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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Sustainable supply chain network design using products’ life cycle in the aluminum industry | Environmental Science and Pollution Research</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Sustainable supply chain network design using products’ life cycle in the aluminum industry"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study provides a three-objective mixed-integer linear mathematical model to design a sustainable closed-loop supply chain network in the aluminum..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-020-12150-8/MediaObjects/11356_2020_12150_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="11356"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Sustainable supply chain network design using products’ life cycle in the aluminum industry"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2021-01-21"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2021 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2021 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="This study provides a three-objective mixed-integer linear mathematical model to design a sustainable closed-loop supply chain network in the aluminum industry. In this regard, the proposed model optimizes economic, social, and environmental objectives simultaneously. The main contribution of this research is to provide a framework for the sustainable aluminum supply chain in Iran by applying the life cycle assessment (LCA) to estimate the environmental impacts and using two novel meta-heuristic algorithms to optimize the proposed mathematical model. In this regard, the multi-objective gray wolf optimizer (MOGWO), the multi-objective red deer algorithm (MORDA), and augmented epsilon constraint (AEC) are used to achieve Pareto optimal solutions. Comparisons between solutions methods show that the MOGWO algorithm and MORDA have a very high advantage over the AEC method in terms of the scatter of Pareto solutions. Moreover, the statistical tests indicate that the MORDA has an advantage over MOGWO in terms of Pareto boundary diversification as well as the quality of solutions. On the other hand, results of the implementation in the aluminum industry show that increasing the coefficient of recycled materials’ use in the production of secondary aluminum has a significant impact on the Pareto boundary and leads to reducing production costs and in particular the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1614-7499"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Environmental Science and Pollution Research"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2021-01-21"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="25"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2021 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-020-12150-8"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s11356-020-12150-8"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-020-12150-8.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-020-12150-8"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Environmental Science and Pollution Research"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Environ Sci Pollut Res"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer Berlin Heidelberg"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1614-7499"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Sustainable supply chain network design using products’ life cycle in the aluminum industry"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2021/01/21"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="25"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Sustainable Supply Chain Network Design"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s11356-020-12150-8"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s11356-020-12150-8"/> <meta name="size" content="546753"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s11356-020-12150-8"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s11356-020-12150-8&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="This study provides a three-objective mixed-integer linear mathematical model to design a sustainable closed-loop supply chain network in the aluminum indu"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Pahlevan, Seyedeh Maryam"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Hosseini, Seyed Mohammad Seyed"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Goli, Alireza"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Environment, general"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Environmental Chemistry"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Ecotoxicology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Environmental Health"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Aghamohamadi-Bosjin S, Rabbani M, Manavizadeh N (2020) A hybrid metaheuristic algorithm for a data driven leagile sustainable closed-loop supply chain model under disruption risks. 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In this regard, the proposed model optimizes economic, social, and environmental objectives simultaneously. The main contribution of this research is to provide a framework for the sustainable aluminum supply chain in Iran by applying the life cycle assessment (LCA) to estimate the environmental impacts and using two novel meta-heuristic algorithms to optimize the proposed mathematical model. In this regard, the multi-objective gray wolf optimizer (MOGWO), the multi-objective red deer algorithm (MORDA), and augmented epsilon constraint (AEC) are used to achieve Pareto optimal solutions. Comparisons between solutions methods show that the MOGWO algorithm and MORDA have a very high advantage over the AEC method in terms of the scatter of Pareto solutions. Moreover, the statistical tests indicate that the MORDA has an advantage over MOGWO in terms of Pareto boundary diversification as well as the quality of solutions. On the other hand, results of the implementation in the aluminum industry show that increasing the coefficient of recycled materials’ use in the production of secondary aluminum has a significant impact on the Pareto boundary and leads to reducing production costs and in particular the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-020-12150-8/MediaObjects/11356_2020_12150_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" 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In this regard, the proposed model optimizes economic, social, and environmental objectives simultaneously. The main contribution of this research is to provide a framework for the sustainable aluminum supply chain in Iran by applying the life cycle assessment (LCA) to estimate the environmental impacts and using two novel meta-heuristic algorithms to optimize the proposed mathematical model. In this regard, the multi-objective gray wolf optimizer (MOGWO), the multi-objective red deer algorithm (MORDA), and augmented epsilon constraint (AEC) are used to achieve Pareto optimal solutions. Comparisons between solutions methods show that the MOGWO algorithm and MORDA have a very high advantage over the AEC method in terms of the scatter of Pareto solutions. Moreover, the statistical tests indicate that the MORDA has an advantage over MOGWO in terms of Pareto boundary diversification as well as the quality of solutions. 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class="app-article-masthead__journal-title">Environmental Science and Pollution Research</span> </a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/11356/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/espr/" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Seyedeh_Maryam-Pahlevan-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Seyedeh_Maryam-Pahlevan-Aff1" data-author-search="Pahlevan, Seyedeh Maryam">Seyedeh Maryam Pahlevan</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Seyed_Mohammad_Seyed-Hosseini-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Seyed_Mohammad_Seyed-Hosseini-Aff1" data-author-search="Hosseini, Seyed Mohammad Seyed">Seyed Mohammad Seyed Hosseini</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Alireza-Goli-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Alireza-Goli-Aff2" data-author-search="Goli, Alireza" data-corresp-id="c1">Alireza Goli<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9535-9902"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0001-9535-9902</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> </li></ul> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>2159 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s11356-020-12150-8/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>This study provides a three-objective mixed-integer linear mathematical model to design a sustainable closed-loop supply chain network in the aluminum industry. In this regard, the proposed model optimizes economic, social, and environmental objectives simultaneously. The main contribution of this research is to provide a framework for the sustainable aluminum supply chain in Iran by applying the life cycle assessment (LCA) to estimate the environmental impacts and using two novel meta-heuristic algorithms to optimize the proposed mathematical model. In this regard, the multi-objective gray wolf optimizer (MOGWO), the multi-objective red deer algorithm (MORDA), and augmented epsilon constraint (AEC) are used to achieve Pareto optimal solutions. Comparisons between solutions methods show that the MOGWO algorithm and MORDA have a very high advantage over the AEC method in terms of the scatter of Pareto solutions. Moreover, the statistical tests indicate that the MORDA has an advantage over MOGWO in terms of Pareto boundary diversification as well as the quality of solutions. On the other hand, results of the implementation in the aluminum industry show that increasing the coefficient of recycled materials’ use in the production of secondary aluminum has a significant impact on the Pareto boundary and leads to reducing production costs and in particular the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-020-12150-8%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3D2680827f-2056-4a36-88c3-8eb093650419" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link" 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height="151"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-11"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig11" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 11</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-020-12150-8/MediaObjects/11356_2020_12150_Fig11_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-020-12150-8/MediaObjects/11356_2020_12150_Fig11_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="255"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-12"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig12" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 12</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-020-12150-8/MediaObjects/11356_2020_12150_Fig12_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-020-12150-8/MediaObjects/11356_2020_12150_Fig12_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="210"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-13"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig13" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 13</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source 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AIChE J 58(4):115–1180</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1002/aic.12637" data-track-item_id="10.1002/aic.12637" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Faic.12637" aria-label="Article reference 59" data-doi="10.1002/aic.12637">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 59" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Optimal%20design%20of%20sustainable%20cellulosic%20biofuel%20supply%20chains%3A%20Multiobjective%20optimization%20coupled%20with%20life%20cycle%20assessment%20and%20input%E2%80%93output%20analysis&journal=AIChE%20J&doi=10.1002%2Faic.12637&volume=58&issue=4&pages=115-1180&publication_year=2012&author=You%2CF&author=Tao%2CL&author=Graziano%2CD&author=Synder%2CSW"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li></ul><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s11356-020-12150-8?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Industrial Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Seyedeh Maryam Pahlevan & Seyed Mohammad Seyed Hosseini</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Alireza Goli</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Seyedeh_Maryam-Pahlevan-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Seyedeh Maryam Pahlevan</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Seyedeh%20Maryam%20Pahlevan" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - 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SMSH: supervised the research and co-wrote the paper. AG: implemented the solution methods and numerical analysis.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:Alireza.g88@gmail.com">Alireza Goli</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar1">Consent for publication</h3> <p>All authors declare that they are consent for publication in ESPR</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar2">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><p>Responsible Editor: Philippe Loubet</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Publisher’s note</h3><p>Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Sustainable%20supply%20chain%20network%20design%20using%20products%E2%80%99%20life%20cycle%20in%20the%20aluminum%20industry&author=Seyedeh%20Maryam%20Pahlevan%20et%20al&contentID=10.1007%2Fs11356-020-12150-8&copyright=The%20Author%28s%29%2C%20under%20exclusive%20licence%20to%20Springer-Verlag%20GmbH%2C%20DE%20part%20of%20Springer%20Nature&publication=0944-1344&publicationDate=2021-01-21&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1007/s11356-020-12150-8" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s11356-020-12150-8" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. 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