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novinca!\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Vsebina" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vsebina</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Uvod</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Zgodovina_taksonomije_arhej" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zgodovina_taksonomije_arhej"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Zgodovina taksonomije arhej </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zgodovina_taksonomije_arhej-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Vklopi podrazdelek Zgodovina taksonomije arhej </button> <ul id="toc-Zgodovina_taksonomije_arhej-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sodobna_klasifikacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sodobna_klasifikacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Sodobna klasifikacija </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sodobna_klasifikacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolucija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolucija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Evolucija </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolucija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Vklopi podrazdelek Evolucija </button> <ul id="toc-Evolucija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primerjava_domen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primerjava_domen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Primerjava domen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primerjava_domen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morfologija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morfologija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Morfologija </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morfologija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zgradba,_kemična_sestava_in_organizacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zgradba,_kemična_sestava_in_organizacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Zgradba, kemična sestava in organizacija </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zgradba,_kemična_sestava_in_organizacija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Vklopi podrazdelek Zgradba, kemična sestava in organizacija </button> <ul id="toc-Zgradba,_kemična_sestava_in_organizacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Celična_membrana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celična_membrana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Celična membrana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celična_membrana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celična_stena_in_bički" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celična_stena_in_bički"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Celična stena in bički </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celična_stena_in_bički-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presnova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presnova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Presnova </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presnova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Genetika </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetika-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Vklopi podrazdelek Genetika </button> <ul id="toc-Genetika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Izmenjava_in_popravljanje_poškodb_nukleinskih_kislin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izmenjava_in_popravljanje_poškodb_nukleinskih_kislin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Izmenjava in popravljanje poškodb nukleinskih kislin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izmenjava_in_popravljanje_poškodb_nukleinskih_kislin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Razmnoževanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Razmnoževanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Razmnoževanje </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Razmnoževanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekologija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekologija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Ekologija </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekologija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Vklopi podrazdelek Ekologija </button> <ul id="toc-Ekologija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Življenjski_prostor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Življenjski_prostor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Življenjski prostor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Življenjski_prostor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vloga_v_kroženju_snovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vloga_v_kroženju_snovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Vloga v kroženju snovi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vloga_v_kroženju_snovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Razmerje_z_drugimi_organizmi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Razmerje_z_drugimi_organizmi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Razmerje z drugimi organizmi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Razmerje_z_drugimi_organizmi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pomen_v_biotehnologiji_in_industriji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pomen_v_biotehnologiji_in_industriji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Pomen v biotehnologiji in industriji </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pomen_v_biotehnologiji_in_industriji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opombe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opombe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Opombe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opombe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sklici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sklici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sklici </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sklici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nadaljnje_branje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nadaljnje_branje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Nadaljnje branje </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nadaljnje_branje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zunanje_povezave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zunanje_povezave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Zunanje povezave </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zunanje_povezave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Vsebina" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Kazalo vsebine" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vklopi kazalo vsebine" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Vklopi kazalo vsebine </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Arheje</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="P9jdi na članek v drugem jeziku. Na voljo v 124 jezikih." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-124" aria-hidden="true" > 124 jezikov </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – afrikanščina" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeen" title="Archaeen – nemščina (Švica)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Archaeen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemščina (Švica)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – aragonščina" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="पूर्वजीवाणु – angikaščina" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पूर्वजीवाणु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82" title="عتائق – arabščina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عتائق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82" title="عتائق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عتائق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আৰ্কিয়া – asamščina" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আৰ্কিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – asturijščina" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arxeyl%C9%99r" title="Arxeylər – azerbajdžanščina" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Arxeylər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آرکیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آرکیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Архейҙар – baškirščina" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Архейҙар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkiej%C4%97s" title="Arkiejės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Arkiejės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%96" title="Археі – beloruščina" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Археі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="beloruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%96" title="Археі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Археі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Археи – bolgarščina" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Археи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আর্কিয়া – bengalščina" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্কিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – bosanščina" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqueus" title="Arqueus – katalonščina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arqueus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کۆنەکان – osrednja kurdščina" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆنەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="osrednja kurdščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archea" title="Archea – češčina" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Archea" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češčina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – valižanščina" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valižanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark%C3%A6er" title="Arkæer – danščina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arkæer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeen" title="Archaeen – nemščina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Archaeen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αρχαία – grščina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – angleščina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angleščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%A5eoj" title="Arĥeoj – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arĥeoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dober članek"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – španščina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhed" title="Arhed – estonščina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arhed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – baskovščina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باستانیان – perzijščina" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باستانیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeonit" title="Arkeonit – finščina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arkeonit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheq" title="Arheq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Arheq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – francoščina" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francoščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uurbakteerien" title="Uurbakteerien – severna frizijščina" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uurbakteerien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="severna frizijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airc%C3%A9igh" title="Aircéigh – irščina" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aircéigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqueas" title="Arqueas – galicijščina" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arqueas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – gvaranijščina" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvaranijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – manščina" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ארכאונים – hebrejščina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארכאונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="प्राच्य – hindijščina" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राच्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheje" title="Arheje – hrvaščina" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arheje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akeyo" title="Akeyo – haitijska kreolščina" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Akeyo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitijska kreolščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arche%C3%A1k" title="Archeák – madžarščina" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Archeák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="madžarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Արքեաներ – armenščina" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արքեաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeo" title="Archeo – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Archeo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkea" title="Arkea – indonezijščina" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arkea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – ilokanščina" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilokanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrnur" title="Fyrnur – islandščina" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fyrnur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – italijanščina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dober članek"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="古細菌 – japonščina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古細菌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aakyea" title="Aakyea – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aakyea" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – javanščina" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="არქეები – gruzijščina" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არქეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Архебактериялар – kazaščina" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Архебактериялар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF" title="ಆರ್ಕೀಯ – kanareščina" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆರ್ಕೀಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kanareščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="고세균 – korejščina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고세균" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AEkrop" title="Mîkrop – kurdščina" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mîkrop" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – kornijščina" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – latinščina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archae%C3%ABn" title="Archaeën – luksemburščina" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Archaeën" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Археяр – lezginščina" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Археяр" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezginščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcea" title="Arcea – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arcea" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – limburščina" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – ligurščina" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligurščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archea" title="Archea – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Archea" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – lombardščina" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch%C4%97ja" title="Archėja – litovščina" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Archėja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheji" title="Arheji – latvijščina" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arheji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – malgaščina" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Археи – makedonščina" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Археи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF" title="ആർക്കീയ – malajalamščina" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആർക്കീയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2" title="ओरिएंटल – maratščina" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओरिएंटल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkea" title="Arkea – malajščina" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arkea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%81%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="အာခီးယာ – burmanščina" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာခီးယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – napolitanščina" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeen" title="Archaeen – nizka nemščina" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Archaeen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nizka nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आर्केया – nevarščina" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आर्केया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – nizozemščina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkar" title="Arkar – novonorveščina" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arkar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="novonorveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkebakterier" title="Arkebakterier – knjižna norveščina" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arkebakterier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="knjižna norveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – okcitanščina" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkiyaa" title="Arkiyaa – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Arkiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਆਰਕੀਆ – pandžabščina" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਰਕੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – pampanščina" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeony" title="Archeony – poljščina" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Archeony" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ارکیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ارکیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – portugalščina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91awpa_a%C3%B1aki" title="Ñawpa añaki – kečuanščina" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñawpa añaki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhee" title="Arhee – romunščina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arhee" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romunščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Археи – ruščina" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Археи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Архейдар – jakutščina" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Архейдар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – sardinščina" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – škotščina" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A7" title="آرڪيئا – sindščina" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آرڪيئا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheja" title="Arheja – srbohrvaščina" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arheja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbohrvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="ආකියා – sinhalščina" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආකියා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arche%C3%B3ny" title="Archeóny – slovaščina" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Archeóny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeat" title="Arkeat – albanščina" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arkeat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Археје – srbščina" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Археје" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark%C3%A9er" title="Arkéer – švedščina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arkéer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="ஆர்க்கீயா – tamilščina" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆர்க்கீயா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="ఆర్కియా – telugijščina" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆర్కియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Бостониён – tadžiščina" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бостониён" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžiščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="อาร์เคีย – tajščina" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาร์เคีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeya" title="Arkeya – tagalogščina" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arkeya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkea" title="Arkea – turščina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arkea" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Архейләр – tatarščina" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Архейләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%97" title="Археї – ukrajinščina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Археї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB%DB%8C%D9%85" title="قدیم جراثیم – urdujščina" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدیم جراثیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdujščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arxeylar" title="Arxeylar – uzbeščina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arxeylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%95_khu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Cổ khuẩn – vietnamščina" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cổ khuẩn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – varajščina" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌 – wu-kitajščina" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古菌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="ארכעען – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ארכעען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌 – kitajščina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古菌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3%CD%98-s%C3%A8-kh%C3%BAn" title="Kó͘-sè-khún – min nan kitajščina" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kó͘-sè-khún" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌 – kantonščina" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古菌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INgunazana" title="INgunazana – zulujščina" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INgunazana" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulujščina" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10872#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi medjezikovne povezave" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi povezave</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arheje" title="Ogled vsebinske strani [c]" accesskey="c">Stran</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pogovor:Arheje" rel="discussion" title="Pogovor o vsebinski strani [t]" accesskey="t">Pogovor</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Spremeni različico jezika" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" 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Za več podatkov klikni zvezdo."><img alt="Izbrani članek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Iz Wikipedije, proste enciklopedije</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sl" dir="ltr"> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(195, 245, 250)">Arheje <div style="font-size: 85%;">Časovni razpon: 3,5–0 Ga <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; font-size:small; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(146,195,160); left:220.59782608696px; width:15.711847826087px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(7,202,234); left:236.30967391304px; width:10.103369565217px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(246,236,57); left:246.41304347826px; width:3.5869565217391px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(111,218,237); left:220.59782608696px; width:29.402173913043px;"><a href="/wiki/Fanerozoik" title="Fanerozoik">Fan.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,91,113); left:114.13043478261px; width:48.913043478261px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,184,114); left:163.04347826087px; width:32.608695652174px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,183,87); left:195.65217391304px; width:24.945652173913px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,76,104); left:114.13043478261px; width:106.46739130435px;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoik" title="Proterozoik">Proterozoik</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(238,0,125); left:32.608695652174px; width:21.739130434783px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,91,151); left:54.347826086957px; width:21.739130434783px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,124,163); left:76.086956521739px; width:21.739130434783px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,166,186); left:97.826086956522px; width:16.304347826087px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,0,124); left:32.608695652174px; width:81.521739130435px;"><a href="/wiki/Arhaik" title="Arhaik">Arhaik</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,3,129); left:0px; width:32.608695652174px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,3,129); left:0px; width:32.608695652174px;"><a href="/wiki/Had" title="Had">Had</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:249px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:43.478260869565px; width:206.52173913043px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:59.782608695652px; width:190.21739130435px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:60.782608695652px; width:188.21739130435px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleoarhaik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paleoarhaik (stran ne obstaja)">paleoarhaik</a> ali mogoče <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eoarhaik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eoarhaik (stran ne obstaja)">eoarhaik</a> – danes</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Thermococcus_gammatolerans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Thermococcus_gammatolerans.jpg/220px-Thermococcus_gammatolerans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Thermococcus_gammatolerans.jpg/330px-Thermococcus_gammatolerans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Thermococcus_gammatolerans.jpg/440px-Thermococcus_gammatolerans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1184" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermococcus_gammatolerans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermococcus gammatolerans (stran ne obstaja)">Thermococcus gammatolerans</a>, na <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivno_sevanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioaktivno sevanje">radioaktivno sevanje</a> odporna arheja </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(195, 245, 250)"><a href="/wiki/Znanstvena_klasifikacija_%C5%BEivih_bitij" title="Znanstvena klasifikacija živih bitij">Znanstvena klasifikacija</a> <a href="/wiki/Predloga:Taksonomija/Archaea" title="Uredi to klasifikacijo"><img alt="Uredi to klasifikacijo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domena: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archaea</a> (arheje) <a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Woese</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Kandler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Kandler (stran ne obstaja)">Kandler</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Wheelis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Wheelis (stran ne obstaja)">Wheelis</a>, 2024<a href="#cite_note-valid-dom-kingdom-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Woese-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(195, 245, 250)">Kraljestva<a href="#cite_note-Petitjean-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCBI_taxonomy_page_on_Archaea-4">[4]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DPANN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DPANN (stran ne obstaja)">Nanobdellati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euryarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euryarchaeota (stran ne obstaja)">Methanobacteriati</a></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteoarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteoarchaeota (stran ne obstaja)">Proteoarchaeota</a>" <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asgard_(archaea)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asgard (archaea) (stran ne obstaja)">Promethearchaeati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoproteota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermoproteota (stran ne obstaja)">Thermoproteati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> (prave arheje)</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(195, 245, 250)"><a href="/wiki/Sinonim_(taksonomija)" title="Sinonim (taksonomija)">Sinonimi</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>"Archaebacteria" Woese & Fox 1977</li> <li>"Archaeobacteria" Murray 1988</li> <li>"Mendocutes" Gibbons & Murray 1978</li> <li>"Mendosicutes" Murray 1984</li> <li>"Metabacteria" Hori and Osawa 1979</li> <li>"Neomura" Cavalier-Smith 2002</li> <li>"Archaebiota" Luketa 2012</li> <li>"Arkarya" Forterre 2015</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6298810">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Arhêje (<a href="/wiki/Znanstvena_klasifikacija_%C5%BEivih_bitij" title="Znanstvena klasifikacija živih bitij">znanstveno ime</a> Archaea), tudi arhe(o)bakterije, so velika skupina <a href="/wiki/Prokarionti" title="Prokarionti">prokariontov</a>, ki, tako kot <a href="/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije">bakterije</a>, nimajo <a href="/wiki/Jedro_(biologija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jedro (biologija)">jedra</a> in ostalih <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">organelov</a>. V sistem živih bitij jih težko uvrstimo, saj so po nekaterih značilnostih podobne <a href="/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije">bakterijam</a>, po drugih pa <a href="/wiki/Evkariont" class="mw-redirect" title="Evkariont">evkariontom</a>. Arheje so pod imenom Archebacteria prvotno prištevali k bakterijam, vendar so raziskave v zadnjih desetletjih pokazale, da so arheje posebna skupina organizmov, ki se razlikujejo tako od bakterij kot od evkariontov. Po obliki in velikosti so v splošnem podobne bakterijam. Navkljub temu so po nekaterih <a href="/wiki/Presnova" title="Presnova">presnovnih</a> poteh ter izražanju <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">genov</a> bolj podobne evkariontom.<a href="#cite_note-allers-5">[5]</a> Kemična sestava arhej je v mnogih pogledih posebna, saj so na primer v <a href="/wiki/Fosfolipid" title="Fosfolipid">fosfolipidih</a> prisotne <a href="/wiki/Eter" title="Eter">etrske</a> vezi, medtem ko so pri ostalih organizmih prisotni fosfolipidi z <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">estrsko</a> vezjo.<a href="#cite_note-derosa-6">[6]</a> Presnova arhej je zelo raznolika, kot vir energije izrabljajo anorganske in organske snovi ter sončno svetlobo; <a href="/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza">fotosintetske</a> arheje do sedaj sicer niso bile odkrite. Razmnožujejo se <a href="/wiki/Nespolno_razmno%C5%BEevanje" title="Nespolno razmnoževanje">nespolno</a>. Prve odkrite arheje so bili <a href="/wiki/Ekstremofil" title="Ekstremofil">ekstremofili</a>, ki bivajo v okoljih s skrajnimi razmerami, kot so <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termalni_vrelec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termalni vrelec (stran ne obstaja)">termalni vrelci</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slano_jezero" title="Slano jezero">slana jezera</a>, vendar je pozneje postalo jasno, da večina arhej biva v okoljih z zmernimi razmerami, kot so <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prst_(pedologija)" title="Prst (pedologija)">prst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mo%C4%8Dvirje" title="Močvirje">močvirja</a> in celo <a href="/wiki/Prebavni_trakt" class="mw-redirect" title="Prebavni trakt">prebavni trakt</a> nekaterih <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivali" title="Živali">živali</a>, vključno s <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Clovek" title="Človek">človekom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-delong-7">[7]</a> V ekosistemih imajo pomembno vlogo, med drugim zaradi <a href="/wiki/Kro%C5%BEenje_ogljika" title="Kroženje ogljika">kroženja ogljika</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kro%C5%BEenje_du%C5%A1ika" title="Kroženje dušika">dušika</a>.<a href="#cite_note-schimel-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-cabello-9">[9]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metanogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metanogen (stran ne obstaja)">Metanogene</a> arheje, ki bivajo tudi v prebavnem traktu <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%BEvekovalci" class="mw-redirect" title="Prežvekovalci">prežvekovalcev</a>, kot je <a href="/wiki/Doma%C4%8De_govedo" title="Domače govedo">domače govedo</a>, so glavni vir atmosferskega <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNEP-10">[10]</a> Metanogene arheje so pomembne pri razgrajevanju organskih snovi v <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cistilna_naprava" title="Čistilna naprava">čistilnih napravah</a>, metan kot glavno sestavino <a href="/wiki/Bioplin" title="Bioplin">bioplina</a> pa med drugim uporabljamo za proizvodnjo energije. Odporni <a href="/wiki/Encim" title="Encim">encimi</a>, izolirani iz ekstremofilnih arhej, so pomembno prispevali k razvoju živilske industrije ter metode <a href="/wiki/Veri%C5%BEna_reakcija_s_polimerazo" title="Verižna reakcija s polimerazo">verižne reakcije s polimerazo</a> (PCR).<a href="#cite_note-Egorova-11">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zgodovina_taksonomije_arhej">Zgodovina <a href="/wiki/Taksonomija" title="Taksonomija">taksonomije</a> arhej</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi razdelek: Zgodovina taksonomije arhej" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&action=edit&section=1" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Zgodovina taksonomije arhej">uredi kodo</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_(view_from_the_south).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg/300px-Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg/450px-Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg/600px-Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>Prve arheje so bile odkrite v okoljih s skrajnimi razmerami, kot so termalni vrelci (na sliki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Prismatic_Spring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Prismatic Spring (stran ne obstaja)">Grand Prismatic Spring</a> v <a href="/wiki/Narodni_park_Yellowstone" title="Narodni park Yellowstone">Narodnem parku Yellowstone</a>).</figcaption></figure> Večino 20. stoletja se je <a href="/wiki/Prokarionti" title="Prokarionti">prokarionte</a> obravnavalo kot eno skupino, organizme v njej pa se je razvrščalo glede na <a href="/wiki/Biokemija" title="Biokemija">biokemične</a> značilnosti (npr. sestavo <a href="/wiki/Celi%C4%8Dna_stena" title="Celična stena">celične stene</a>), <a href="/wiki/Morfologija_(biologija)" title="Morfologija (biologija)">morfologijo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Presnova" title="Presnova">presnovne</a> značilnosti.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Leta 1965 sta <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" class="mw-redirect" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> in Emile Zuckerland predlagala nov način razvrščanja glede na zaporedja (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekvenca_nukleotidov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekvenca nukleotidov (stran ne obstaja)">sekvence</a>) <a href="/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid">nukleotidov</a>, ki kažejo sorodstvene odnose med organizmi.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Omenjena metoda, znana kot <a href="/wiki/Filogenetika" class="mw-redirect" title="Filogenetika">filogenetika</a>, je dandanes glavni način razvrščanja organizmov. Arheje sta leta <a href="/w/index.php?title=1977_v_znanosti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977 v znanosti (stran ne obstaja)">1977</a> opredelila <a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a> in George Fox na osnovi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribosomska_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribosomska RNA (stran ne obstaja)">ribosomske RNA</a> (rRNA), ki se v mnogih značilnostih razlikuje od bakterijske rRNA.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Skupini prokariontov sta bili prvotno imenovani »arhebakterije« (Archaebacteria) ter »evbakterije« (Eubacteria) in so ju obravnavali kot ločeni <a href="/wiki/Kraljestvo_(biologija)" title="Kraljestvo (biologija)">kraljestvi</a> ali podkraljestvi. Woese je na osnovi svojih rezultatov postavil domnevo, da so razlike med eno in drugo skupino veliko večje, kot se je domnevalo, in s tem ovrgel ustaljeno mnenje, da so si bakterije podobne. Da bi še bolj poudaril razlike, je živa bitja razvrstil v tri skupine oz. <a href="/wiki/Domena_(biologija)" title="Domena (biologija)">domene</a>: arheje (Archaea), <a href="/wiki/Bakterija" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakterija">bakterije</a> (Bacteria) in <a href="/wiki/Evkarionti" title="Evkarionti">evkarionte</a> (Eukarya).<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Izraz arheje izhaja iz <a href="/wiki/Stara_gr%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" class="mw-redirect" title="Stara grščina">starogrške</a> besede <a href="/wiki/Stara_gr%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" class="mw-redirect" title="Stara grščina">starogrško</a> ἀρχαῖα: árhaia, kar pomeni starodavne stvari.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Prvi predstavniki arhej so bili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metanogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metanogen (stran ne obstaja)">metanogeni</a>, njihova presnova pa verjetno odseva prvotne razmere v <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja">Zemljinem</a> <a href="/wiki/Ozra%C4%8Dje" title="Ozračje">ozračju</a>. Razmeroma dolgo je veljalo, da so arheje organizmi, ki bivajo samo v okolju s skrajnimi razmerami, kot so <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termalni_vrelec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termalni vrelec (stran ne obstaja)">termalni vrelci</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slano_jezero" title="Slano jezero">slana jezera</a>. Konec 20. stoletja so odkrili tudi arheje, ki bivajo v zmernih razmerah. Sedaj je jasno, da so arheje velika in raznolika skupina organizmov, ki so prisotni v vseh življenjskih okoljih oz. <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitatih</a>.<a href="#cite_note-delong-7">[7]</a> Napredek v raziskavah je omogočila metoda <a href="/wiki/Veri%C5%BEna_reakcija_s_polimerazo" title="Verižna reakcija s polimerazo">verižne reakcije s polimerazo</a>, s katero se lahko določi zaporedja nukleotidov iz različnih vzorcev.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sodobna_klasifikacija">Sodobna klasifikacija</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi razdelek: Sodobna klasifikacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&action=edit&section=2" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Sodobna klasifikacija">uredi kodo</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg/250px-Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg/500px-Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Arheje ARMAN, odkrite leta 2006,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> bivajo v kislih odpadnih vodah iz <a href="/wiki/Rudnik" title="Rudnik">rudnikov</a> in sodijo med najmanjše organizme na svetu.<a href="#cite_note-baker-19">[19]</a></figcaption></figure> Klasifikacija arhej ter v splošnem tudi prokariontov je naglo razvijajoče se področje. Klasifikacija temelji na uporabi sekvenc genov, ki kodirajo ribosomsko RNA, za ugotavljanje sorodstvenih odnosov.<a href="#cite_note-Robertson-20">[20]</a> Večina dobro raziskanih arhej, ki se jih lahko kultivira na gojiščih, spada v debli pravih arhej (Euryarchaeota) in krenarhej (Crenarchaeota). Ostala debla so le okvirno dorečena. Arheja Nanoarchaeum equitans denimo spada v samostojno deblo <a href="/wiki/Nanoarheje" title="Nanoarheje">nanoarhej</a> (Nanoarchaeota).<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Termofilne arheje iz predlaganega debla Korachaeota imajo značilnosti obeh glavnih debel.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Med arheje, odkrite v sodobnem času, spada tudi <a href="/w/index.php?title=ARMAN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARMAN (stran ne obstaja)">ARMAN</a> (Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms), ki biva v kislih odpadnih vodah iz <a href="/wiki/Rudnik" title="Rudnik">rudnikov</a> in s premerom manj kot 500 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" title="Nanometer">nm</a> spada med najmanjše organizme na Zemlji.<a href="#cite_note-baker-19">[19]</a> Klasifikacija arhej v <a href="/wiki/Vrsta_(biologija)" title="Vrsta (biologija)">vrste</a> je prav tako sporno področje. Arheje se namreč razmnožujejo izključno <a href="/wiki/Nespolno_razmno%C5%BEevanje" title="Nespolno razmnoževanje">nespolno</a>, tako da kriterij za uvrstitev, po katerem se osebki, ki spadajo v določeno vrsto, množijo samo med seboj, ne velja.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateralni_prenos_genov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lateralni prenos genov (stran ne obstaja)">Lateralni oz. horizontalni prenos genov</a> je namreč izrazit med mnogimi nesorodnimi skupinami arhej. Nekateri taksonomi so sicer predlagali, da bi se določene arheje (kot so arheje iz rodu Ferroplasma) lahko uvrstilo v vrstam podobne skupine zaradi podobnega genoma in manj izraženega lateralnega prenosa genov.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Takšno razvrščanje je vprašljivo zaradi drugih arhej, kot so tiste iz rodu Halorubrum z močno izraženim lateralnim prenosom.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Sedanje znanje o genetski raznolikosti arhej je tako še vedno dokaj omejeno.<a href="#cite_note-Robertson-20">[20]</a> Ocenjujejo, da se celokupno število vseh debel arhej giblje med 18 in 23, med katerimi je le 8 debel, katerih pripadniki so bili natančneje raziskani. Mnogo debel je le hipotetičnih, saj njihov obstoj sloni le na analizi ene sekvence gena, ki kodira določeno ribosomsko RNA.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolucija">Evolucija</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi razdelek: Evolucija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&action=edit&section=3" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Evolucija">uredi kodo</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png/350px-Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png/525px-Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png/700px-Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>»Družinsko drevo« oz. <a href="/wiki/Filogenija" title="Filogenija">filogenija</a> vseh živih bitij; domena arhej je obarvana zeleno, bakterije modro in evkarionti rdeče.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil">Fosilni ostanki</a> kažejo na to, da so se prvi organizmi pojavili pred vsaj 3,5 milijardami let.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Mednje spadajo ostanki <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafita</a> iz zahodnega dela <a href="/wiki/Grenlandija" title="Grenlandija">Grenlandije</a>, ki naj bi bil biogenega izvora in ga <a href="/wiki/Radiometri%C4%8Dno_datiranje" title="Radiometrično datiranje">datirajo</a> okoli 3,7 milijarde let v preteklost,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> ter fosili mikrobov, odkritih v <a href="/wiki/Zahodna_Avstralija" title="Zahodna Avstralija">Zahodni Avstraliji</a>, ki jih datirajo 3,48 milijarde let v preteklost.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Večina prokariontov v splošnem nima specifične oblike, zaradi česar se iz fosilov ne da razbrati, ali gre za arheje ali za bakterije.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Uporabnejši so fosili, iz katerih se lahko določi kemično sestavo, saj arheje gradijo določene spojine, ki se pri drugih organizmih ne pojavljajo.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Taki fosili so bili odkriti na jugozahodu Grenlandije in jih datirajo okoli 3,8 milijarde let v preteklost.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Arheje naj bi bile tako najstarejša skupina organizmov na Zemlji.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Woese</a> je predlagal teorijo, po kateri skupni oz. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zadnji_univerzalni_prednik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zadnji univerzalni prednik (stran ne obstaja)">univerzalni prednik</a> vseh organizmov ni en »organizem«, iz katerega bi se razvile vse tri domene organizmov, pač pa raznolika skupina preprostih celic, pri katerih je bila organizacija dednih informacij zelo nestabilna. Iz njih naj bi se razvile naprednejše celice, ki so izoblikovale različne skupine, te pa so predstavljale prednike glavnih domen organizmov.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Arheje, bakterije in evkarionti so tako verjetno potomci treh različnih skupin prednikov, ki so se izoblikovali zelo zgodaj iz skupnosti preprostih celic. S tega vidika postane uporabnost izraza prokariont omejena, saj imajo arheje z bakterijami tako malo sorodstvenih vezi, kot jih imajo z evkarionti.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Po drugi strani si arheje večino <a href="/wiki/Presnova" title="Presnova">presnovnih</a> (metabolnih) poti delijo z bakterijami, medtem ko je izražanje genov v marsičem podobno evkariontom.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Po eni teoriji naj bi bil skupni prednik bakterij in arhej termofilni organizem, za katerega so nižje temperature dejansko predstavljale »skrajne razmere«, tako da so se organizmi, ki so bivali v zmernih, hladnejših razmerah, pojavili šele pozneje.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Po zgradbi celice so arheje najbolj podobne <a href="/wiki/Grampozitivne_bakterije" class="mw-redirect" title="Grampozitivne bakterije">grampozitivnim bakterijam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gupta-1-38">[38]</a> iz katerih naj bi se po eni teoriji arheje tudi razvile.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primerjava_domen">Primerjava domen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi razdelek: Primerjava domen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&action=edit&section=4" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Primerjava domen">uredi kodo</a>]</div> Spodnja tabela podaja okvirno primerjavo nekaterih glavnih značilnosti med vsemi tremi domenami.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Primerjave so natančneje opisane v sledečih poglavjih. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#FFFACD">Lastnost </th> <th style="background:#FFFACD">Arheje </th> <th style="background:#FFFACD">Bakterije </th> <th style="background:#FFFACD">Evkarionti </th></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFFE0"> <td>Celična membrana </td> <td>lipidi z <a href="/wiki/Eter" title="Eter">etrsko</a> vezjo, pri nekaterih enojni fosfolipidni sloj </td> <td>lipidi z <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">estrsko</a> vezjo </td> <td>lipidi z <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">estrsko</a> vezjo </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFACD"> <td>Celična stena </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glikoprotein" title="Glikoprotein">glikoproteini</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psevdopeptidoglikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psevdopeptidoglikan (stran ne obstaja)">psevdopeptidoglikan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peptidoglikan" title="Peptidoglikan">peptidoglikan</a> </td> <td>različne spojine </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFFE0"> <td>Genom </td> <td>krožni <a href="/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom">kromosom</a> </td> <td>krožni kromosom </td> <td>številni linearni kromosomi, število in zgradba se razlikujeta med vrstami </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFACD"> <td>Notranja zgradba celice </td> <td>brez <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">organelov</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jedro_(celica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jedro (celica)">jedra</a> </td> <td>brez organelov in jedra </td> <td>z organeli in jedrom </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFFE0"> <td>Presnova<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </td> <td>raznolika, posebnost je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metanogeneza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metanogeneza (stran ne obstaja)">metanogeneza</a> </td> <td>raznolika, med drugim <a href="/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza">fotosinteza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fermentacija_(biokemija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentacija (biokemija)">fermentacija</a> ter anaerobna in aerobna presnova </td> <td>fotosinteza in <a href="/wiki/Celi%C4%8Dno_dihanje" title="Celično dihanje">celično dihanje</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFACD"> <td>Razmnoževanje </td> <td>nespolno razmnoževanje </td> <td>nespolno razmnoževanje </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spolno_razmno%C5%BEevanje" title="Spolno razmnoževanje">spolno</a> in nespolno razmnoževanje </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morfologija">Morfologija</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi razdelek: Morfologija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&action=edit&section=5" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Morfologija">uredi kodo</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Halobacteria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Halobacteria.jpg/250px-Halobacteria.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Halobacteria.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Haloarchaea sp. (vsaka celica je dolga okoli 5 μm)</figcaption></figure> Velikost arhej se giblje med 0,1 in 15 <a href="/wiki/Mikrometer" title="Mikrometer">μm</a>. So različnih oblik, najpogosteje kot krogle, paličice, spirale ali ploščice.<a href="#cite_note-bergey-42">[42]</a> Ostale nepravilne oblike nastopajo predvsem pri krenarhejah (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crenarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crenarchaeota (stran ne obstaja)">Crenarchaeota</a>), npr. nepravilne okrogle oblike pri rodu Sulfolobus ter tanki in kratki izrastki (filamenti) na površini pri rodu Thermofilum, tiste iz rodov Pyrobaculum in Thermoproteus pa so oblikovane kot podolgovate <a href="/wiki/Tristrana_prizma" title="Tristrana prizma">tristrane prizme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Haloquadratum walsbyi, ki prebiva v slanem okolju, ima sploščeno, kvadratasto obliko.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Nenavadne oblike verjetno vzdržujeta tako <a href="/wiki/Celi%C4%8Dna_stena" title="Celična stena">celična stena</a> kot <a href="/wiki/Prokarionti" title="Prokarionti">prokariontski</a> <a href="/wiki/Citoskelet" title="Citoskelet">citoskelet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Arheje iz rodov Thermoplasma in Ferroplasma nimajo celične stene, kar pomeni, da imajo nepravilno obliko, ki spominja na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amebe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amebe (stran ne obstaja)">amebe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Nekatere vrste lahko tvorijo skupke (agregate) ali nitaste strukture, dolge tudi do 200 μm,<a href="#cite_note-bergey-42">[42]</a> in so pogosto pomemben del <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilmov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Primer tega so arheje iz rodu Pyrodictium, ki tvorijo grmičaste skupke preko votlih izrastkov, s katerimi so med seboj povezane.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Vloga teh kanalov ni jasna, verjetno služijo izmenjavi hranil ali komunikaciji.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Posamezno kolonijo lahko tvori več vrst, kot recimo pripadniki debla pravih arhej (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Euryarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euryarchaeota (stran ne obstaja)">Euryarchaeota</a>).<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zgradba,_kemična_sestava_in_organizacija">Zgradba, kemična sestava in organizacija</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi razdelek: Zgradba, kemična sestava in organizacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&action=edit&section=6" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Zgradba, kemična sestava in organizacija">uredi kodo</a>]</div> V splošnem imajo arheje in bakterije podobno celično zgradbo, vendar različno sestavo in organizacijo. Tako kot bakterije tudi arheje nimajo notranjih membran in <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">organelov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> poleg tega so celične membrane pogosto obdane s celično steno, premikajo pa se s pomočjo enega ali več <a href="/wiki/Bi%C4%8Dek" title="Biček">bičkov</a> (flagelov).<a href="#cite_note-thomas-53">[53]</a> Po zgradbi so najbolj podobne <a href="/wiki/Grampozitivne_bakterije" class="mw-redirect" title="Grampozitivne bakterije">grampozitivnim bakterijam</a>, ki imajo <a href="/wiki/Celi%C4%8Dna_membrana" title="Celična membrana">celično membrano</a> (plazmalemo) in <a href="/wiki/Celi%C4%8Dna_stena" title="Celična stena">celično steno</a>, vmes pa se nahaja tanjši znotrajstenski prostor (IWZ). Izjema so le arheje iz rodu Ignococcus, ki imajo veliki periplazmatski prostor, v katerem se nahajajo na membrano vezani <a href="/wiki/Vezikel" title="Vezikel">vezikli</a>, obdajata pa ga zunanja in notranja membrana, s čimer so podobne <a href="/wiki/Gramnegativne_bakterije" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramnegativne bakterije">gramnegativnim bakterijam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[a]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celična_membrana">Celična membrana</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi razdelek: Celična membrana" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&action=edit&section=7" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Celična membrana">uredi kodo</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Archaea_membrane.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Archaea_membrane.svg/250px-Archaea_membrane.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Archaea_membrane.svg/375px-Archaea_membrane.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Archaea_membrane.svg/500px-Archaea_membrane.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Zgoraj - fosfolipid arhej: 1. lipidni verigi iz izoprenskih enot; 2. etrski vezi; 3. L-glicerolni ostanek; 4. fosfatna skupina V sredini - fosfolipid bakterij in evkariontov: 5. lipidni verigi; 6. estrski vezi; 7. D-glicerolni ostanek; 8. fosfatna skupina Spodaj: 9. fosfolipidni dvosloj večine organizmov; 10. fosfolipidni monosloj nekaterih arhej</figcaption></figure> Membrane arhej so sestavljene iz molekul, ki se močno razlikujejo od tistih pri bakterijah in evkariontih.<a href="#cite_note-koga-57">[56]</a> Celične membrane vseh organizmov so sestavljene iz <a href="/wiki/Fosfolipid" title="Fosfolipid">fosfolipidov</a>, ki so bipolarni. Polaren del (<a href="/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat">fosfatna</a> glava) je topen v vodi, nepolaren del (<a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipidni</a> rep) pa ni topen. Oba dela povezuje <a href="/wiki/Glicerol" title="Glicerol">glicerolni</a> ostanek. Celične membrane gradita dve plasti fosfolipidov, pri čemer so polarni deli obrnjeni navzven, nepolarni pa proti notranjosti; celični membrani tako pravimo tudi fosfolipidni dvosloj. Fosfolipidi arhej se od fosfolipidov bakterij in evkariontov razlikujejo po štirih glavnih značilnostih: <ul><li>Pri bakterijah in evkariontih lipide in glicerolni ostanek povezuje <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">estrska vez</a>, medtem ko jih pri arhejah <a href="/wiki/Eter" title="Eter">etrska</a> vez.<a href="#cite_note-derosa-6">[6]</a> Etrske vezi so močnejše od estrskih, kar je verjetno eden od razlogov, da arheje lahko bivajo v okoljih z visokimi temperaturami ter v kislem ali bazičnem okolju.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereokemija" title="Stereokemija">Stereokemija</a> glicerolnega ostanka pri arhejah se razlikuje od drugih organizmov, saj je ta molekula levosučna, kar pomeni, da <a href="/wiki/Encim" title="Encim">encimi</a>, ki so prilagojeni za <a href="/wiki/Katalizator" title="Katalizator">kataliziranje</a> reakcij desnosučnih molekul, ne morejo katalizirati reakcij levosučnih molekul. To nakazuje, da so encimi arhej, ki tvorijo fosfolipide, popolnoma drugačni od drugih organizmov, tako da so se arheje verjetno zelo zgodaj ločile od drugih organizmov tekom <a href="/wiki/Evolucija" title="Evolucija">evolucije</a>.<a href="#cite_note-koga-57">[56]</a></li> <li>Lipidni repi arhej so zgrajeni iz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izopren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izopren (stran ne obstaja)">izoprenskih</a> enot z mnogimi stranskimi vejami, pri nekaterih vrstah so prisotni tudi <a href="/wiki/Ciklopropan" title="Ciklopropan">ciklopropanski</a> ali <a href="/wiki/Cikloheksan" title="Cikloheksan">cikloheksanski</a> obroči.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Pri drugih organizmih so lipidni repi enostavnejši, brez stranskih vej ali obročev. Razvejane verige verjetno ščitijo arheje pred visokimi temperaturami.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></li> <li>Pri nekaterih arhejah so membrane sestavljene iz enega fosfolipidnega sloja, ker so lipidni repi povezani med sabo; take povezave, kot npr. pri arhejah iz rodu Ferroplasma, ki živijo v močno zakisanem okolju, so verjetno prav tako prilagoditev za preživetje v ekstremnih razmerah.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celična_stena_in_bički">Celična stena in bički</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi razdelek: Celična stena in bički" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&action=edit&section=8" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Celična stena in bički">uredi kodo</a>]</div> Večina arhej (z izjemo Thermoplasma in Ferroplasma) ima celično steno.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Ta je navadno sestavljena iz <a href="/wiki/Glikoprotein" title="Glikoprotein">glikoproteinov</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> in ne iz <a href="/wiki/Peptidoglikan" title="Peptidoglikan">peptidoglikana</a>, kot pri bakterijah.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Celična stena daje fizično zaščito in preprečuje zunanjim molekulam dostop do celične membrane. Pri nekaterih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metanobakterije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metanobakterije (stran ne obstaja)">metanobakterijah</a> je stena sestavljena iz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psevdopeptidoglikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psevdopeptidoglikan (stran ne obstaja)">psevdopeptidoglikana</a>, ki se od peptidoglikana razlikuje po tem, da ga ne gradijo desnosučne <a href="/wiki/Aminokislina" title="Aminokislina">aminokisline</a> in <a href="/wiki/N-acetilmuraminska_kislina" title="N-acetilmuraminska kislina">N-acetilmuraminska kislina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bi%C4%8Dek" title="Biček">Bički</a> arhej delujejo podobno kot pri bakterijah, tj. na podoben princip kot ladijski vijak, energijo za vrtenje pa daje gradient <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protonov</a> preko membrane.<a href="#cite_note-thomas-53">[53]</a> Za razliko od bakterij, katerih bički rastejo z dodajanjem podenot na konicah, pri arhejah rastejo z dodajanjem podenot na bazi bička.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Poleg tega so se bički arhej verjetno razvili iz drugih organelov, natančneje iz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilus (stran ne obstaja)">pilusov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presnova">Presnova</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi razdelek: Presnova" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&action=edit&section=9" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Presnova">uredi kodo</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <caption>Osnovna razdelitev arhej glede na tip presnove </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#FFFACD">Prehranski tip </th> <th style="background:#FFFACD">Vir ogljika </th> <th style="background:#FFFACD">Vir energije </th> <th style="background:#FFFACD">Primeri arhej </th></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFFE0"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litotrof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Litotrof (stran ne obstaja)">litotrof</a> </td> <td align="center">organske snovi ali fiksacija ogljika </td> <td align="center">anorganske snovi </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferroglobus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferroglobus (stran ne obstaja)">Ferroglobus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanobacteria (stran ne obstaja)">Methanobacteria</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrolobus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrolobus (stran ne obstaja)">Pyrolobus</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFACD"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organotrof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organotrof (stran ne obstaja)">organotrof</a> </td> <td align="center">organske snovi ali fiksacija ogljika </td> <td align="center">organske snovi </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrococcus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrococcus (stran ne obstaja)">Pyrococcus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfolobus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfolobus (stran ne obstaja)">Sulfolobus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanosarcinales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanosarcinales (stran ne obstaja)">Methanosarcinales</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFFE0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Fototrof" class="mw-redirect" title="Fototrof">fototrof</a> </td> <td align="center">organske snovi </td> <td align="center">sončna svetloba </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halobacteria (stran ne obstaja)">Halobacteria</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Arheje so glede pridobivanja energije in hranil zelo raznolike. V splošnem lahko vse organizme razdelimo na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avtotrofe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avtotrofe (stran ne obstaja)">avtotrofe</a>, pri katerih je edini vir <a href="/wiki/Ogljik" title="Ogljik">ogljika</a> za proizvajanje hranilnih snovi le <a href="/wiki/Ogljikov_dioksid" title="Ogljikov dioksid">ogljikov dioksid</a> (CO2), ter na <a href="/wiki/Heterotrof" title="Heterotrof">heterotrofe</a>, ki morajo ogljik pridobiti preko prehranjevanja z drugimi organizmi ali s privzemanjem hranilnih snovi iz okolja. Obe skupini lahko naprej delimo na <a href="/wiki/Fototrof" class="mw-redirect" title="Fototrof">fototrofe</a>, ki izrabljajo energijo sončne svetlobe, ter na kemotrofe, ki pridobivajo energijo z oksidacijo <a href="/wiki/Anorganska_spojina" title="Anorganska spojina">anorganskih</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Litotrof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Litotrof (stran ne obstaja)">litotrofi</a>) ali <a href="/wiki/Organska_spojina" title="Organska spojina">organskih snovi</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Organotrof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organotrof (stran ne obstaja)">organotrofi</a>). Kot vsi avtotrofi tudi avtotrofne arheje pretvarjajo CO2 v kompleksne organske spojine, kar imenujemo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiksacija_ogljika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiksacija ogljika (stran ne obstaja)">fiksacija ogljika</a>. Med <a href="/wiki/Presnova" title="Presnova">presnovnimi</a> (metabolnimi) potmi sta pri arhejah bistvena prilagojen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calvinov_cikel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calvinov cikel (stran ne obstaja)">Calvinov cikel</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> ter 3-hidroksipropionat/4-hidroksibutiratni cikel.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Pri krenarhejah poteka tudi obratni (reverzni) <a href="/wiki/Krebsov_cikel" title="Krebsov cikel">Krebsov cikel</a>, pri pravih arhejah pa reduktivna acetil-CoA pot (tudi Wood–Ljungdahlova pot).<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Veliko avtotrofnih arhej pridobiva energijo z oksidacijo anorganskih snovi, kot so <a href="/wiki/Amonijak" title="Amonijak">amonijak</a> (npr. Nitrosopumilales) ter elementalno <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDveplo" title="Žveplo">žveplo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vodikov_sulfid" title="Vodikov sulfid">vodikov sulfid</a> (H2S; npr. Sulfolobus). Gre torej za <a href="/wiki/Redoks_reakcija" title="Redoks reakcija">redoks reakcije</a>, pri katerih se <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektroni</a> prenašajo od ene snovi, ki jih oddaja (reducent), do druge snovi, ki jih sprejema (oksidant); oksidanti so najpogosteje kisik ali <a href="/wiki/Kovina" title="Kovina">kovinski</a> <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ioni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Pri prenosu elektronov se sprošča energija, ki se porabi za sintezo <a href="/wiki/Adenozin_trifosfat" title="Adenozin trifosfat">adenozin trifosfata</a> (ATP), glavne energijske valute v celici; v osnovi je proces podoben <a href="/wiki/Kemiosmotska_sklopitev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemiosmotska sklopitev">kemiosmotski sklopitvi</a>, ki poteka v <a href="/wiki/Mitohondrij" title="Mitohondrij">mitohondrijih</a> evkariontskih celic. Posebna skupina so <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metanogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metanogen (stran ne obstaja)">metanogene</a> arheje iz debla pravih arhej, ki bivajo v anaerobnih pogojih (tj. v okolju brez <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisika</a>), kot so <a href="/wiki/Mo%C4%8Dvirje" title="Močvirje">močvirja</a>. Pri reakcijah se CO2 reducira v <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metan</a> (CH4), iz <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodika</a> pa z oksidacijo nastane voda. Po nekaterih teorijah naj bi bili metanogeni prvi prosto živeči organizmi na svetu.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Bacteriorhodopsin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bacteriorhodopsin.png/175px-Bacteriorhodopsin.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bacteriorhodopsin.png/263px-Bacteriorhodopsin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bacteriorhodopsin.png/350px-Bacteriorhodopsin.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Bakteriorodopsin pri halobakteriji H. salinarum; na sredini se nahaja retinol, ki deluje kot <a href="/wiki/Kofaktor" title="Kofaktor">kofaktor</a>.</figcaption></figure> Pri metanogenih arhejah so alternativni prejemniki elektronov (oksidanti) tudi organske spojine, kot so <a href="/wiki/Alkohol" title="Alkohol">alkoholi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocetna_kislina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocetna kislina">ocetna kislina</a> ter <a href="/wiki/Mravlji%C4%8Dna_kislina" class="mw-redirect" title="Mravljična kislina">mravljična kislina</a>. Take reakcije pogosto potekajo pri arhejah, ki prebivajo v <a href="/wiki/Prebavni_trakt" class="mw-redirect" title="Prebavni trakt">prebavnem traktu</a> živali. Primer tega so arheje iz reda Methanosarcinales, ki razcepijo ocetno kislino na metan in CO2 ter so pomemben del mikrobne favne, ki proizvaja <a href="/wiki/Bioplin" title="Bioplin">bioplin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Fotoheterotrofne arheje, kot so <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halobakterije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halobakterije (stran ne obstaja)">halobakterije</a>, pretvarjajo sončno energijo v kemično, ki je prav tako v obliki ATP; proces je znan kot <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotofosforilacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotofosforilacija (stran ne obstaja)">fotofosforilacija</a>. <a href="/wiki/Protonska_%C4%8Drpalka" title="Protonska črpalka">Protonske črpalke</a>, kot sta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakteriorodopsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakteriorodopsin (stran ne obstaja)">bakteriorodopsin</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halorodopsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halorodopsin (stran ne obstaja)">halorodopsin</a>, ustvarjajo gradient <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protonov</a> (H+) preko celične membrane, ki je bistven za tvorbo ATP.<a href="#cite_note-bergey-42">[42]</a> Pogon črpalk omogočajo spremembe v strukturi <a href="/wiki/Retinol" class="mw-redirect" title="Retinol">retinola</a>, ki nastanejo pod vplivom svetlobe.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Fotoavtotrofne arheje, pri katerih bi potekala <a href="/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza">fotosinteza</a>, do sedaj niso bile odkrite.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetika">Genetika</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi razdelek: Genetika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&action=edit&section=10" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Genetika">uredi kodo</a>]</div> Podobno kot bakterije imajo tudi arheje običajno en krožni <a href="/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom">kromosom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Med arhejami ima največji kromosom Methanosarcina acetivorans s skoraj 6 milijoni <a href="/wiki/Bazni_par" title="Bazni par">baznih parov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> najmanjšega pa Nanoarchaeum equitans s slabim pol milijona baznih barov.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Prav tako se v arhejah nahajajo samostojni, zunajkromosomski delčki <a href="/wiki/Nukleinska_kislina" title="Nukleinska kislina">nukleinskih kislin</a> v obliki obročkov, ki se imenujejo <a href="/wiki/Plazmid" title="Plazmid">plazmidi</a>. Med celicami se prenašajo preko procesa, ki je podoben bakterijski <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konjugacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konjugacija (stran ne obstaja)">konjugaciji</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:RT8-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/RT8-4.jpg/250px-RT8-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/RT8-4.jpg/330px-RT8-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/RT8-4.jpg/500px-RT8-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>Arheja iz rodu Sulfolobus, okužena z virusom STSV-1 (črta označuje 1 μm).</figcaption></figure> Arheje se v genetskem smislu zelo razlikujejo od bakterij in evkariontov, saj do 15 % vseh genov nosi zapis oz. kodira <a href="/wiki/Beljakovina" title="Beljakovina">beljakovine</a>, ki so lastne samo arhejam.<a href="#cite_note-graham-80">[79]</a> Vloga večine teh beljakovin je zaenkrat še neznana,<a href="#cite_note-graham-80">[79]</a> od znanih pa jih večina pripada metanogenim bakterijam iz debla pravih arhej, ki služijo metanogenezi.<a href="#cite_note-Gaasterland-81">[80]</a> Poleg tega je pri arhejah drugačna tudi organizacija genov s sorodnimi funkcijami v <a href="/wiki/Operon" title="Operon">operonih</a> (kot so recimo geni, ki kodirajo encime, udeležene v določeni presnovni poti) ter zgradba <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aminoacil-tRNA-sintetaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aminoacil-tRNA-sintetaza (stran ne obstaja)">aminoacil-tRNA-sintetaz</a> in genov, ki kodirajo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prena%C5%A1alna_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prenašalna RNA (stran ne obstaja)">prenašalne RNA</a> (tRNA).<a href="#cite_note-Gaasterland-81">[80]</a> Arheje si sicer z ostalimi organizmi delijo predvsem nekatere beljakovine, ki služijo presnovi <a href="/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid">nukleotidov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gensko_prepisovanje" title="Gensko prepisovanje">genskemu prepisovanju</a> (transkripciji) in <a href="/wiki/Gensko_prevajanje" title="Gensko prevajanje">prevajanju</a> (translaciji).<a href="#cite_note-Gaasterland-81">[80]</a> Gensko prepisovanje in prevajanje pri arhejah je bolj podobno tistemu, ki poteka pri evkariontih, kot pa pri bakterijah, kar velja predvsem za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polimeraza_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polimeraza RNA (stran ne obstaja)">polimerazo RNA</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom">ribosome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-allers-5">[5]</a> Arheje imajo samo en tip polimeraze RNA, ki je po zgradbi in funkciji podobna polimerazi RNA II evkariontov.<a href="#cite_note-werner-82">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prepisovalni_dejavnik" title="Prepisovalni dejavnik">Prepisovalni (transkripcijski) dejavniki</a>, ki usmerjajo polimerazo RNA na <a href="/wiki/Promotor" title="Promotor">promotor</a>, so podobni evkariontskim različicam,<a href="#cite_note-werner-82">[81]</a> medtem ko so ostali prepisovalni dejavniki bolj podobni bakterijskim različicam.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Posttranskripcijska_modifikacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posttranskripcijska modifikacija (stran ne obstaja)">Posttranskripcijske modifikacije</a> so pri arhejah enostavnejše, saj je večina genov brez <a href="/wiki/Intron" title="Intron">intronov</a>, kar ne velja predvsem za gene, ki kodirajo prenašalno in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribosomska_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribosomska RNA (stran ne obstaja)">ribosomsko RNA</a> (rRNA).<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Nekateri dvojnovijačni DNA-<a href="/wiki/Virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Virus">virusi</a>, za katere so značilne nenavadne oblike (npr. oblike kapljic, kavljev ali steklenic), lahko <a href="/wiki/Oku%C5%BEba" title="Okužba">okužijo</a> arheje.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Primeri takih virusov so virusi iz družin Fuselloviridae, Lipothrixviridae in Rudiviridae, ki okužijo termofilne arheje iz redov Sulfolobales in Thermoproteales.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Znani so tudi enovijačni DNA-virusi iz družin Pleolipoviridae<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> in Spiraviridae,<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> ki okužijo halofilne in hipertermofilne arheje, v tem vrstnem redu. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Izmenjava_in_popravljanje_poškodb_nukleinskih_kislin">Izmenjava in popravljanje poškodb nukleinskih kislin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi razdelek: Izmenjava in popravljanje poškodb nukleinskih kislin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&action=edit&section=11" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Izmenjava in popravljanje poškodb nukleinskih kislin">uredi kodo</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Bacterial_Transformation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bacterial_Transformation.svg/220px-Bacterial_Transformation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bacterial_Transformation.svg/330px-Bacterial_Transformation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bacterial_Transformation.svg/440px-Bacterial_Transformation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Shematski prikaz bakterijske tranformacije, načina izmenjave nukleinskih kislin, ki je verjetno podoben pri arhejah.</figcaption></figure> Raziskave hipertermofilnih arhej Sulfolobus solfataricus<a href="#cite_note-frols-89">[88]</a> in S. acidocaldarius<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> so pokazale, da se omenjene arheje ob izpostavljenosti dejavnikom, ki poškodujejo nukleinske kisline (kot so <a href="/wiki/Ultravijoli%C4%8Dna_svetloba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultravijolična svetloba">UV svetoba</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bleomicin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bleomicin (stran ne obstaja)">bleomicin</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitomicin_C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitomicin C (stran ne obstaja)">mitomicin C</a>), združujejo v skupke oz. agregate. Domnevajo, da si celice v skupkih izmenjujejo DNA med seboj in tako popravljajo poškodbe DNA preko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homologna_rekombinacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homologna rekombinacija (stran ne obstaja)">homologne rekombinacije</a>. Celoten proces je verjetno podoben bakterijski <a href="/wiki/Transformacija_(genetika)" title="Transformacija (genetika)">transformaciji</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Drugi stresni dejavniki, kot so spremembe temperature ali pH, ne sprožijo združevanje celic, kar nakazuje na to, da se proces sproži samo ob poškodbah DNA.<a href="#cite_note-frols-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Razmnoževanje">Razmnoževanje</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi razdelek: Razmnoževanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&action=edit&section=12" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Razmnoževanje">uredi kodo</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5590687">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glej tudi: <a href="/wiki/Nespolno_razmno%C5%BEevanje" title="Nespolno razmnoževanje">Nespolno razmnoževanje</a></div> Arheje se razmnožujejo nespolno s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cepitev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cepitev (stran ne obstaja)">cepitvijo</a> (fisijo), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fragmentacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fragmentacija (stran ne obstaja)">fragmentacijo</a> ali <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brstenje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brstenje (stran ne obstaja)">brstenjem</a>. Pri cepitvi se organizem razcepi na dva ali več enakih hčerinskih osebkov, pri fragmentaciji na več delov, ki se nato razvijejo v odrasle osebke, pri brstenju pa na starševskem osebku zraste (vzbrsti) hčerinski osebek, ki se nato odcepi. Pri nespolnem razmnoževanju imajo hčerinski osebki samo enega starša, zato so ti genetsko enaki staršu oz. njegovi <a href="/wiki/Klon" class="mw-disambig" title="Klon">kloni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bergey-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Celi%C4%8Dni_ciklus" title="Celični ciklus">Celični ciklus</a> naj bi imel značilnosti tako bakterijske kot evkariontske različice.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Nobena od znanih arhej ne tvori <a href="/wiki/Spora" title="Spora">spor</a>. Nekatere vrste <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haloarheje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haloarheje (stran ne obstaja)">haloarhej</a> se sicer lahko preobrazijo v strukture, podobne sporam, ki na primer kljubujejo <a href="/wiki/Osmoza" title="Osmoza">osmotskemu</a> stresu zaradi nizke slanosti okolja, vendar te strukture niso razmnoževalne enote, pač pa le oblika, s katero kljubujejo neugodnim razmeram.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekologija">Ekologija</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi razdelek: Ekologija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&action=edit&section=13" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Ekologija">uredi kodo</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Življenjski_prostor">Življenjski prostor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi razdelek: Življenjski prostor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&action=edit&section=14" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Življenjski prostor">uredi kodo</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5590687" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glej tudi: <a href="/wiki/Ekstremofil" title="Ekstremofil">Ekstremofil</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6026938/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Morning-Glory_Hotspring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Morning-Glory_Hotspring.jpg/250px-Morning-Glory_Hotspring.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Morning-Glory_Hotspring.jpg/500px-Morning-Glory_Hotspring.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Termofilne arheje, ki bivajo v prikazanem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termalni_vrelec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termalni vrelec (stran ne obstaja)">termalnem vrelcu</a> v <a href="/wiki/Narodni_park_Yellowstone" title="Narodni park Yellowstone">Narodnem parku Yellowstone</a>, dajejo rumeno barvo.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Slika:San_Francisco_Bay_Salt_Ponds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/San_Francisco_Bay_Salt_Ponds.jpg/250px-San_Francisco_Bay_Salt_Ponds.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/San_Francisco_Bay_Salt_Ponds.jpg/500px-San_Francisco_Bay_Salt_Ponds.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Halofilne arheje so obarvale <a href="/wiki/Soline" title="Soline">soline</a> blizu <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisca</a> temno rdeče.</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Življenjski prostor</a> (habitat) arhej je zelo raznolik, po nekaterih podatkih pa naj bi tvorile kar petino celotne biomase na Zemlji.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Nekatere arheje bivajo v ekstremnih razmerah, saj lahko preživijo v okolju s temperaturami nad 100 °C, kot so <a href="/wiki/Gejzir" title="Gejzir">gejzirji</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrotermalni_vrelec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrotermalni vrelec (stran ne obstaja)">hidrotermalni vrelci</a> in naftne vrtine. Drugi pogosti habitati ekstremofilnih arhej so mrzla oz. <a href="/wiki/Polarno_obmo%C4%8Dje" title="Polarno območje">polarna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> slana, kisla ali bazična (alkalna) okolja.<a href="#cite_note-delong-7">[7]</a> Ekstremofilne arheje lahko glede na habitat razdelimo na štiri skupine, in sicer na termofile, halofile, acidofile ter alkalifile. Pri tem je treba upoštevati, da v posamezno skupino ne uvrščamo samo enega debla oz. kraljestva arhej, prav tako lahko določena skupina arhej biva v okolju z različnimi ekstremnimi pogoji, kot je vroče in kislo okolje hidrotermalnih vrelcev.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Za termofile je optimalna temperatura nad 45 °C, za hipertermofile nad 80 °C. Methanopyrus kandleri se lahko razmnožuje celo pri temperaturi 122 °C, kar je obenem najvišja temperatura, ki jo lahko prenese katerikoli znani organizem.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Halofili, kot so haloarheje, bivajo v okolju, kjer je <a href="/wiki/Slanost" title="Slanost">slanost</a> večja od 20-25 %.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Druge arheje lahko bivajo v zelo kislih ali bazičnih okoljih; Picrophilus torridus lahko denimo uspeva v kislem okolju s <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> 0, kar je enako, kot da bi uspevala v <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDveplova_kislina" title="Žveplova kislina">žveplovi kislini</a> s koncentracijo 1,2 <a href="/wiki/Mno%C5%BEinska_koncentracija" title="Množinska koncentracija">M</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Posebnost je na radioaktivno sevanje odporna prava arheja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermococcus_gammatolerans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermococcus gammatolerans (stran ne obstaja)">Thermococcus gammatolerans</a>, ki lahko preživi v okolju z dozo sevanja 30 <a href="/wiki/Gray_(enota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray (enota)">kGy</a> in prenese akutno dozo do vsaj 5 kGy brez posledic, s čimer se lahko primerja z bakterijo <a href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans" title="Deinococcus radiodurans">Deinococcus radiodurans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Navkljub temu je večina arhej mezofilnih, kar pomeni, da bivajo v zmernih razmerah, npr. v močvirjih, <a href="/wiki/Kanalizacija" title="Kanalizacija">kanalizacijskih</a> sistemih, <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceanih</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prst_(pedologija)" title="Prst (pedologija)">prsti</a> ter prebavnem traktu živali (npr. metanogene bakterije pri <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%BEvekovalci" class="mw-redirect" title="Prežvekovalci">prežvekovalcih</a>, kot je <a href="/wiki/Doma%C4%8De_govedo" title="Domače govedo">domače govedo</a>).<a href="#cite_note-delong-7">[7]</a> V oceanih so pomemben del <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">planktona</a> (natančneje heterotrofnega <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pikoplankton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pikoplankton (stran ne obstaja)">pikoplanktona</a>).<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Po nekateri podatkih naj bi tvorile okoli 40 % celotne mase planktonskih mikrobov.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Trenutna vloga arhej v oceanskih <a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">ekosistemih</a> je še vedno nejasna, domneva pa se, da naj bi bile med drugim pomembne za <a href="/wiki/Kro%C5%BEenje_du%C5%A1ika" title="Kroženje dušika">kroženje dušika</a> v oceanu, še posebej arheje iz debla Crenarchaeota.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Mnogo arhej biva tudi v <a href="/wiki/Sediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sediment">sedimentih</a> na morskem dnu.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Zaradi kljubovanja ekstremnim razmeram so arheje predmet raziskav v zvezi z možnostjo <a href="/wiki/Zunajzemeljsko_%C5%BEivljenje" class="mw-redirect" title="Zunajzemeljsko življenje">zunajzemeljskega življenja</a>, saj so tovrstne razmere podobne tistim na tujih <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planetih</a> in <a href="/wiki/Naravni_satelit" title="Naravni satelit">naravnih satelitih</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Po hipotezi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panspermija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panspermija (stran ne obstaja)">panspermije</a> bi se mikrobi lahko prenašali med <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planeti</a> preko <a href="/wiki/Nebesno_telo" title="Nebesno telo">nebesnih teles</a>, kot so <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroidi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vloga_v_kroženju_snovi">Vloga v kroženju snovi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi razdelek: Vloga v kroženju snovi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&action=edit&section=15" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Vloga v kroženju snovi">uredi kodo</a>]</div> Arheje so v ekosistemih med drugim pomembne zaradi <a href="/wiki/Kro%C5%BEenje_ogljika" title="Kroženje ogljika">kroženja ogljika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kro%C5%BEenje_du%C5%A1ika" title="Kroženje dušika">dušika</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kro%C5%BEenje_%C5%BEvepla" title="Kroženje žvepla">žvepla</a>. Po drugi strani lahko človeški posegi v naravo povzročijo nenadzorovan razrast arhej, kar okrepi škodljiv učinek na okolje. V kroženju dušika so arheje bistvene tako v reakcijah, ki odstranjujejo dušik iz okolja (npr. denitrifikacija), kot v reakcijah, ki ga uvajajo v okolje (npr. asimilacija in fiksacija dušika).<a href="#cite_note-cabello-9">[9]</a> Poleg tega imajo pomembno vlogo pri oksidaciji <a href="/wiki/Amonijak" title="Amonijak">amonijaka</a> tako v oceanih<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> kot na kopnem, kjer proizvajajo <a href="/wiki/Nitrit" title="Nitrit">nitrite</a>. Slednje ostali mikrobi oksidirajo v <a href="/wiki/Nitrat" title="Nitrat">nitrate</a>, ki jih uporabijo rastline in drugi organizmi.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Nekatere arheje (npr. Sulfolobus) oksidirajo žveplove spojine (npr. <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDelezov_sulfid" class="mw-disambig" title="Železov sulfid">železov sulfid</a>, FeS2), posledično pa <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDveplo" title="Žveplo">žveplo</a> postane dostopno ostalim organizmom. Stranski oz. odpadni produkt pri tem procesu je <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDveplova_kislina" title="Žveplova kislina">žveplova kislina</a>, zato lahko njihova rast v zapuščenih rudnikih povzroči nastanek kislin odpadnih vod, ki so zelo <a href="/wiki/Onesna%C5%BEevanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Onesnaževanje">škodljive za okolje</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> V kroženju ogljika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metanogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metanogen (stran ne obstaja)">metanogene</a> arheje odstranjujejo vodik in so pomembni <a href="/wiki/Razkrojevalec" title="Razkrojevalec">razkrojevalci</a> v anaerobnih okoljih, kot so sedimenti, močvirja in kanalizacijski sistemi.<a href="#cite_note-schimel-8">[8]</a> Metanogene arheje so glavni vir atmosferskega metana, posledično pa bistveno prispevajo k emisiji <a href="/wiki/Toplogredni_plin" title="Toplogredni plin">toplogrednih plinov</a> in <a href="/wiki/Globalno_segrevanje" title="Globalno segrevanje">globalnemu segrevanju</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNEP-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Razmerje_z_drugimi_organizmi">Razmerje z drugimi organizmi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi razdelek: Razmerje z drugimi organizmi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&action=edit&section=16" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Razmerje z drugimi organizmi">uredi kodo</a>]</div> Do sedaj so bila dobro raziskana samo koristna razmerja z ostalimi organizmi, saj je morebitna škodljiva vloga arhej pri nastanku bolezni zelo nejasna.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Nekatere metanogene arheje naj bi bile sicer povezane z ustnimi boleznimi pri človeku.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Two_cattle_near_Wantastiquet_Mountain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Two_cattle_near_Wantastiquet_Mountain.jpg/250px-Two_cattle_near_Wantastiquet_Mountain.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Two_cattle_near_Wantastiquet_Mountain.jpg/500px-Two_cattle_near_Wantastiquet_Mountain.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Metanogene arheje so bistven del mikrobne favne v prebavnem traktu nekaterih živali, kot je domače govedo.</figcaption></figure> Tipičen primer <a href="/wiki/So%C5%BEitje" title="Sožitje">sožitja</a> je <a href="/wiki/Mutualizem" title="Mutualizem">mutualizem</a> med <a href="/wiki/Fermentacija_(biokemija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentacija (biokemija)">fermentacijskimi</a> bakterijami in <a href="/wiki/Pra%C5%BEivali" title="Praživali">praživalmi</a> ter metanogenimi arhejami v prebavnem traktu živali, ki razgrajujejo <a href="/wiki/Celuloza" title="Celuloza">celulozo</a>, kot so prežvekovalci in <a href="/wiki/Termit" class="mw-redirect" title="Termit">termiti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Razgradnja velikih organskih molekul namreč poteka tako, da se <a href="/wiki/Polimer" title="Polimer">polimerna</a> spojina najprej razgradi na oligomere, kot so <a href="/wiki/Oligosaharid" title="Oligosaharid">oligosaharidi</a>, slednji pa nato na monomere, kot so <a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%A1%C4%8Dobna_kislina" title="Maščobna kislina">maščobne kisline</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monosaharid" title="Monosaharid">monosaharidi</a> (npr. <a href="/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza">glukoza</a>).<a href="#cite_note-schink-116">[115]</a> Pri tem se sproščajo stranski produkti, kot sta vodik in CO2, ki ju metanogene arheje lahko pretvorijo v kemično energijo v obliki ATP preko <a href="/wiki/Redoks_reakcija" title="Redoks reakcija">redoks reakcij</a>.<a href="#cite_note-schink-116">[115]</a> Od te pretvorbe imajo korist tudi fermentacijski mikrobi, saj nižji kot je <a href="/wiki/Delni_tlak" title="Delni tlak">delni tlak</a> vodika, več mononomerov se lahko pretvori v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetat (stran ne obstaja)">acetat</a> in vodik.<a href="#cite_note-schink-116">[115]</a> Taka reakcija sprosti več energije, kot pa bi jo npr. pretvorba v <a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">etanol</a> ali <a href="/w/index.php?title=Butirat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butirat (stran ne obstaja)">butirat</a> ob višjem delnem tlaku vodika.<a href="#cite_note-schink-116">[115]</a> Energijsko ugodno reakcijo razgradnje glukoze pri fermentacijskih mikrobih (1) ter tvorbo metana (2) se lahko zapiše kot: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{glukoza}}\,+\,2\;H_{2}O\longrightarrow \;{\text{2 acetata}}\,+\,2\;H^{+}\,+\,2\;CO_{2}+4H_{2},\qquad (1)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>glukoza</mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mo>+</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>2 acetata</mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mo>+</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mo>+</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="2em"></mspace> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{glukoza}}\,+\,2\;H_{2}O\longrightarrow \;{\text{2 acetata}}\,+\,2\;H^{+}\,+\,2\;CO_{2}+4H_{2},\qquad (1)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cce9d02566fa5e6214587c6d5beb4d6613a7959c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:67.405ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{glukoza}}\,+\,2\;H_{2}O\longrightarrow \;{\text{2 acetata}}\,+\,2\;H^{+}\,+\,2\;CO_{2}+4H_{2},\qquad (1)}" /></dd></dl> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle CO_{2}\,+\,4H_{2}\longrightarrow \;CH_{4}\,+\,2\;H_{2}O.\qquad (2)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mo>+</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn>4</mn> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mo>+</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>O</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mspace width="2em"></mspace> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle CO_{2}\,+\,4H_{2}\longrightarrow \;CH_{4}\,+\,2\;H_{2}O.\qquad (2)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/039c31f799be7ca4bb275d5d0a1d46b896e7b59b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:41.681ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle CO_{2}\,+\,4H_{2}\longrightarrow \;CH_{4}\,+\,2\;H_{2}O.\qquad (2)}" /></dd></dl> Metanogene arheje bivajo tudi kot <a href="/wiki/Endosimbioza" title="Endosimbioza">endosimbionti</a> v nekaterih anaerobnih praživalih, kot je Plagiopyla frontata.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Sožitje ni omejeno samo na prave arheje, kot je bilo dolgo domnevano, pač pa nekatere krenarheje prav tako bivajo kot endosimbionti v <a href="/wiki/Spu%C5%BEve" title="Spužve">spužvah</a> (recimo arheja Cenarchaeum symbiosum v mehiški rogljači, Axinella mexicana).<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Arheje so lahko tudi <a href="/wiki/Prisklednik" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisklednik">priskledniki</a> (komenzali), kar pomeni, da imajo od skupnega bivanja korist, gostiteljskemu organizmu pa arheje niti ne koristijo niti ne škodujejo, čeprav bi take arheje ob sodelovanju z drugimi mikrobi lahko prispevale k <a href="/wiki/Prebava" title="Prebava">prebavljanju</a> hrane.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Tak primer bi lahko bila metanogena arheja Methanobrevibacter smithii, ki je najpogostejša arheja v <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Crevesna_flora" title="Črevesna flora">črevesni flori</a> človeka in v njej predstavlja desetino vseh prokariontov.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Znane so tudi arheje, ki sobivajo z drugimi organizmi, kot so <a href="/wiki/Korala" title="Korala">korale</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> in rastline, predvsem v prsti okoli <a href="/wiki/Korenina" title="Korenina">korenin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pomen_v_biotehnologiji_in_industriji">Pomen v biotehnologiji in industriji</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Uredi razdelek: Pomen v biotehnologiji in industriji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&action=edit&section=17" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Pomen v biotehnologiji in industriji">uredi kodo</a>]</div> Ekstremofilne arheje, odporne na visoke temperature ter kisline in baze, so vir encimov, odpornih na tovrstne strese. Termostabilne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polimeraza_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polimeraza DNA (stran ne obstaja)">polimeraze DNA</a>, kot je Pfu polimeraza, izolirana iz arheje Pyrococcus furiosus, so omogočile izjemen napredek v <a href="/wiki/Molekularna_biologija" title="Molekularna biologija">molekularni biologiji</a> kot bistven del <a href="/wiki/Veri%C5%BEna_reakcija_s_polimerazo" title="Verižna reakcija s polimerazo">verižne reakcije s polimerazo</a> (PCR).<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Egorova-11">[11]</a> V živilski industriji <a href="/wiki/Amilaza" title="Amilaza">amilaze</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktozidaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaktozidaza (stran ne obstaja)">galaktozidaze</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulunaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulunaza (stran ne obstaja)">pulunaze</a>, izolirane iz drugih vrst rodu Pyrococcus in aktivne pri temperaturi nad 100 °C, omogočajo predelavo hrane pri visokih temperaturah, kot je proizvodnja <a href="/wiki/Sirotka" title="Sirotka">sirotke</a> in mleka z nizko vsebnostjo <a href="/wiki/Laktoza" title="Laktoza">laktoze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Tovrstni encimi so stabilni tudi v organskih <a href="/wiki/Topilo" title="Topilo">topilih</a>, kar omogoča uporabo v <a href="/wiki/Zelena_kemija" title="Zelena kemija">okolju prijaznih procesih</a> za proizvodnjo organskih spojin.<a href="#cite_note-Egorova-11">[11]</a> Uporaba samih arhej je v <a href="/wiki/Biotehnologija" title="Biotehnologija">biotehnologiji</a> manj razvita. Metanogene arheje so sicer pomemben del faze biološkega čiščenja, tj. razgrajevanja organskih snovi s pomočjo mikrobov v <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cistilna_naprava" title="Čistilna naprava">čistilnih napravah</a>. Metan kot glavna sestavina <a href="/wiki/Bioplin" title="Bioplin">bioplina</a>, ki nastane pri tem procesu, se lahko uporabi za proizvodnjo <a href="/wiki/Elektrika" title="Elektrika">elektrike</a> ter ogrevanje.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Acidofilne arheje so obetavne zaradi morebitnega pridobivanja <a href="/wiki/Kovina" title="Kovina">kovin</a> iz <a href="/wiki/Rudnina" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudnina">rudnin</a>, na primer <a href="/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato">zlata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">kobalta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baker" title="Baker">bakra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> V zadnjih letih potekajo raziskave na področju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheocin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arheocin (stran ne obstaja)">arheocinov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antibiotik" title="Antibiotik">antibiotikov</a>, ki jih proizvajajo arheje, predvsem arheje iz rodov Haloarchea in Sulfolobus. Arheocini imajo namreč posebno strukturo, zaradi katere bi verjetno lahko učinkovali na poseben način, na katerega <a href="/wiki/Patogen" title="Patogen">patogene</a> bakterije ne bi bile odporne.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opombe">Opombe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Uredi razdelek: Opombe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&action=edit&section=18" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Opombe">uredi kodo</a>]</div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> Periplazmatski prostor je strogo gledano prostor, ki ga omejujeta dve izbirno prepustni (selektivno permeabilni) membrani, temu pa celična stena ne ustreza, zaradi česar obravnavamo ta prostor kot znotrajstenski prostor (inter wall zone, IWZ) pri grampozitivnih bakterijah in večini arhej.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sklici">Sklici</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Uredi razdelek: Sklici" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&action=edit&section=19" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Sklici">uredi kodo</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-valid-dom-kingdom-1"><a href="#cite_ref-valid-dom-kingdom_1-0">↑</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5980307">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"»""«""›""‹"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFGökerOren2024" class="citation journal cs1">Göker, Markus; Oren, Aharon (22. januar 2024). »Valid publication of names of two domains and seven kingdoms of prokaryotes«. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 74 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijsem.0.006242">10.1099/ijsem.0.006242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Systematic+and+Evolutionary+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Valid+publication+of+names+of+two+domains+and+seven+kingdoms+of+prokaryotes&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2024-01-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2Fijsem.0.006242&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6ker&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft.au=Oren%2C+Aharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"> – this article represents the valid publication of the name Archaea. Although Woese proposed the name in 1990, the name was not valid until this article from 2024, hence the date. </li> <li id="cite_note-Woese-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Woese_2-0">↑</a> Napaka pri navajanju: Neveljavna oznaka <code><ref></code>; sklici, poimenovani <code>Woese</code>, ne vsebujejo besedila (glej <a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Napake_v_navajanju/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Pomoč:Napake v navajanju/Cite error references no text">stran pomoči</a>).</li> <li id="cite_note-Petitjean-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Petitjean_3-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFPetitjeanDeschampsLópez-GarcíaMoreira2014" class="citation journal cs1">Petitjean C, Deschamps P, López-García P, Moreira D (december 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4316627">»Rooting the domain archaea by phylogenomic analysis supports the foundation of the new kingdom Proteoarchaeota«</a>. Genome Biology and Evolution. 7 (1): 191–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevu274">10.1093/gbe/evu274</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifikator)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4316627">4316627</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25527841">25527841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Rooting+the+domain+archaea+by+phylogenomic+analysis+supports+the+foundation+of+the+new+kingdom+Proteoarchaeota&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=191-204&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4316627%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25527841&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevu274&rft.aulast=Petitjean&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Deschamps%2C+P&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Garc%C3%ADa%2C+P&rft.au=Moreira%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4316627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Predloga:Navedi_%C4%8Dasopis" title="Predloga:Navedi časopis">navedi časopis</a>}}</code>: Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Vzdr%C5%BEevanje_CS1:_samodejni_prevod_datuma" title="Kategorija:Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma">povezava</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-NCBI_taxonomy_page_on_Archaea-4"><a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_taxonomy_page_on_Archaea_4-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?webmode=Undef&id=2157&lvl=5&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock">NCBI taxonomy page on Archaea</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=NCBI+taxonomy+page+on+Archaea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2FTaxonomy%2FBrowser%2Fwwwtax.cgi%3Fwebmode%3DUndef%26id%3D2157%26lvl%3D5%26lin%3Df%26keep%3D1%26srchmode%3D1%26unlock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-allers-5">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-allers_5-0">5,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allers_5-1">5,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFAllers_T.Mevarech_M.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Allers T.; Mevarech M. (2005). »Archaeal genetics — the third way«. Nature Reviews Genetics. 6 (1): 58–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg1504">10.1038/nrg1504</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15630422">15630422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Genetics&rft.atitle=Archaeal+genetics+%E2%80%94+the+third+way&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=58-73&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrg1504&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15630422&rft.au=Allers+T.&rft.au=Mevarech+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-derosa-6">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-derosa_6-0">6,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-derosa_6-1">6,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Rosa_M.Gambacorta_AGliozzi_A.1986" class="citation magazine cs1">De Rosa M.; Gambacorta A; Gliozzi A. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3083222">»Structure, biosynthesis, and physicochemical properties of archaebacterial lipids«</a>. Microbiol Rev. Zv. 50, št. 1. str. 70–80. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifikator)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC373054">373054</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3083222">3083222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Microbiol+Rev&rft.atitle=Structure%2C+biosynthesis%2C+and+physicochemical+properties+of+archaebacterial+lipids&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70-80&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC373054%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3083222&rft.au=De+Rosa+M.&rft.au=Gambacorta+A&rft.au=Gliozzi+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmbr.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D3083222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-delong-7">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-delong_7-0">7,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-delong_7-1">7,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-delong_7-2">7,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-delong_7-3">7,3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFDeLong_E.F.1998" class="citation journal cs1">DeLong E.F. (1998). »Everything in moderation: archaea as 'non-extremophiles'«. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 8 (6): 649–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0959-437X%2898%2980032-4">10.1016/S0959-437X(98)80032-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9914204">9914204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Genetics+%26+Development&rft.atitle=Everything+in+moderation%3A+archaea+as+%27non-extremophiles%27&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=649-54&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0959-437X%2898%2980032-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9914204&rft.au=DeLong+E.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-schimel-8">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-schimel_8-0">8,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schimel_8-1">8,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFSchimel_J.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Schimel J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15314221">»Playing scales in the methane cycle: from microbial ecology to the globe«</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (34): 12400–1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0405075101">10.1073/pnas.0405075101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifikator)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC515073">515073</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15314221">15314221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Playing+scales+in+the+methane+cycle%3A+from+microbial+ecology+to+the+globe&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=12400-1&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC515073%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15314221&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0405075101&rft.au=Schimel+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15314221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cabello-9">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-cabello_9-0">9,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabello_9-1">9,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFCabello_P.Roldán_M.D.Moreno-Vivián_C.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Cabello P.; Roldán M.D.; Moreno-Vivián C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607082720/http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/150/11/3527?view=long&pmid=15528644">»Nitrate reduction and the nitrogen cycle in archaea«</a>. Microbiology (Reading, Engl.). 150 (Pt 11): 3527–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.27303-0">10.1099/mic.0.27303-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15528644">15528644</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/150/11/3527?view=long&pmid=15528644">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 7. junija 2011. Pridobljeno 3. januarja 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+%28Reading%2C+Engl.%29&rft.atitle=Nitrate+reduction+and+the+nitrogen+cycle+in+archaea&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=Pt+11&rft.pages=3527-46&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2Fmic.0.27303-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15528644&rft.au=Cabello+P.&rft.au=Rold%C3%A1n+M.D.&rft.au=Moreno-Vivi%C3%A1n+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmic.sgmjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F150%2F11%2F3527%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15528644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNEP-10">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-UNEP_10-0">10,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNEP_10-1">10,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728082216/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/134.htm#4211">»Trace Gases: Current Observations, Trends, and Budgets«</a>. Climate Change 2001. United Nations Environment Programme. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/134.htm#4211">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 28. julija 2012. Pridobljeno 3. januarja 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=Climate+Change+2001&rft.atitle=Trace+Gases%3A+Current+Observations%2C+Trends%2C+and+Budgets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grida.no%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fwg1%2F134.htm%234211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egorova-11">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Egorova_11-0">11,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Egorova_11-1">11,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Egorova_11-2">11,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFEgorova_K.Antranikian_G.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Egorova K.; Antranikian G. (2005). »Industrial relevance of thermophilic Archaea«. Current Opinion in Microbiology. 8 (6): 649–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mib.2005.10.015">10.1016/j.mib.2005.10.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16257257">16257257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Industrial+relevance+of+thermophilic+Archaea&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=649-55&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mib.2005.10.015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16257257&rft.au=Egorova+K.&rft.au=Antranikian+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFStaley_JT.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Staley JT. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&doi=10.1098/rstb.2006.1914">»The bacterial species dilemma and the genomic-phylogenetic species concept«</a>. Philos T R Soc B. 361 (1475): 1899–909. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2006.1914">10.1098/rstb.2006.1914</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifikator)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1857736">1857736</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17062409">17062409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Philos+T+R+Soc+B&rft.atitle=The+bacterial+species+dilemma+and+the+genomic-phylogenetic+species+concept&rft.volume=361&rft.issue=1475&rft.pages=1899-909&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1857736%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17062409&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2006.1914&rft.au=Staley+JT.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.royalsociety.org%2Fopenurl.asp%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26doi%3D10.1098%2Frstb.2006.1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFZuckerkandl_E.Pauling_L.1965" class="citation journal cs1">Zuckerkandl E.; Pauling L. 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Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2112744">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 16. oktobra 2019. 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Science. 314 (6884): 1933–1935. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1132690">10.1126/science.1132690</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17185602">17185602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Lineages+of+acidophilic+Archaea+revealed+by+community+genomic+analysis&rft.volume=314&rft.issue=6884&rft.pages=1933-1935&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1132690&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17185602&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Brett+J.&rft.au=Tyson%2C+Gene+W.&rft.au=Webb%2C+Richard+I.&rft.au=Flanagan%2C+Judith&rft.au=Hugenholtz%2C+Philip&rft.au=Allen%2C+Eric+E.&rft.au=Banfield%2C+Jillian+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-baker-19">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-baker_19-0">19,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baker_19-1">19,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFBaker_B.J.Comolli_L.R.Dick_G.J.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Baker B.J.; Comolli L.R.; Dick G.J. 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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107 (19): 8806–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0914470107">10.1073/pnas.0914470107</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifikator)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2889320">2889320</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20421484">20421484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&rft.atitle=Enigmatic%2C+ultrasmall%2C+uncultivated+Archaea&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=8806-11&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2889320%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20421484&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0914470107&rft.au=Baker+B.J.&rft.au=Comolli+L.R.&rft.au=Dick+G.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2889320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robertson-20">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson_20-0">20,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson_20-1">20,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFRobertson_C.E.Harris_J.K.Spear_J.R.Pace_N.R.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Robertson C.E.; Harris J.K.; Spear J.R.; Pace N.R. 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(2002). »A new phylum of Archaea represented by a nanosized hyperthermophilic symbiont«. Nature. 417 (6884): 27–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F417063a">10.1038/417063a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11986665">11986665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+new+phylum+of+Archaea+represented+by+a+nanosized+hyperthermophilic+symbiont&rft.volume=417&rft.issue=6884&rft.pages=27-8&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F417063a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11986665&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Hohn%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Rachel%2C+Reinhard&rft.au=Fuchs%2C+Tanja&rft.au=Wimmer%2C+Verena+C.&rft.au=Stetter%2C+Karl+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFElkinsPodarGrahamMakarova2008" class="citation journal cs1">Elkins, J. G.; Podar, M.; Graham, D. E.; Makarova, K. S.; in sod. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527120925/https://www.pnas.org/content/105/23/8102.long">»A korarchaeal genome reveals insights into the evolution of the Archaea«</a>. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 105 (23): 8102–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0801980105">10.1073/pnas.0801980105</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18535141">18535141</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18535141">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 27. maja 2020. 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016200218/https://www.pnas.org/content/102/suppl_1/6600.long">»Ernst Mayr and the modern concept of species«</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (Suppl 1): 6600–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0502030102">10.1073/pnas.0502030102</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifikator)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1131873">1131873</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15851674">15851674</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15851674">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 16. oktobra 2019. Pridobljeno 2. januarja 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Ernst+Mayr+and+the+modern+concept+of+species&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=6600-7&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1131873%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15851674&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0502030102&rft.au=de+Queiroz+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15851674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFEppley_J.M.Tyson_G.W.Getz_W.M.Banfield_J.F.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Eppley J.M.; Tyson G.W.; Getz W.M.; Banfield J.F. 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Genetics. 177 (1): 407–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1534%2Fgenetics.107.072892">10.1534/genetics.107.072892</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifikator)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2013692">2013692</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17603112">17603112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+exchange+across+a+species+boundary+in+the+archaeal+genus+ferroplasma&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=407-16&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2013692%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17603112&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1534%2Fgenetics.107.072892&rft.au=Eppley+J.M.&rft.au=Tyson+G.W.&rft.au=Getz+W.M.&rft.au=Banfield+J.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genetics.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D17603112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFPapkeZhaxybayevaFeilSommerfeld2007" class="citation journal cs1">Papke, R. 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J Bacteriol. Zv. 181, št. 16. str. 5114–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.181.16.5114-5118.1999">10.1128/JB.181.16.5114-5118.1999</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifikator)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC94007">94007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10438790">10438790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&rft.atitle=In+vivo+observation+of+cell+division+of+anaerobic+hyperthermophiles+by+using+a+high-intensity+dark-field+microscope&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=5114-8&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC94007%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10438790&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJB.181.16.5114-5118.1999&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Paulmann%2C+Bernd&rft.au=Kerlen%2C+Gertraude&rft.au=Junker%2C+Norbert&rft.au=Huber%2C+Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-bacteriology_1999-08_181_16%2Fpage%2F5114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFRudolph_C.Wanner_G.Huber_R.2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Rudolph C.; Wanner G.; Huber R. 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(1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8177167">»There must be a prokaryote somewhere: microbiology's search for itself«</a>. Microbiol. Rev. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-19-511183-4" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-19-511183-4"><bdi>0-19-511183-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=The+Surprising+Archaea%3A+Discovering+Another+Domain+of+Life&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-511183-4&rft.au=Howland+JL.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurprisingarchae0000howl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFMartinko_J.M.Madigan_M.T.2005" class="citation book cs1">Martinko J.M.; Madigan M.T. (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11. izd.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-13-144329-1" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-13-144329-1"><bdi>0-13-144329-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=Brock+Biology+of+Microorganisms&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J&rft.edition=11.&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-13-144329-1&rft.au=Martinko+J.M.&rft.au=Madigan+M.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFGarrett_R.A.Klenk_H.2005" class="citation book cs1">Garrett R.A.; Klenk H. (2005). Archaea: Evolution, Physiology and Molecular Biology. WileyBlackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/1-4051-4404-1" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/1-4051-4404-1"><bdi>1-4051-4404-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=Archaea%3A+Evolution%2C+Physiology+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.pub=WileyBlackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4051-4404-1&rft.au=Garrett+R.A.&rft.au=Klenk+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFCavicchioli_R.2007" class="citation book cs1">Cavicchioli R. (2007). Archaea: Molecular and Cellular Biology. American Society for Microbiology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/1-55581-391-7" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/1-55581-391-7"><bdi>1-55581-391-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=Archaea%3A+Molecular+and+Cellular+Biology&rft.pub=American+Society+for+Microbiology&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=1-55581-391-7&rft.au=Cavicchioli+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFBlum_P.2008" class="citation book cs1">Blum P., ur. (2008). Archaea: New Models for Prokaryotic Biology. Caister Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-1-904455-27-1" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-1-904455-27-1"><bdi>978-1-904455-27-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=Archaea%3A+New+Models+for+Prokaryotic+Biology&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-904455-27-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFLipps_G.2008" class="citation book cs1">Lipps G. (2008). »Archaeal Plasmids«. Plasmids: Current Research and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-1-904455-35-6" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-1-904455-35-6"><bdi>978-1-904455-35-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&rft.atitle=Archaeal+Plasmids&rft.btitle=Plasmids%3A+Current+Research+and+Future+Trends&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-904455-35-6&rft.au=Lipps+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFSapp_J.2009" class="citation book cs1">Sapp J. (2009). The New Foundations of Evolution. On the Tree of Life. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-19-538850-X" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-19-538850-X"><bdi>0-19-538850-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=The+New+Foundations+of+Evolution.+On+the+Tree+of+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=0-19-538850-X&rft.au=Sapp+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFSchaechter_M.2009" class="citation book cs1">Schaechter M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deskencyclopedia0000unse_r5n0">Archaea (Overview) in The Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology</a> (2. izd.). San Diego and London: Elsevier Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-12-374980-2" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-12-374980-2"><bdi>978-0-12-374980-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=Archaea+%28Overview%29+in+The+Desk+Encyclopedia+of+Microbiology&rft.place=San+Diego+and+London&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=Elsevier+Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-12-374980-2&rft.au=Schaechter+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeskencyclopedia0000unse_r5n0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AArheje" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zunanje_povezave">Zunanje povezave</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Uredi razdelek: Zunanje povezave" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arheje&action=edit&section=21" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Zunanje povezave">uredi kodo</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5914392">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="Ikona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nuvola_apps_biology.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_biology.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nuvola_apps_biology.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_biology.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nuvola_apps_biology.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_biology.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biologija" title="Portal:Biologija">Portal Biologija </a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5916282">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5911185">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedijina zbirka ponuja več predstavnostnega gradiva o temi: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Archaea" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Archaea">Arheje</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html">Introduction to the Archaea, ecology, systematics and morphology</a> – <a href="/wiki/Univerza_Kalifornije,_Berkeley" title="Univerza Kalifornije, Berkeley">Univerza Kalifornije, Berkeley</a>, Paleontološki muzej (angleško)</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Življenje,_necelične_oblike_življenja_in_primerljive_organske_strukture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-prikaži"><a href="/wiki/Predloga:%C5%BDivljenje,_neceli%C4%8Dne_oblike_%C5%BEivljenja_in_primerljive_organske_strukture" title="Predloga:Življenje, necelične oblike življenja in primerljive organske strukture"><abbr title="Prikaži to predlogo" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-pogovor"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogovor_o_predlogi:%C5%BDivljenje,_neceli%C4%8Dne_oblike_%C5%BEivljenja_in_primerljive_organske_strukture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pogovor o predlogi:Življenje, necelične oblike življenja in primerljive organske strukture (stran ne obstaja)"><abbr title="Pogovor o tej predlogi" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-uredi"><a class="external text" href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predloga:%C5%BDivljenje,_neceli%C4%8Dne_oblike_%C5%BEivljenja_in_primerljive_organske_strukture&action=edit"><abbr title="Uredi to predlogo" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">u</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Življenje,_necelične_oblike_življenja_in_primerljive_organske_strukture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivljenje" title="Življenje">Življenje</a>, necelične oblike življenja in primerljive organske strukture</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celične oblike življenja</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prokarionti" title="Prokarionti">Prokarionti</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arheje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije">Bakterije</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evkarionti" title="Evkarionti">Evkarionti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivali" title="Živali">Živali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glive" title="Glive">Glive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastline" title="Rastline">Rastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protisti" title="Protisti">Protisti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Necelične oblike življenja (<a href="/wiki/Virusi" title="Virusi">virusi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakteriofagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakteriofagi">Bakteriofagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvovirusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvovirusi">Parvovirusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenovirusi" title="Adenovirusi">Adenovirusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpesvirusi" title="Herpesvirusi">Herpesvirusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togavirusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Togavirusi">Togavirusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koronavirus" title="Koronavirus">Koronavirusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papovavirusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papovavirusi (stran ne obstaja)">Papovavirusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poksivirusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poksivirusi (stran ne obstaja)">Poksivirusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pikornavirusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pikornavirusi (stran ne obstaja)">Pikornavirusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reovirusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reovirusi (stran ne obstaja)">Reovirusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miksovirusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miksovirusi (stran ne obstaja)">Miksovirusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramiksovirusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramiksovirusi (stran ne obstaja)">Paramiksovirusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabdovirusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabdovirusi (stran ne obstaja)">Rabdovirusi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primerljive organske strukture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Prion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazmid" title="Plazmid">Plazmid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kozmid (stran ne obstaja)">Kozmid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpozon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transpozon (stran ne obstaja)">Transpozon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandemska_ponovitev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tandemska ponovitev (stran ne obstaja)">Tandemska ponovitev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribocim" title="Ribocim">Ribocim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pracelica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pracelica (stran ne obstaja)">Pracelica</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koacervat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koacervat (stran ne obstaja)">Koacervat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakava_celica" title="Rakava celica">Rakava celica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poslednji_univerzalni_skupni_prednik" title="Poslednji univerzalni skupni prednik">Poslednji univerzalni skupni prednik (LUCA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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