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<span>Protests</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Protests-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Protests subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early stage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protests_continues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests_continues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Protests continues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests_continues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protests_subside" 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Response</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Response-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Response subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Domestic response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>International response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">2011–2012 Jordanian protests</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_2011%E2%80%932012" title="الاحتجاجات الأردنية 2011–2012 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاحتجاجات الأردنية 2011–2012" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011-ci_il_%C4%B0ordaniya_i%C4%9Fti%C5%9Fa%C5%9Flar%C4%B1" title="2011-ci il İordaniya iğtişaşları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="2011-ci il İordaniya iğtişaşları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(2011)" title="Протести в Йордания (2011) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протести в Йордания (2011)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteste_in_Jordanien_ab_2011" title="Proteste in Jordanien ab 2011 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Proteste in Jordanien ab 2011" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestas_en_Jordania_de_2011-2012" title="Protestas en Jordania de 2011-2012 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protestas en Jordania de 2011-2012" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B1%DB%B1%E2%80%93%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B1%DB%B2_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="اعتراضات ۲۰۱۱–۲۰۱۲ اردن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اعتراضات ۲۰۱۱–۲۰۱۲ اردن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contestation_en_Jordanie_en_2011-2012" title="Contestation en Jordanie en 2011-2012 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Contestation en Jordanie en 2011-2012" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011~2012%EB%85%84_%EC%9A%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%A8_%EC%8B%9C%EC%9C%84" title="2011~2012년 요르단 시위 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="2011~2012년 요르단 시위" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_(2011)" title="Լարվածություն Հորդանանում (2011) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լարվածություն Հորդանանում (2011)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteste_in_Giordania_del_2011-2014" title="Proteste in Giordania del 2011-2014 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proteste in Giordania del 2011-2014" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9F_(2011)" title="ההפגנות בירדן (2011) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ההפגנות בירדן (2011)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011-es_jord%C3%A1niai_t%C3%BCntet%C3%A9sek" title="2011-es jordániai tüntetések – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="2011-es jordániai tüntetések" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iordaniyadagi_tartibsizliklar_(2011)" title="Iordaniyadagi tartibsizliklar (2011) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iordaniyadagi tartibsizliklar (2011)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protesty_w_Jordanii" title="Protesty w Jordanii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Protesty w Jordanii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestos_na_Jord%C3%A2nia_em_2011%E2%80%932012" title="Protestos na Jordânia em 2011–2012 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protestos na Jordânia em 2011–2012" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_(2011)" title="Волнения в Иордании (2011) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Волнения в Иордании (2011)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protesterna_i_Jordanien_2011" title="Protesterna i Jordanien 2011 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Protesterna i Jordanien 2011" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_%C3%9Crd%C3%BCn_protestolar%C4%B1" title="2011 Ürdün protestoları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="2011 Ürdün protestoları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97_(2011%E2%80%942012)" title="Протести у Йорданії (2011—2012) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Протести у Йорданії (2011—2012)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%83u_t%C3%ACnh_Jordan_2011%E2%80%932012" title="Biểu tình Jordan 2011–2012 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biểu tình Jordan 2011–2012" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E5%B9%B4-2012%E5%B9%B4%E7%B4%84%E6%97%A6%E5%8F%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81" title="2011年-2012年約旦反政府示威 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="2011年-2012年約旦反政府示威" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q555833#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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(January 2015)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">Inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">Low salaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_tax" title="Regressive tax">Regressive taxes</a><sup id="cite_ref-2feb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2feb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Inspiration from concurrent regional protests</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Goals</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a><sup id="cite_ref-google1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform" title="Electoral reform">Electoral reform</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li>End to corruption<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Political freedom</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Riots">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">Sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">Self-immolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Online activism">Online activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil resistance</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Status</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>In February 2011, King <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II</a> dismisses Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Samir_Rifai" title="Samir Rifai">Rifai</a> and his cabinet<sup id="cite_ref-King_Abdullah_II_of_Jordan_sacks_government_amid_street_protests_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_Abdullah_II_of_Jordan_sacks_government_amid_street_protests-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In October 2011, Abdullah dismisses Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Marouf_al-Bakhit" title="Marouf al-Bakhit">Bakhit</a> and his cabinet after complaints of slow progress on promised reforms<sup id="cite_ref-derhally_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-derhally-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In April 2012, as the protests continues, <a href="/wiki/Awn_Shawkat_Al-Khasawneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh">Al-Khasawneh</a> resigned, and the King appoints <a href="/wiki/Fayez_al-Tarawneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayez al-Tarawneh">Fayez al-Tarawneh</a> as the new Prime Minister of Jordan</li> <li>In October 2012, King Abdullah dissolves the parliament for new early <a href="/wiki/2013_Jordanian_parliamentary_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Jordanian parliamentary election">elections</a>, and appoints <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ensour" title="Abdullah Ensour">Abdullah Ensour</a> as the new Prime Minister of Jordan<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Jordanian opposition parties<br />  • <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Muslim_Brotherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />  • <a href="/wiki/Leftist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftist">Leftist</a> parties<br /> </p>  • <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade unions</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Jordan">Government of Jordan</a> and supporters</div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> <p> • Retired General Ali Habashnah<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <div> <p> • <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="King Abdullah II">King Abdullah II</a><br /> • Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Samir_Rifai" title="Samir Rifai">Samir Rifai</a> </p> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Number</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div>  • <b>Protesters</b>: 6,000–10,000<sup id="cite_ref-bbcJordanBiggestRally_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcJordanBiggestRally-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> 1 dead<sup id="cite_ref-guardian1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />70 injured<sup id="cite_ref-BBCInjuries_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCInjuries-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> 2 dead and 13 police injured<sup id="cite_ref-guardian1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Jordanian protests were a series of protests in Jordan that began in January 2011, and resulted in the firing of the cabinet ministers of the government. In its early phase, protests in Jordan were initially against <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesDismissesCabinet_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesDismissesCabinet-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with demanding for real <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a><sup id="cite_ref-google1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform" title="Electoral reform">electoral reforms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Food_inflation" title="Food inflation">Food inflation</a> and salaries were a cause for resentment in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-2feb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2feb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2010-2011_Tunisian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2010-2011 Tunisian Revolution">2010-2011 Tunisian Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Egyptian Revolution">2011 Egyptian Revolution</a> also raised hopes for political change in the region. Together with unrest elsewhere in the Middle East and North Africa, including the disturbances in Syria and Yemen, they were part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah II</a> responded to the protests by reforming around a third of the constitution, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Election_Commission_(Jordan)" title="Independent Election Commission (Jordan)">Independent Election Commission</a>, and vowing to embark on a democratic trajectory. He sacked three prime ministers in 18 months, settling on <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ensour" title="Abdullah Ensour">Abdullah Ensour</a> as prime minister in 2012 and called for early elections in <a href="/wiki/2013_Jordanian_general_election" title="2013 Jordanian general election">2013</a>. Later, introducing complete <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Jordanian_general_election" title="2016 Jordanian general election">2016 parliamentary election</a>, introducing decentralization in the <a href="/wiki/2017_Jordanian_local_elections" title="2017 Jordanian local elections">2017 local elections</a>, and reforming the judiciary. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Jordanian_protests&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordanian_Police_automobile_(Audi).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Jordanian_Police_automobile_%28Audi%29.JPG/220px-Jordanian_Police_automobile_%28Audi%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Jordanian_Police_automobile_%28Audi%29.JPG/330px-Jordanian_Police_automobile_%28Audi%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Jordanian_Police_automobile_%28Audi%29.JPG/440px-Jordanian_Police_automobile_%28Audi%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Jordanian Police Audi A6 in Karak, Jordan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jordan's economy continues to struggle, weighed down by a record deficit of $2 billion in between 2010 and 2011 due to the <a href="/wiki/Arab_spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab spring">Arab Spring</a>. Inflation in Jordan has risen by 1.5% to 6.1% in December 2010, and unemployment and poverty have become rampant, estimated at 12% and 25% respectively. The government is also accused of impoverishing the working class with regressive tax codes which forced the poor to pay a higher proportion of their income as tax. The parliament is accused of serving as a "rubber stamp" to the executive branch. </p><p>Jordan has a history of persecuting activists and journalists. The country amended its penal code in August 2010 and passed a Law of Information System Crimes, to regulate the Internet. Revised laws continue to criminalize peaceful expression and extend those provisions to Internet expression. Jordanian authorities prosecuted peaceful dissidents and prohibited peaceful gatherings to protest government policies. Dissidents confined by the General Intelligence Department routinely sign confessions. According to a report by <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, intelligence agents in Jordan frequently use torture to extract confessions from suspects.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some analysts suggests that since <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jordan" title="Demographics of Jordan">peninsular Arabic speaking Jordanians</a> form the "bedrock" of the government's support, while self-identifying <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinians</a> are generally closer to the opposition. Such analysis suggest that many government supporters are worried that if Palestinians are allowed a greater role in the country's politics, they could drag it into the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> against Jordan's best interests. Conversely, Palestinian-Jordanian protesters want their degree of political power to reflect their significant demographic share. However, evidence of historical and recent protests suggests that the backbone of the protests are of peninsular Arabic speaking Jordanians disfranchised by liberal economic policies instituted in the country during the last decades.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, previous mass protests include protests in 1989 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Al_Karak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Karak">Karak</a> and other southern towns in the country known as April 1989 uprising (هبة نيسان) that led to reintroduction of democratic life.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, bread riots erupted in Ma'an and other southern cities in Jordan as well.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both are predominantly of peninsular Arabic speaking Jordanian origins. More recently, the 2011–2012 uprising started with movements all over the country specially in towns with a predominantly east-Jordanian population known locally as Al-Hirak.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirkpatrick_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirkpatrick-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, according to many analysts while protests in Amman might generates a media buzz about a revolution in Jordan, but discontent in rural Jordan among peninsular Arabic speaking Jordanians is what would really tip the scales.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of identity and demographic sensitivities both groups tend to agree on the need for a more robust economy and a cure for Jordan's crippling unemployment. However, many argue that the sensitive demographic balance in the country will ultimately decide how wide and deep political reforms will go.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protests">Protests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Jordanian_protests&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_stage">Early stage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Jordanian_protests&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Protests began on 14 January 2011, as protesters demanded Samir Rifai's resignation as well as economic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 January, the <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Muslim_Brotherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, one of the largest opposition groups in Jordan, urged Jordanians to pour into streets on 28 January to continue the protests against prime minister <a href="/wiki/Samir_Rifai" title="Samir Rifai">Samir Rifai</a>'s economic policies and the political situation in the country. </p><p>Demonstrators protested rising prices and demanded the dismissal of the Prime Minister and his government, but they have not directly challenged the king, criticism of whom is banned in Jordan. The demonstrators have been peaceful and have not been confronted by the police. So far no deaths, injuries or riots have been reported; however the protests' leaders said that the king had failed to take substantial steps to address mounting public resentment and they warned that unless real changes are made, that unrest could worsen. <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="King Abdullah II">King Abdullah II</a>, a key U.S. ally, has come under pressure recently from various protesters which include a coalition of Islamists, secular opposition groups and a group of retired army generals, all of whom are calling for substantial political and economic reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ali Habashnah, one of the retired generals desiring reforms, said that unrest has spread to rural areas dominated by Bedouin tribes. These tribes have been a traditional backbone of the monarchy. It was the first time, he said, that the Bedouins had joined with other groups in demands for change.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 January, following <a href="/wiki/Friday_prayers" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday prayers">Friday prayers</a>, 3,500 activists from the Muslim Brotherhood, trade unions, and communist and leftist organisations demanded that <a href="/wiki/Samir_Rifai" title="Samir Rifai">Samir Rifai</a> step down as prime minister and that the government control rising prices, inflation and unemployment. Protests were reported in Amman and six other cities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands took to the streets in the capital, Amman, as well as several other cities shouting, "We want change." Banners complained of high food and fuel prices and demanded the resignation of the prime minister, an appointee of the king.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesDismissesCabinet_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesDismissesCabinet-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 February, demonstrations continued in demanding that King Abdullah II sack his newly appointed prime minister. Hamza Mansour, one of the leaders of the Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood, demanded elections to choose another prime minister. He said that Al-Bakhit "doesn't believe in democracy."<sup id="cite_ref-2feb_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2feb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The day after King Abdullah met with Muslim Brotherhood leaders at the royal palace, in an attempt to defuse tensions in the country, on 4 February, hundreds of people, including members of leftist groups and the Muslim Brotherhood, congregated outside the prime minister's office to demand economic and political reforms and the dissolution of parliament. They then marched to the Egyptian embassy in support of the anti-government protesters in that country. On 18 February, protesters who gathered in central Amman to demand political reform, clashed with a small group of government supporters that eyewitnesses claim attacked the protesters with sticks and stones, before the police restored order. Eyewitnesses said about 2,000 protesters, mostly young people joined by trade unionists and others, took to the streets after prayers at the Husseini Mosque, though other reports said the number was about 300.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcClashesInJordan_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcClashesInJordan-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 7,000–10,000 protesters were on the streets of Amman on 25 February, in the largest protests so far.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcJordanBiggestRally_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcJordanBiggestRally-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first week of March anti-government protesters continued where opposition groups demanded such greater political freedoms as a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>. </p><p>On 24 March, Al Jazeera reported that around 500 protesters, mainly university students and politically unaffiliated unemployed graduates set up a protest camp in a main square in the capital to press demands for the ouster of the prime minister, seen as insufficiently reformist, as well as wider public freedoms. Other demands include dissolving the parliament, which was seen as too docile, dismantling the intelligence department and giving greater powers to the people, including a new, more proportional, election law. Jordan's opposition also wanted to strip the king of some of his powers, specifically in appointing the prime minister, as they wanted the premier to be elected by a popular vote. </p><p>On 25 March, clashes occurred between supporters of the king and more than 2000 protesters camped in Gamal Abdel Nasser Circle. Some witnesses said the police stood by as government supporters moved into the square and began throwing stones.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCInjuries_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCInjuries-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as 100 people were reported injured, most with head wounds, while two people are said to have been killed. However, the next day in a press conference, the commandant of public security, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Al-Majali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein Al-Majali">Hussein Al-Majali</a> confirmed that there was one death only, with 62 injured civilians, and 58 injured policemen (including a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">lieutenant colonel</a>). Forensic medicine report confirmed that there were no signs of any injury, and that the patient actually died of <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Circulatory collapse">circulatory collapse</a> secondary to <a href="/wiki/Chronic_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic (medicine)">chronic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic heart disease">ischemic heart disease</a>. In the same press conference, Al-Majali also confirmed that 8 civilians and 17 policemen were still receiving hospital treatment at the time of the conference, and also stressed that policemen were completely unarmed and they interfered just to save the lives of people whatever their political view is.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day of clashes, thousands gathered in Al-Hussein Gardens, west of Amman, to express loyalty and allegiance to the king, dancing to national songs and waving large Jordanian flags and pictures of the monarch. </p><p>On 1 April, nearly 400 policemen were deployed to separated hundreds of government supporters and pro-reform activists holding rival rallies outside municipal offices in Amman. </p><p>On 15 April, more than 2,000 Jordanians took to the streets throughout the country demanding greater political representation, with half of them demonstrating in Amman, immediately after prayers. Also, a crowd of a few hundred Islamists clashed with a somewhat smaller group of monarchy loyalists in <a href="/wiki/Zarqa" title="Zarqa">Zarqa</a>. Eight civilians and 83 policemen were wounded, including 4 in critical condition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests_continues">Protests continues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Jordanian_protests&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Protests continues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 13 June, the motorcade of <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="King Abdullah II">King Abdullah II</a> was attacked with stones and bottles by protesters in the city of <a href="/wiki/Tafileh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafileh">Tafileh</a>, although this was later denied, a royal official stating that they were enthusiastically greeted.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some indication is that this was actually an outbreak of violence between the Darak (<a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Jordanian Gendarmerie</a>) and local unemployed protesters. It is alleged that the local mayor caused the Darak to force back the protesters not wanting his city to look bad, the protesters replied with stones and empty bottles. The King is alleged to have been 12 km away. </p><p>On 17 June, youth groups and activists will protest calling on greater reforms,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which the kingdom has dismissed for 2–3 years, including the election of a prime minister and cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A rare outbreak of violence marred protests in Amman on 15 July, with police beating journalists and protesters alike. The <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Jordan" title="Law enforcement in Jordan">Public Security Directorate</a> offered a mixed response, accepting full responsibility for the violence and promising compensation to journalists who suffered injuries or damage to equipment, but blaming demonstrators for instigating hostilities. </p><p>On 16 July, a more peaceful demonstration took place. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> correspondent covering a protest on 20 July had a mixed reaction to the way security forces handled the situation, noting that while police and gendarmes respected all attendees' <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and acted quickly and effectively to prevent clashes between pro-reform demonstrators and government supporters, police also did nothing to prevent verbal harassment and intimidation of the former group by vocal loyalists. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, on 29 July, around 3,000 Muslim Brotherhood activists at the demonstration raised their right hand and took an oath to continue peaceful protests until their demands for political reform in the kingdom are met. </p><p>On 14 August, clashes erupted between government loyalists and pro-reform demonstrators in a street protest in Karak after midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a lull in September, protests started again on 7 October, when former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Obeidat" title="Ahmad Obeidat">Ahmad Obeidat</a> led over 2000 people in a march outside the Grand Husseini Mosque in central Amman. There were also marches in the cities of Karka, Tafileh, Maan, Jerash and Salt.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a further march on 15 October, as part of the global "Occupy" movement, which was held in the northern city of Salhub, which is located 50 kilometers (32 miles) from the Jordanian capital Amman. A counter-protest attacked the marchers, hurling stones and firing their guns into the air. The next day, a memorandum signed by 70 out of 120 lawmakers was presented to the royal palace demanding that the prime minister and the cabinet be sacked. Much to the surprise of the opposition in the country, the king almost immediately complied, naming <a href="/wiki/Awn_Shawkat_Al-Khasawneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh">Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh</a> to head the new government the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riots took place in the several cities and towns in mid November, most notably in <a href="/wiki/Ramtha,_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramtha, Jordan">Ramtha</a>, which lasted three days and was sparked by the death in custody of Najem Azaizeh in Salt, which continued on and off for weeks and the towns of Qatraneh and Jafr.<sup id="cite_ref-tre20oct_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tre20oct-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, the trial of nearly 100 protesters indicted the previous April began, and much from the capital <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> were arrested for corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-aly30nov_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aly30nov-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December, there were protests in Amman,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and riots in the northeastern cities of Mafraq<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Qatraneh.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 December, protesters gathered outside of the prime minister's office to protest the treatment of protesters by the security forces the previous day in Mafraq. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests_subside">Protests subside</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Jordanian_protests&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Protests subside"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For most of 2012, protests subsided. The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">uprising in neighboring Syria</a>, which had led to tens of thousands of deaths, dampened the enthusiasm of some Jordanian activists, who reportedly feared chaos developing in Jordan. In November 2011, King Abdullah called for a change in government in Syria, one of the first of Syria's neighboring leaders to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Topic_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Topic-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewed_protests">Renewed protests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Jordanian_protests&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Renewed protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On late 1 September 2012, Jordanians from <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> to the southern city of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27an" title="Ma'an">Ma'an</a> rallied for the immediate resignation of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Fayez_al-Tarawneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayez al-Tarawneh">Fayez al-Tarawneh</a> for issuing a 10 percent fuel price increase. Protestors blamed the Royal Palace for tolerating rampant corruption they say is the real reason for Jordan's economic crisis. During the rallies, Islamists, leftists and independent activists called on Amman to roll back the decision, chanting: "Jordanian people, why are they draining us?" Also at the Interior Ministry, protesters and the Muslim Brotherhood charged the price hike had been directed by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protests continued on the next day when taxi drivers blocked a main road in Amman as they abandoned their cars and marched to the ministry of transport in opposition to the hike, while citizens in the northern city of <a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a> held a sit-in to protest the move.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amid rising protests over the measure, King Abdullah on Sunday suspended a government decision to increase prices of the fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On early 8 September, Jordanian anti-riot forces stormed a protest in the southern city of <a href="/wiki/Tafileh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafileh">Tafileh</a> after participants began chanting slogans reportedly criticizing <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="King Abdullah II">King Abdullah II</a>. According to eyewitnesses and activists, authorities fired tear gas and live rounds to disperse a group of some 60 protesters after activists began chanting slogans insulting the monarch, arresting 15 participants. A Jordanian security source confirmed that police arrested 15 protesters who currently face charges of attempting to "undermine the regime" and "incite a riot."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jordanian security officials refused to disclose the anti-King slogans allegedly chanted by protesters. Activists contend that their rally was peaceful prior to the riot forces' storming. Tafileh residents had organised the rally to protest the detention of local activist Mohammed Al Amaara, who was arrested hours earlier for reportedly making statement criticising <a href="/wiki/Queen_Rania" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Rania">Queen Rania</a> during an anti-government protest following Friday noon prayers. The clashes came as activists took to the streets in nine of Jordan's 12 provinces on Friday in a series of anti-government rallies urging Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Fayez_Tarawneh" title="Fayez Tarawneh">Fayez Tarawneh</a> to step down for a recent rise in fuel and water prices.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 October, thousands of Jordanians attended a protest demanding political reforms in Amman, hours after King Abdullah II dissolved parliament and called early parliamentary elections. Video footage showed protesters chanting slogans and waving flags. The AFP news agency quoted people as shouting: "We demand constitutional reform before the people revolt. The people want to reform the regime."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012_fuel_price_protests">2012 fuel price protests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Jordanian_protests&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2012 fuel price protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/November_2012_Jordanian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="November 2012 Jordanian protests">November 2012 Jordanian protests</a></div> <p>On 13 November, protests erupted across the country nationwide in response to an increase in fuel prices and other basic goods announced by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ensour" title="Abdullah Ensour">Abdullah Ensour</a>. Demonstrators burned tires, smashed traffic lights and blocked roads in several Jordanian cities. Riot police officers tried to quell some of the crowds with tear gas. There were calls for a general strike on Wednesday. Protesters blamed Jordan's problems on <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II</a>. They also demanded the resignation of the prime minister. About 2,000 protesters chanted ""Revolution, revolution, it is a popular revolution," and "Freedom is from God, in spite of you, Abdullah," in an impromptu demonstration at a main Amman square, housing the Interior Ministry and other vital government departments. Elsewhere in <a href="/wiki/Salt,_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt, Jordan">Salt</a>, 100 protesters pelted stones at policemen as they tried to break their lines to get to Ensour's home to demand his resignation. Riot police responded by firing tear gas. In some cities in Jordan's south, inhabited by tribal Bedouins who are traditional supporters of the king, hundreds of protesters took to the streets to chant slogans calling for the ouster of the prime minister, but also criticizing the king. In Mazar, dozens of protesters burned down the main court building after stealing documents. Further south in <a href="/wiki/Ma%27an" title="Ma'an">Ma'an</a>, 500 protesters blocked the streets, <a href="/wiki/Burning_tires" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning tires">burning tires</a> and throwing stones at riot police, who were firing tear gas. There were no immediate reports of injuries. In Sareeh, angry protesters burned down a gas station.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nationwide protests in Jordan continued for the second day. Teachers went on strike, and other unions announced a two-hour work stoppage for Sunday. The crowds included first-time protesters and tribal members who have been the king's political base. Violence was most severe in <a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a>, where the authorities said a police station was attacked by armed demonstrators, leading to the fatal shooting of Qais al-Omari, 27, and injuries to a dozen police officers and four protesters. A police corporal was also injured when someone fired an automatic pistol from a moving car. </p><p>In response to the protests, foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Nasser_Judeh" title="Nasser Judeh">Nasser Judeh</a> said the government had tried to respond to the opposition over the past year with the establishment of an independent elections commission before balloting set for January 2013 and the formation of a constitutional court, among other changes.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jordanian government said Qais al-Omari was killed in a shootout with a group of armed men who assaulted a police station here on Wednesday night. But two members of his family and a witness to the killing said that he was unarmed, part of a group of about 30 unarmed men who walked to the police station to complain about abusive language they said officers had used while breaking up an earlier protest. Angry crowds then set fire to several government cars and burned down a municipal building, where a heavy contingent of plainclothes police officers was watching children play on Thursday. </p><p>On 16 November, thousands of demonstrators chanted the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> slogan "<a href="/wiki/Ash-shab_yurid_isqat_an-nizam" title="Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam">The people want to overthrow the regime</a>" in the nationwide Jordan after Friday prayers, with escalating calls for Jordan's King Abdullah II to abdicate. Friday's protest near the main <a href="/wiki/Al-Hussein_Mosque" title="Al-Hussein Mosque">Al-Hussein Mosque</a> in downtown <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> was peaceful, with unarmed police separating the demonstrators denouncing the ruler from a smaller crowd chanting in support of the monarch. The main crowd of about 3,000 protesters chanted "Go down Abdullah, go down," as police, some in riot gear, largely stayed away from crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Abdullah loyalists clashed with anti-government protesters near the city's <a href="/wiki/Wasfi_al-Tal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasfi al-Tal">Wasfi al-Tal</a> square on Friday night, with dozens of protesters reportedly being beaten by the king's supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a></i> news agency estimated at 10,000 people, including <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leftist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftist">leftists</a> and youth activists, chanted "Freedom, freedom, down with Abdullah." Demonstrations were also held just outside Amman in the Baqa'a Palestinian refugee camp and in the cities of Tafilah, Karak, Ma'an, Irbid and Jerash to its north.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amid unprecedented protests by Jordanians calling for him to quit, King Abdullah II has cancelled a visit to United Kingdom he was due to make next week.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jordanian unions held a strike on Sunday 18 November to protest fuel price rises. The head of Jordan's 15-member professional associations body said all 15 unions except the nurses' union stopped working between 11:00 am and 2:00 pm on Sunday. Teachers' union also held a strike on Sunday, with spokesman Ayman al-Akur saying "the strike was observed by 70 to 75 percent of schools across the country", demanding the king intervene to reverse the decision to raise fuel prices.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King Abdullah II visited the public security and gendarmerie personnel who were injured in fuel price riots and are receiving treatment at <a href="/wiki/King_Hussein_Medical_Center" title="King Hussein Medical Center">King Hussein Medical Center</a> and wished them a speedy recovery. He praised security forces' discipline and self-restraint in dealing with the latest riots and the protest movement that began about two years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concerns">Concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Jordanian_protests&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the original protests were based to a degree on rising <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a>, the expectation of <a href="/wiki/Food_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Food riots">food riots</a> in summer 2012 grew due to the rise of global food prices and a drought in the country. This caused concern amongst the political class. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Jordanian_protests&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Deaths </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Age </th> <th>From </th> <th>Date of Death </th> <th>Cause of Death </th></tr> <tr> <td>Qais Al Omari </td> <td>23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a> </td> <td>14 November 2012 </td> <td>Shot by the police during a protest. State-run <a href="/wiki/Jordan_News_Agency" title="Jordan News Agency">Jordan News Agency</a> reported that he was one of the "gunmen" died in a shootout when a group of them attacked a police station in the northern city of Irbid. But the father of Qais said his son did not carry a weapon and did not attack police.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ahmad Al Maqableh </td> <td>31 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Jerash</a> </td> <td>30 November 2012 </td> <td>Shot in the head when a police centre in Amman came under shooting during country-wide protest on 14 November. He died of his wounds at Al Hussein Medical Centre 16 days later where he had been receiving treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response">Response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Jordanian_protests&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_response">Domestic response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Jordanian_protests&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Domestic response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Abdullah_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/King_Abdullah_portrait.jpg/220px-King_Abdullah_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/King_Abdullah_portrait.jpg/330px-King_Abdullah_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/King_Abdullah_portrait.jpg/440px-King_Abdullah_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>King Abdullah II</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jordan" title="Cabinet of Jordan">Cabinet of Jordan</a></div> <p>On 1 February, the Royal Palace announced that King Abdullah II had sacked the government as a consequence of the street protests and had asked <a href="/wiki/Marouf_al-Bakhit" title="Marouf al-Bakhit">Marouf al-Bakhit</a>, an ex-army general, to form a new cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abdullah told al-Bakhit his authority will be to "take quick, concrete and practical steps to launch a genuine political reform process,". The reforms should put Jordan on the path "to strengthen democracy," and provide Jordanians with the "dignified life they deserve," the monarch said.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also asked al-Bakhit for a "comprehensive assessment ... to correct the mistakes of the past." and also the statement said Abdullah demanded an "immediate revision" of laws governing politics and public freedoms.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bakhit stated that opposition groups, both Islamist and leftists, might possibly be included in the new government,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a> immediately rejected that offer, stating that the current political conditions did not allow for them to join the government and that they were looking for real reform.<sup id="cite_ref-GoogleHostedNewsPoliticalReforms_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoogleHostedNewsPoliticalReforms-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite calls to stay away from the new government, the Islamic Action Front and five leftists were represented in a new government sworn in on 10 February.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were also talks of reforming electoral law to reduce gerrymandering in constituency boundaries and guarantee greater proportionality.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taher Odwan, formerly editor-in-chief of <i>Al Arab Al Yawm</i>, a Jordanian newspaper, that was critical towards the government, was appointed minister of media affairs and communications. Odwan pledged enhanced press freedoms and access to information.<sup id="cite_ref-JordanTimesPressFreedom_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JordanTimesPressFreedom-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A$500m package of price cuts in fuel and staples, including sugar and rice, was announced, along with salary increases for civil servants and the military. </p><p>On 11 February, following Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a>'s resignation, the Muslim Brotherhood stated that "Arab regimes should learn a lesson from what has happened [in Egypt]." </p><p>On 15 February, the Public Gatherings Law was reformed to allow unrestricted freedom of expression; the former law required permission from the governor to hold demonstrations. A reform of the electoral law was also promised.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 March, King Abdullah II said a 53-member committee with government officials and opposition leaders would draft new laws for parliamentary elections and political parties, setting a three-month deadline for agreement on political reforms. However, the Muslim Brotherhood said it would not take part unless parliament is dissolved and a prime minister is elected from a parliamentary majority.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 March, three days after deadly clashes between protesters and supporters of the king, King Abdullah II called for national unity, telling his citizens to avoid "any behaviour or attitude that would affect our unity." He went on to state that economic and political reforms were on their way. However, the Parliament rejected calls to reduce the king's power. As a response to the same violent clashes, 15 members of the government-appointed committee for national dialogue quit, effectively suspending its activity, although 12 of them retracted their resignations following a meeting with the king. The government decided to ban its supporters from demonstrating in the capital, while the opposition was allowed to demonstrate in specially designated areas in Amman. </p><p>On 12 June, in a television speech commemorating 12 years on the throne, the king said he would relinquish his right to appoint prime ministers and cabinets, instead, elected parliamentary majority would be the ones to form future cabinets. He also said that more reforms would be announced in the future, including new election and political party laws.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prime minister Al Bakhit resigned on 17 October, after 70 of 120 deputies had called for his resignation for failing to swiftly implement the political reform package. King Abdullah appointed <a href="/wiki/Awn_al-Khasawneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Awn al-Khasawneh">Awn al-Khasawneh</a> as the new prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian20111017_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian20111017-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2012, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Awn_al-Khasawneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Awn al-Khasawneh">Awn al-Khasawneh</a> resigns abruptly, was unable to satisfy either demands for reform or establishment fears of empowering the opposition. King Abdullah appointed former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Fayez_al-Tarawneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayez al-Tarawneh">Fayez al-Tarawneh</a> to succeed him. </p><p>On 4 October 2012, King Abdullah II dissolves the parliament for <a href="/wiki/2013_Jordanian_parliamentary_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Jordanian parliamentary election">new early elections</a>, and appointed <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ensour" title="Abdullah Ensour">Abdullah Ensour</a> as the new prime minister of Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_response">International response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Jordanian_protests&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: International response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span>United States – <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> spokesman <a href="/wiki/Mark_Toner" title="Mark Toner">Mark Toner</a> says the Obama administration believes King Abdullah II is on the "right track" despite the protests, ""We call on protestors to do so peacefully. We support King Abdullah II's roadmap for reform and the aspirations of the Jordanian people to foster a more inclusive political process that will promote security, stability as well as economic development."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Jordanian_protests&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jordan" title="Portal:Jordan">Jordan portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_Jordanian_protests" title="1989 Jordanian protests">1989 Jordanian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Jordanian_protests" title="2018 Jordanian protests">2018 Jordanian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2012_uprising_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="November 2012 uprising in Jordan">November 2012 uprising in Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Jordanian_protests" title="1996 Jordanian protests">1996 Jordanian protests</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Jordanian_protests&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212107/http://www.menafn.com/menafn/1093501385/Jordan-Protesters-demand-real-reform-slam-Parliament">"Jordan- Protesters demand 'real' reform, slam Parliament"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Thousands+of+demonstrators+protest+food+prices%2C+denounce+government&rft.date=2011-01-15&rft.aulast=Sandels&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Fbabylonbeyond%2F2011%2F01%2Fjordan-protests-food-prices-muslim-brotherhood-tunisia-strike-thousands-government.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattar2011" class="citation news cs1">Hattar, Musa (14 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110121075512/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iIn12gP42mT9OPGneUjyI_SlmP5w?docId=CNG.7f112945a269a13e0b728d52293b7648.791">"Jordanians protest living conditions, blame govt"</a>. Agence France-Presse. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iIn12gP42mT9OPGneUjyI_SlmP5w?docId=CNG.7f112945a269a13e0b728d52293b7648.791">the original</a> on 21 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jordanians+protest+living+conditions%2C+blame+govt&rft.date=2011-01-14&rft.aulast=Hattar&rft.aufirst=Musa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5iIn12gP42mT9OPGneUjyI_SlmP5w%3FdocId%3DCNG.7f112945a269a13e0b728d52293b7648.791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/02/01/jordan.government">"Jordan's king dismisses government, appoints new PM"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110204054208/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/02/01/jordan.government/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Jordan%27s+king+dismisses+government%2C+appoints+new+PM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2011%2FWORLD%2Fafrica%2F02%2F01%2Fjordan.government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcClashesInJordan-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbcClashesInJordan_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12507937">"Clashes erupt at Jordan protest"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 18 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221044059/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12507937">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Clashes+erupt+at+Jordan+protest&rft.date=2011-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-12507937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ammonnews.net/article.aspx?articleNO=83610">السرور : لن اسمح للاعتصام بالداخلية .. والمجالي : لا اعلم اذا احتفل افراد الامن مع مسيرة"نداء وطن" | شؤون محلية | وكالة عمون الاخبارية</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110424003709/http://www.ammonnews.net/article.aspx?articleNO=83610">Archived</a> 24 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ammon News (26 March 2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khaberni.com/more.asp?ThisID=52128&ThisCat=1">خبرني : نبض الشارع : نقيب الاطباء ينفي تصريحات نسبها له التلفزيون</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427154008/http://www.khaberni.com/more.asp?ThisID=52128&ThisCat=1">Archived</a> 27 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Khaberni (26 March 2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13751299">"Jordan: Protesters lob stones at King Abdullah II"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 13 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617051856/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13751299">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Jordan%3A+Protesters+lob+stones+at+King+Abdullah+II&rft.date=2011-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-13751299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.ammonnews.net/article.aspx?articleNO=12429">"Karak Gears Up For Friday Pro-Reform Protest"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110618013950/http://en.ammonnews.net/article.aspx?articleNO=12429">Archived</a> 18 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ammon News. 16 June 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/06/14/general-ml-jordan_8515540.html">"Jordan's king: Elected PM in 2–3 years"</a>, <i>Forbes</i>. 14 June 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2011 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesunion.com/world/slideshow/Protests-in-Jordan-2956.php#photo-1103960">Protests in Jordan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130074318/http://www.timesunion.com/world/slideshow/Protests-in-Jordan-2956.php#photo-1103960">Archived</a> 30 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Times Union.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://arabnews.com/middleeast/article513447.ece">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010191939/http://arabnews.com/middleeast/article513447.ece">Archived</a> 10 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatkowski" class="citation web cs1">Satkowski, Christina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/24/fragile-hopes-for-jordans-new-prime-minister/">"Fragile hopes for Jordan's new prime minister"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220902053420/https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/24/fragile-hopes-for-jordans-new-prime-minister/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Fragile+hopes+for+Jordan%27s+new+prime+minister&rft.aulast=Satkowski&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2011%2F10%2F24%2Ffragile-hopes-for-jordans-new-prime-minister%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tre20oct-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tre20oct_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.trend.az/regions/met/arabicr/1959399.html">"Riots break out in northern Jordan over detainee death"</a>. <i>Trend</i>. 20 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603034559/http://en.trend.az/regions/met/arabicr/1959399.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trend&rft.atitle=Riots+break+out+in+northern+Jordan+over+detainee+death&rft.date=2011-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.trend.az%2Fregions%2Fmet%2Farabicr%2F1959399.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aly30nov-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aly30nov_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAly2011" class="citation news cs1">Aly, Bassem (30 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/59498/World/Region/Jordan-cannot-claim-democratic-reform-amid-protest.aspx">"Jordan cannot claim democratic reform amid protesters' trials: HRW"</a>. <i>Ahram Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615172403/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/59498/World/Region/Jordan-cannot-claim-democratic-reform-amid-protest.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ahram+Online&rft.atitle=Jordan+cannot+claim+democratic+reform+amid+protesters%27+trials%3A+HRW&rft.date=2011-11-30&rft.aulast=Aly&rft.aufirst=Bassem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContent%2F2%2F8%2F59498%2FWorld%2FRegion%2FJordan-cannot-claim-democratic-reform-amid-protest.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jordantimes.com/friday-protesters--to-demand-return-of-public-lands">Friday protesters to demand return of public lands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111225004055/http://jordantimes.com/friday-protesters--to-demand-return-of-public-lands">Archived</a> 25 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Jordan Times</i> (22 December 2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jordantimes.com/calm-restored-after-clashes-in-mafraq">"Calm restored after clashes in Mafraq"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111225005416/http://jordantimes.com/calm-restored-after-clashes-in-mafraq">Archived</a> 25 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Jordan Times</i>, (23 December 2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://signalfire.org/?p=16393">Calm restored in Qatraneh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230916063734/http://ww25.signalfire.org/?p=16393&subid1=20230916-1637-34df-bb6f-1fd75402646e">Archived</a> 16 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Signalfire.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_Topic-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Topic_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/jordan/index.html?8qa">"Jordan"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118160143/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/jordan/index.html?8qa">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jordan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.nytimes.com%2Ftop%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fcountriesandterritories%2Fjordan%2Findex.html%3F8qa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.trend.az/regions/met/arabicr/2060982.html">Jordanians protest fuel price hike – Trend</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603022621/http://en.trend.az/regions/met/arabicr/2060982.html">Archived</a> 3 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (2 September 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.trend.az/regions/met/arabicr/2061056.html">Jordan's king suspends fuel price hike after rising protests – Trend</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120906090825/http://en.trend.az/regions/met/arabicr/2061056.html">Archived</a> 6 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.(3 September 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130613020401/http://www.shanghaidaily.com/article/article_xinhua.asp?id=92759">"Jordan's king suspends fuel price hike after nationwide protests"</a>. <i>Xinhua</i>. 1 September 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shanghaidaily.com/article/article_xinhua.asp?id=92759">the original</a> on 13 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Xinhua&rft.atitle=Jordan%27s+king+suspends+fuel+price+hike+after+nationwide+protests&rft.date=2012-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanghaidaily.com%2Farticle%2Farticle_xinhua.asp%3Fid%3D92759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavlak2012" class="citation news cs1">Gavlak, Dale (10 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gWeu9odqYYXsuvrMpgSd6bYOnIlg?docId=35e6882ce8d446e2b0ee3d6b2c95e7e9">"Jordan: 8 activists charged for slandering king"</a>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jordan%3A+8+activists+charged+for+slandering+king&rft.date=2012-09-10&rft.aulast=Gavlak&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fap%2Farticle%2FALeqM5gWeu9odqYYXsuvrMpgSd6bYOnIlg%3FdocId%3D35e6882ce8d446e2b0ee3d6b2c95e7e9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3873993.ece">"Clashes, arrests after protesters criticise Jordan King"</a>. 8 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120911040608/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3873993.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Clashes%2C+arrests+after+protesters+criticise+Jordan+King&rft.date=2012-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Farticle3873993.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19840979">"Jordan protests after king calls early elections"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181021085648/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19840979">Archived</a> 21 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News, (5 October 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalaby2012" class="citation news cs1">Halaby, Jamal (13 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-jordan-raises-fuel-prices-sparking-protests-2012nov13-story.html">"Jordan raises fuel prices, sparking protests"</a>. San Diego Union-Tribune. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180227035031/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-jordan-raises-fuel-prices-sparking-protests-2012nov13-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jordan+raises+fuel+prices%2C+sparking+protests&rft.date=2012-11-13&rft.aulast=Halaby&rft.aufirst=Jamal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Fsdut-jordan-raises-fuel-prices-sparking-protests-2012nov13-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalaby2012" class="citation news cs1">Halaby, Jamal (14 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-jordan-1-gunman-killed-in-police-station-attacks-2012nov14-story.html">"Jordan: 1 gunman killed in police station attacks"</a>. San Diego Union-Tribune. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180227035656/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-jordan-1-gunman-killed-in-police-station-attacks-2012nov14-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jordan%3A+1+gunman+killed+in+police+station+attacks&rft.date=2012-11-14&rft.aulast=Halaby&rft.aufirst=Jamal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Fsdut-jordan-1-gunman-killed-in-police-station-attacks-2012nov14-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/15/world/middleeast/jordan-protests-turn-deadly-on-second-day.html?pagewanted=1">"Protests Over Gas Prices in Jordan Turn Deadly"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 14 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130222030235/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/15/world/middleeast/jordan-protests-turn-deadly-on-second-day.html?pagewanted=1">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Protests+Over+Gas+Prices+in+Jordan+Turn+Deadly&rft.date=2012-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F11%2F15%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fjordan-protests-turn-deadly-on-second-day.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-jordan-protests-idUSBRE8AF1KP20121116">"Jordan protesters call for 'downfall of the regime'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 16 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121117130139/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/16/us-jordan-protests-idUSBRE8AF1KP20121116">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Jordan+protesters+call+for+%27downfall+of+the+regime%27&rft.date=2012-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-jordan-protests-idUSBRE8AF1KP20121116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20373021">"Jordan unrest: Clashes after fuel protest"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 16 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118004311/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20373021">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Jordan+unrest%3A+Clashes+after+fuel+protest&rft.date=2012-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-20373021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattar2012" class="citation news cs1">Hattar, Musa (16 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130222103509/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ifoYXWSuhevKlPejxXvheMZCxgeQ?docId=CNG.2cf3bc7be53e2f556cc0a63105c9224a.641">"Jordan protesters call for 'downfall of the regime'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ifoYXWSuhevKlPejxXvheMZCxgeQ?docId=CNG.2cf3bc7be53e2f556cc0a63105c9224a.641">the original</a> on 22 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jordan+protesters+call+for+%27downfall+of+the+regime%27&rft.date=2012-11-16&rft.aulast=Hattar&rft.aufirst=Musa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5ifoYXWSuhevKlPejxXvheMZCxgeQ%3FdocId%3DCNG.2cf3bc7be53e2f556cc0a63105c9224a.641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattar2012" class="citation news cs1">Hattar, Musa (16 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/international/jordans-king-cancels-britain-visit-amid-protests/article4105074.ece">"Jordan's king cancels Britain visit amid protests"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Line" title="Business Line">Business Line</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121119074239/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/international/jordans-king-cancels-britain-visit-amid-protests/article4105074.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Line&rft.atitle=Jordan%27s+king+cancels+Britain+visit+amid+protests&rft.date=2012-11-16&rft.aulast=Hattar&rft.aufirst=Musa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fjordans-king-cancels-britain-visit-amid-protests%2Farticle4105074.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/58519/World/Region/Jordan-unions-strike-against-fuel-price-hikes.aspx">Jordan unions strike against fuel price hikes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615165117/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/58519/World/Region/Jordan-unions-strike-against-fuel-price-hikes.aspx">Archived</a> 15 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ahram Online, (18 November 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.ammonnews.net/article.aspx?articleNO=19119">King, Tribal chiefs visit security personnel injured in riots</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130222042625/http://en.ammonnews.net/article.aspx?articleNO=19119">Archived</a> 22 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ammon News (18 November 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121119193501/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g0mnDwiSW7UbNZ9Yr9oiBXy3MgXw?docId=CNG.08c684503b52a13d0b33ea46c18124ad.6f1">"Jordan Islamists, youths to protest fuel price hikes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 15 November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g0mnDwiSW7UbNZ9Yr9oiBXy3MgXw?docId=CNG.08c684503b52a13d0b33ea46c18124ad.6f1">the original</a> on 19 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jordan+Islamists%2C+youths+to+protest+fuel+price+hikes&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5g0mnDwiSW7UbNZ9Yr9oiBXy3MgXw%3FdocId%3DCNG.08c684503b52a13d0b33ea46c18124ad.6f1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20121201230448/http://petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Site_Id=1&lang=2&NewsID=92631&CatID=13&Type=Home&GType=1">"Policeman who dies of injuries during fuel price riots laid to rest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Petra_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Petra News Agency">Petra News Agency</a></i>. 1 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Site_Id=1&lang=2&NewsID=92631&CatID=13&Type=Home&GType=1">the original</a> on 1 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Petra+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Policeman+who+dies+of+injuries+during+fuel+price+riots+laid+to+rest&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.petra.gov.jo%2FPublic_News%2FNws_NewsDetails.aspx%3FSite_Id%3D1%26lang%3D2%26NewsID%3D92631%26CatID%3D13%26Type%3DHome%26GType%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5i7CT0mQSAPfDG6qfNW8mDM7KBNpw?docId=5820261">"Jordan's Royal Palace says king sacks government in wake of street protests"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i>. 1 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Jordan%27s+Royal+Palace+says+king+sacks+government+in+wake+of+street+protests&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fcanadianpress%2Farticle%2FALeqM5i7CT0mQSAPfDG6qfNW8mDM7KBNpw%3FdocId%3D5820261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerhally2011" class="citation news cs1">Derhally, Massoud A (1 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-01/jordan-s-prime-minister-rifai-resigns-king-asks-bakhit-to-form-government.html">"Jordan's King Abdullah Replaces Prime Minister"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110204033415/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-01/jordan-s-prime-minister-rifai-resigns-king-asks-bakhit-to-form-government.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Jordan%27s+King+Abdullah+Replaces+Prime+Minister&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft.aulast=Derhally&rft.aufirst=Massoud+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2011-02-01%2Fjordan-s-prime-minister-rifai-resigns-king-asks-bakhit-to-form-government.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apnews.myway.com//article/20110201/D9L410G00.html">"Jordan's king fires Cabinet amid protests"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110705125552/http://apnews.myway.com/article/20110201/D9L410G00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Jordan%27s+king+fires+Cabinet+amid+protests&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapnews.myway.com%2F%2Farticle%2F20110201%2FD9L410G00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130222103535/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jkLFQ_FU6PiCgV7Rd8901exF7BsA?docId=CNG.4bf1d9b99ad76d5eb936170dbf8befbe.1c1">"Jordan Islamists say talks with king 'positive'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Agence France-Presse. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jkLFQ_FU6PiCgV7Rd8901exF7BsA?docId=CNG.4bf1d9b99ad76d5eb936170dbf8befbe.1c1">the original</a> on 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jordan+Islamists+say+talks+with+king+%27positive%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5jkLFQ_FU6PiCgV7Rd8901exF7BsA%3FdocId%3DCNG.4bf1d9b99ad76d5eb936170dbf8befbe.1c1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoogleHostedNewsPoliticalReforms-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GoogleHostedNewsPoliticalReforms_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5ghUWNyMXTgpARYoetwsBBBjteIwg?docId=5843256">"Jordan's king says political reforms have stumbled, asks Muslim opposition to back government"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jordan%27s+king+says+political+reforms+have+stumbled%2C+asks+Muslim+opposition+to+back+government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fcanadianpress%2Farticle%2FALeqM5ghUWNyMXTgpARYoetwsBBBjteIwg%3FdocId%3D5843256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavlak2001" class="citation news cs1">Gavlak, Dale (10 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12415405">"Jordan's king swears in new cabinet after protests"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110215005610/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12415405">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Jordan%27s+king+sets+3-month+deadline+for+political+reforms&rft.date=2011-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fjordans-king-sets-3-month-deadline-for-political-reforms%2F2011%2F03%2F15%2FABTC7wW_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13744640">"Jordan's King Abdullah vows to allow elected cabinets"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613112638/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13744640">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Jordan%27s+King+Abdullah+vows+to+allow+elected+cabinets&rft.date=2011-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-13744640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian20111017-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian20111017_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/17/jordon-king-names-judge-prime-minister?newsfeed=true">"Jordan's king names Hague court judge as prime minister"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 17 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201125635/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/17/jordon-king-names-judge-prime-minister?newsfeed=true">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jordan%27s+king+names+Hague+court+judge+as+prime+minister&rft.date=2011-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Foct%2F17%2Fjordon-king-names-judge-prime-minister%3Fnewsfeed%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Jordanian+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/content/us-support-jordan-abdullah/1547111.html">US Supports Jordan's King Abdullah Over Fuel Protests</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118033608/http://www.voanews.com/content/us-support-jordan-abdullah/1547111.html">Archived</a> 18 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_Spring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab Spring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_Spring" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div>"<i><a href="/wiki/Ash-shab_yurid_isqat_an-nizam" title="Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam">Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam</a></i>"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Events by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932012_Algerian_protests" title="2010–2012 Algerian protests">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Djiboutian_protests" title="2011 Djiboutian protests">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Iraqi_protests" title="2011 Iraqi protests">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_protests_(2011%E2%80%9312)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian protests (2011–12)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_protests_(2011%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti protests (2011–2013)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Lebanese_protests" title="2011 Lebanese protests">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan civil war">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Mauritanian_protests" title="2011–2012 Mauritanian protests">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Moroccan_protests" title="2011–2012 Moroccan protests">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Omani_protests" title="2011 Omani protests">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Palestinian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Palestinian protests">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Sudanese_protests" title="2011–2013 Sudanese protests">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Western_Saharan_protests" title="2011 Western Saharan protests">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Bahrain:</i> <a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14_Youth_Coalition" title="February 14 Youth Coalition">February 14 Youth Coalition</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Egypt:</i> <a href="/wiki/April_6_Youth_Movement" title="April 6 Youth Movement">April 6 Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefaya" title="Kefaya">Kefaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">FJP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Change" title="National Association for Change">National Association for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Egypt)" title="National Democratic Party (Egypt)">National Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Egypt)" title="National Salvation Front (Egypt)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialists_(Egypt)" title="Revolutionary Socialists (Egypt)">Revolutionary Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayfeencom" title="Shayfeencom">Shayfeencom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultras_Ahlawy" title="Ultras Ahlawy">Ultras Ahlawy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Libya:</i> <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)" title="National Liberation Army (Libya)">National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Mauritania:</i> <a href="/wiki/February_25th_Movement" title="February 25th Movement">February 25th Movement</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Saudi Arabia:</i> <a href="/wiki/Women_to_drive_movement" title="Women to drive movement">Women to drive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Defense_of_Human_Rights_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in the Arabian Peninsula">CDHRAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Development_and_Change" title="Society for Development and Change">Society for Development and Change</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Syria:</i> Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Regional Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">National Command</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_rebel_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian civil war">Foreign fighters</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Tunisia:</i> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Democratic Rally">Constitutional Democratic Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Tunisia)" title="Popular Front (Tunisia)">Popular Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_General_Labour_Union" title="Tunisian General Labour Union">Tunisian General Labour Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Yemen:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Yemeni_Tribes" title="Alliance of Yemeni Tribes">Alliance of Yemeni Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashid" title="Hashid">Hashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthis" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthis">Houthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Congress_(Yemen)" title="General People's Congress (Yemen)">General People's Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="South Yemen Movement">Hiraak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Arab_Spring" title="Women in the Arab Spring">Women in the Arab Spring</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Algeria:</i> <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ouyahia" title="Ahmed Ouyahia">Ahmed Ouyahia</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Bahrain:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Mushaima" title="Hasan Mushaima">Hasan Mushaima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salman" title="Ali Salman">Ali Salman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Ali_Jawad_al-Sheikh" title="Death of Ali Jawad al-Sheikh">Ali Jawad al-Sheikh</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Egypt:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Suleiman_(politician)" title="Omar Suleiman (politician)">Omar Suleiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Hussein Tantawy">Mohamed Hussein Tantawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Nazif" title="Ahmed Nazif">Ahmed Nazif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shafik" title="Ahmed Shafik">Ahmed Shafik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Ghonim" title="Wael Ghonim">Wael Ghonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Ganzouri" title="Kamal Ganzouri">Kamal Ganzouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Khaled_Mohamed_Saeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Khaled Mohamed Saeed">Khaled Mohamed Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essam_Sharaf" title="Essam Sharaf">Essam Sharaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesham_Qandil" title="Hesham Qandil">Hesham Qandil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassem_Youssef_(television_host)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassem Youssef (television host)">Bassem Youssef</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Jordan:</i> <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marouf_al-Bakhit" title="Marouf al-Bakhit">Marouf al-Bakhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Rifai" title="Samir Rifai">Samir Rifai</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Libya:</i> <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Abdul-Jelil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Abdul-Jelil">Mustafa Abdul-Jelil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Gebril" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Gebril">Mahmud Gebril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nabbous" title="Mohammed Nabbous">Mohammed Nabbous</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Mauritania:</i> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Abdel_Aziz" title="Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz">Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulaye_Ould_Mohamed_Laghdaf" title="Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf">Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Morocco:</i> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_El_Fassi" title="Abbas El Fassi">Abbas El Fassi</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Saudi Arabia:</i> <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_al-Johani" title="Khaled al-Johani">Khaled al-Johani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manal_al-Sharif" title="Manal al-Sharif">Manal al-Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Nimr al-Nimr">Nimr al-Nimr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Sudan:</i> <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Syria:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari" title="Muhammad Naji al-Otari">Muhammad Naji al-Otari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adel_Safar" title="Adel Safar">Adel Safar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyad_Farid_Hijab" title="Riyad Farid Hijab">Riyad Farid Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Nader_al-Halqi" title="Wael Nader al-Halqi">Wael Nader al-Halqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Tunisia:</i> <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ghannouchi" title="Mohamed Ghannouchi">Mohamed Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncef_Marzouki" title="Moncef Marzouki">Moncef Marzouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Ghannushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid al-Ghannushi">Rashid al-Ghannushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Mebazaa" title="Fouad Mebazaa">Fouad Mebazaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beji_Caid_Essebsi" title="Beji Caid Essebsi">Beji Caid Essebsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamadi_Jebali" title="Hamadi Jebali">Hamadi Jebali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi" title="Mohamed Bouazizi">Mohamed Bouazizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokri_Belaid" title="Chokri Belaid">Chokri Belaid</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>United Arab Emirates:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAE_Five" title="UAE Five">UAE Five</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Yemen:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdrabbuh_Mansur_Hadi" title="Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi">Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majeed_al-Zindani" title="Abdul Majeed al-Zindani">Abdul Majeed al-Zindani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohsen_al-Ahmar" title="Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar">Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_al-Ahmar" title="Sadiq al-Ahmar">Sadiq al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Malik_al-Houthi" title="Abdul-Malik al-Houthi">Abdul-Malik al-Houthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_al-Houthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Ali al-Houthi">Mohammed Ali al-Houthi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Impact of the Arab Spring">Impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Albanian_opposition_demonstrations" title="2011 Albanian opposition demonstrations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Armenian_protests" title="2011 Armenian protests">Armenia</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2011 Azerbaijani protests">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Baku_protests" title="2013 Baku protests">2013</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Belarusian_protests" title="2011 Belarusian protests">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Burkinab%C3%A8_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Burkinabè protests">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Chinese_pro-democracy_protests" title="2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9312_Greek_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–12 Greek protests">Greece</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" title="2011 Indian anti-corruption movement">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Indian anti-corruption movement">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests" title="2011–2012 Iranian protests">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kurdish_protests_in_Iraq" title="2011 Kurdish protests in Iraq">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Israeli_social_justice_protests" title="2011 Israeli social justice protests">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Maldives_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Maldives political crisis">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict">Mali</a></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Peace_with_Justice_and_Dignity" title="Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_Soy_132" title="Yo Soy 132">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Portugal" title="Anti-austerity movement in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Russian_protests" title="2011–2013 Russian protests">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Spanish_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Spanish protests">Spain</a></li> <li>Turkey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey" title="2011–2012 Kurdish protests in Turkey">2011–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">2013</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_anti-austerity_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 United Kingdom anti-austerity protests">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_public_employee_protests" title="2011 United States public employee protests">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan civil war (2011–present)">Libyan civil war (2011–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">UN Resolutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_65/265" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/265">65/265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1970" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2009" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2014" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2016" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016">2016</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Arab_Spring" title="International reactions to the Arab Spring">International reactions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Bahraini_uprising_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Libyan civil war">civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="International reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the death of Muammar Gaddafi">death of Muammar Gaddafi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Tunisian_revolution" title="International reactions to the Tunisian revolution">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Yemeni_revolution" title="International reactions to the Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Domestic reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Domestic responses to the Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic responses to the Libyan Civil War">domestic responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Timeline of the Arab Spring">Timelines</a> by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bahraini_uprising_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Timeline of the Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Libyan civil war">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011%E2%80%9313_Saudi_Arabian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2011–13 Saudi Arabian protests">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Yemeni_revolution" title="Timeline of the Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni crisis (2011–present)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Libyan crisis (2011–present)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)">Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_Spring" title="Category:Arab Spring">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jordan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jordan_topics" title="Template:Jordan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jordan_topics" title="Template talk:Jordan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jordan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jordan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jordan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jordan-related_articles" title="Index of Jordan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jordan" title="History of Jordan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Emirate of Transjordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_raids_on_Transjordan" title="Ikhwan raids on Transjordan">Ikhwan raids on Transjordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">1973</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Israel–Jordan peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2011–12 protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jordan" title="Geography of Jordan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Jordan" title="Template:Borders of Jordan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Jordan" title="List of cities in Jordan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Jordan" title="List of extreme points of Jordan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Jordan" title="Governorates of Jordan">Governorates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahias_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahias of Jordan"><i>Nahias</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserves_in_Jordan" title="Nature reserves in Jordan">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Jordan" title="Wildlife of Jordan">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jordan" title="Politics of Jordan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Hashemite_Court" title="Royal Hashemite Court">Royal Hashemite Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jordan" title="Cabinet of Jordan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jordan" title="Constitution of Jordan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Jordan" title="Corruption in Jordan">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Jordan" title="Elections in Jordan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Jordan" title="Foreign relations of Jordan">Foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Jordan" title="Human rights in Jordan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Jordan">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Jordan" title="Women in Jordan">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Jordan" title="Law enforcement in Jordan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jordan" title="Parliament of Jordan">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Armed_Forces" title="Jordanian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_(Jordan)" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Jordan)">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Jordan" title="List of political parties in Jordan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jordan" title="Prime Minister of Jordan">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Jordan" title="List of prime ministers of Jordan">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of Jordan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Jordan" title="Agriculture in Jordan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Jordan" title="Central Bank of Jordan">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Design_and_Development_Bureau" title="Jordan Design and Development Bureau">Defense industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Jordan" title="Energy in Jordan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan#Globalization" title="Jordan">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_in_Jordan" title="Oil shale in Jordan">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jordan" title="Telecommunications in Jordan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Jordan" title="Tourism in Jordan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jordan" title="Transport in Jordan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Jordan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Jordan">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Jordan" title="Category:Society of Jordan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jordan" title="Demographics of Jordan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jordan" title="Education in Jordan">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Jordan" title="List of universities in Jordan">universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Higher_Education_and_Scientific_Research_(Jordan)" title="Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (Jordan)">Ministry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Jordan" title="Health in Jordan">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Jordan" title="List of hospitals in Jordan">hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical education in Jordan">medical education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_Hospitals_Association_(Jordan)" title="Private Hospitals Association (Jordan)">Private Hospitals Association</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Jordan" title="Public holidays in Jordan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jordan" title="Islam in Jordan">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jordan" title="Christianity in Jordan">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Jordan" title="Freedom of religion in Jordan">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jordan" title="Culture of Jordan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_art" title="Jordanian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jordan" title="Cinema of Jordan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jordanian_wine" title="Jordanian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Jordan">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Radio_and_Television_Corporation" title="Jordan Radio and Television Corporation">JRTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro%27ya_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ro'ya TV">Ro'ya TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Jordan" title="List of newspapers in Jordan">newspapers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_sites_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage sites in Jordan">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Jordan" title="Sport in Jordan">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jordanians" title="List of Jordanians">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">King Abdullah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talal_of_Jordan" title="Talal of Jordan">King Talal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">King Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Rania_of_Jordan" title="Queen Rania of Jordan">Queen Rania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hassan_bin_Talal" title="Prince Hassan bin Talal">Prince Hassan bin Talal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Jordan" title="List of airports in Jordan">List of airports in Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Jordan" title="List of banks in Jordan">List of banks in Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Jordan" title="List of castles in Jordan">List of castles in Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Jordan" title="List of cities in Jordan">List of cities in Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">List of kings of Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Jordan" title="List of prime ministers of Jordan">List of prime ministers of Jordan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jordan" title="Outline of Jordan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jordan-related_articles" title="Index of Jordan-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jordan" title="Category:Jordan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jordan" title="Portal:Jordan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011–2012_Jordanian_protests&oldid=1237691143">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011–2012_Jordanian_protests&oldid=1237691143</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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