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id="toc-Rise_of_Indira_Gandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Indira_Gandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Rise of Indira Gandhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Indira_Gandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increasing_government_control_of_the_judiciary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increasing_government_control_of_the_judiciary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Increasing government control of the judiciary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increasing_government_control_of_the_judiciary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_unrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_unrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Political unrest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_unrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raj_Narain_verdict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raj_Narain_verdict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Raj Narain verdict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raj_Narain_verdict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preventive_detention_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preventive_detention_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Preventive detention laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preventive_detention_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proclamation_of_the_Emergency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proclamation_of_the_Emergency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Proclamation of the Emergency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proclamation_of_the_Emergency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Arrests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws,_human_rights_and_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws,_human_rights_and_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Laws, human rights and elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws,_human_rights_and_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_unions_and_worker's_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_unions_and_worker's_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Trade unions and worker's rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_unions_and_worker's_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflation_and_price_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflation_and_price_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Inflation and price control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflation_and_price_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tax_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Tax policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tax_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_sterilisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_sterilisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Forced sterilisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_sterilisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demolitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demolitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Demolitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demolitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demolitions_in_Delhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demolitions_in_Delhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Demolitions in Delhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demolitions_in_Delhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demolitions_outside_Delhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demolitions_outside_Delhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Demolitions outside Delhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demolitions_outside_Delhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Response</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Response-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Response subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democracy_Bachao_Morcha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democracy_Bachao_Morcha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Democracy Bachao Morcha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democracy_Bachao_Morcha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sangh_Parivar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sangh_Parivar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sangh Parivar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sangh_Parivar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CPI(M)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CPI(M)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>CPI(M)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CPI(M)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Outside India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_of_1977" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_of_1977"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Elections of 1977</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_of_1977-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_tribunal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_tribunal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>The tribunal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_tribunal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">The Emergency (India)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A6_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="حالة الطوارئ (الهند) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حالة الطوارئ (الهند)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE,_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AB" title="ভাৰতৰ জৰুৰীকালীন অৱস্থা, ১৯৭৫ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাৰতৰ জৰুৰীকালীন অৱস্থা, ১৯৭৫" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AB-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AD)" title="ভারতে জরুরি অবস্থা (১৯৭৫-১৯৭৭) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতে জরুরি অবস্থা (১৯৭৫-১৯৭৭)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)" title="इमरजेंसी (भारत) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इमरजेंसी (भारत)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausnahmezustand_in_Indien_1975%E2%80%931977" title="Ausnahmezustand in Indien 1975–1977 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ausnahmezustand in Indien 1975–1977" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_d%27urgence_(Inde)" title="État d'urgence (Inde) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État d'urgence (Inde)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3_(%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4)" title="કટોકટી કાળ (ભારત) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કટોકટી કાળ (ભારત)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%83%81%EC%82%AC%ED%83%9C_(%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84)" title="비상사태 (인도) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비상사태 (인도)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)" title="आपातकाल (भारत) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आपातकाल (भारत)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_Darurat_(India)" title="Masa Darurat (India) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Masa Darurat (India)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_d%27emergenza_in_India" title="Stato d'emergenza in India – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato d'emergenza in India" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95" title="מצב החירום בהודו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מצב החירום בהודו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)" title="आणीबाणी (भारत) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आणीबाणी (भारत)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1_(%E1%81%81%E1%81%89%E1%81%87%E1%81%85)" title="အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ၏ အရေးပေါ်အခြေအနေ (၁၉၇၅) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ၏ အရေးပေါ်အခြေအနေ (၁၉၇၅)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unntakstilstanden_(India)" title="Unntakstilstanden (India) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Unntakstilstanden (India)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_(%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4)" title="ਐਮਰਜੈਂਸੀ (ਭਾਰਤ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਮਰਜੈਂਸੀ (ਭਾਰਤ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerg%C3%AAncia_(%C3%8Dndia)" title="Emergência (Índia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Emergência (Índia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_(1975%E2%80%941977)" title="Чрезвычайное положение в Индии (1975—1977) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чрезвычайное положение в Индии (1975—1977)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1975–1977 state of emergency in India under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/The_Emergency_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/The Emergency (India)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Emergency%22+India">"The Emergency" India</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Emergency%22+India+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Emergency%22+India&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Emergency%22+India+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Emergency%22+India">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Emergency%22+India&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira_Gandhi_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Indira_Gandhi_1977.jpg/170px-Indira_Gandhi_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Indira_Gandhi_1977.jpg/255px-Indira_Gandhi_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Indira_Gandhi_1977.jpg/340px-Indira_Gandhi_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="2145" /></a><figcaption>On the advice of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed" title="Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed">Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed</a> proclaimed a state of national emergency on 25 June 1975.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>The Emergency</b> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> was a 21-month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> declared a <a href="/wiki/States_of_emergency_in_India" title="States of emergency in India">state of emergency</a> across the country by citing internal and external threats to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">The Emergency</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">25 June 1975 – 21 March 1977<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1975-06-25</span> – <span class="dtend">1977-03-21</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">(+5:30 IST)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;">India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/States_of_emergency_in_India" title="States of emergency in India">State of Emergency</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">internal and external threats to the country</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Arrests</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">110,806</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Officially issued by President <a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed" title="Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed">Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed</a> under Article 352 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a> because of a prevailing "Internal Disturbance", the Emergency was in effect from 25 June 1975 and ended on 21 March 1977. The order bestowed upon the prime minister the authority to <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a>, allowing elections to be cancelled and <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> to be suspended. For much of the Emergency, most of Gandhi's political opponents were imprisoned and the press was <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censored</a>. More than 100,000 political opponents, journalists and dissenters were imprisoned by the Gandhi regime.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, a mass campaign for <a href="/wiki/Vasectomy" title="Vasectomy">vasectomy</a> was spearheaded by her son <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a>. </p><p>The final decision to impose an emergency was proposed by Indira Gandhi, agreed upon by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a>, and ratified by the Cabinet and the Parliament from July to August 1975. It was based on the rationale that there were imminent internal and external threats to the Indian state.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_Indira_Gandhi">Rise of Indira Gandhi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rise of Indira Gandhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1967 and 1971, Prime minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> came to obtain near-absolute control over the government and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> party, as well as a huge majority in Parliament. The first was achieved by concentrating the central government's power within the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_(India)" title="Prime Minister's Office (India)">Prime Minister's Secretariat</a>, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of India">Cabinet</a>, whose elected members she saw as a threat and distrusted. For this, she relied on her principal secretary, <a href="/wiki/P._N._Haksar" title="P. N. Haksar">P. N. Haksar</a>, a central figure in Indira's inner circle of advisors. Further, Haksar promoted the idea of a "committed bureaucracy" that required hitherto-impartial government officials to be "committed" to the ideology of the Congress. </p><p>Within the Congress, Indira outmaneuvered her rivals, forcing the party to split in 1969—into the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Organisation)" title="Indian National Congress (Organisation)">Congress (O)</a> (comprising the old-guard known as the "Syndicate") and her <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(R)" title="Indian National Congress (R)">Congress (R)</a>. A majority of the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="All-India Congress Committee">All-India Congress Committee</a> and Congress MPs sided with the prime minister. Indira's party was of a different breed from the Congress of old, which had been a robust institution with traditions of internal democracy. In the Congress (R), on the other hand, members quickly realised that their progress within the ranks depended solely on their loyalty to Indira Gandhi and <a href="/wiki/Nehru%E2%80%93Gandhi_family" title="Nehru–Gandhi family">her family</a>, and ostentatious displays of <a href="/wiki/Sycophancy" title="Sycophancy">sycophancy</a> became routine. In the coming years, Indira's influence was such that she could install hand-picked loyalists as chief ministers of states, rather than their being elected by the Congress legislative party. </p><p>Indira's ascent was backed by her charismatic appeal among the masses that was aided by her government's near-radical leftward turns. These included the July 1969 nationalisation of several major banks and the September 1970 abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Purse_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Purse in India">privy purse</a>; these changes were often done suddenly, via ordinance, to the shock of her opponents. She had strong support in the disadvantaged sections—the poor, <a href="/wiki/Dalits" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalits">Dalits</a>, women and minorities. Indira was seen as "standing for socialism in economics and secularism in matters of religion, as being pro-poor and for the development of the nation as a whole."<sup id="cite_ref-Guha,_p._439_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guha,_p._439-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1971_Indian_general_election" title="1971 Indian general election">1971 general elections</a>, the people rallied behind Indira's populist slogan of <i><a href="/wiki/Garibi_Hatao" title="Garibi Hatao">Garibi Hatao</a>!</i> (Abolish poverty!) to award her a huge majority (352 seats out of 518). "By the margin of its victory," historian <a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Guha" title="Ramachandra Guha">Ramachandra Guha</a> later wrote, Congress (R) came to be known as the real Congress, "requiring no qualifying suffix."<sup id="cite_ref-Guha,_p._439_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guha,_p._439-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1971, under her proactive war leadership, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">India routed arch-enemy Pakistan in a war</a> that led to the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">independence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>. Awarded the <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a> the next month, she was at her greatest peak; for her biographer <a href="/wiki/Inder_Malhotra" title="Inder Malhotra">Inder Malhotra</a>, "<i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s description of her as the 'Empress of India' seemed apt." Even opposition leaders, who routinely accused her of being a dictator and of fostering a <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a>, referred to her as <i><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></i>, a Hindu goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increasing_government_control_of_the_judiciary">Increasing government control of the judiciary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Increasing government control of the judiciary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/The_Emergency_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/The Emergency (India)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jayaprakash_Narayan_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jayaprakash_Narayan_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg/200px-Jayaprakash_Narayan_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jayaprakash_Narayan_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg/300px-Jayaprakash_Narayan_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jayaprakash_Narayan_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg/400px-Jayaprakash_Narayan_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a> on a 2001 stamp of India. He is remembered for leading the mid-1970s opposition against Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> and the Indian Emergency, for whose overthrow he had called for a "<a href="/wiki/Bihar_Movement" title="Bihar Movement">total revolution</a>".</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1967's<a href="/wiki/Golaknath_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Golaknath case"><i> Golaknath</i> case</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a> said that the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a> could not be amended by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> if the changes affect basic issues such as fundamental rights. To nullify this judgement, Parliament, dominated by the Gandhi-led Congress, passed the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">24th Amendment</a> in 1971. Similarly, after the government lost a Supreme Court case for withdrawing the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Purse_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Purse in India">privy purse</a> given to erstwhile princes, Parliament passed the 26th Amendment. This gave constitutional validity to the government's abolition of the privy purse and nullified the Supreme Court's order. </p><p>This judiciary–executive battle would continue in the landmark <a href="/wiki/Kesavananda_Bharati_v._State_of_Kerala" title="Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala"><i>Kesavananda Bharati</i> Case</a>, where the 24th Amendment was called into question. With a wafer-thin majority of 7 to 6, the bench of the Supreme Court restricted Parliament's <a href="/wiki/Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Amendment of the Constitution of India">amendment power</a> by stating it could not be used to alter the "<a href="/wiki/Basic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic structure">basic structure</a>" of the Constitution. Subsequently, Prime Minister Gandhi made <a href="/wiki/A._N._Ray" title="A. N. Ray">A. N. Ray</a>—the senior-most judge amongst those in the minority in <i>Kesavananda Bharati</i>—<a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice of India</a>. Ray superseded three judges more senior to him—<a href="/wiki/Jaishanker_Manilal_Shelat" title="Jaishanker Manilal Shelat">J. M. Shelat</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._S._Hegde" title="K. S. Hegde">K. S. Hegde</a> and Grover—all members of the majority in <i>Kesavananda Bharati</i>. Indira Gandhi's tendency to control the judiciary met with severe criticism, both from the press and political opponents such as <a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a> ("JP"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_unrest">Political unrest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political unrest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This led some Congress party leaders to demand a move towards a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a> emergency declaration with a more powerful directly elected executive. The most significant of the initial such movement was the <a href="/wiki/Nav_Nirman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav Nirman">Nav Nirman</a> movement in Gujarat, between December 1973 and March 1974. Student unrest against the state's education minister ultimately forced the central government to dissolve the state legislature, leading to the resignation of the chief minister, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakshit_Gautam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rakshit Gautam (page does not exist)">Rakshit Gautam</a>, and the imposition of <a href="/wiki/President%27s_rule" title="President's rule">President's rule</a>. Meanwhile, there were assassination attempts on public leaders as well as the assassination of the railway minister <a href="/wiki/Lalit_Narayan_Mishra" title="Lalit Narayan Mishra">Lalit Narayan Mishra</a> by a bomb. All of these indicated a growing law and order problem in the entire country, which Mrs. Gandhi's advisors warned her of for months. </p><p>In March–April 1974, a student agitation by the Bihar Chatra Sangharsh Samiti received the support of <a href="/wiki/Gandhian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhian">Gandhian</a> socialist <a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a>, referred to as <i>JP</i>, against the Bihar government. In April 1974, in Patna, JP called for "total revolution," asking students, peasants, and <a href="/wiki/Labour_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour union">labour unions</a> to non-violently transform Indian society. He also demanded the dissolution of the state government, but this was not accepted by the center. A month later, the railway-employees union, the largest union in the country, went on a nationwide <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">railways</a> strike. This strike was led by the firebrand trade union leader George Fernandes who was the President of the All India Railwaymen's Federation. He was also the President of the Socialist Party. The strike was brutally suppressed by the Indira Gandhi government, which arrested thousands of employees and drove their families out of their quarters.<sup id="cite_ref-Doshi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doshi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his speech, Narayan announced his decision to form "Lok Sangarsh Samiti" committee with <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> as its head and <a href="/wiki/Nanaji_Deshmukh" title="Nanaji Deshmukh">Nanaji Deshmukh</a> as its secretary. The committee aimed to surround the Prime Minister's house and refuse anybody's entry in order to paralyze the functioning of government. The committee further asked people to obstruct the railway lines so that the trains could not move and to prevent the functioning of courts and government offices.<sup id="cite_ref-x801_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x801-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raj_Narain_verdict">Raj Narain verdict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Raj Narain verdict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/State_of_Uttar_Pradesh_v._Raj_Narain" title="State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain">State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Raj_Narain" title="Raj Narain">Raj Narain</a>, who had been defeated in the 1971 parliamentary election by Indira Gandhi, lodged cases of election fraud and use of state machinery for election purposes against her in the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">Allahabad High Court</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shanti_Bhushan" title="Shanti Bhushan">Shanti Bhushan</a> fought the case for Narain (Nani Palkhivala fought the case for Indira). Indira Gandhi was also cross-examined in the High Court which was the first such instance for an Indian Prime Minister (Indira Gandhi had to present herself for 5 hours in front of judge).<sup id="cite_ref-KS_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 June 1975, Justice <a href="/wiki/Jagmohanlal_Sinha" title="Jagmohanlal Sinha">Jagmohanlal Sinha</a> of the Allahabad High Court found the prime minister guilty on the charge of misuse of government machinery for her election campaign. The court declared her election <a href="/wiki/Null_and_void" class="mw-redirect" title="Null and void">null and void</a> and unseated her from her seat in the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>. The court also banned her from contesting any election for an additional six years. Serious charges such as bribing voters and election malpractices were dropped and she was held responsible for misusing government machinery and found guilty on charges such as using the state police to build a dais, availing herself of the services of a government officer, <a href="/wiki/Yashpal_Kapoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Yashpal Kapoor">Yashpal Kapoor</a>, during the elections before he had resigned from his position, and use of electricity from the state electricity department.<sup id="cite_ref-UK_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her supporters organized mass pro-Indira demonstrations in the streets of Delhi close to the Prime Minister's residence.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indira Gandhi challenged the High Court's decision in the Supreme Court. Justice <a href="/wiki/V._R._Krishna_Iyer" title="V. R. Krishna Iyer">V. R. Krishna Iyer</a>, on 24 June 1975, upheld the High Court judgment and ordered all privileges Gandhi received as an MP be stopped, and that she be debarred from voting. However, she was allowed to continue as Prime Minister pending the resolution of her appeal. <a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> called for daily anti-government protests. The next day, Jayaprakash Narayan organized a large rally in Delhi, where he said that a police officer must reject the orders of the government if the order is immoral and unethical as this was <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>'s motto during the freedom struggle. Such a statement was taken as a sign of inciting rebellion in the country. Later that day, Indira Gandhi requested a compliant President <a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed" title="Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed">Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed</a> to proclaim a <a href="/wiki/State_of_Emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Emergency">state of emergency</a>. Within three hours, the electricity to all major newspapers was cut and the political opposition was arrested. The proposal was sent without discussion with the Union Cabinet, who only learned of it and ratified it the next morning.<sup id="cite_ref-A_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LOC_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preventive_detention_laws">Preventive detention laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Preventive detention laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the emergency, the Indira Gandhi government passed draconian laws that would be used to arrest political opponents before and during the emergency. One of these was the <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_of_Internal_Security_Act" title="Maintenance of Internal Security Act">Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA), 1971</a>, which was passed in May 1971 despite criticism from prominent opposition figures across partisan lines such as CPI(M)'s <a href="/wiki/Jyotirmoy_Basu" title="Jyotirmoy Basu">Jyotirmoy Basu</a>, Jana Sangh's <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a>, and the Anglo-Indian nominated MP <a href="/wiki/Frank_Anthony" title="Frank Anthony">Frank Anthony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indira government also renewed the <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_Rules_1962" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence of India Rules 1962">Defence of India rules</a>, which was withdrawn in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defence of India rules were given an expanded mandate 5 days into the emergency and renamed as Defence and Internal Security of India Rules. Another law, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_Foreign_Exchange_and_Prevention_of_Smuggling_Activities_Act,_1974" title="Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974">Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act</a> passed in December 1974, was also frequently used to target political opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proclamation_of_the_Emergency">Proclamation of the Emergency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Proclamation of the Emergency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Government cited threats to national security, as a war with Pakistan had recently been concluded. Due to the war and additional challenges of drought and the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, the economy was in poor condition. The Government claimed that the strikes and protests had paralyzed the government and hurt the economy of the country greatly. In the face of massive political opposition, desertion, and disorder across the country and the party, Gandhi stuck to the advice of a few loyalists and her younger son <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a>, whose own power had grown considerably over the last few years to become an "extra-constitutional authority". <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Shankar_Ray" title="Siddhartha Shankar Ray">Siddhartha Shankar Ray</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of West Bengal">Chief Minister of West Bengal</a>, proposed to the prime minister to impose an "internal emergency". He drafted a letter for the President to issue the proclamation based on information Indira had received that "there is an imminent danger to the security of India being threatened by internal disturbances". He showed how democratic freedom could be suspended while remaining within the ambit of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After resolving a procedural matter, President <a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed" title="Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed">Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed</a> declared a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of internal emergency</a> upon the prime minister's advice on the night of 25 June 1975, just a few minutes before the clock struck midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the constitution requires, Mrs. Gandhi advised and President Ahmed approved the continuation of the Emergency over every six months until she decided to hold <a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">elections in 1977</a>. In 1976, Parliament voted to delay elections, something it could only do with the Constitution suspended by the Emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indira Gandhi devised a '20-point' economic program to increase agricultural and industrial production, improve public services and fight poverty and illiteracy, through "the discipline of the graveyard".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the official twenty points, Sanjay Gandhi declared his five-point programme promoting literacy, family planning, tree planting, the eradication of casteism and the abolition of dowry. Later during the Emergency, the two projects merged into a twenty-five-point programme.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, a report by the <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> noted that the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) had gained a source in Indira Gandhi's household between 1975 and 1977. However, the CIA did not expect the declaration of the Emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-k870_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k870-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrests">Arrests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arrests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Invoking articles 352 and 356 of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Constitution">Indian Constitution</a>, Indira Gandhi granted herself extraordinary powers and launched a massive crackdown on civil rights and political opposition. The Government used police forces across the country to place thousands of protestors and strike leaders under preventive detention. <a href="/wiki/Vijayaraje_Scindia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayaraje Scindia">Vijayaraje Scindia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulayam_Singh_Yadav" title="Mulayam Singh Yadav">Mulayam Singh Yadav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raj_Narain" title="Raj Narain">Raj Narain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jivatram_Kripalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivatram Kripalani">Jivatram Kripalani</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anantram_Jaiswal" title="Anantram Jaiswal">Anantram Jaiswal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lal_Krishna_Advani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Krishna Advani">Lal Krishna Advani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a>, Jai Kishan Gupta <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Satyendra Narayan Sinha, <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Devi" title="Gayatri Devi">Gayatri Devi</a>, the dowager queen of Jaipur,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other protest leaders were immediately arrested. Organisations like the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS) and <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Hind" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Hind">Jamaat-e-Islami</a>, along with some political parties, were banned. <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a> leaders <a href="/wiki/V._S._Achuthanandan" title="V. S. Achuthanandan">V.S. Achuthanandan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jyotirmoy_Basu" title="Jyotirmoy Basu">Jyotirmoy Basu</a> were arrested along with many others involved with their party. Congress leaders who dissented against the Emergency declaration and amendment to the constitution, such as <a href="/wiki/Mohan_Dharia" title="Mohan Dharia">Mohan Dharia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a>, resigned from their government and party positions and were thereafter arrested and placed under detention.<sup id="cite_ref-Austin_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austin-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of regional opposition parties such as <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">DMK</a> also found themselves arrested. </p><p>Most of these arrests happened under laws such as <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_of_Internal_Security_Act" title="Maintenance of Internal Security Act">MISA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_act_and_Defence_of_India_rules,_1962" title="Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962">DISIR</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_Foreign_Exchange_and_Prevention_of_Smuggling_Activities_Act,_1974" title="Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974">COFEPOSA</a>. During the emergency, 34,988 people were arrested under <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_of_Internal_Security_Act" title="Maintenance of Internal Security Act">MISA</a>, and 75,818 people were arrested under <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_act_and_Defence_of_India_rules,_1962" title="Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962">DISIR</a>. This included both political prisoners and ordinary criminals.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most states classified those arrested under MISA into multiple categories. For instance in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> they were classified into three categories- Class A, Class B, and Class C. Class A prisoners included prominent political leaders, members of parliament, and members of the legislative assembly. Class B prisoners included less prominent political prisoners. Class C included those detained for "economic offences" and other offences. Class A and B prisoners were treated better and received better amenities in prison than other categories of prisoners. Those arrested under <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_Foreign_Exchange_and_Prevention_of_Smuggling_Activities_Act,_1974" title="Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974">COFEPOSA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_act_and_Defence_of_India_rules,_1962" title="Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962">DISR</a>, depending on the state, found themselves detained with ordinary criminals, as Class C prisoners, or their own separate category.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laws,_human_rights_and_elections"><span id="Laws.2C_human_rights_and_elections"></span>Laws, human rights and elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Laws, human rights and elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elections for the Parliament and state governments were postponed. Gandhi and her parliamentary majorities could rewrite the nation's laws since her Congress party had the required mandate to do so – a two-thirds majority in the Parliament. And when she felt the existing laws were 'too slow', she got the President to issue 'Ordinances' – a law-making power in times of urgency, invoked sparingly – completely bypassing the Parliament, allowing her to <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a>. Also, she had little trouble amending the Constitution that exonerated her from any culpability in her election-fraud case, imposing <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="President's Rule">President's Rule</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, where anti-Indira parties ruled (state legislatures were thereby dissolved and suspended indefinitely), and jailing thousands of opponents. The <a href="/wiki/Forty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">42nd Amendment</a>, which brought about extensive changes to the letter and spirit of the Constitution, is one of the lasting legacies of the Emergency. In the conclusion of his <i>Making of India's Constitution</i>, Justice Khanna writes: </p> <blockquote><p>If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees, and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis, its only keepers are the people. The imbecility of men, history teaches us, always invites the impudence of power.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A fallout of the Emergency era was the Supreme Court laid down that, although the Constitution is amenable to amendments (as abused by Indira Gandhi), changes that <a href="/wiki/Ultra_vires" title="Ultra vires">tinker with</a> its <i>basic structure</i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cannot be made by the Parliament (see <i><a href="/wiki/Kesavananda_Bharati_v._State_of_Kerala" title="Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala">Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Rajan_case" title="Rajan case"><i> Rajan</i> case</a>, P. Rajan of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology_Calicut" title="National Institute of Technology Calicut">Regional Engineering College, Calicut</a>, was arrested by the police in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> on 1 March 1976,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tortured in custody until he died and then his body was disposed of and was never recovered. The facts of this incident came out owing to a <i><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a></i> suit filed in the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_High_Court" title="Kerala High Court">Kerala High Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rediff2000jun26_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rediff2000jun26-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many cases where teens were arrested and imprisoned have come to light, one such example is of Dilip Sharma who aged 16 was arrested and imprisoned for over 11 months. He was released based on <a href="/wiki/Patna_High_Court" title="Patna High Court">Patna High Court</a>'s judgment on 29 July 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-palpalindia_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palpalindia-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot" title="Christophe Jaffrelot">Christophe Jaffrelot</a> considers the economic policy of the emergency regime to be <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatist</a>, five programs in the 20 point program were aimed at benefiting the middle classes and industrialists, these included- liberalising investment procedures, introducing new schemes for workers' associations in the industry, implementing a national permit scheme for road transport, tax breaks to the middle class by exempting anyone earning under Rs. 8,000 from income taxes, and an austerity program to reduce public spending.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trade_unions_and_worker's_rights"><span id="Trade_unions_and_worker.27s_rights"></span>Trade unions and worker's rights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Trade unions and worker's rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The emergency regime cracked down on trade unionism, banned strikes, imposed wage freezes, and phased out wage bonuses.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest trade unions in the country at the time such as the Congress' <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Trade_Union_Congress" title="Indian National Trade Union Congress">INTUC</a>, CPI's <a href="/wiki/All_India_Trade_Union_Congress" title="All India Trade Union Congress">AITUC</a>, and Socialist affiliated <a href="/wiki/Hind_Mazdoor_Sabha" title="Hind Mazdoor Sabha">HMS</a> were made to comply with the new regime, while the CPI(M)'s <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_Indian_Trade_Unions" title="Centre of Indian Trade Unions">CITU</a> continued its opposition for which it had 20 of its leaders arrested. State governments were asked to form bipartite councils composed of representatives of the workers and the management for firms having more than 500 employees, similar apex bipartite committees were formed by the centre for major public sector industries, while a National Apex Board was set up for the private industries. These were meant to give a veneer of worker participation in decision making but were in reality stacked in favour of the management, and tasked with increasing "productivity" by cutting holidays (including Sundays), bonuses, agreeing to wage freeze, and allowing layoffs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Worker demonstrations during the emergency were subject to heavy state repression, such as when the AITUC organised a one-day strike to protest the slashing of bonuses in January 1976, to which the state responded by arresting 30,000-40,000 workers. In another such instance, the 8,000 workers of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Telephone_Industries_Limited" title="Indian Telephone Industries Limited">Indian Telephone Industries</a> (a Bangalore-based state-owned company) took part in a peaceful sit-in protest in response to the management reneging its promise of a 20% bonus to just 8%, they found themselves lathi-charged by the police who also arrested a few hundred of them.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coal miners were forced to work in abysmal conditions with irregular pay, collieries were made to run for all seven days a week, and complaints of workers and unions about the abysmal and dangerous working conditions were ignored and met with state repression. These terrible workplace conditions led to the <a href="/wiki/Chasnala_mining_disaster" title="Chasnala mining disaster">deadliest mining disaster in Indian history</a> on 27 December 1975, at Chasnala coal mine near Dhanbad which claimed the lives of 375 miners due to more than 100 million gallons of water flooding the mine. This was the 222nd such accident that year, the previous incidents having claimed 288 lives.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inflation_and_price_control">Inflation and price control</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Inflation and price control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The emergency government enjoyed a degree of popular support due to lower prices of goods and services at least during 1975. This was due to many reasons such as <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI's</a> policy of putting in place a 6 per cent ceiling on annual money supply growth months before the emergency, record monsoon in the year of 1975 leading to record harvest of foodgrains which led to food prices declining, increased import of grains, and reduced demand due to cutting of worker's wages and bonuses. In addition to this half of the <a href="/wiki/Dearness_allowance" title="Dearness allowance">dearness allowance</a> of workers was withheld as part of the Wage Freeze act as compulsory deposits to combat inflation. However, these reduced prices only lasted till March 1976 when the prices of commodities started to go up again, on account of foodgrain production declining by 7.9%. Between 1 April and 6 October 1976 the wholesale price index rose by 10%, in which the price of rice rose by 8.3%, groundnut oil rose by 48%, while the prices of industrial raw materials as a group rose by 29.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tax_policy">Tax policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tax policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The emergency regime exempted those earning between Rs 6,000-8,000 from taxation, provided tax breaks for those earning between Rs 8,000-15,000 in the range of Rs 45-264. There were only 3.8 million (38 lakh) taxpayers in the country at the time. Wealth taxes were also cut from 8% to 2.5% while the income taxes on those earning more than Rs 100,000 were reduced from 77% to 66%. This was expected to lower the government's revenue by Rs 3.08-3.25 billion. To compensate for this indirect taxes grew, the ratio of indirect taxes to direct taxes was at 5.31 in 1976. Despite this there was a loss in revenue of Rs 400 million (40 crores), to compensate for this the Indira Gandhi government decided to cut spending in education and social welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_sterilisation">Forced sterilisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Forced sterilisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization#India" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization § India</a></div> <p>In September 1976, <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a> initiated a widespread <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory sterilisation">compulsory sterilisation</a> program to limit population growth. The exact extent of Sanjay Gandhi's role in the implementation of the program is disputed, with some writers<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> holding Gandhi directly responsible for his authoritarianism, and other writers<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> blaming the officials who implemented the programme rather than Gandhi himself. The United States, United Nations, and World Bank had earlier raised concern over India's population control measures.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rukhsana_Sultana" title="Rukhsana Sultana">Rukhsana Sultana</a> was a socialite known for being one of Sanjay Gandhi's close associates<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and she gained a lot of notoriety in leading Sanjay Gandhi's sterilisation campaign in Muslim areas of old Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign primarily involved getting males to undergo <a href="/wiki/Vasectomy" title="Vasectomy">vasectomy</a>. Quotas were set up that enthusiastic supporters and government officials worked hard to achieve. There were allegations of coercion of unwilling candidates too.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1976–1977, the program led to 8.3 million sterilisations, most of them forced, up from 2.7 million the previous year. The bad publicity led many 1977 governments to stress that family planning is entirely voluntary.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Kartar, a cobbler, was taken to a block development office by six policemen, where he was asked how many children he had. He was forcefully taken for sterilisation in a jeep. En route, the police forced a man on a bicycle into the jeep because he was not sterilised. Kartar had an infection and pain because of the procedure and could not work for months.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Shahu Ghalake, a peasant from Barsi in Maharashtra, was taken for sterilisation. After mentioning that he was already sterilised, he was beaten. A sterilisation procedure was undertaken on him for a second time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hawa Singh, a young widower from Pipli, was taken from the bus against his will and sterilised. The ensuing infection took his life.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Harijan, a 70-year-old with no teeth and bad eyesight, was sterilised forcefully.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Uttawar, a village 80 kilometres south of Delhi, woke up to police loudspeakers at 03:00. Police gathered 400 men at the bus stop. In the process of finding more villagers, police broke into homes and looted. A total of 800 forced sterilisations were done.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, on 18 October 1976, police picked up 17 people, of which two were over 75 and two under 18. Hundreds of people surrounded the police station demanding they free captives. The police refused to release them and used tear gas shells. The crowd retaliated by throwing stones and to control the situation, the police fired on the crowd. 30 people died as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demolitions">Demolitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demolitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demolitions_in_Delhi">Demolitions in Delhi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demolitions in Delhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Delhi served as the epicenter of <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi's</a> "urban renewal" program, aided in large part by <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Development_Authority" title="Delhi Development Authority">DDA</a> vice-president <a href="/wiki/Jagmohan" title="Jagmohan">Jagmohan Malhotra</a> who himself had a desire to "beautify" the city. During the emergency Jagmohan emerged as the single most powerful person in the DDA, and went to extraordinary lengths to do the bidding of Sanjay Gandhi, as the <a href="/wiki/Shah_Commission" title="Shah Commission">Shah commission</a> notes </p> <blockquote><p>Shri Jagmohan during the emergency, became a law unto himself and went about doing the biddings of Shri Sanjay Gandhi without care or concern for the miseries of the people affected thereby<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In total, 700,000 people in Delhi were displaced due to the demolitions carried out in Delhi. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Demolitions carried out in Delhi<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:left;"> <th style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Period </th> <th colspan="4" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Structures Demolished by </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Pre-Emergency </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Development_Authority" title="Delhi Development Authority"><b>DDA</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporation_of_Delhi" title="Municipal Corporation of Delhi"><b>MCD</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi_Municipal_Council" title="New Delhi Municipal Council"><b>NDMC</b></a> </td> <td><b>Total</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>320 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>375 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td>680 </td> <td>354 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>1,059 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 (up to June) </td> <td>190 </td> <td>149 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>366 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Total </td> <td>920 </td> <td>823 </td> <td>57 </td> <td>1,800 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Emergency </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td>35,767 </td> <td>4,589 </td> <td>796 </td> <td>41,252 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td>94,652 </td> <td>4,013 </td> <td>408 </td> <td>99,073 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 (up to 23 March) </td> <td>7,545 </td> <td>96 </td> <td>— </td> <td>7,641 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Year unspecified but<br />during the emergency </td> <td>— </td> <td>1,962 </td> <td>177 </td> <td>2,139 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Total </td> <td>137,964 </td> <td>10,760 </td> <td>1,381 </td> <td>150,105 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demolitions_outside_Delhi">Demolitions outside Delhi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demolitions outside Delhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Emergency, various state governments also carried out demolitions to clear "encroachments", undertaken to please Sanjay Gandhi. In many of these cases, residents were given very short notices, state governments like those of Bihar and Haryana avoided giving official notices to the residents of "encroachments" to avoid a case in a civil court, instead, they notified them through public channels, or in the case of Haryana through drum beats, and in some cases gave no prior information. States passed various laws to aid them in this process such as Maharashtra Vacant Land Act 1975, Bihar Public Encroachment Act 1975, and Madhya Pradesh Land Revenue Code (Amendment) Act. These demolitions were often accompanied by the police to threaten the residents with arrest under <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_of_Internal_Security_Act" title="Maintenance of Internal Security Act">MISA</a> or <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_act_and_Defence_of_India_rules,_1962" title="Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962">DIR</a>. In Maharashtra, Mumbai alone saw demolitions of 12,000 huts, while Pune saw demolitions of 1285 huts and 29 shops.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response">Response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democracy_Bachao_Morcha">Democracy Bachao Morcha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Democracy Bachao Morcha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after the declaration of the Emergency, the <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> leadership convened meetings in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> where they resolved to oppose the "<a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> tendency of the Congress".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Democracy Bachao Morcha" (translates to 'Campaign to Save Democracy') was organised by the Akali Dal, led by <a href="/wiki/Harchand_Singh_Longowal" title="Harchand Singh Longowal">Harchand Singh Longowal</a>, and launched in Amritsar, 9 July. The Akali Dal was the most successful regional party that opposed the morcha. Over 40,000 Akalis and other Sikhs courted arrest during the morcha.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their statement was: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The question before us is not whether Indira Gandhi should continue to be prime minister or not. The point is whether democracy in this country is to survive or not.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a> and its head at the time, Sant Kartar Singh Bhindranwale, held many protests and marches against the emergency He also held 37 processions which defied the rules of the emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They protested for two years fighting against policemen and curfew was declared in the entire <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a> region. During Emergency SGPC offices used to be flooded with Anti-Emergency activists from RSS and BJP who had taken shelter to escape the government.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, 140,000 people had been arrested without trial during the twenty months of Gandhi's Emergency. Jasjit Singh Grewal estimates that 43,000 of them came from India's two per cent Sikh minority.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sangh_Parivar">Sangh Parivar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sangh Parivar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a>, which was seen close to opposition leaders, was banned.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 August 1975, RSS chief <a href="/wiki/Madhukar_Dattatraya_Deoras" title="Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras">Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras</a> wrote a letter to Indira Gandhi, aiming to "dispel misconceptions" regarding the RSS and assured her his organisation was working for Hindus but was never against her government. Deoras also praised the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian independence day">15th August</a> speech of Gandhi in this letter.<sup id="cite_ref-i847_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i847-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some of the senior RSS leaders supported the Emergency, others had apologised and were released, and several senior leaders, notably Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras sought an accommodation with Sanjay and Indira Gandhi.<sup id="cite_ref-Noorani2000_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noorani2000-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jaffrelot1999_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot1999-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zonal RSS leaders also authorised <a href="/wiki/Eknath_Ranade" title="Eknath Ranade">Eknath Ramakrishna Ranade</a> to quietly enter into a dialogue with Indira Gandhi.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bharatiya Jana Sangh leader <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a>, who was in poor health, quickly reached an agreement with Indira Gandhi, and spent most of the Emergency under parole at his residence.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a> members <a href="/wiki/Nanaji_Deshmukh" title="Nanaji Deshmukh">Nanaji Deshmukh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madan_Lal_Khurana" title="Madan Lal Khurana">Madan Lal Khurana</a> managed to escape the police and led the resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a>, Student leader and head of the RSS affiliated ABVP (<a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a>) in Delhi, was among the first to be arrested, and he spent the entire Emergency in jail. However, other ABVP leaders such as Balbir Punj and Prabhu Chawla pledged allegiance to Indira Gandhi's Twenty Point Programme and Sanjay Gandhi's Five Point Programme, in return for staying out of jail.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 August 1976, <a href="/wiki/Subramanian_Swamy" title="Subramanian Swamy">Subramanian Swamy</a> walked into the parliament and when obituary references were concluding, Swamy raised a point of order that Democracy had also died and <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha_Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajya Sabha Chairman">Rajya Sabha Chairman</a> had not included it in recent list of deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Swamy was expelled from parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1976, over 30 leaders of the RSS, led by Madhavrao Muley, Dattopant Thengadi, and Moropant Pingle, wrote to Indira Gandhi, promising support to the Emergency if all RSS workers were released from prison. Their "Document of Surrender", to take effect from January 1977, was processed by H. Y. Sharada Prasad.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his return from his meeting with Om Mehta, Vajpayee ordered the cadres of the ABVP to apologise unconditionally to Indira Gandhi. The ABVP students refused.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_69-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RSS "Document of Surrender" was also confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Subramanian_Swamy" title="Subramanian Swamy">Subramanian Swamy</a> in his article: "I must add that not all in the RSS were in a surrender mode ... But a tearful Muley told me in early November 1976 and I had better escape abroad again since the RSS had finalized the Document of Surrender to be signed in end of January 1977, and that on Mr. Vajpayee's insistence I would be sacrificed to appease an irate Indira and a fulminating Sanjay."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_69-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CPI(M)"><span id="CPI.28M.29"></span>CPI(M)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: CPI(M)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a> were identified and arrested all over India. Raids were conducted in houses suspected to be sympathetic to the CPI(M) or the opposition to the emergency. </p><p>Those jailed during the Emergency include the former general secretary of the CPI(M), <a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Yechury" title="Sitaram Yechury">Sitaram Yechury</a>, and his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Prakash_Karat" title="Prakash Karat">Prakash Karat</a>. Both were then leaders of the Students Federation of India, the party's student wing. </p><p>Other CPI(M) members to be jailed included the future <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Kerala">Chief Minister of Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinarayi_Vijayan" title="Pinarayi Vijayan">Pinarayi Vijayan</a>, then a young MLA. He was taken into custody during the <a href="/wiki/Emergency" title="Emergency">Emergency</a> and subjected to third-degree methods. On his release, Pinarayi reached the Assembly and made an impassionate speech holding up the blood-stained shirt he wore when in police custody, causing serious embarrassment to the then <a href="/wiki/C._Achutha_Menon" title="C. Achutha Menon">C. Achutha Menon</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hundreds of Communists, whether from the CPI(M), other Marxist parties, or the Naxalites, were arrested during the Emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some were tortured or, as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Rajan_case" title="Rajan case">Kerala student P. Rajan</a>, killed in the <a href="/wiki/Kakkayam_torture_camp" title="Kakkayam torture camp">Kakkayam torture camp</a>. A famous torture technique during the time was <a href="/wiki/Uruttal" title="Uruttal">Uruttal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_India">Outside India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Outside India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> government was critical of the Emergency, the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> was supportive of the move and criticised the opponents of Indira Gandhi as right-wing reactionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-m756_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m756-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections_of_1977">Elections of 1977</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Elections of 1977"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">1977 Indian general election</a></div> <p>On 18 January 1977, Gandhi called fresh elections for March and released several opposition leaders; however, many others remained in prison even after she left office, despite the Emergency officially ending on 21 March 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opposition Janata movement's campaign warned Indians that the elections might be their last chance to choose between "democracy and dictatorship".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">Indian general election of 1977</a> was held from 16 to 20 March, and resulted in a landslide victory for the Janata Party and the CFD, securing 298 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>, whereas the ruling <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> only managed to win 154—a decrease of 198 as compared to the previous election.<sup id="cite_ref-Lohdi1977_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lohdi1977-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> Indira Gandhi herself was voted out of office in the <a href="/wiki/Rae_Bareli_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rae Bareli (Lok Sabha constituency)">Rae Bareli</a> constituency, losing to electoral rival <a href="/wiki/Raj_Narain" title="Raj Narain">Raj Narain</a> by a margin of over 55,000 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> INC candidates failed to win a single seat in the constituencies of several northern states, such as <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lohdi1977_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lohdi1977-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT1977_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1977-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Janata Party's 298 seats were further augmented by an additional 47 seats won by its various political allies, thereby giving them a two-thirds supermajority. <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> became the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India. </p><p>Voters in the electorally largest state of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, historically a Congress stronghold, turned against Gandhi and her party failed to win a single seat in the state. Dhanagare says the structural reasons behind the discontent against the Government included the emergence of the strong and united opposition, disunity and weariness inside Congress, an effective underground opposition, and the ineffectiveness of Gandhi's control of the mass media, which had lost much credibility. The structural factors allowed voters to express their grievances, notably their resentment of the emergency and its authoritarian and repressive policies. One grievance often mentioned was the 'nasbandi' (<a href="/wiki/Vasectomy" title="Vasectomy">vasectomy</a>) campaign in rural areas. The middle classes also emphasised the curbing of freedom throughout the state and India.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Congress hit an all-time low in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> because of the poor discipline and factionalism among Congress activists as well as the numerous defections that weakened the party.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opponents emphasised the issues of corruption in Congress and appealed to a deep desire by the voters for fresh leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_tribunal">The tribunal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: The tribunal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/The_Emergency_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/The Emergency (India)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata administration</a> to get government officials and Congress politicians tried for Emergency-era abuses and crimes were largely unsuccessful due to a disorganised, over-complex, and politically motivated process of litigation. The <a href="/wiki/Thirty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India</a>, put in place shortly after the outset of the Emergency and which among other things prohibited <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial reviews</a> of states of emergencies and actions taken during them, also likely played a role in this lack of success. Although special tribunals were organised and scores of senior Congress Party and government officials arrested and charged, including Mrs. Gandhi and <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a>, police were unable to submit sufficient evidence for most cases, and only a few low-level officials were convicted of any abuses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Emergency lasted 21 months, and its legacy remains controversial. A few days after the Emergency was imposed, the Bombay edition of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i> carried an obituary that read, "Democracy, beloved husband of Truth, loving father of Liberty, brother of Faith, Hope and Justice, expired on June 26."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-austing_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-austing-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few days later censorship was imposed on newspapers. The Delhi edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Express">Indian Express</a></i> on 28 June, carried a blank editorial,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Financial_Express_(India)" title="The Financial Express (India)">Financial Express</a></i> reproduced in large type <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>'s poem "<a href="/wiki/Where_the_mind_is_without_fear" class="mw-redirect" title="Where the mind is without fear">Where the mind is without fear</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Emergency also received support. It was endorsed by social reformer <a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a> (who called it <i>Anushasan Parva</i>, a time for discipline), industrialist <a href="/wiki/J._R._D._Tata" title="J. R. D. Tata">J. R. D. Tata</a>, writer <a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Khushwant Singh</a>, and Indira Gandhi's close friend and Odisha Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/Nandini_Satpathy" title="Nandini Satpathy">Nandini Satpathy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tata told a reporter of the <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">Times</a>, "things had gone too far. You can't imagine what we've been through here—strikes, boycotts, demonstrations. Why, there were days I couldn't walk out of my house into the streets. The parliamentary system is not suited to our needs."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the book <i>JP Movement and the Emergency</i>, historian <a href="/wiki/Bipan_Chandra" title="Bipan Chandra">Bipan Chandra</a> wrote, "<a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a> and his cronies like <a href="/wiki/Bansi_Lal" title="Bansi Lal">Bansi Lal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Minister of Defence</a> at the time, were keen on postponing elections and prolonging the emergency by several years. In October–November 1976, an effort was made to change the basic <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil libertarian</a> structure of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Constitution">Indian Constitution</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Forty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">42nd amendment</a> to it. ... The most important changes were designed to strengthen the executive at the cost of the judiciary, and thus disturb the carefully crafted system of Constitutional <a href="/wiki/Checks_and_balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Checks and balances">checks and balance</a> between the three organs of the government."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Indira Gandhi's victory in <a href="/wiki/1980_Indian_general_election" title="1980 Indian general election">the 1980 elections</a>, political scientist <a href="/wiki/Myron_Weiner" title="Myron Weiner">Myron Weiner</a> concluded that Indian politics "returned to normal".<sup id="cite_ref-d655_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d655-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Third_Modi_ministry" title="Third Modi ministry">Third Modi government</a> declared 25 June as ‘Samvidhan Hatya Diwas’ (Day of Murder of Constitution).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Writer <a href="/wiki/Rahi_Masoom_Raza" title="Rahi Masoom Raza">Rahi Masoom Raza</a> criticised the Emergency through his novel <i>Qatar bi Aarzoo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor" title="Shashi Tharoor">Shashi Tharoor</a> portrays the Emergency allegorically in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Indian_Novel" title="The Great Indian Novel">The Great Indian Novel</a></i> (1989), describing it as "The Siege". He also authored a satirical play on the Emergency, <i>Twenty-Two Months in the Life of a Dog</i>, that was published in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Dollar_Smile_and_Other_Stories" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Dollar Smile and Other Stories">The Five Dollar Smile and Other Stories</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fine_Balance" title="A Fine Balance">A Fine Balance</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Such_a_Long_Journey_(novel)" title="Such a Long Journey (novel)">Such a Long Journey</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Rohinton_Mistry" title="Rohinton Mistry">Rohinton Mistry</a> take place during the Emergency and highlight many of the abuses that occurred during that period, largely through the lens of India's small but culturally influential <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsi</a> minority.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rich_Like_Us" title="Rich Like Us">Rich Like Us</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Nayantara_Sahgal" title="Nayantara Sahgal">Nayantara Sahgal</a> is partly set during the Emergency and deals with themes such as political corruption and oppression in the context of the event.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a>-winner <i><a href="/wiki/Midnight%27s_Children" title="Midnight's Children">Midnight's Children</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> has the protagonist, Saleem Sinai, in India during the Emergency. His home in a low-income area, called the "magician's ghetto", is destroyed as part of the national beautification program. He is forcibly sterilised as part of the vasectomy program. The principal antagonist of the book is "the Widow" (a likeness that Indira Gandhi successfully sued Rushdie for). There was one line in the book that repeated an old Indian rumour that Indira Gandhi's son disliked his mother because he suspected her of causing the death of his father. As this was a rumour, there was no substantiation to be found.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/India:_A_Wounded_Civilization" title="India: A Wounded Civilization">India: A Wounded Civilization</a></i>, a book by <a href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">V. S. Naipaul</a>, is also oriented around The Emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Plunge</i>, an English-language novel by Sanjeev Tare, is the story told by four youths studying at <a href="/wiki/Government_Kalidas_Girls_College,_Ujjain" title="Government Kalidas Girls College, Ujjain">Kalidas College</a> in Nagpur. They tell the reader what they went through during those politically turbulent times.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam-language</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Gadhakal" title="Delhi Gadhakal">Delhi Gadhakal</a></i> (<i>Tales from Delhi</i>) by <a href="/wiki/M._Mukundan" title="M. Mukundan">M. Mukundan</a> highlights many waves of abuse that occurred during the Emergency including forced sterilisation of men and the destruction of houses and shops owned by Muslims in Turkmen Gate.</li> <li><i>Brutus, You!</i>, a book by Chanakya Sen, is based on the internal politics of <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_University" title="Jawaharlal Nehru University">Jawaharlal Nehru University</a>, Delhi during the period of Emergency.</li> <li><i>Vasansi Jirnani</i>, a play by <a href="/wiki/Torit_Mitra" title="Torit Mitra">Torit Mitra</a>, is inspired by <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Dorfman" title="Ariel Dorfman">Ariel Dorfman</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Maiden_(play)" title="Death and the Maiden (play)">Death and the Maiden</a></i> and effects of the Emergency.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil-language</a> novel <i>Marukkozhunthu Mangai</i> (<i>Girl with Fragrant <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Mugwort" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Mugwort">Chinese Mugwort</a></i>) by Ra. Su. Nallaperumal is based on the history of the <a href="/wiki/Pallavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallavas">Pallavas</a> dynasty and a popular uprising in <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchi</a> in 725 A.D. It explains how the widowed Queen and the Princess kill the freedom of the people. Most of the incidents described in the novel resemble the Emergency period. Even the name of the characters in the novel is similar to Mrs. Gandhi and her family.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam-language</a> autobiographical diary by political activist <a href="/wiki/R._C._Unnithan" title="R. C. Unnithan">R. C. Unnithan</a>, penned while the author was imprisoned as a political prisoner during the Emergency under MISA for sixteen months at Poojappura state prison in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, gives a personal account of his travails during the dark days of Indian democracy.</li> <li>The Tamil-language novel <i>Karisal</i> (<i>Black Soil</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Ponneelan" title="Ponneelan">Ponneelan</a> deals with the socio-political changes during the period.</li> <li>The Tamil-language novel <i>Ashwamedam</i> by Ramachandra Vaidyanath deals with the political movements during the period.</li> <li>In the 2001 book <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Pi" title="Life of Pi">Life of Pi</a></i> by Canadian author <a href="/wiki/Yann_Martel" title="Yann Martel">Yann Martel</a>, Pi's father decides to sell his zoo and move his family to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> around the time of the Emergency.</li> <li>The graphic novel <i>Delhi Calm</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by Vishwajyoti Ghosh, was published in 2010, that narrates the events of the Emergency.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulzar" title="Gulzar">Gulzar</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aandhi" title="Aandhi">Aandhi</a></i> (1975) was banned, because the film was supposedly based on Indira Gandhi.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Amrit Nahata's film <i><a href="/wiki/Kissa_Kursi_Ka" title="Kissa Kursi Ka">Kissa Kursi Ka</a></i> (1977), a bold spoof on the Emergency, where <a href="/wiki/Shabana_Azmi" title="Shabana Azmi">Shabana Azmi</a> plays Janata ("the public"), a mute protagonist, was subsequently banned and reportedly, all its prints were burned by <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a> and his associates at his Maruti factory in Gurgaon.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yamagola" title="Yamagola">Yamagola</a></i>, a 1977 Telugu film (Hindi re-make <i><a href="/wiki/Lok_Parlok" title="Lok Parlok">Lok Parlok</a></i>), spoofs the emergency issues.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._S._Johar" title="I. S. Johar">I. S. Johar</a>'s 1978 <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Nasbandi" title="Nasbandi">Nasbandi</a></i> is a satire on the sterilisation drive of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>, where each one of the characters is trying to find sterilisation cases. The film was banned after its release due to its portrayal of the Indira Gandhi government.</li> <li>Although <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>'s 1980 film <i><a href="/wiki/Hirak_Rajar_Deshe" title="Hirak Rajar Deshe">Hirak Rajar Deshe</a></i> is a children's comedy, it is also a satire on the Emergency where the ruler forcefully mind washes the poor people.</li> <li>The 1985 <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam film">Malayalam film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Yathra" title="Yathra">Yathra</a></i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Balu_Mahendra" title="Balu Mahendra">Balu Mahendra</a> has the human rights violations by the police during the Emergency as its main plotline.</li> <li>1988 <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Piravi" title="Piravi">Piravi</a></i> is about a father searching for his son <a href="/wiki/Rajan_case" title="Rajan case">Rajan</a>, who had been arrested by the police (and allegedly killed in custody).</li> <li>The 2005 Hindi film <i><a href="/wiki/Hazaaron_Khwaishein_Aisi" title="Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi">Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi</a></i> is set against the backdrop of the Emergency. The film, directed by <a href="/wiki/Sudhir_Mishra" title="Sudhir Mishra">Sudhir Mishra</a>, also tries to portray the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxalite</a> movement during the Emergency era. The film tells the story of three youngsters in the 1970s when India was undergoing massive social and political changes.</li> <li>The 2012 Marathi film <i><a href="/wiki/Shala_(film)" title="Shala (film)">Shala</a></i> discusses the issues related to the Emergency.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midnight%27s_Children_(film)" title="Midnight's Children (film)">Midnight's Children</a></i>, a 2012 adaptation of Rushdie's novel, created widespread controversy due to the negative portrayal of Indira Gandhi and other leaders. The film was not shown at the <a href="/wiki/International_Film_Festival_of_India" title="International Film Festival of India">International Film Festival of India</a> and was banned from further screening at the <a href="/wiki/International_Film_Festival_of_Kerala" title="International Film Festival of Kerala">International Film Festival of Kerala</a> where it was premiered in India.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indu_Sarkar" title="Indu Sarkar">Indu Sarkar</a></i> is a 2017 Hindi political thriller film about the emergency, directed by <a href="/wiki/Madhur_Bhandarkar" title="Madhur Bhandarkar">Madhur Bhandarkar</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/21_Months_of_Hell" title="21 Months of Hell">21 Months of Hell</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> about the torture methods performed by the police.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaattu_Vithachavar" title="Kaattu Vithachavar">Kaattu Vithachavar</a></i> is a 2018 Malayalam film about the period mentioning police brutality, their torture methods like <a href="/wiki/Uruttal" title="Uruttal">Uruttal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakkayam_torture_camp" title="Kakkayam torture camp">Kakkayam torture camp</a> and the famous <a href="/wiki/Rajan_case" title="Rajan case">Rajan case</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarpatta_Parambarai" title="Sarpatta Parambarai">Sarpatta Parambarai</a></i> is a 2021 Tamil language sports film which is set against the backdrop of the Emergency and shows the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">DMK</a> members.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_(2025_film)" title="Emergency (2025 film)">Emergency</a> is a 2025 Indian <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>-language <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">historical</a> <a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">biographical</a> drama film directed and co-produced by <a href="/wiki/Kangana_Ranaut" title="Kangana Ranaut">Kangana Ranaut</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroda_dynamite_case" title="Baroda dynamite case">Baroda dynamite case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajan_case" title="Rajan case">Rajan case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakkayam_torture_camp" title="Kakkayam torture camp">Kakkayam torture camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvidhaan_Hatya_Diwas" class="mw-redirect" title="Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas">Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_That_Shook_India" title="The Case That Shook India">The Case That Shook India</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoseJalal2024" class="citation cs2">Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (2024), "The Indian Emergency (1975–1977) in Historical Perspective", <i>When Democracy Breaks</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">221–</span>236, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197760789.003.0008">10.1093/oso/9780197760789.003.0008</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-776078-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-776078-9"><bdi>978-0-19-776078-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=When+Democracy+Breaks&rft.atitle=The+Indian+Emergency+%281975%E2%80%931977%29+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197760789.003.0008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-776078-9&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sugata&rft.au=Jalal%2C+Ayesha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/indira-gandhi-interview-tv-eye-1978-585652e6031fe-290724.html">"Interview with Indira Gandhi"</a>. <i>Interview relecast through India times</i>. TV Eye. 18 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interview+relecast+through+India+times&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Indira+Gandhi&rft.date=2016-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatimes.com%2Fculture%2Fwho-we-are%2Findira-gandhi-interview-tv-eye-1978-585652e6031fe-290724.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/recalling-the-emergency-1975-77-the-emergency-at-work/">"Recalling the Emergency years"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 29 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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HarperCollins. pp. <span class="nowrap">372–</span>373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-255646-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-255646-4"><bdi>0-00-255646-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indira%3A+The+Life+of+Indira+Nehru+Gandhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E372-%3C%2Fspan%3E373&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-00-255646-4&rft.au=Katherine+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiralifeofindi00fran%2Fpage%2F372%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170519080200/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~ghosh20p/page1.html">"Indian Emergency of 1975-77"</a>. Mount Holyoke College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~ghosh20p/page1.html">the original</a> on 19 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Emergency+of+1975-77&rft.pub=Mount+Holyoke+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2F~ghosh20p%2Fpage1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOC-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LOC_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+in0029)">"The Rise of Indira Gandhi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Country Studies<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Noida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-90351-60-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-90351-60-2"><bdi>978-93-90351-60-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1242023968">1242023968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+first+dictatorship+%3A+the+emergency%2C+1975+-1977&rft.place=Noida&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1242023968&rft.isbn=978-93-90351-60-2&rft.aulast=Christophe+Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Pratinav+Anil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1242023968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMussells1980" class="citation thesis cs1">Mussells, Premila Menon (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shareok.org/handle/11244/4750"><i>Democracy and Emergency rule in India</i></a> (Thesis thesis).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Democracy+and+Emergency+rule+in+India&rft.degree=Thesis&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Mussells&rft.aufirst=Premila+Menon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshareok.org%2Fhandle%2F11244%2F4750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NAYAR, KULDIP (25 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000713/e1.htm">Yes, Prime Minister</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100211074251/http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000713/e1.htm">Archived</a> 11 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/opinion/news-analysis/why-did-indira-gandhi-impose-emergency-in-1975-630015">"[Explained] Why Did Indira Gandhi Impose Emergency In 1975?"</a>. thehansindia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%5BExplained%5D+Why+Did+Indira+Gandhi+Impose+Emergency+In+1975%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehansindia.com%2Fhans%2Fopinion%2Fnews-analysis%2Fwhy-did-indira-gandhi-impose-emergency-in-1975-630015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"Proclamation of Emergency". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2753517"><i>Emergency- Proclamation of Emergency in the Country by the President of India on the 25th June, 1975; and Extension of Emergency to J & K</i></a></span>. New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs. 1975. p. 11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_India" title="National Archives of India">National Archives of India</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proclamation+of+Emergency&rft.btitle=Emergency-+Proclamation+of+Emergency+in+the+Country+by+the+President+of+India+on+the+25th+June%2C+1975%3B+and+Extension+of+Emergency+to+J+%26+K&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Home+Affairs&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abhilekh-patal.in%2Fjspui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F2753517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalhotra2014" class="citation web cs1">Malhotra, Inder (4 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-abrupt-end-of-emergency/">"The abrupt end of Emergency"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=The+abrupt+end+of+Emergency&rft.date=2014-08-04&rft.aulast=Malhotra&rft.aufirst=Inder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fopinion%2Fcolumns%2Fthe-abrupt-end-of-emergency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTimes1976" class="citation news cs1">Times, William Borders; Special to The New York (5 February 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/02/05/archives/delay-in-election-is-voted-in-india-lower-house-over-strong.html">"DELAY IN ELECTION IS VOTED IN INDIA"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=DELAY+IN+ELECTION+IS+VOTED+IN+INDIA&rft.date=1976-02-05&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Times&rft.aufirst=William+Borders%3B+Special+to+The+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F02%2F05%2Farchives%2Fdelay-in-election-is-voted-in-india-lower-house-over-strong.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaitely, Arun (5 November 2007) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/a-tale-of-three-emergencies-real-reason-always-different/235992/0">"A tale of three Emergencies: real reason always different"</a>, <i>The Indian Express</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTarlo2001" class="citation book cs1">Tarlo, Emma (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3IO1WB2H8UUC&q=+%22five+point%22++&pg=PR5"><i>Unsettling memories : narratives of the emergency in Delhi</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">27–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23122-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23122-8"><bdi>0-520-23122-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unsettling+memories+%3A+narratives+of+the+emergency+in+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-520-23122-8&rft.aulast=Tarlo&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3IO1WB2H8UUC%26q%3D%2B%2522five%2Bpoint%2522%2B%2B%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k870-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-k870_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKatakam2017" class="citation web cs1">Katakam, Anand (23 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cia-files-despite-keeping-tabs-us-was-unaware-of-indira-gandhi-s-emergency-plans/story-NNKWVxFWWaqhNNvp3FcnYI.html">"CIA files: Despite keeping tabs, US was unaware of Indira Gandhi's Emergency plans"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=CIA+files%3A+Despite+keeping+tabs%2C+US+was+unaware+of+Indira+Gandhi%27s+Emergency+plans&rft.date=2017-01-23&rft.aulast=Katakam&rft.aufirst=Anand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fcia-files-despite-keeping-tabs-us-was-unaware-of-indira-gandhi-s-emergency-plans%2Fstory-NNKWVxFWWaqhNNvp3FcnYI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToday" class="citation news cs1">Today, India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/arun-jaitley-from-prison-to-parliament/1/369679.html">"Arun Jaitley: From Prison to Parliament"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arun+Jaitley%3A+From+Prison+to+Parliament&rft.aulast=Today&rft.aufirst=India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiatoday.intoday.in%2Fstory%2Farun-jaitley-from-prison-to-parliament%2F1%2F369679.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalgonkar1987" class="citation book cs1">Malgonkar, Manohar (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sbNaTBhe5nUC&q=Gayatri+Devi&pg=PA233"><i>The Last Maharani of Gwalior: An Autobiography By Manohar Malgonkar</i></a>. SUNY Press. pp. 233, <span class="nowrap">242–</span>244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887066597" title="Special:BookSources/9780887066597"><bdi>9780887066597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Maharani+of+Gwalior%3A+An+Autobiography+By+Manohar+Malgonkar&rft.pages=233%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E242-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780887066597&rft.aulast=Malgonkar&rft.aufirst=Manohar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsbNaTBhe5nUC%26q%3DGayatri%2BDevi%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Austin-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Austin_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAustin1999" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Granville (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/workingdemocrati00aust"><i>Working a Democratic Constitution - A History of the Indian Experience</i></a></span>. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/workingdemocrati00aust/page/n172">320</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/019565610-5" title="Special:BookSources/019565610-5"><bdi>019565610-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+a+Democratic+Constitution+-+A+History+of+the+Indian+Experience&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=019565610-5&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Granville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworkingdemocrati00aust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Narasimha Rao, the Best Prime Minister? by Janak Raj Jai - 1996 - Page 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiry3rdFinalReport"><i>Shah Commission Of Inquiry 3rd Final Report</i></a>. p. 134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shah+Commission+Of+Inquiry+3rd+Final+Report&rft.pages=134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FShahCommissionOfInquiry3rdFinalReport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiry3rdFinalReport"><i>Shah Commission Of Inquiry 3rd Final Report</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">135–</span>152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shah+Commission+Of+Inquiry+3rd+Final+Report&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FShahCommissionOfInquiry3rdFinalReport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFH._R._Khanna2008" class="citation book cs1">H. R. Khanna (2008). <i><span></span></i>Making of India's Constitution<i><span></span></i>. Eastern Book Co, Lucknow, 1981. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7012-108-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7012-108-4"><bdi>978-81-7012-108-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+of+India%27s+Constitution&rft.pub=Eastern+Book+Co%2C+Lucknow%2C+1981&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-7012-108-4&rft.au=H.+R.+Khanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Venkatesan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2901/stories/20120127290107100.htm"><i>Revisiting a verdict</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203063934/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2901/stories/20120127290107100.htm">Archived</a> 3 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Frontline (vol. 29 – Issue 01 :: 14–27 Jan 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-case-that-saved-indian-democracy/article4647800.ece">"The case that saved Indian democracy"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i> (24 April 2013). Retrieved 4 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111228002844/http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/81oct/rajan.htm">"PUCL Archives, Oct 1981, Rajan"</a>. <i>Pucl.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/81oct/rajan.htm">the original</a> on 28 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pucl.org&rft.atitle=PUCL+Archives%2C+Oct+1981%2C+Rajan.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pucl.org%2Ffrom-archives%2F81oct%2Frajan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rediff2000jun26-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rediff2000jun26_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.rediff.com/report/2000/jun/26/george.htm">"rediff.com: Emergency: 'Rajan's mother died asking for him'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>News.rediff.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Hindu, 25 January 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palpalindia-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-palpalindia_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/palpalindia.com/docs/january2017">"PALPAL INDIA January 2017"</a>. <i>Issuu.com</i>. 14 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Issuu.com&rft.atitle=PALPAL+INDIA+January+2017&rft.date=2017-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fpalpalindia.com%2Fdocs%2Fjanuary2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRudolphRudolph1978" class="citation journal cs1">Rudolph, Lloyd I.; Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber (1 April 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article/18/4/379/21348/To-the-Brink-and-Back-Representation-and-the-State">"To the Brink and Back: Representation and the State in India"</a>. <i>Asian Survey</i>. <b>18</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">379–</span>400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2643401">10.2307/2643401</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4687">0004-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643401">2643401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=To+the+Brink+and+Back%3A+Representation+and+the+State+in+India&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E379-%3C%2Fspan%3E400&rft.date=1978-04-01&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2643401%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2643401&rft.aulast=Rudolph&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+I.&rft.au=Rudolph%2C+Susanne+Hoeber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.ucpress.edu%2Fas%2Farticle%2F18%2F4%2F379%2F21348%2FTo-the-Brink-and-Back-Representation-and-the-State&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToye1977" class="citation journal cs1">Toye, J. F. J. (1 April 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X%2877%2990036-5">"Economic trends and policies in India during the Emergency"</a>. <i>World Development</i>. <b>5</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">303–</span>316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0305-750X%2877%2990036-5">10.1016/0305-750X(77)90036-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-750X">0305-750X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Development&rft.atitle=Economic+trends+and+policies+in+India+during+the+Emergency&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E316&rft.date=1977-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0305-750X%2877%2990036-5&rft.issn=0305-750X&rft.aulast=Toye&rft.aufirst=J.+F.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2F0305-750X%252877%252990036-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVinay_Lal" class="citation web cs1">Vinay Lal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130704144021/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Indira.html">"Indira Gandhi"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Indira.html">the original</a> on 4 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2013</span>. <q>Sanjay Gandhi, started to run the country as though it were his fiefdom and earned the fierce hatred of many whom his policies had victimized. He ordered the removal of slum dwellings, and in an attempt to curb India's growing population, initiated a highly resented program of forced sterilization.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indira+Gandhi&rft.au=Vinay+Lal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscnet.ucla.edu%2Fsouthasia%2FHistory%2FIndependent%2FIndira.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSubodh_Ghildiyal2010" class="citation news cs1">Subodh Ghildiyal (29 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cong-blames-Sanjay-Gandhi-for-Emergency-excesses/articleshow/7181279.cms">"Cong blames Sanjay Gandhi for Emergency 'excesses'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110828145401/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-29/india/28661327_1_slum-clearance-sanjay-gandhi-sterilization">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2013</span>. <q>Sanjay Gandhi's rash promotion of sterilization and forcible clearance of slums ... sparked popular anger</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Cong+blames+Sanjay+Gandhi+for+Emergency+%27excesses%27&rft.date=2010-12-29&rft.au=Subodh+Ghildiyal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FCong-blames-Sanjay-Gandhi-for-Emergency-excesses%2Farticleshow%2F7181279.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumkum_Chadha2011" class="citation web cs1">Kumkum Chadha (4 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110204211620/http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/just-people/2011/01/04/sanjays-men-and-women/">"Sanjay's men and women"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/just-people/2011/01/04/sanjays-men-and-women/">the original</a> on 4 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2013</span>. <q>The Congress, on the other hand, charges Sanjay Gandhi of "over-enthusiasm" in dealing with certain programmes and I quote yet again: "Unfortunately, in certain spheres, over-enthusiasm led to compulsion in the enforcement of certain programmes like compulsory sterilisation and clearance of slums. Sanjay Gandhi had by then emerged as a leader of great significance.".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sanjay%27s+men+and+women&rft.date=2011-01-04&rft.au=Kumkum+Chadha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.hindustantimes.com%2Fjust-people%2F2011%2F01%2F04%2Fsanjays-men-and-women%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeenews.com/news677226.html">"Sanjay Gandhi worked in an authoritarian manner: Congress book"</a>. 28 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sanjay+Gandhi+worked+in+an+authoritarian+manner%3A+Congress+book&rft.date=2010-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeenews.com%2Fnews677226.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC&pg=PA171"><i>India: The Years of Indira Gandhi</i></a>. Brill Academic Pub. 1988. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131734650" title="Special:BookSources/9788131734650"><bdi>9788131734650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+The+Years+of+Indira+Gandhi&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Pub&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9788131734650&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8v7Vr2iQUHkC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen2018" class="citation web cs1">Green, Hannah Harris (6 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/india/1414774/the-legacy-of-indias-quest-to-sterilise-millions-of-men/">"The legacy of India's quest to sterilize millions of men"</a>. <i>Quartz India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz+India&rft.atitle=The+legacy+of+India%27s+quest+to+sterilize+millions+of+men&rft.date=2018-10-06&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Hannah+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2Findia%2F1414774%2Fthe-legacy-of-indias-quest-to-sterilise-millions-of-men%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tragedy-at-turkman-gate-witnesses-recount-horror-of-emergency/story-UD6kxHbROYSBMlDbjQLYpJ.html">"Tragedy at Turkman Gate: Witnesses recount horror of Emergency"</a>. 28 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tragedy+at+Turkman+Gate%3A+Witnesses+recount+horror+of+Emergency&rft.date=2015-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia%2Ftragedy-at-turkman-gate-witnesses-recount-horror-of-emergency%2Fstory-UD6kxHbROYSBMlDbjQLYpJ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/investigation/story/19770531-rukhsana-sultana-the-chief-glamour-girl-of-the-emergency-823746-2014-08-14">"Rukhsana Sultana: The chief glamour girl of the Emergency"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Rukhsana+Sultana%3A+The+chief+glamour+girl+of+the+Emergency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Finvestigation%2Fstory%2F19770531-rukhsana-sultana-the-chief-glamour-girl-of-the-emergency-823746-2014-08-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/30-years-ago-on-india-today/story/20070521-rukhsana-sultana-an-exotic-female-748569-2007-05-21">"Rukhsana Sultana: diehearted follower of Sanjay Gandhi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i>. 21 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Rukhsana+Sultana%3A+diehearted+follower+of+Sanjay+Gandhi&rft.date=2007-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2F30-years-ago-on-india-today%2Fstory%2F20070521-rukhsana-sultana-an-exotic-female-748569-2007-05-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702024210/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150628/jsp/7days/story_28218.jsp">"THE NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES"</a>. <i>Telegraphindia.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150628/jsp/7days/story_28218.jsp">the original</a> on 2 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraphindia.com&rft.atitle=THE+NIGHT+OF+THE+LONG+KNIVES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1150628%2Fjsp%2F7days%2Fstory_28218.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gwatkin, Davidson R. 'Political Will, and Family Planning: The Implications of India's Emergency Experience', in: <i>Population and Development Review</i>, 5/1, 29–59;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Haub and O. P. Sharma, "India's Population Reality: Reconciling Change and Tradition," <i>Population Bulletin</i> (2006) 61#3 pp 3+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5045013834">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMehta1978" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Vinod (1978). <i>The Sanjay Story</i>. Harper Collins Publishers India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sanjay+Story&rft.pub=Harper+Collins+Publishers+India&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Vinod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiryInterimReportII"><i>Shah Commission of Inquiry Interim Report II</i></a>. p. 118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shah+Commission+of+Inquiry+Interim+Report+II&rft.pages=118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FShahCommissionOfInquiryInterimReportII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiryInterimReportII"><i>Shah Commission of Inquiry Interim Report II</i></a>. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shah+Commission+of+Inquiry+Interim+Report+II&rft.pages=78&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FShahCommissionOfInquiryInterimReportII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiry3rdFinalReport"><i>Shah Commission Of Inquiry 3rd Final Report</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">208–</span>217.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shah+Commission+Of+Inquiry+3rd+Final+Report&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E208-%3C%2Fspan%3E217&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FShahCommissionOfInquiry3rdFinalReport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.S. Grewal, The Sikhs of Punjab,(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990) 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmore2019" class="citation book cs1">Amore, Roy C. (17 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3eqvDwAAQBAJ&dq=sant+kartar+singh+emergency&pg=PA32"><i>Religion and Politics: New Developments Worldwide</i></a>. MDPI. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03921-429-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03921-429-7"><bdi>978-3-03921-429-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Politics%3A+New+Developments+Worldwide&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=MDPI&rft.date=2019-09-17&rft.isbn=978-3-03921-429-7&rft.aulast=Amore&rft.aufirst=Roy+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3eqvDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsant%2Bkartar%2Bsingh%2Bemergency%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gurmit Singh, A History of Sikh Struggles, New Delhi, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, 1991, 2:39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMahmood2010" class="citation book cs1">Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (3 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FqvTRUrwt2UC&dq=sant+kartar+singh+emergency&pg=PA54"><i>Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0017-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0017-1"><bdi>978-0-8122-0017-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+Faith+and+Nation%3A+Dialogues+with+Sikh+Militants&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2010-08-03&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0017-1&rft.aulast=Mahmood&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+Keppley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFqvTRUrwt2UC%26dq%3Dsant%2Bkartar%2Bsingh%2Bemergency%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghPublishers2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Harjinder; Publishers, Akaal (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PUzwCAAAQBAJ&dq=sant+kartar+singh+emergency&pg=PA34"><i>Reflections on 1984</i></a>. Akaal Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">51–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9554587-3-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9554587-3-6"><bdi>978-0-9554587-3-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+1984&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.pub=Akaal+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-9554587-3-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Harjinder&rft.au=Publishers%2C+Akaal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPUzwCAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsant%2Bkartar%2Bsingh%2Bemergency%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sardar-narendra-singh-modi-when-pm-disguised-himself-as-a-sikh-to-escape-arrest/articleshow/64746156.cms">"Narendra Modi: Sardar Narendra 'Singh' Modi: When PM disguised himself as a Sikh to escape arrest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a></i>. 27 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Narendra+Modi%3A+Sardar+Narendra+%27Singh%27+Modi%3A+When+PM+disguised+himself+as+a+Sikh+to+escape+arrest&rft.date=2018-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fsardar-narendra-singh-modi-when-pm-disguised-himself-as-a-sikh-to-escape-arrest%2Farticleshow%2F64746156.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. S. Grewal (1990), <i>The Sikhs of Punjab</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inder Malhotra (1989), <i>Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography</i>, London/Toronto: Hodder and Stoughton, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaffrelot Christophe (1987), <i>Hindu Nationalism</i>, p. 297, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-13098-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-13098-1">0-691-13098-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13098-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13098-9">978-0-691-13098-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-i847-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-i847_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/emergency-and-sangh-parivar-s-tacit-support-indira-gandhi-178951">"The Emergency and the Sangh Parivar's tacit support to Indira Gandhi"</a>. <i>The News Minute</i>. 25 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=The+Emergency+and+the+Sangh+Parivar%27s+tacit+support+to+Indira+Gandhi&rft.date=2023-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Fnews%2Femergency-and-sangh-parivar-s-tacit-support-indira-gandhi-178951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noorani2000-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Noorani2000_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbdul_Gafoor_Abdul_Majeed_Noorani2000" class="citation book cs1">Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC&pg=PT8"><i>The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour</i></a>. LeftWord Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">31–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87496-13-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87496-13-7"><bdi>978-81-87496-13-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+RSS+and+the+BJP%3A+A+Division+of+Labour&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=LeftWord+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-87496-13-7&rft.au=Abdul+Gafoor+Abdul+Majeed+Noorani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6PnBFW7cdtsC%26pg%3DPT8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffrelot1999-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot1999_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristophe_Jaffrelot1999" class="citation book cs1">Christophe Jaffrelot (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC&pg=PR7"><i>The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s: Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)</i></a>. Penguin Books India. pp. <span class="nowrap">273–</span>274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-024602-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-024602-5"><bdi>978-0-14-024602-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Nationalist+Movement+and+Indian+Politics%3A+1925+to+the+1990s%3A+Strategies+of+Identity-building%2C+Implantation+and+Mobilisation+%28with+Special+Reference+to+Central+India%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E274&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-024602-5&rft.au=Christophe+Jaffrelot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiVsfVOTUnYEC%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_69-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_69-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_69-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/opinion/rss-leaders-deserted-jayaprakash-resistance-during-indira-emergency/448294/">"The story of how RSS leaders deserted Jayaprakash and the resistance during Indira's Emergency"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ThePrint" title="ThePrint">ThePrint</a></i>. 25 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=The+story+of+how+RSS+leaders+deserted+Jayaprakash+and+the+resistance+during+Indira%27s+Emergency&rft.date=2020-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fopinion%2Frss-leaders-deserted-jayaprakash-resistance-during-indira-emergency%2F448294%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Emergency: A Personal History</i>. Penguin Books Limited. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143426134" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143426134"><bdi>978-0143426134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergency%3A+A+Personal+History&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0143426134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwamy2015" class="citation web cs1">Swamy, Subramanian (22 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/Politics/V7tCvbGmOxCP3UeBO0PFgK/Between-sessions-democracy-has-also-died.html">"Between sessions, democracy has also died"</a>. <i>mint</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=Did+Vajpayee+ask+ABVP+to+apologise+for+arson+attacks+during+Emergency+in+return+for+democracy%3F&rft.date=2017-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fdid-vajpayee-ask-abvp-apologise-arson-attacks-during-emergency-return-democracy-55345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianetnews.com/magazine/pinarayi-vijayan-kerala-assembly-speech">"പിണറായിയുടെ 1977 മാര്‍ച്ച് 30 ലെ നിയമസഭ പ്രസംഗം"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86+1977+%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D+30+%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86+%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD+%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianetnews.com%2Fmagazine%2Fpinarayi-vijayan-kerala-assembly-speech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNair2016" class="citation news cs1">Nair, C. Gouridasan (21 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala2016/pinarayi-vijayan-steeled-by-a-life-of-relentless-adversities/article8627081.ece/amp">"Pinarayi Vijayan: Steeled by a life of relentless adversities"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Pinarayi+Vijayan%3A+Steeled+by+a+life+of+relentless+adversities&rft.date=2016-05-21&rft.aulast=Nair&rft.aufirst=C.+Gouridasan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Felections%2Fkerala2016%2Fpinarayi-vijayan-steeled-by-a-life-of-relentless-adversities%2Farticle8627081.ece%2Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m756-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m756_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuxNational_Defense_University_Press1992" class="citation book cs1">Kux, D.; National Defense University Press (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dXzxLcF92cEC&pg=PA337"><i>India and the United States: Estranged Democracies, 1941-1991</i></a>. National Defense University Press. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-8189-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-8189-8"><bdi>978-1-4289-8189-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+the+United+States%3A+Estranged+Democracies%2C+1941-1991&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=National+Defense+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-4289-8189-8&rft.aulast=Kux&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=National+Defense+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdXzxLcF92cEC%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/01/19/archives/mrs-gandhi-easing-crisis-rule-decides-on-march-election-key.html">"Mrs. Gandhi, Easing Crisis Rule, Decides on March Election"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 19 January 1977<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mrs.+Gandhi%2C+Easing+Crisis+Rule%2C+Decides+on+March+Election&rft.date=1977-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1977%2F01%2F19%2Farchives%2Fmrs-gandhi-easing-crisis-rule-decides-on-march-election-key.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"Proclamation". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2753522"><i>Emergency – Revocation of Emergency Proclaimed on 25.6.1975. Connected matters</i></a></span>. New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs. 1977. p. 14<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Horizon&rft.atitle=India+Votes+For+Democracy%3A+The+Sixth+Parliamentary+Elections+In+India%2C+March+1977&rft.quarter=2&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41403886%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lodhi&rft.aufirst=Maliha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41403886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/march-21-1977-forty-years-ago-mrs-gandhi-loses-4578041/">"March 21, 1977, Forty Years Ago: Mrs Gandhi Loses"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=March+21%2C+1977%2C+Forty+Years+Ago%3A+Mrs+Gandhi+Loses&rft.date=2017-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fopinion%2Feditorials%2Fmarch-21-1977-forty-years-ago-mrs-gandhi-loses-4578041%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1977-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT1977_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIcanevi1977" class="citation news cs1">Icanevi, Henry (22 March 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/03/22/archives/mrs-gandhis-party-is-defeated-after-30year-rule-she-is-silent.html">"Mrs. Gandhi's Party Is Defeated After 30-Year Rule"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Viewspaper&rft.atitle=Emergency%3A+The+Darkest+Period+in+Indian+Democracy&rft.date=2009-06-27&rft.aulast=Arputham&rft.aufirst=Avneesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheviewspaper.net%2Femergency-the-darkest-period-in-indian-democracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashish Ranjan Mohapatra. <i>Nandini Satpathy</i> (in Oriya).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuha2013" class="citation book cs1">Guha, Ramachandran (25 July 2013). <i>The glory of J. 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India: Pan Books. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-54022-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-54022-3"><bdi>978-0-330-54022-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+glory+of+J.+R.+D.&rft.place=India&rft.pages=110&rft.edition=2007&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=2013-07-25&rft.isbn=978-0-330-54022-3&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ramachandran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131123164002/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/new-book-flays-indira-gandhis-decision-to-impose-emergency/706495.html">"New book flays Indira Gandhi's decision to impose Emergency"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IBN_Live_News" class="mw-redirect" title="IBN Live News">IBN Live News</a>. 30 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/new-book-flays-indira-gandhis-decision-to-impose-emergency/706495.html">the original</a> on 23 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+book+flays+Indira+Gandhi%27s+decision+to+impose+Emergency&rft.pub=IBN+Live+News&rft.date=2011-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibnlive.in.com%2Fgeneralnewsfeed%2Fnews%2Fnew-book-flays-indira-gandhis-decision-to-impose-emergency%2F706495.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d655-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-d655_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSen2023" class="citation book cs1">Sen, R. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwuMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA78"><i>House of the People: Parliament and the Making of Indian Democracy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-18025-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-18025-2"><bdi>978-1-009-18025-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=House+of+the+People%3A+Parliament+and+the+Making+of+Indian+Democracy&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-18025-2&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwuMEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoy2024" class="citation web cs1">Joy, Shemin (12 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/india/centre-to-observe-june-25-as-samvidhaan-hatya-diwas-congress-hits-back-with-june-4-as-modi-mukti-diwas-3103240">"Centre to observe June 25 as 'Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas'; Congress hits back with June 4 as 'Modi Mukti Diwas'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Centre+to+observe+June+25+as+%27Samvidhaan+Hatya+Diwas%27%3B+Congress+hits+back+with+June+4+as+%27Modi+Mukti+Diwas%27&rft.date=2024-07-12&rft.aulast=Joy&rft.aufirst=Shemin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Findia%2Fcentre-to-observe-june-25-as-samvidhaan-hatya-diwas-congress-hits-back-with-june-4-as-modi-mukti-diwas-3103240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/government/samvidhaan-hatya-diwas-modi-gazette-amit-shah-emergency">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Modi Govt Has Observed Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas Every Day for a Decade': Opposition on June 25 Move"</a>. <i>thewire.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thewire.in&rft.atitle=%27Modi+Govt+Has+Observed+Samvidhaan+Hatya+Diwas+Every+Day+for+a+Decade%27%3A+Opposition+on+June+25+Move&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fgovernment%2Fsamvidhaan-hatya-diwas-modi-gazette-amit-shah-emergency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/politics/june-4-to-go-down-as-modi-mukti-diwas-cong-on-samvidahaan-hatya-diwas-124071300013_1.html.">June 4 to go down as 'Modi Mukti Diwas': Cong on 'Samvidahaan Hatya Diwas'</a>, Press Trust of India New Delhi, at <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Standard" title="Business Standard">Business Standard</a></i>, Last Updated : Jul 13 2024. Retrieved August 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rss-had-supported-several-of-emergency-measures-ex-ib-chief/articleshow/49051068.cms?from=mdr">"RSS had supported several of Emergency measures: Ex-IB chief"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. 21 September 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0389">0013-0389</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=RSS+had+supported+several+of+Emergency+measures%3A+Ex-IB+chief&rft.date=2015-09-21&rft.issn=0013-0389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Frss-had-supported-several-of-emergency-measures-ex-ib-chief%2Farticleshow%2F49051068.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/shiv-sena-ubt-sanjay-raut-balasaheb-thackeray-emergency-indira-gandhi-9438177/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Balasaheb Thackeray openly supported Emergency imposed by Indira Gandhi': Shiv Seva (UBT)'s Sanjay Raut"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 7 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=%27Balasaheb+Thackeray+openly+supported+Emergency+imposed+by+Indira+Gandhi%27%3A+Shiv+Seva+%28UBT%29%27s+Sanjay+Raut&rft.date=2024-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fpune%2Fshiv-sena-ubt-sanjay-raut-balasaheb-thackeray-emergency-indira-gandhi-9438177%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O. P. Mathur. <i>Indira Gandhi and the emergency as viewed in the Indian novel</i>. Sarup & Sons. 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-461-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-461-8">978-81-7625-461-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHassanSharma2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hassan, Nigeenah; Sharma, Mukesh (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ijisrt.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/India-Under-Emergency-Rich-Like-us-Nayantara-Sahgal.pdf">"India Under Emergency: Rich Like us Nayantara Sahgal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology</i>. <b>2, 6</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Innovative+Science+and+Research+Technology&rft.atitle=India+Under+Emergency%3A+Rich+Like+us+Nayantara+Sahgal&rft.volume=2%2C6&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Nigeenah&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Mukesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fijisrt.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F06%2FIndia-Under-Emergency-Rich-Like-us-Nayantara-Sahgal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Bendaña. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130628031158/http://watsoninstitute.org/news_detail.cfm?id=1291">"Rushdie Talk Recasts Role of Public and Private in Politics and Literature"</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Watson_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Watson Institute">Watson Institute</a>, Brown University. 17 February 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNixon1992" class="citation book cs1">Nixon, Rob (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/londoncalling00robn"><i>London calling: V. S. Naipaul, Postcolonial Mandarin</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/londoncalling00robn/page/73">73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195067170" title="Special:BookSources/9780195067170"><bdi>9780195067170</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+calling%3A+V.+S.+Naipaul%2C+Postcolonial+Mandarin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780195067170&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flondoncalling00robn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/8559030-delhi-calm">"Delhi Calm"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Delhi+Calm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F8559030-delhi-calm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGulzarNihalaniChatterjee2003" class="citation book cs1">Gulzar; Nihalani, Govind; Chatterjee, Saibal (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC"><i>Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema</i></a>. New Delhi, Mumbai: Encyclopædia Britannica (India), Popular Prakashan. p. 425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7991-066-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-7991-066-0"><bdi>81-7991-066-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Hindi+Cinema&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+Mumbai&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+%28India%29%2C+Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=81-7991-066-0&rft.au=Gulzar&rft.au=Nihalani%2C+Govind&rft.au=Chatterjee%2C+Saibal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8y8vN9A14nkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farzand Ahmed (24 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/1978-+Kissa+Kursi+Ka:+Celluloid+chutzpah/1/76362.html">"1978 – Kissa Kursi Ka: Celluloid chutzpah"</a>. <i>India Today</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atul_Kohli" title="Atul Kohli">Atul Kohli</a>. <i>Democracy and Discontent: India's Growing Crisis of Governability</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39161-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39161-X">0-521-39161-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atul_Kohli" title="Atul Kohli">Atul Kohli</a> (ed.). <i>The Success of India's Democracy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. 2001 [2004]. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7596-107-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-7596-107-4">81-7596-107-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Jalal" title="Ayesha Jalal">Ayesha Jalal</a>. <i>Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: a Comparative and Historical Perspective</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. 1995 [1996]. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85618-75-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-85618-75-5">81-85618-75-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._G._Verghese" title="B. G. Verghese">B. G. Verghese</a>. <i>Warrior of the Fourth Estate: Ramnath Goenka of the Express</i>. Viking, Penguin India. 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-67005-842-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-67005-842-6">978-0-67005-842-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipan_Chandra" title="Bipan Chandra">Bipan Chandra</a> et al. <i>India Since Independence</i>. Penguin India. 2008 [2011 digital edition]. e-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-053-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-053-9">978-81-8475-053-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Das_Basu" title="Durga Das Basu">Durga Das Basu</a>. <i>Introduction to the Constitution of India</i>. LexisNexis Butterworths. 1960 [20th edition, 2011 reprint]. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8038-559-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8038-559-9">978-81-8038-559-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inder_Malhotra" title="Inder Malhotra">Inder Malhotra</a>. <i>Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography</i>. Hodder and Stoughton. 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-40540-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-40540-6">0-340-40540-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_C._Carras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary C. Carras (page does not exist)">Mary C. Carras</a>. <i>Indira Gandhi: In the Crucible of Leadership</i>. Jaico Publishing House. 1979 [1980].</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partha_Chatterjee_(scholar)" title="Partha Chatterjee (scholar)">Partha Chatterjee</a>. <i>Lineages of Political Society</i>. <a href="/wiki/Orient_Blackswan" title="Orient Blackswan">Permanent Black</a>. 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7824-317-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-7824-317-2">81-7824-317-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partha_Chatterjee_(scholar)" title="Partha Chatterjee (scholar)">Partha Chatterjee</a>. <i>Empire and Nation: Essential Writings, 1985–2005</i>. <a href="/wiki/Orient_Blackswan" title="Orient Blackswan">Permanent Black</a>. 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7824-267-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-7824-267-2">81-7824-267-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Guha" title="Ramachandra Guha">Ramachandra Guha</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_After_Gandhi:_The_History_of_the_World%27s_Largest_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy">India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-50554-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-50554-3">978-0-330-50554-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._S._Gill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. S. Gill (page does not exist)">S. S. Gill</a>. <i>The Dynasty: A Political Biography of the Premier Ruling Family of Modern India</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7223-245-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-7223-245-4">81-7223-245-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhash_C._Kashyap" title="Subhash C. Kashyap">Subhash C. Kashyap</a>. <i>Indian Constitution: Conflicts and Controversies</i>. Vitasta Publishing. 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89766-41-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89766-41-2">978-81-89766-41-2</a>.</li> <li>Mithi Mukherjee, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198062509" title="Special:BookSources/9780198062509">9780198062509</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T._V._Sathyamurthy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. V. Sathyamurthy (page does not exist)">T. V. Sathyamurthy</a>. <i>State and Nation in the Context of Social.00 Change</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-563136-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-563136-6">0-19-563136-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Advani, L. K. (2002). A prisoner's scrapbook. New Delhi: Ocean Books.</li> <li>Anderson, Edward, and Patrick Clibbens. "'Smugglers of Truth': The Indian diaspora, Hindu nationalism, and the Emergency (1975–77)." <i>Modern Asian Studies</i> 52.5 (2018): 1729–1773.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuldip_Nayar" title="Kuldip Nayar">Kuldip Nayar</a>. <i>The Judgement: Inside Story of the Emergency in India</i>. 1977. Vikas Publishing House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7069-0557-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7069-0557-1">0-7069-0557-1</a>.</li> <li>Chandra, Bipan. <i>In the name of Democracy: JP movement and the Emergency</i> (Penguin UK, 2017).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._N._Dhar" title="P. N. Dhar">P. N. Dhar</a>. <i>Indira Gandhi, the "Emergency", and Indian Democracy</i> (2000), 424pp</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelotAnil2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot" title="Christophe Jaffrelot">Jaffrelot, Christophe</a>; Anil, Pratinav (2021). <i>India's First Dictatorship: The Emergency, 1975-77</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9390351602" title="Special:BookSources/978-9390351602"><bdi>978-9390351602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+First+Dictatorship%3A+The+Emergency%2C+1975-77&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-9390351602&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft.au=Anil%2C+Pratinav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Emergency+%28India%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jinks, Derek P. "The Anatomy of an Institutionalized Emergency: Preventive Detention and Personal Liberty in India." <i>Michigan Journal of International Law</i> 22 (2000): 311+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1374&context=mjil">online free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klieman,_Aaron_S." class="mw-redirect" title="Klieman, Aaron S.">Klieman, Aaron S.</a> "Indira's India: Democracy and Crisis Government", <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> (1981) 96#2 pp. 241–259 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2150338">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Malkani, K. R. (1978). <i>The Midnight Knock.</i> New Delhi: Vikas Pub. House.</li> <li>Mathur, Om Prakash. <i>Indira Gandhi and the emergency as viewed in the Indian novel</i> (Sarup & Sons, 2004).</li> <li>Paul, Subin. "When India Was Indira Indian Express's Coverage of the Emergency (1975–77)." <i>Journalism History</i> 42.4 (2017): 201–211.</li> <li>Plys, Kristin. <i>Brewing Resistance: Indian Coffee House and the Emergency in Postcolonial India</i> (Cambridge UP, 2020). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108490528" title="Special:BookSources/9781108490528">9781108490528</a></li> <li>Prakash, Gyan. <i>Emergency Chronicles: Indira Gandhi and Democracy's Turning Point</i> (Princeton UP, 2019). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691186726" title="Special:BookSources/9780691186726">9780691186726</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issforum.org/essays/PDF/E175.pdf">online review</a>.</li> <li>Ramashray Roy and D. L. Sheth. "The 1977 Lok Sabha Election Outcome: The Salience of Changing Voter Alignments Since 1969," <i>Political Science Review</i> (1978), Vol. 17 Issue 3/4, pp. 51–63</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coomi_Kapoor" title="Coomi Kapoor">Coomi Kapoor</a>. (2015) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency:_A_Personal_History" title="The Emergency: A Personal History">The Emergency: A Personal History</a></i>. Viking Books.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Shourie, Arun</a> (1984). Mrs Gandhi's second reign. New Delhi: Vikas.</li> <li>Shourie, Arun (1978). Symptoms of fascism. New Delhi: Vikas.</li> <li>Sahasrabuddhe, P. G., & Vājapeyī, M. (1991). The people versus emergency: A saga of struggle. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Suruchi_Prakashan" title="Suruchi Prakashan">Suruchi Prakashan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janardan_Thakur" title="Janardan Thakur">Thakur, Janadan</a> (1977). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.103040/page/n3/mode/2up">All The Prime Minister’s Men </a></i>. Vikas Publishing. 1977. ISBN 9780706905663.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/The_Emergency_(India)" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/The Emergency (India)">The Emergency (India)</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76ve08/pdf/d204.pdf">Telegram 8557 from the United States Embassy in India to the Department of State, 27 June 1975</a> (PDF)</li> <li>A. Z. Huq, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idea.int/publications/dchs/upload/dchs_vol2_sec4_1.pdf">Democratic Norms, Human Rights and the States of Emergency: Lessons from the Experience of Four Countries</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahrchk.net/pub/mainfile.php/mof/"><i>Memories of a Father</i>, a book by Eachara Varier, father of a student killed in police custody during the emergency</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050527184750/http://www.ahrchk.net/pub/mainfile.php/mof/">Archived</a> 27 May 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Emergency_(India)" title="Template:The Emergency (India)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Emergency_(India)" title="Template talk:The Emergency (India)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Emergency_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Emergency (India)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_The_Emergency_of_1975–1977180" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Emergency of 1975–1977</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh_(Sinha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basawon Singh (Sinha)">Basawon Singh (Sinha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansi_Lal" title="Bansi Lal">Bansi Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Achutha_Menon" title="C. Achutha Menon">C. Achutha Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devakanta_Barua" class="mw-redirect" title="Devakanta Barua">Devakanta Barua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed" title="Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed">Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Raj_Khanna" title="Hans Raj Khanna">Hans Raj Khanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harchand_Singh_Longowal" title="Harchand Singh Longowal">Harchand Singh Longowal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemvati_Nandan_Bahuguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna">H. N. Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagmohan" title="Jagmohan">Jagmohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagmohanlal_Sinha" title="Jagmohanlal Sinha">Jagmohanlal Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivatram_Kripalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivatram Kripalani">Jivatram Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Karunakaran" title="K. Karunakaran">K. Karunakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="M. Karunanidhi">M. Karunanidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niren_De" title="Niren De">Niren De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Narain" title="Raj Narain">Raj Narain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Shankar_Ray" title="Siddhartha Shankar Ray">Siddhartha Shankar Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramanian_Swamy" title="Subramanian Swamy">Subramanian Swamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zail_Singh" title="Zail Singh">Zail Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Lok_Dal" title="Bharatiya Lok Dal">Bharatiya Lok Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidar_Kazhagam" title="Dravidar Kazhagam">Dravidar Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Organisation)" title="Indian National Congress (Organisation)">Indian National Congress (Organisation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(R)" title="Indian National Congress (R)">Indian National Congress (R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janata_Morcha" title="Janata Morcha">Janata Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_for_Civil_Liberties" title="People's Union for Civil Liberties">People's Union for Civil Liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Socialist Party (India)">Socialist Party of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swatantra_Party" title="Swatantra Party">Swatantra Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Emergency_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Emergency in India">State of Emergency in India</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/State_of_Uttar_Pradesh_v._Raj_Narain" title="State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain">State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">38th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">39th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">42nd Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkman_gate_demolition_and_rioting" title="Turkman gate demolition and rioting">Turkman gate demolition and rioting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroda_dynamite_case" title="Baroda dynamite case">Baroda dynamite case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Commission" title="Shah Commission">Shah Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_of_Internal_Security_Act" title="Maintenance of Internal Security Act">Maintenance of Internal Security Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajan_case" title="Rajan case">Rajan case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_general_election,_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian general election, 1977">Indian general election, 1977</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Population682" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Population" title="Template:Population"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Population" title="Template talk:Population"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Population" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Population"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Population682" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population" title="Estimates of historical world population">Estimates of historical world population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">Population momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population<br />biology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">Population decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">Physiological density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population<br />ecology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P × A × T</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and<br /> population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics"><i>Dys</i>genics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-identity_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-identity problem">Non-identity problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment">Population and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">World population milestones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Six_Billion" title="Day of Six Billion">6 billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Seven_Billion" title="Day of Seven Billion">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Eight_Billion" title="Day of Eight Billion">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">Population concern organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Events and<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Connection" title="Population Connection">Population Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_world_population_conferences" title="United Nations world population conferences">United Nations world population conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Day" title="World Population Day">World Population Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Foundation" title="World Population Foundation">World Population Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bennett%27s_law" title="Bennett's law">Bennett's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Net_migration_rate" title="Net migration rate">Net migration rate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img 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