laser ablation"> laser ablation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Newton%E2%80%99s%20third%20law%20of%20motion" title=" Newton’s third law of motion"> Newton’s third law of motion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=satellites" title=" satellites"> satellites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Space%20debris" title=" Space debris"> Space debris</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125904/studies-on-space-based-laser-targeting-system-for-the-removal-of-orbital-space-debris" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125904.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3799</span> Study of Launch Recovery Control Dynamics of Retro Propulsive Reusable Rockets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pratyush%20Agnihotri">Pratyush Agnihotri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The space missions are very costly because the transportation to the space is highly expensive and therefore there is the need to achieve complete re-usability in our launch vehicles to make the missions highly economic by cost cutting of the material recovered. Launcher reusability is the most efficient approach to decreasing admittance to space access economy, however stays an incredible specialized hurdle for the aerospace industry. Major concern of the difficulties lies in guidance and control procedure and calculations, specifically for those of the controlled landing stage, which should empower an exact landing with low fuel edges. Although cutting edge ways for navigation and control are present viz hybrid navigation and robust control. But for powered descent and landing of first stage of launch vehicle the guidance control is need to enable on board optimization. At first the CAD model of the launch vehicle I.e. space x falcon 9 rocket is presented for better understanding of the architecture that needs to be identified for the guidance and control solution for the recovery of the launcher. The focus is on providing the landing phase guidance scheme for recovery and re usability of first stage using retro propulsion. After reviewing various GNC solutions, to achieve accuracy in pre requisite landing online convex and successive optimization are explored as the guidance schemes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=guidance" title="guidance">guidance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=navigation" title=" navigation"> navigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=control" title=" control"> control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retro%20propulsion" title=" retro propulsion"> retro propulsion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reusable%20rockets" title=" reusable rockets"> reusable rockets</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160498/study-of-launch-recovery-control-dynamics-of-retro-propulsive-reusable-rockets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160498.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3798</span> Sustainability in Space: Implementation of Circular Economy and Material Efficiency Strategies in Space Missions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamda%20M.%20Al-Ali">Hamda M. Al-Ali </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The ultimate aim of space exploration has been centralized around the possibility of life on other planets in the solar system. This aim is driven by the detrimental effects that climate change could potentially have on human survival on Earth in the future. This drives humans to search for feasible solutions to increase environmental and economical sustainability on Earth and to evaluate and explore the ability of human survival on other planets such as Mars. To do that, frequent space missions are required to meet the ambitious human goals. This means that reliable and affordable access to space is required, which could be largely achieved through the use of reusable spacecrafts. Therefore, materials and resources must be used wisely to meet the increasing demand. Space missions are currently extremely expensive to operate. However, reusing materials hence spacecrafts, can potentially reduce overall mission costs as well as the negative impact on both space and Earth environments. This is because reusing materials leads to less waste generated per mission, and therefore fewer landfill sites are required. Reusing materials reduces resource consumption, material production, and the need for processing new and replacement spacecraft and launch vehicle parts. Consequently, this will ease and facilitate human access to outer space as it will reduce the demand for scarce resources, which will boost material efficiency in the space industry. Material efficiency expresses the extent to which resources are consumed in the production cycle and how the waste produced by the industrial process is minimized. The strategies proposed in this paper to boost material efficiency in the space sector are the introduction of key performance indicators that are able to measure material efficiency as well as the introduction of clearly defined policies and legislation that can be easily implemented within the general practices in the space industry. Another strategy to improve material efficiency is by amplifying energy and resource efficiency through reusing materials. The circularity of various spacecraft materials such as Kevlar, steel, and aluminum alloys could be maximized through reusing them directly or after galvanizing them with another layer of material to act as a protective coat. This research paper has an aim to investigate and discuss how to improve material efficiency in space missions considering circular economy concepts so that space and Earth become more economically and environmentally sustainable. The circular economy is a transition from a make-use-waste linear model to a closed-loop socio-economic model, which is regenerative and restorative in nature. The implementation of a circular economy will reduce waste and pollution through maximizing material efficiency, ensuring that businesses can thrive and sustain. Further research into the extent to which reusable launch vehicles reduce space mission costs have been discussed, along with the environmental and economic implications it could have on the space sector and the environment. This has been examined through research and in-depth literature review of published reports, books, scientific articles, and journals. Keywords such as material efficiency, circular economy, reusable launch vehicles and spacecraft materials were used to search for relevant literature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20economy" title="circular economy">circular economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=key%20performance%20indicator" title=" key performance indicator"> key performance indicator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=material%20efficiency" title=" material efficiency"> material efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reusable%20launch%20vehicles" title=" reusable launch vehicles"> reusable launch vehicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spacecraft%20materials" title=" spacecraft materials"> spacecraft materials</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131331/sustainability-in-space-implementation-of-circular-economy-and-material-efficiency-strategies-in-space-missions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131331.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3797</span> Rollet vs Rocket: A New in-Space Propulsion Concept</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arthur%20Baraov">Arthur Baraov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nearly all rocket and spacecraft propulsion concepts in existence today can be linked one way or the other to one of the two ancient warfare devices: the gun and the sling. Chemical, thermoelectric, ion, nuclear thermal and electromagnetic rocket engines – all fall into the first group which, for obvious reasons, can be categorized as “hot” space propulsion concepts. Space elevator, orbital tower, rolling satellite, orbital skyhook, tether propulsion and gravitational assist – are examples of the second category which lends itself for the title “cold” space propulsion concepts. The “hot” space propulsion concepts skyrocketed – literally and figuratively – from the naïve ideas of Jules Verne to the manned missions to the Moon. On the other hand, with the notable exception of gravitational assist, hardly any of the “cold” space propulsion concepts made any progress in terms of practical application. Why is that? This article aims to show that the right answer to this question has the potential comparable by its implications and practical consequences to that of transition from Jules Verne’s stillborn and impractical conceptions of space flight to cogent and highly fertile ideas of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and Yuri Kondratyuk. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=propulsion" title="propulsion">propulsion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rocket" title=" rocket"> rocket</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rollet" title=" rollet"> rollet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spacecraft" title=" spacecraft"> spacecraft</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29858/rollet-vs-rocket-a-new-in-space-propulsion-concept" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29858.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">538</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3796</span> A New Method for Estimating the Mass Recession Rate for Ablator Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bianca%20A.%20Szasz">Bianca A. Szasz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keiichi%20Okuyama"> Keiichi Okuyama</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As the human race will continue to explore the space by creating new space transportation means and sending them to other planets, the enhance of atmospheric reentry study is crucial. In this context, an analysis of mass recession rate of ablative materials for thermal shields of reentry spacecrafts is important to be carried out. The paper describes a new estimation method for calculating the mass recession of an ablator system, this method combining an old method with a new one, which was recently elaborated by Okuyama et al. The space mission of USERS spacecraft is taken as a case study and the possibility of implementing lighter ablative materials in future space missions is taking into consideration. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ablator%20system" title="ablator system">ablator system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass%20recession" title=" mass recession"> mass recession</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reentry%20spacecraft" title=" reentry spacecraft"> reentry spacecraft</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ablative%20materials" title=" ablative materials"> ablative materials</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15766/a-new-method-for-estimating-the-mass-recession-rate-for-ablator-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15766.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">272</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3795</span> A Review on the Future Canadian RADARSAT Constellation Mission and Its Capabilities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Dabboor">Mohammed Dabboor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems are active remote sensing systems independent of weather and sun illumination, two factors which usually inhibit the use of optical satellite imagery. A SAR system could acquire single, dual, compact or fully polarized SAR imagery. Each SAR imagery type has its advantages and disadvantages. The sensitivity of SAR images is a function of the: 1) band, polarization, and incidence angle of the transmitted electromagnetic signal, and 2) geometric and dielectric properties of the radar target. The RADARSAT-1 (launched on November 4, 1995), RADARSAT-2 ((launched on December 14, 2007) and RADARSAT Constellation Mission (to be launched in July 2018) are three past, current, and future Canadian SAR space missions. Canada is developing the RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) using small satellites to further maximize the capability to carry out round-the-clock surveillance from space. The Canadian Space Agency, in collaboration with other government-of-Canada departments, is leading the design, development and operation of the RADARSAT Constellation Mission to help addressing key priorities. The purpose of our presentation is to give an overview of the future Canadian RCM SAR mission with its satellites. Also, the RCM SAR imaging modes along with the expected SAR products will be described. An emphasis will be given to the mission unique capabilities and characteristics, such as the new compact polarimetry SAR configuration. In this presentation, we will summarize the RCM advancement from previous RADARSAT satellite missions. Furthermore, the potential of the RCM mission for different Earth observation applications will be outlined. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compact%20polarimetry" title="compact polarimetry">compact polarimetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RADARSAT" title=" RADARSAT"> RADARSAT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SAR%20mission" title=" SAR mission"> SAR mission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SAR%20applications" title=" SAR applications"> SAR applications</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74263/a-review-on-the-future-canadian-radarsat-constellation-mission-and-its-capabilities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74263.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">185</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3794</span> Electrostatic Cleaning System Integrated with Thunderon Brush for Lunar Dust Mitigation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Voss%20%20Harrigan">Voss Harrigan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Korey%20%20Carter"> Korey Carter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Reza%20Shaeri"> Mohammad Reza Shaeri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Detrimental effects of lunar dust on space hardware, spacesuits, and astronauts’ health have been already identified during Apollo missions. Developing effective dust mitigation technologies is critically important for successful space exploration and related missions in NASA applications. In this study, an electrostatic cleaning system (ECS) integrated with a negatively ionized Thunderon brush was developed to mitigate small-sized lunar dust particles with diameters ranging from 0.04 µm to 35 µm, and the mean and median size of 7 µm and 5 µm, respectively. It was found that the frequency pulses of the negative ion generator caused particles to stick to the Thunderon bristles and repel between the pulses. The brush was used manually to ensure that particles were removed from areas where the ECS failed to mitigate the lunar simulant. The acquired data demonstrated that the developed system removed over 91-96% of the lunar dust particles. The present study was performed as a proof-of-concept to enhance the cleaning performance of ECSs by integrating a brushing process. Suggestions were made to further improve the performance of the developed technology through future research. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lunar%20dust%20mitigation" title="lunar dust mitigation">lunar dust mitigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrostatic%20cleaning%20system" title=" electrostatic cleaning system"> electrostatic cleaning system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brushing" title=" Brushing"> Brushing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thunderon%20brush" title=" Thunderon brush"> Thunderon brush</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cleaning%20rate" title=" cleaning rate"> cleaning rate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139454/electrostatic-cleaning-system-integrated-with-thunderon-brush-for-lunar-dust-mitigation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139454.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">248</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3793</span> Hardware-In-The-Loop Relative Motion Control: Theory, Simulation and Experimentation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20B.%20Iskender">O. B. Iskender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20V.%20Ling"> K. V. Ling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Dubanchet"> V. Dubanchet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Simonini"> L. Simonini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a Guidance and Control (G&C) strategy to address spacecraft maneuvering problem for future Rendezvous and Docking (RVD) missions. The proposed strategy allows safe and propellant efficient trajectories for space servicing missions including tasks such as approaching, inspecting and capturing. This work provides the validation test results of the G&C laws using a Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) setup with two robotic mockups representing the chaser and the target spacecraft. Through this paper, the challenges of the relative motion control in space are first summarized, and in particular, the constraints imposed by the mission, spacecraft and, onboard processing capabilities. Second, the proposed algorithm is introduced by presenting the formulation of constrained Model Predictive Control (MPC) to optimize the fuel consumption and explicitly handle the physical and geometric constraints in the system, e.g. thruster or Line-Of-Sight (LOS) constraints. Additionally, the coupling between translational motion and rotational motion is addressed via dual quaternion based kinematic description and accordingly explained. The resulting convex optimization problem allows real-time implementation capability based on a detailed discussion on the computational time requirements and the obtained results with respect to the onboard computer and future trends of space processors capabilities. Finally, the performance of the algorithm is presented in the scope of a potential future mission and of the available equipment. The results also cover a comparison between the proposed algorithms with Linear–quadratic regulator (LQR) based control law to highlight the clear advantages of the MPC formulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomous%20vehicles" title="autonomous vehicles">autonomous vehicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embedded%20optimization" title=" embedded optimization"> embedded optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real-time%20experiment" title=" real-time experiment"> real-time experiment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rendezvous%20and%20docking" title=" rendezvous and docking"> rendezvous and docking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20robotics" title=" space robotics"> space robotics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108675/hardware-in-the-loop-relative-motion-control-theory-simulation-and-experimentation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108675.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">124</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3792</span> Material Properties Evolution Affecting Demisability for Space Debris Mitigation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chetan%20Mahawar">Chetan Mahawar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarath%20Chandran"> Sarath Chandran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sridhar%20Panigrahi"> Sridhar Panigrahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20P.%20Shaji"> V. P. Shaji</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The ever-growing advancement in space exploration has led to an alarming concern for space debris removal as it restricts further launch operations and adventurous space missions; hence numerous studies have come up with technologies for re-entry predictions and material selection processes for mitigating space debris. The selection of material and operating conditions is determined with the objective of lightweight structure and ability to demise faster subject to spacecraft survivability during its mission. Since the demisability of spacecraft depends on evolving thermal material properties such as emissivity, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, radiation intensity, etc. Therefore, this paper presents the analysis of evolving thermal material properties of spacecraft, which affect the demisability process and thus estimate demise time using the demisability model by incorporating evolving thermal properties for sensible heating followed by the complete or partial break-up of spacecraft. The demisability analysis thus concludes the best suitable spacecraft material is based on the least estimated demise time, which fulfills the criteria of design-for-survivability and as well as of design-for-demisability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=demisability" title="demisability">demisability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emissivity" title=" emissivity"> emissivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lightweight" title=" lightweight"> lightweight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=re-entry" title=" re-entry"> re-entry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=survivability" title=" survivability"> survivability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155073/material-properties-evolution-affecting-demisability-for-space-debris-mitigation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155073.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">115</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3791</span> Trajectory Optimization for Autonomous Deep Space Missions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anne%20Schattel">Anne Schattel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mitja%20Echim"> Mitja Echim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christof%20B%C3%BCskens"> Christof Büskens</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Trajectory planning for deep space missions has become a recent topic of great interest. Flying to space objects like asteroids provides two main challenges. One is to find rare earth elements, the other to gain scientific knowledge of the origin of the world. Due to the enormous spatial distances such explorer missions have to be performed unmanned and autonomously. The mathematical field of optimization and optimal control can be used to realize autonomous missions while protecting recourses and making them safer. The resulting algorithms may be applied to other, earth-bound applications like e.g. deep sea navigation and autonomous driving as well. The project KaNaRiA ('Kognitionsbasierte, autonome Navigation am Beispiel des Ressourcenabbaus im All') investigates the possibilities of cognitive autonomous navigation on the example of an asteroid mining mission, including the cruise phase and approach as well as the asteroid rendezvous, landing and surface exploration. To verify and test all methods an interactive, real-time capable simulation using virtual reality is developed under KaNaRiA. This paper focuses on the specific challenge of the guidance during the cruise phase of the spacecraft, i.e. trajectory optimization and optimal control, including first solutions and results. In principle there exist two ways to solve optimal control problems (OCPs), the so called indirect and direct methods. The indirect methods are being studied since several decades and their usage needs advanced skills regarding optimal control theory. The main idea of direct approaches, also known as transcription techniques, is to transform the infinite-dimensional OCP into a finite-dimensional non-linear optimization problem (NLP) via discretization of states and controls. These direct methods are applied in this paper. The resulting high dimensional NLP with constraints can be solved efficiently by special NLP methods, e.g. sequential quadratic programming (SQP) or interior point methods (IP). The movement of the spacecraft due to gravitational influences of the sun and other planets, as well as the thrust commands, is described through ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The competitive mission aims like short flight times and low energy consumption are considered by using a multi-criteria objective function. The resulting non-linear high-dimensional optimization problems are solved by using the software package WORHP ('We Optimize Really Huge Problems'), a software routine combining SQP at an outer level and IP to solve underlying quadratic subproblems. An application-adapted model of impulsive thrusting, as well as a model of an electrically powered spacecraft propulsion system, is introduced. Different priorities and possibilities of a space mission regarding energy cost and flight time duration are investigated by choosing different weighting factors for the multi-criteria objective function. Varying mission trajectories are analyzed and compared, both aiming at different destination asteroids and using different propulsion systems. For the transcription, the robust method of full discretization is used. The results strengthen the need for trajectory optimization as a foundation for autonomous decision making during deep space missions. Simultaneously they show the enormous increase in possibilities for flight maneuvers by being able to consider different and opposite mission objectives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20space%20navigation" title="deep space navigation">deep space navigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=guidance" title=" guidance"> guidance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-objective" title=" multi-objective"> multi-objective</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-linear%20optimization" title=" non-linear optimization"> non-linear optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20control" title=" optimal control"> optimal control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trajectory%20planning." title=" trajectory planning."> trajectory planning.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35765/trajectory-optimization-for-autonomous-deep-space-missions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35765.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">412</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3790</span> Space Debris Mitigation: Solutions from the Dark Skies of the Remote Australian Outback Using a Proposed Network of Mobile Astronomical Observatories</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Akbar%20Hussain">Muhammad Akbar Hussain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Mehdi%20Hussain"> Muhammad Mehdi Hussain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Waqar%20Haider"> Waqar Haider</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There are tens of thousands of undetected and uncatalogued pieces of space debris in the Low Earth Orbit (LEO). They are not only difficult to be detected and tracked, their sheer number puts active satellites and humans in orbit around Earth into danger. With the entry of more governments and private companies into harnessing the Earth’s orbit for communication, research and military purposes, there is an ever-increasing need for not only the detection and cataloguing of these pieces of space debris, it is time to take measures to take them out and clean up the space around Earth. Current optical and radar-based Space Situational Awareness initiatives are useful mostly in detecting and cataloguing larger pieces of debris mainly for avoidance measures. Smaller than 10 cm pieces are in a relatively dark zone, yet these are deadly and capable of destroying satellites and human missions. A network of mobile observatories, connected to each other in real time and working in unison as a single instrument, may be able to detect small pieces of debris and achieve effective triangulation to help create a comprehensive database of their trajectories and parameters to the highest level of precision. This data may enable ground-based laser systems to help deorbit individual debris. Such a network of observatories can join current efforts in detection and removal of space debris in Earth’s orbit. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20debris" title="space debris">space debris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20earth%20orbit" title=" low earth orbit"> low earth orbit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20observatories" title=" mobile observatories"> mobile observatories</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=triangulation" title=" triangulation"> triangulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seamless%20operability" title=" seamless operability"> seamless operability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143368/space-debris-mitigation-solutions-from-the-dark-skies-of-the-remote-australian-outback-using-a-proposed-network-of-mobile-astronomical-observatories" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143368.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3789</span> Design of Quality Assessment System for On-Orbit 3D Printing Based on 3D Reconstruction Technology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianning%20Tang">Jianning Tang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trevor%20Hocksun%20Kwan"> Trevor Hocksun Kwan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaofeng%20Wu"> Xiaofeng Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the increasing demand for space use in multiple sectors (navigation, telecommunication, imagery, etc.), the deployment and maintenance demand of satellites are growing. Considering the high launching cost and the restrictions on weight and size of the payload when using launch vehicle, the technique of on-orbit manufacturing has obtained more attention because of its significant potential to support future space missions. 3D printing is the most promising manufacturing technology that could be applied in space. However, due to the lack of autonomous quality assessment, the operation of conventional 3D printers still relies on human presence to supervise the printing process. This paper is proposed to develop an automatic 3D reconstruction system aiming at detecting failures on the 3D printed objects through application of point cloud technology. Based on the data obtained from the point cloud, the 3D printer could locate the failure and repair the failure. The system will increase automation and provide 3D printing with more feasibilities for space use without human interference. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20assessment" title=" quality assessment"> quality assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=point%20cloud" title=" point cloud"> point cloud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=on-orbit%20manufacturing" title=" on-orbit manufacturing"> on-orbit manufacturing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149470/design-of-quality-assessment-system-for-on-orbit-3d-printing-based-on-3d-reconstruction-technology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149470.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">120</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3788</span> Simulation and Design of an Aerospace Mission Powered by “Candy” Type Fuel Engines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Hern%C3%A1ndez%20Huertas">N. Hernández Huertas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Rojas%20Mora"> F. Rojas Mora</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sounding rockets are aerospace vehicles that were developed in the mid-20th century, and since then numerous investigations have been executed with the aim of innovate in this type of technology. However, the costs associated to the production of this type of technology are usually quite high, and therefore the challenge that exists today is to be able to reduce them. In this way, the main objective of this document is to present the design process of a Colombian aerospace mission capable to reach the thermosphere using low-cost “Candy” type solid fuel engines. This mission is the latest development of the Uniandes Aerospace Project (PUA for its Spanish acronym), which is an undergraduate and postgraduate research group at Universidad de los Andes (Bogotá, Colombia), dedicated to incurring in this type of technology. In this way, the investigations that have been carried out on Candy-type solid fuel, which is a compound of potassium nitrate and sorbitol, have allowed the production of engines powerful enough to reach space, and which represents a unique technological advance in Latin America and an important development in experimental rocketry. In this way, following the engineering iterative design methodology was possible to design a 2-stage sounding rocket with 1 solid fuel engine in each one, which was then simulated in RockSim V9.0 software and reached an apogee of approximately 150 km above sea level. Similarly, a speed equal to 5 Mach was obtained, which after performing a finite element analysis, it was shown that the rocket is strong enough to be able to withstand such speeds. Under these premises, it was demonstrated that it is possible to build a high-power aerospace mission at low cost, using Candy-type solid fuel engines. For this reason, the feasibility of carrying out similar missions clearly depends on the ability to replicate the engines in the best way, since as mentioned above, the design of the rocket is adequate to reach supersonic speeds and reach space. Consequently, with a team of at least 3 members, the mission can be obtained in less than 3 months. Therefore, when publishing this project, it is intended to be a reference for future research in this field and benefit the industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerospace%20missions" title="aerospace missions">aerospace missions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Candy%20type%20solid%20propellant%20engines" title=" Candy type solid propellant engines"> Candy type solid propellant engines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design%20of%20solid%20rockets" title=" design of solid rockets"> design of solid rockets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experimental%20rocketry" title=" experimental rocketry"> experimental rocketry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20costs%20missions" title=" low costs missions"> low costs missions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126878/simulation-and-design-of-an-aerospace-mission-powered-by-candy-type-fuel-engines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126878.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">111</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3787</span> Development of Requirements Analysis Tool for Medical Autonomy in Long-Duration Space Exploration Missions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lara%20Dutil-Fafard">Lara Dutil-Fafard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Caroline%20Rh%C3%A9aume"> Caroline Rhéaume</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patrick%20Archambault"> Patrick Archambault</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Lafond"> Daniel Lafond</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neal%20W.%20Pollock"> Neal W. Pollock</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Improving resources for medical autonomy of astronauts in prolonged space missions, such as a Mars mission, requires not only technology development, but also decision-making support systems. The Advanced Crew Medical System - Medical Condition Requirements study, funded by the Canadian Space Agency, aimed to create knowledge content and a scenario-based query capability to support medical autonomy of astronauts. The key objective of this study was to create a prototype tool for identifying medical infrastructure requirements in terms of medical knowledge, skills and materials. A multicriteria decision-making method was used to prioritize the highest risk medical events anticipated in a long-term space mission. Starting with those medical conditions, event sequence diagrams (ESDs) were created in the form of decision trees where the entry point is the diagnosis and the end points are the predicted outcomes (full recovery, partial recovery, or death/severe incapacitation). The ESD formalism was adapted to characterize and compare possible outcomes of medical conditions as a function of available medical knowledge, skills, and supplies in a given mission scenario. An extensive literature review was performed and summarized in a medical condition database. A PostgreSQL relational database was created to allow query-based evaluation of health outcome metrics with different medical infrastructure scenarios. Critical decision points, skill and medical supply requirements, and probable health outcomes were compared across chosen scenarios. The three medical conditions with the highest risk rank were acute coronary syndrome, sepsis, and stroke. Our efforts demonstrate the utility of this approach and provide insight into the effort required to develop appropriate content for the range of medical conditions that may arise. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20support%20system" title="decision support system">decision support system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=event-sequence%20diagram" title=" event-sequence diagram"> event-sequence diagram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exploration%20mission" title=" exploration mission"> exploration mission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20autonomy" title=" medical autonomy"> medical autonomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scenario-based%20queries" title=" scenario-based queries"> scenario-based queries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20medicine" title=" space medicine"> space medicine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109950/development-of-requirements-analysis-tool-for-medical-autonomy-in-long-duration-space-exploration-missions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109950.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">127</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3786</span> Cosmic Radiation Hazards and Protective Strategies in Space Exploration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehrnaz%20Mostafavi">Mehrnaz Mostafavi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Azani"> Alireza Azani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahtab%20Shabani"> Mahtab Shabani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Ghafari"> Fatemeh Ghafari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> While filled with promise and wonder, space exploration also presents significant challenges, one of the foremost being the threat of cosmic radiation to astronaut health. Recent advancements in assessing these risks and developing protective strategies have shed new light on this issue. Cosmic radiation encompasses a variety of high-energy particles originating from sources like solar particle events, galactic cosmic rays, and cosmic rays from beyond the solar system. These particles, composed of protons, electrons, and heavy ions, pose a substantial threat to human health in space due to the lack of Earth's protective atmosphere and magnetic field. Researchers have made significant progress in assessing the risks associated with cosmic radiation exposure. By employing advanced dosimetry techniques and conducting biological studies, they have gained insights into how cosmic radiation affects astronauts' health, including increasing the risk of cancer and radiation sickness. This research has led to personalized risk assessment methods tailored to individual astronaut profiles. Distinctive protection strategies have been proposed to combat the dangers of cosmic radiation. These include developing spacecraft shielding materials and designs to enhance radiation protection. Additionally, researchers are exploring pharmacological interventions such as radioprotective drugs and antioxidant therapies to mitigate the biological effects of radiation exposure and preserve astronaut well-being. The findings from recent research have significant implications for the future of space exploration. By advancing our understanding of cosmic radiation risks and developing effective protection strategies, we pave the way for safer and more sustainable human missions beyond Earth's orbit. This is especially crucial for long-duration missions to destinations like Mars, where astronauts will face prolonged exposure to cosmic radiation. In conclusion, recent research has marked a milestone in addressing the challenges posed by cosmic radiation in space exploration. By delving into the complexities of cosmic radiation exposure and developing innovative protection strategies, scientists are ensuring the health and resilience of astronauts as they venture into the vast expanse of the cosmos. Continued research and collaboration in this area are essential for overcoming the cosmic radiation challenge and enabling humanity to embark on new frontiers of exploration and discovery in space. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Space%20exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cosmic%20radiation" title=" cosmic radiation"> cosmic radiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=astronaut%20health" title=" astronaut health"> astronaut health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20assessment" title=" risk assessment"> risk assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protective%20strategies" title=" protective strategies"> protective strategies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186188/cosmic-radiation-hazards-and-protective-strategies-in-space-exploration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186188.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3785</span> Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in the European Air Transport Command during 2020-2021</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20Gasc%C3%B3n%20Hove">Martin Gascón Hove</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ralph%20Vermeltfoort"> Ralph Vermeltfoort</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alessandro%20Fiorini"> Alessandro Fiorini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erwan%20Dulaurent"> Erwan Dulaurent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Henning%20von%20Perbandt"> Henning von Perbandt</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has completely changed the global health situation, with more than 400 million cases published and over 5 million deaths. European Air Transport Command (EATC) is integrated by seven nations, and among its capabilities is that of aeromedical evacuation (AM). Material and methods: Impact of novel coronavirus was analysed based on the number and characteristics of patients and executed missions within EATC and, particularly by Spain, during the biennium 2020-2021. Results: One thousand sixty patients were transported in 186 missions. Neither death nor disease contagion was reported during AM performances. Military cases transferred were 986, mostly routine priority (91,4%), and 74 were civilians, who were transported in 17 missions, and 81,1% of which were categorized as urgent. Niger led the list of original countries, with 191 evacuated patients. 76,1% of requests came from Italy and Germany. Airbus A310 was the most used aircraft (32,2%). Germany transported 222 patients of another nationality, while Spain executed eight missions and repatriated 68 cases, 58 of which were from Mali. Conclusions: COVID-19 has led to a surged number of evacuated patients inside EATC, which has proven to be a safe and effective means of transportation, even in critical cases. Spain has gained prominence since its annexation in 2015. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SARS-CoV-2" title=" SARS-CoV-2"> SARS-CoV-2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pandemic" title=" pandemic"> pandemic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aviation" title=" aviation"> aviation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Spain" title=" Spain"> Spain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156516/impact-of-covid-19-pandemic-in-the-european-air-transport-command-during-2020-2021" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156516.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3784</span> Examining Neo-colonialism and Power in Global Surgical Missions: An Historical, Practical and Ethical Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alex%20Knighton">Alex Knighton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roba%20Khundkar"> Roba Khundkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Dunn"> Michael Dunn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Neo-colonialism is defined as the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies, and concerns have been raised about its presence in surgical missions. Surgical missions aim to rectify the huge disparity in surgical access worldwide, but their ethics must be carefully considered. This is especially in light of colonial history which affects international relations and global health today, to ensure that colonial attitudes are not influencing efforts to promote equity. This review examines the history of colonial global health, demonstrating that global health initiatives have consistently been used to benefit those providing them, and then asks whether elements of colonialism are still pervasive in surgical missions today. Data was collected from the literature using specified search terms and snowball searching, as well as from international expert web-based conferences on global surgery ethics. A thematic analysis was then conducted on this data, resulting in the identification of six themes which are identifiable in both past and present global health initiatives. These six themes are power, lack of understanding or respect, feelings of superiority, exploitation, enabling of dependency, and acceptance of poorer standards of care. An ethical analysis follows, concluding that the concerns of power and neo-colonialism in global surgery would be addressed by adopting a framework of procedural justice that promotes a refined governance process in which stakeholders are able to propose and reject decisions that affect them. The paper argues that adopting this model would address concerns of the power disparity in the field directly, as well as promoting an ethical framework to enable the other concerns of power disparity and neo-colonialism identified in the present analysis to be addressed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20ethics" title="medical ethics">medical ethics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20surgery" title=" global surgery"> global surgery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20health" title=" global health"> global health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neocolonialism" title=" neocolonialism"> neocolonialism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surgical%20missions" title=" surgical missions"> surgical missions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162079/examining-neo-colonialism-and-power-in-global-surgical-missions-an-historical-practical-and-ethical-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162079.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">95</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3783</span> Thermochemical Study of the Degradation of the Panels of Wings in a Space Shuttle by Utilization of HSC Chemistry Software and Its Database</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Ait%20Hou">Ahmed Ait Hou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The wing leading edge and nose cone of the space shuttle are fabricated from a reinforced carbon/carbon material. This material attains its durability from a diffusion coating of silicon carbide (SiC) and a glass sealant. During re-entry into the atmosphere, this material is subject to an oxidizing high-temperature environment. The use of thermochemical calculations resulting at the HSC CHEMISTRY software and its database allows us to interpret the phenomena of oxidation and chloridation observed on the wing leading edge and nose cone of the space shuttle during its mission in space. First study is the monitoring of the oxidation reaction of SiC. It has been demonstrated that thermal oxidation of the SiC gives the two compounds SiO₂(s) and CO(g). In the extreme conditions of very low oxygen partial pressures and high temperatures, there is a reaction between SiC and SiO₂, leading to SiO(g) and CO(g). We had represented the phase stability diagram of Si-C-O system calculated by the use of the HSC Chemistry at 1300°C. The principal characteristic of this diagram of predominance is the line of SiC + SiO₂ coexistence. Second study is the monitoring of the chloridation reaction of SiC. The other problem encountered in addition to oxidation is the phenomenon of chloridation due to the presence of NaCl. Indeed, after many missions, the leading edge wing surfaces have exhibited small pinholes. We have used the HSC Chemistry database to analyze these various reactions. Our calculations concorde with the phenomena we announced in research work resulting in NASA LEWIS Research center. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermochchemicals%20calculations" title="thermochchemicals calculations">thermochchemicals calculations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HSC%20software" title=" HSC software"> HSC software</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidation%20and%20chloridation" title=" oxidation and chloridation"> oxidation and chloridation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wings%20in%20space" title=" wings in space"> wings in space</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128088/thermochemical-study-of-the-degradation-of-the-panels-of-wings-in-a-space-shuttle-by-utilization-of-hsc-chemistry-software-and-its-database" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128088.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3782</span> A Tutorial on Model Predictive Control for Spacecraft Maneuvering Problem with Theory, Experimentation and Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20B.%20Iskender">O. B. Iskender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20V.%20Ling"> K. V. Ling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Dubanchet"> V. Dubanchet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Simonini"> L. Simonini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper discusses the recent advances and future prospects of spacecraft position and attitude control using Model Predictive Control (MPC). First, the challenges of the space missions are summarized, in particular, taking into account the errors, uncertainties, and constraints imposed by the mission, spacecraft and, onboard processing capabilities. The summary of space mission errors and uncertainties provided in categories; initial condition errors, unmodeled disturbances, sensor, and actuator errors. These previous constraints are classified into two categories: physical and geometric constraints. Last, real-time implementation capability is discussed regarding the required computation time and the impact of sensor and actuator errors based on the Hardware-In-The-Loop (HIL) experiments. The rationales behind the scenarios’ are also presented in the scope of space applications as formation flying, attitude control, rendezvous and docking, rover steering, and precision landing. The objectives of these missions are explained, and the generic constrained MPC problem formulations are summarized. Three key design elements used in MPC design: the prediction model, the constraints formulation and the objective cost function are discussed. The prediction models can be linear time invariant or time varying depending on the geometry of the orbit, whether it is circular or elliptic. The constraints can be given as linear inequalities for input or output constraints, which can be written in the same form. Moreover, the recent convexification techniques for the non-convex geometrical constraints (i.e., plume impingement, Field-of-View (FOV)) are presented in detail. Next, different objectives are provided in a mathematical framework and explained accordingly. Thirdly, because MPC implementation relies on finding in real-time the solution to constrained optimization problems, computational aspects are also examined. In particular, high-speed implementation capabilities and HIL challenges are presented towards representative space avionics. This covers an analysis of future space processors as well as the requirements of sensors and actuators on the HIL experiments outputs. The HIL tests are investigated for kinematic and dynamic tests where robotic arms and floating robots are used respectively. Eventually, the proposed algorithms and experimental setups are introduced and compared with the authors' previous work and future plans. The paper concludes with a conjecture that MPC paradigm is a promising framework at the crossroads of space applications while could be further advanced based on the challenges mentioned throughout the paper and the unaddressed gap. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convex%20optimization" title="convex optimization">convex optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model%20predictive%20control" title=" model predictive control"> model predictive control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rendezvous%20and%20docking" title=" rendezvous and docking"> rendezvous and docking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spacecraft%20autonomy" title=" spacecraft autonomy "> spacecraft autonomy </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108674/a-tutorial-on-model-predictive-control-for-spacecraft-maneuvering-problem-with-theory-experimentation-and-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108674.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">110</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3781</span> State’s Responsibility of Space Debris</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Athari%20Farhani">Athari Farhani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Abstract The existence of space debris is a direct implication of human activities in outer space. The amount of orbital debris resulting from human exploration and use of outer space has been steadily increasing in the history of human exploration and use of outer space, so that space debris in the responsibility of the launching state. Space debris not only hs a direct impact on environmentalpollution but can also harm and endanger the safety of human life. Despite the legal provisions governing the exploration and use of outer space, both international space law and liability convention, however, these legal provisions are only basic prinsiples, so that further thought or effort are needed, such as new international legal instruments to regulate the existence of space debris. The method used in this research is normative juridical with an approach to written legal regulation, especially international agreements related to space law. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=state%E2%80%99s%20responsibility" title="state’s responsibility">state’s responsibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20debris" title=" space debris"> space debris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=outerspace" title=" outerspace"> outerspace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20law" title=" international law"> international law</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167497/states-responsibility-of-space-debris" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167497.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3780</span> One or More Building Information Modeling Managers in France: The Confusion of the Kind</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Blanchard">S. Blanchard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Beladjine"> D. Beladjine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Beddiar"> K. Beddiar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Since 2015, the arrival of BIM in the building sector in France has turned the corporation world upside down. Not only constructive practices have been impacted, but also the uses and the men who have undergone important changes. Thus, the new collaborative mode generated by the BIM and the digital model has challenged the supremacy of some construction actors because the process involves working together taking into account the needs of other contributors. New BIM tools have emerged and actors in the act of building must take ownership of them. It is in this context that under the impetus of a European directive and the French government's encouragement of new missions and job profiles have. Moreover, concurrent engineering requires that each actor can advance at the same time as the others, at the whim of the information that reaches him, and the information he has to transmit. However, in the French legal system around public procurement, things are not planned in this direction. Also, a consequent evolution must take place to adapt to the methodology. The new missions generated by the BIM in France require a good mastery of the tools and the process. Also, to meet the objectives of the BIM approach, it is possible to define a typical job profile around the BIM, adapted to the various sectors concerned. The multitude of job offers using the same terms with very different objectives and the complexity of the proposed missions motivated by our approach. In order to reinforce exchanges with professionals or specialists, we carried out a statistical study to answer this problem. Five topics are discussed around the business area: the BIM in the company, the function (business), software used and BIM missions practiced (39 items). About 1400 professionals were interviewed. These people work in companies (micro businesses, SMEs, and Groups) of construction, engineering offices or, architectural agencies. 77% of respondents have the status of employees. All participants are graduated in their trade, the majority having level 1. Most people have less than a year of experience in BIM, but some have 10 years. The results of our survey help to understand why it is not possible to define a single type of BIM Manager. Indeed, the specificities of the companies are so numerous and complex and the missions so varied, that there is not a single model for a function. On the other hand, it was possible to define 3 main professions around the BIM (Manager, Coordinator and Modeler) and 3 main missions for the BIM Manager (deployment of the method, assistance to project management and management of a project). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BIM%20manager" title="BIM manager">BIM manager</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BIM%20modeler" title=" BIM modeler"> BIM modeler</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BIM%20coordinator" title=" BIM coordinator"> BIM coordinator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=project%20management" title=" project management"> project management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84835/one-or-more-building-information-modeling-managers-in-france-the-confusion-of-the-kind" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84835.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3779</span> An Experimental Study on the Coupled Heat Source and Heat Sink Effects on Solid Rockets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vinayak%20Malhotra">Vinayak Malhotra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samanyu%20Raina"> Samanyu Raina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajinkya%20Vajurkar"> Ajinkya Vajurkar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Enhancing the rocket efficiency by controlling the external factors in solid rockets motors has been an active area of research for most of the terrestrial and extra-terrestrial system operations. Appreciable work has been done, but the complexity of the problem has prevented thorough understanding due to heterogenous heat and mass transfer. On record, severe issues have surfaced amounting to irreplaceable loss of mankind, instruments, facilities, and huge amount of money being invested every year. The coupled effect of an external heat source and external heat sink is an aspect yet to be articulated in combustion. Better understanding of this coupled phenomenon will induce higher safety standards, efficient missions, reduced hazard risks, with better designing, validation, and testing. The experiment will help in understanding the coupled effect of an external heat sink and heat source on the burning process, contributing in better combustion and fire safety, which are very important for efficient and safer rocket flights and space missions. Safety is the most prevalent issue in rockets, which assisted by poor combustion efficiency, emphasizes research efforts to evolve superior rockets. This signifies real, engineering, scientific, practical, systems and applications. One potential application is Solid Rocket Motors (S.R.M). The study may help in: (i) Understanding the effect on efficiency of core engines due to the primary boosters if considered as source, (ii) Choosing suitable heat sink materials for space missions so as to vary the efficiency of the solid rocket depending on the mission, (iii) Giving an idea about how the preheating of the successive stage due to previous stage acting as a source may affect the mission. The present work governs the temperature (resultant) and thus the heat transfer which is expected to be non-linear because of heterogeneous heat and mass transfer. The study will deepen the understanding of controlled inter-energy conversions and the coupled effect of external source/sink(s) surrounding the burning fuel eventually leading to better combustion thus, better propulsion. The work is motivated by the need to have enhanced fire safety and better rocket efficiency. The specific objective of the work is to understand the coupled effect of external heat source and sink on propellant burning and to investigate the role of key controlling parameters. Results as of now indicate that there exists a singularity in the coupled effect. The dominance of the external heat sink and heat source decides the relative rocket flight in Solid Rocket Motors (S.R.M). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coupled%20effect" title="coupled effect">coupled effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer" title=" heat transfer"> heat transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sink" title=" sink"> sink</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20rocket%20motors" title=" solid rocket motors"> solid rocket motors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=source" title=" source"> source</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95362/an-experimental-study-on-the-coupled-heat-source-and-heat-sink-effects-on-solid-rockets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95362.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">223</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3778</span> Transient Phenomena in a 100 W Hall Thrusters: Experimental Measurements of Discharge Current and Plasma Parameter Evolution</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cl%C3%A9mence%20Royer">Clémence Royer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=St%C3%A9phane%20Mazouffre"> Stéphane Mazouffre</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, electric propulsion systems play a crucial role in space exploration missions due to their high specific impulse and long operational life. The Hall thrusters are one of the most mature EP technologies. It is a gridless ion thruster that has proved reliable and high-performance for decades in various space missions. Operation of HT relies on electron emissions through a cathode placed outside a hollow dielectric channel that includes an anode at the back. Negatively charged particles are trapped in a magnetic field and efficiently slow down. By collisions, the electron cloud ionizes xenon atoms. A large electric field is generated in the axial direction due to the low electron transverse mobility in the region of a strong magnetic field. Positive particles are pulled out of the chamber at high velocity and are neutralized directly at the exhaust area. This phenomenon leads to the acceleration of the spacecraft system at a high specific impulse. While HT’s architecture and operating principle are relatively simple, the physics behind thrust is complex and still partly unknown. Current and voltage oscillations, as well as electron properties, have been captured over a 30 mn time period after ignition. The observed low-frequency oscillations exhibited specific frequency ranges, amplitudes, and stability patterns. Correlations between the oscillations and plasma characteristics we analyzed. The impact of these instabilities on thruster performance, including thrust efficiency, has been evaluated as well. Moreover, strategies for mitigating and controlling these instabilities have been developed, such as filtering. In this contribution, in addition to presenting a summary of the results obtained in the transient regime, we will present and discuss recent advances in Hall thruster plasma discharge filtering and control. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20propulsion" title="electric propulsion">electric propulsion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hall%20Thruster" title=" Hall Thruster"> Hall Thruster</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20diagnostics" title=" plasma diagnostics"> plasma diagnostics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low-frequency%20oscillations" title=" low-frequency oscillations"> low-frequency oscillations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168470/transient-phenomena-in-a-100-w-hall-thrusters-experimental-measurements-of-discharge-current-and-plasma-parameter-evolution" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168470.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">90</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3777</span> 6-Degree-Of-Freedom Spacecraft Motion Planning via Model Predictive Control and Dual Quaternions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omer%20Burak%20Iskender">Omer Burak Iskender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keck%20Voon%20Ling"> Keck Voon Ling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vincent%20Dubanchet"> Vincent Dubanchet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luca%20Simonini"> Luca Simonini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents Guidance and Control (G&C) strategy to approach and synchronize with potentially rotating targets. The proposed strategy generates and tracks a safe trajectory for space servicing missions, including tasks like approaching, inspecting, and capturing. The main objective of this paper is to validate the G&C laws using a Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) setup with realistic rendezvous and docking equipment. Throughout this work, the assumption of full relative state feedback is relaxed by onboard sensors that bring realistic errors and delays and, while the proposed closed loop approach demonstrates the robustness to the above mentioned challenge. Moreover, G&C blocks are unified via the Model Predictive Control (MPC) paradigm, and the coupling between translational motion and rotational motion is addressed via dual quaternion based kinematic description. In this work, G&C is formulated as a convex optimization problem where constraints such as thruster limits and the output constraints are explicitly handled. Furthermore, the Monte-Carlo method is used to evaluate the robustness of the proposed method to the initial condition errors, the uncertainty of the target's motion and attitude, and actuator errors. A capture scenario is tested with the robotic test bench that has onboard sensors which estimate the position and orientation of a drifting satellite through camera imagery. Finally, the approach is compared with currently used robust H-infinity controllers and guidance profile provided by the industrial partner. The HIL experiments demonstrate that the proposed strategy is a potential candidate for future space servicing missions because 1) the algorithm is real-time implementable as convex programming offers deterministic convergence properties and guarantee finite time solution, 2) critical physical and output constraints are respected, 3) robustness to sensor errors and uncertainties in the system is proven, 4) couples translational motion with rotational motion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dual%20quaternion" title="dual quaternion">dual quaternion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model%20predictive%20control" title=" model predictive control"> model predictive control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real-time%20experimental%20test" title=" real-time experimental test"> real-time experimental test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rendezvous%20and%20docking" title=" rendezvous and docking"> rendezvous and docking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spacecraft%20autonomy" title=" spacecraft autonomy"> spacecraft autonomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20servicing" title=" space servicing"> space servicing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108672/6-degree-of-freedom-spacecraft-motion-planning-via-model-predictive-control-and-dual-quaternions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108672.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3776</span> Information Society-Education Space</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monica%20Lia">Monica Lia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper has set the objective of researching how education is influenced by the information society. The first step was to define more precisely the information space. Second step was to identify how information space intersects the family space and institutional space educational levels represented by pre-school / school and pre-university (kindergarten, at elementary / middle school / high school). Interrelationship between the above-mentioned areas was another objective of the research. All these elements have been investigated through the original intention to identify how the information space can become an educational tool to support for the family space, education and institutional space. In addition, the aim of this research is to offer some solutions in this regard. Often the educational efforts appear to be blocked by the existence of this space. However, this paper demonstrates that Informational space can be an enemy of the educational system or be support systems if we know the internal structure and mechanisms. We can make the Informational Space to work for accomplish the educational objectives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=informational%20space" title="informational space">informational space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title=" education"> education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=educational%20tool" title=" educational tool"> educational tool</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20diagram" title=" social diagram"> social diagram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information" title=" information"> information</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20structure" title=" information structure"> information structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lessons" title=" lessons "> lessons </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39912/information-society-education-space" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39912.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">334</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3775</span> Environmental and Space Travel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alimohammad">Alimohammad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Man's entry into space is one of the most important results of developments and advances made in information technology. But this human step, like many of his other actions, is not free of danger, as space pollution today has become a major problem for the global community. Paying attention to the issue of preserving the space environment is in the interest of all governments and mankind, and ignoring it can increase the possibility of conflict between countries. What many space powers still do not pay attention to is the freedom to explore and exploit space should be limited by banning pollution of the space environment. Therefore, freedom and prohibition are complementary and should not be considered conflicting concepts. The legal system created by the current space treaties for the effective preservation of the space environment has failed. Customary international law also does not have an effective provision and guarantee of sufficient executions in order to prevent damage to the environment. Considering the responsibility of each generation in the healthy transfer of the environment to the next generation and considering the sustainable development concept, the space environment must also be passed on to future generations in a healthy and undamaged manner. As a result, many environmental policies related to Earth should also be applied to the space environment.. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=law" title="law">law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space" title=" space"> space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=responsibility" title=" responsibility"> responsibility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161584/environmental-and-space-travel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161584.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">84</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20missions&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20missions&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20missions&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20missions&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20missions&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20missions&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20missions&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20missions&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20missions&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20missions&page=126">126</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20missions&page=127">127</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20missions&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>