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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%A2_%C3%8Ang" title="Chhâ Êng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhâ Êng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Чай Жун – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чай Жун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%97" title="周世宗 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="周世宗" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%98%81" title="시영 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시영" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B4%E6%A0%84" title="柴栄 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="柴栄" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Shizong_od_Kasnijeg_Zhoua" title="Car Shizong od Kasnijeg Zhoua – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Car Shizong od Kasnijeg Zhoua" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%89_%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87" title="ไฉ หรง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฉ หรง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Чай Жун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чай Жун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%ADu_Chu_Th%E1%BA%BF_T%C3%B4ng" title="Hậu Chu Thế Tông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hậu Chu Thế Tông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%91%A8%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%97" title="後周世宗 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="後周世宗" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%97" title="周世宗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="周世宗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B4%E6%A6%AE" title="柴榮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="柴榮" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%97" title="周世宗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="周世宗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Second emperor of the Later Zhou dynasty</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Chai_(surname)" title="Chai (surname)">Chai</a> (later changed to <a href="/wiki/Guo" title="Guo">Guo</a>)</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">後周世宗</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guo_Rong2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Guo_Rong2.jpg/200px-Guo_Rong2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Guo_Rong2.jpg/300px-Guo_Rong2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Guo_Rong2.jpg/400px-Guo_Rong2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Emperor of the Later Zhou dynasty</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">26 February 954<sup id="cite_ref-wdsj12_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wdsj12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 27 July 959</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guo_Wei" title="Guo Wei">Guo Wei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chai_Zongxun" class="mw-redirect" title="Chai Zongxun">Chai Zongxun</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">27 October 921<br />Xingzhou (modern <a href="/wiki/Xingtai" title="Xingtai">Xingtai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, China)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 July 959<span style="display:none">(959-07-27)</span> (aged 37)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Qing Mausoleum (慶陵; in modern <a href="/wiki/Xinzheng" title="Xinzheng">Xinzheng</a>, Henan)<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chai_Rong&params=34_33_44.52_N_113_41_47.88_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°33′44.52″N</span> <span class="longitude">113°41′47.88″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.5623667°N 113.6966333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.5623667; 113.6966333</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Lady Liu (劉氏) (dec. 950)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Fu_the_Elder" title="Empress Fu the Elder">Empress Fu the Elder</a> (dec. 956)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Fu_(Later_Zhou)" title="Empress Dowager Fu (Later Zhou)">Empress Fu the Younger</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chai Zongxun<br /><i><a href="#Family">others</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">Surname</a>: Chái (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:柴">柴</a>), later changed to Guō (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%83%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:郭">郭</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Name_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Chinese_given_name" title="Chinese given name">Given name</a>: Róng (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A6%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:榮">榮</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Era dates</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Xiǎndé (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A1%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:顯">顯</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:德">德</a>), continued from Emperor Taizu<br /><b>Year 1:</b> 6 February 954 – 26 January 955<br /><b>Year 2:</b> 27 January 955 – 14 February 956<br /><b>Year 3:</b> 15 February 956 – 2 February 957<br /><b>Year 4:</b> 3 February 957 – 22 January 958<br /><b>Year 5:</b> 23 January 958 – 10 February 959<br /><b>Year 6:</b> 11 February 959 – 30 January 960</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Emperor Ruìwǔ Xiàowén (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9D%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:睿">睿</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:武">武</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:孝">孝</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:文">文</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:皇帝">皇帝</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Shìzōng (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96" class="extiw" title="wikt:世">世</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:宗">宗</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chai <span style="font-size:85%;">(by birth)</span><br />Guo <span style="font-size:85%;">(adoptive)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Chai Shouli (柴守禮) (biological)<br /><a href="/wiki/Guo_Wei" title="Guo Wei">Guo Wei</a> (adoptive)</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Chai Rong</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:柴">柴</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A6%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:榮">榮</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:柴">柴</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8D%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:荣">荣</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chái Róng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ch'ai<sup>2</sup> Jung<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Chaai<sup>4</sup> Wing<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Caai<sup>4</sup> Wing<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chai Rong</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">柴榮</span>) (27 October 921<sup id="cite_ref-wds114_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wds114-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 27 July 959<sup id="cite_ref-wds119_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wds119-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), later known as <b>Guo Rong</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">郭榮</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Name_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known by his <a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">temple name</a> as the <b>Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou</b>, was the second <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou dynasty</a> of China, during the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a>. He reigned from 954 until his death in 959. He succeeded his uncle-in-law <a href="/wiki/Guo_Wei" title="Guo Wei">Guo Wei</a> (Emperor Taizu), whose surname he had adopted. </p><p>Emperor Shizong is considered a highly successful emperor of the Five Dynasties period. He centralized military power by his reforms, and proved his military prowess by a series of victories against <a href="/wiki/Northern_Han" title="Northern Han">Northern Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Later_Shu" title="Later Shu">Later Shu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>. Although his accomplishments were limited due to his premature death, they paved the way for the eventual unification of large parts of <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song dynasty">Northern Song</a>, founded by his trusted generals <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizu_of_Song" title="Emperor Taizu of Song">Zhao Kuangyin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Song" title="Emperor Taizong of Song">Zhao Guangyi</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chai_Rong&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chai Rong was born in Xingzhou (邢州; modern <a href="/wiki/Xingtai" title="Xingtai">Xingtai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-wds114_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wds114-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a child he came to live with his aunt — a younger sister of his father Chai Shouli (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">柴守禮</span></span>) — and her husband <a href="/wiki/Guo_Wei" title="Guo Wei">Guo Wei</a>, an official in the <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a> military. The Guos had no sons, so they adopted the quiet nephew as their own. The youngster grew up into a muscular young man skilled at <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">mounted archery</a>, while also possessing a basic understanding of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Chinese classics</a>, history, and the <a href="/wiki/Huang-Lao" class="mw-redirect" title="Huang-Lao">Huang-Lao</a> philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-wdsj12_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wdsj12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he was an adult, he handled household affairs for Guo Wei, and often went out to do business, traveling back and forth between the Central China and the Jiangnan area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_under_Later_Han">Career under Later Han</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chai_Rong&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career under Later Han"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han</a> in 947, the Guo family's condition improved dramatically. Guo Wei became the Commissioner of Military Affairs (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">樞密使</span></span>) in 948,<sup id="cite_ref-zztj288_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zztj288-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his adopted son became the Left Commandant for Palace-gate Security (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">左堅門衛將軍</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-wdsj12_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wdsj12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 May 950, Guo was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">military governor</a> of Tianxiong Command (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天雄軍</span></span>) and delegated to garrison at <a href="/wiki/Ye_(ancient_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ye (ancient China)">Weizhou</a> (魏州; modern <a href="/wiki/Linzhang_County" title="Linzhang County">Linzhang County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>) at the Later Han-<a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> border to prevent a possible Liao incursion. Ten days later, his adopted son was appointed Tianxiong Command's Chief Director of Military Headquarters (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">牙內都指揮使</span></span>) to follow him in Weizhou. Chai Rong — by now known as Guo Rong — was also given a nominal post of prefect of Guizhou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">貴州</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zztj289_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zztj289-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 950, the Later Han emperor <a href="/wiki/Liu_Chengyou" title="Liu Chengyou">Liu Chengyou</a> unexpectedly killed the entire family of Guo Wei as a plot to liquidate the most powerful ministers in his nation. Guo Wei decided to rebel. As Guo Rong's wife Lady Liu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉氏</span></span>) and children including 3 young sons also remained in the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> Bianzhou (汴州; today's <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>), they were all slaughtered as well.<sup id="cite_ref-wdsj20_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wdsj20-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guo Wei asked Guo Rong to stay behind at the frontier as he led his main army southbound towards Bianzhou. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_under_Emperor_Taizu_of_Later_Zhou">Career under Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chai_Rong&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career under Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a few months, Liu Chengyou was killed, Later Han was terminated, as Guo Wei founded the <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a>. Guo Rong became the military governor of Zhenning Command (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">鎮寧軍</span></span>) and went to Chanzhou (澶州; today's <a href="/wiki/Qingfeng_County" title="Qingfeng County">Qingfeng County</a>, Henan).<sup id="cite_ref-wdsj12_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wdsj12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Chanzhou, he quickly eradicated militarized outlaws in the region and promoted <a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">literati</a> to enforce laws more effectively,<sup id="cite_ref-ss274_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ss274-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> winning the support of the people. He also initiated projects to tear down dilapidated street walls and build new public office buildings and residential housings.<sup id="cite_ref-wds114_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wds114-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor (China)">Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jun_(Later_Zhou_chancellor)" title="Wang Jun (Later Zhou chancellor)">Wang Jun</a>, the most powerful minister, did not see eye-to-eye with Guo Rong on some issues and prevented him from visiting the capital on more than one occasion. In 952, Guo Rong requested permission to lead an army to quell a rebellion, but Wang Jun vetoed it for fear that Guo Rong would hold too much military power. At the end, Guo Wei had to personally lead the troops as an emperor. It was not until Wang's banishment in early 953 that Guo Rong finally got a chance to come back to the capital, when in April 953 he was named Prince of Jin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">晉王</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-wds114_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wds114-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time he was again married, to a <a href="/wiki/Empress_Fu_the_Elder" title="Empress Fu the Elder">Lady Fu</a>, a widowed daughter of general <a href="/wiki/Fu_Yanqing" title="Fu Yanqing">Fu Yanqing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wdsj20_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wdsj20-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son <a href="/wiki/Chai_Zongxun" class="mw-redirect" title="Chai Zongxun">Chai Zongxun</a> was born in late 953 in Chanzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-wds120_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wds120-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emperor_of_Later_Zhou">Emperor of Later Zhou</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chai_Rong&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Emperor of Later Zhou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guo Rong (posthumously known as Shizong of Later Zhou) became <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a> in 954 upon his adoptive father's death. Like his father, he was considered an able ruler. He continued reforms introduced by his father. More importantly, he began putting pressure on the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Han" title="Northern Han">Northern Han</a> and even the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>, though nothing substantial came of it. More <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shouzhou" title="Siege of Shouzhou">success</a> was met in the south as some minor successes were made against the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Later_Shu" title="Later Shu">Later Shu</a>, paving the way to eventual unification by the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_against_Liu_Chong">Campaign against Liu Chong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chai_Rong&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Campaign against Liu Chong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One month after Chai Rong took the throne, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Chong" title="Liu Chong">Liu Chong</a>, Emperor of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Han" title="Northern Han">Northern Han</a>, colluded with <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> to launch an assault on Later Zhou. Against the advice of Minister <a href="/wiki/Feng_Dao" title="Feng Dao">Feng Dao</a>, Chai Rong decided to lead the army to fight against the incursion. When Chai Rong engaged Liu Chong at Gao Ping (in modern Jincheng, Shanxi), two of Chai's general Fan Aineng, He Hui fled from battlefield along with their troops. At this critical moment, Chai Rong risked his life to break through the defense and crushed Liu's forces. After this campaign, Chai Rong consolidated his power.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He suffered an early death at the age of 38 when he died from illness while out on the field in 959. He left behind him a six-year-old heir to succeed him. This led to the fall of the dynasty and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, which eventually succeeded in reunifying <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chai_Rong&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Parents</b> </p> <ul><li>Father: Chai Shouli (柴守禮) (biological)</li></ul> <p><b>Paternal relatives</b> </p> <ul><li>Aunt: Empress Shengmu, of the Chai clan (聖穆皇后柴氏)</li></ul> <p><b>Wives</b> </p> <ul><li>Empress Zhen, of the Liu clan (貞惠皇后劉氏; d.951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Fu_the_Elder" title="Empress Fu the Elder">Empreas Xuanyi</a>, of the Fu clan (宣懿符皇后 ;931 – 29 August 956), daughter of <a href="/wiki/Fu_Yanqing" title="Fu Yanqing">Fu Yanqing</a> (符彥卿)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Fu_(Later_Zhou)" title="Empress Dowager Fu (Later Zhou)">Empress Xiaofu</a>, of the Fu clan (小符皇后; 933－993), daughter of <a href="/wiki/Fu_Yanqing" title="Fu Yanqing">Fu Yanqing</a> (符彥卿)</li> <li>Unknown: <ul><li>Chai Zongyi (柴宗誼; d. 24 December 950), 1st son</li> <li>Chai Cheng (柴誠; d.24 December 950), 2nd son</li> <li>Chai Xian, Prince of Han (韓王柴諴; d. 24 December 950), 3rd son</li> <li>Chai Zongxun, Prince of Liang (梁王柴宗訓; 14 September 953 - 6 April 1973), 4th son</li> <li>Chai Xirang (柴熙讓), 5th son</li> <li>Chai Xijing (柴熙謹), 6th son</li> <li>Chai Xihui (柴熙誨), 7th son</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chai_Rong&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Name-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Name_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZizhi_Tongjian"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/資治通鑑/卷289">ch. 289</a> indicates that he was called Guo Rong at least since 950. However, his original name Chai Rong is far better known in posterity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guizhou (貴州; modern <a href="/wiki/Guigang" title="Guigang">Guigang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>) was then under <a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a>'s and not Later Han's direct control.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chai_Rong&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chai_Rong&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wdsj12-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wdsj12_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wdsj12_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wdsj12_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wdsj12_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWudai_Shiji"><i>Wudai Shiji</i></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/新五代史/卷12">ch. 12.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wds114-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wds114_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wds114_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wds114_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wds114_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWudai_Shi"><i>Wudai Shi</i></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/舊五代史/卷114">ch. 114.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wds119-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wds119_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWudai_Shi"><i>Wudai Shi</i></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/舊五代史/卷119">ch. 119.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zztj288-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zztj288_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZizhi_Tongjian"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/資治通鑑/卷288">ch. 288.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zztj289-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zztj289_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZizhi_Tongjian"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/資治通鑑/卷289">ch. 289.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wdsj20-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wdsj20_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wdsj20_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWudai_Shiji"><i>Wudai Shiji</i></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/新五代史/卷20">ch. 20.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ss274-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ss274_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSong_Shi"><i>Song Shi</i></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/宋史/卷274">vol. 274.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wds120-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wds120_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWudai_Shi"><i>Wudai Shi</i></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/舊五代史/卷120">ch. 120.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZizhi_Tongjian"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/資治通鑑/卷291">ch. 291.</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chai_Rong&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMote" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Mote" title="Frederick W. Mote">Mote, F.W.</a> (1999). <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China:_900%E2%80%931800" title="Imperial China: 900–1800"><i>Imperial China: 900–1800</i></a>. Cambridge, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-44515-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-44515-5"><bdi>0-674-44515-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+China%3A+900%E2%80%931800&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-674-44515-5&rft.aulast=Mote&rft.aufirst=F.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChai+Rong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSong_Shi" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Toqto%27a_(Yuan_dynasty)" title="Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty)">Toqto'a</a>; et al., eds. (1345). <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Song_(Yuan_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Song (Yuan dynasty)">Song Shi</a> </i>(宋史)<i><span></span></i> [<i>History of Song</i>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Song+Shi+%28%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2%29&rft.date=1345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChai+Rong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWudai_Shi" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xue_Juzheng" title="Xue Juzheng">Xue Juzheng</a>; et al., eds. (974). <i><a href="/wiki/Old_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Old History of the Five Dynasties">Wudai Shi</a> </i>(五代史)<i><span></span></i> [<i>History of the Five Dynasties</i>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wudai+Shi+%28%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2%29&rft.date=974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChai+Rong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWudai_Shiji" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Xiu" title="Ouyang Xiu">Ouyang Xiu</a> (1073). <i><a href="/wiki/New_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="New History of the Five Dynasties">Wudai Shiji</a> </i>(五代史記)<i><span></span></i> [<i>Historical Records of the Five Dynasties</i>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wudai+Shiji+%28%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98%29&rft.date=1073&rft.au=Ouyang+Xiu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChai+Rong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZizhi_Tongjian" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sima_Guang" title="Sima Guang">Sima Guang</a> (1086). <i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a> </i>(資治通鑑)<i><span></span></i> [<i>Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government</i>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zizhi+Tongjian+%28%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91%29&rft.date=1086&rft.au=Sima+Guang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChai+Rong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Tang/wudai-event.html">"Later Zhou"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Later+Zhou&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaknowledge.de%2FHistory%2FTang%2Fwudai-event.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChai+Rong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.republicanchina.org/5Dynasty10State.html">"5 DYNASTIES & 10 STATES"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5+DYNASTIES+%26+10+STATES&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.republicanchina.org%2F5Dynasty10State.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChai+Rong" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Chai Rong </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">House of Chai</a> (954–960)</b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 921</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 959</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Guo_Wei" title="Guo Wei">Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Emperor of the Later Zhou</a> </b><br />954–959 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">The <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gongdi_of_Later_Zhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Gongdi of Later Zhou">Emperor Gongdi</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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Kingdoms rulers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template talk:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period_rulers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a> rulers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Five Dynasties<br />(and other northern states)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wen" title="Zhu Wen">Zhu Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yougui" title="Zhu Yougui">Zhu Yougui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Youzhen" title="Zhu Youzhen">Zhu Youzhen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concurrent warlords</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shouguang" title="Liu Shouguang">Liu Shouguang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yan_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Yan (Five Dynasties period)">Yan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Rong_(warlord)" title="Wang Rong (warlord)">Wang Rong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zhao_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Zhao (Five Dynasties period)">Zhao</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Maozhen" title="Li Maozhen">Li Maozhen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qi_(Li_Maozhen%27s_state)" title="Qi (Li Maozhen's state)">Qi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jin" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jin_(Later_Tang_precursor)" title="Jin (Later Tang precursor)">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Li_Keyong" title="Li Keyong">Li Keyong</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Cunxu" title="Li Cunxu">Li Cunxu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Siyuan" title="Li Siyuan">Li Siyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Conghou" title="Li Conghou">Li Conghou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Congke" title="Li Congke">Li Congke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Jingtang" title="Shi Jingtang">Shi Jingtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Chonggui" title="Shi Chonggui">Shi Chonggui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interregnum<br />(<a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a> occupation)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Taizong of Liao">Emperor Taizong of Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Shizong of Liao">Emperor Shizong of Liao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhiyuan" title="Liu Zhiyuan">Liu Zhiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Chengyou" title="Liu Chengyou">Liu Chengyou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Han" title="Northern Han">Northern Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Chong" title="Liu Chong">Liu Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jun_(Northern_Han)" title="Liu Jun (Northern Han)">Liu Chengjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Ji%27en" title="Liu Ji'en">Liu Ji'en</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jiyuan" title="Liu Jiyuan">Liu Jiyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Wei" title="Guo Wei">Guo Wei</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chai Rong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Zongxun" title="Guo Zongxun">Guo Zongxun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ten Kingdoms<br />(other than Northern Han)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_Shu" title="Former Shu">Former Shu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jian_(Former_Shu)" title="Wang Jian (Former Shu)">Wang Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zongyan" title="Wang Zongyan">Wang Zongyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Shu" title="Later Shu">Later Shu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Zhixiang" title="Meng Zhixiang">Meng Zhixiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Chang" title="Meng Chang">Meng Chang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jingnan" title="Jingnan">Jingnan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Jixing" title="Gao Jixing">Gao Jixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Conghui" title="Gao Conghui">Gao Conghui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Baorong" title="Gao Baorong">Gao Baorong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Baoxu" title="Gao Baoxu">Gao Baoxu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Jichong" title="Gao Jichong">Gao Jichong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Chu" title="Ma Chu">Chu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yin" title="Ma Yin">Ma Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xisheng" title="Ma Xisheng">Ma Xisheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xifan" title="Ma Xifan">Ma Xifan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xiguang" title="Ma Xiguang">Ma Xiguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xi%27e" title="Ma Xi'e">Ma Xi'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xichong" title="Ma Xichong">Ma Xichong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yan_(Southern_Han)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Yan (Southern Han)">Liu Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bin_(Southern_Han)" title="Liu Bin (Southern Han)">Liu Bin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Sheng_(Southern_Han)" title="Liu Sheng (Southern Han)">Liu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Chang_(Southern_Han)" title="Liu Chang (Southern Han)">Liu Chang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Wu" title="Yang Wu">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xingmi" title="Yang Xingmi">Yang Xingmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Wo" title="Yang Wo">Yang Wo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Longyan" title="Yang Longyan">Yang Longyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Pu" title="Yang Pu">Yang Pu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bian" title="Li Bian">Li Bian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jing_(Southern_Tang)" title="Li Jing (Southern Tang)">Li Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yu_(Southern_Tang)" title="Li Yu (Southern Tang)">Li Yu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_(Ten_Kingdoms)" title="Min (Ten Kingdoms)">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chao_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Wang Chao (Tang dynasty)">Wang Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shenzhi" title="Wang Shenzhi">Wang Shenzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanhan" title="Wang Yanhan">Wang Yanhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanjun" title="Wang Yanjun">Wang Yanjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jipeng" title="Wang Jipeng">Wang Jipeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanxi" title="Wang Yanxi">Wang Yanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wenjin" title="Zhu Wenjin">Zhu Wenjin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yin_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Yin (Five Dynasties period)">Yin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanzheng" title="Wang Yanzheng">Wang Yanzheng</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wuyue" title="Wuyue">Wuyue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Liu" title="Qian Liu">Qian Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Yuanguan" title="Qian Yuanguan">Qian Yuanguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Hongzuo" title="Qian Hongzuo">Qian Hongzuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Hongzong" title="Qian Hongzong">Qian Hongzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Chu" title="Qian Chu">Qian Chu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1319646#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1319646#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1319646#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000063484277">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/25998698">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/134422/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmHG7W3cm6BRF9BBX3RKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84038529">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1341898">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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