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<span>Brief history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brief_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Branches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Branches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Branches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dynamics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Statics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_classical_mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_classical_mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relationship to classical mechanics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_classical_mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newtonian_foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newtonian_foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Newtonian foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newtonian_foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archimedes'_principle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archimedes'_principle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Archimedes' principle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archimedes'_principle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Major topics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_topics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major topics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundations_and_basic_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundations_and_basic_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Foundations and basic methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundations_and_basic_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynamics_and_vibration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamics_and_vibration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Dynamics and vibration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamics_and_vibration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automatic_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Automatic control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automatic_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanics_of_solids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanics_of_solids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Mechanics of solids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanics_of_solids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanics_of_fluids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanics_of_fluids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Mechanics of fluids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanics_of_fluids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Thermal sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earth_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earth_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Earth sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earth_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_systems_and_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_systems_and_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Energy systems and environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_systems_and_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biosciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Biosciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Applied mechanics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A" title="ميكانيك تطبيقي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميكانيك تطبيقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%99z%C9%99ri_mexanika" title="Nəzəri mexanika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nəzəri mexanika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="نظری مکانیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نظری مکانیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88ng-i%C5%8Dng_le%CC%8Dk-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Èng-iōng le̍k-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Èng-iōng le̍k-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Прыкладная механіка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прыкладная механіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Приложна механика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Приложна механика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehni%C4%8Dka_mehanika" title="Tehnička mehanika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tehnička mehanika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A0nica_aplicada" title="Mecànica aplicada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mecànica aplicada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%C4%95%D1%88_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Килтерĕш механика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Килтерĕш механика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technische_Mechanik" title="Technische Mechanik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Technische Mechanik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%86%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Εφαρμοσμένη μηχανική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εφαρμοσμένη μηχανική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica_aplicada" title="Mecánica aplicada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mecánica aplicada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknika_mekaniko" title="Teknika mekaniko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teknika mekaniko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika_aplikatua" title="Mekanika aplikatua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mekanika aplikatua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="مکانیک کاربردی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مکانیک کاربردی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9canique_(technique)" title="Mécanique (technique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mécanique (technique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%91%EC%9A%A9%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="응용역학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="응용역학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="अनुप्रयुक्त यांत्रिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनुप्रयुक्त यांत्रिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehni%C4%8Dka_mehanika" title="Tehnička mehanika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tehnička mehanika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika_teknik" title="Mekanika teknik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mekanika teknik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meccanica_applicata" title="Meccanica applicata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Meccanica applicata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="उपयोजित यामिकी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उपयोजित यामिकी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Техникийн механик – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Техникийн механик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="応用力学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="応用力学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A2nica_aplicada" title="Mecânica aplicada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mecânica aplicada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Прикладная механика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прикладная механика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techniske_Mechanik" title="Techniske Mechanik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Techniske Mechanik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li 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nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-left:0.9em;padding-right:0.9em;"><a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext mathvariant="bold">F</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c2ad0a6d6780c3abc5247abd82bd8a2249d56ff3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:8.318ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}"></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-size:90%;padding:0.6em 0;font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Second law of motion">Second law of motion</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight: bold; display:block;margin-bottom:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_classical_mechanics" title="History of classical mechanics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_classical_mechanics" title="Timeline of classical mechanics">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_textbooks_on_classical_mechanics_and_quantum_mechanics" title="List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics">Textbooks</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Branches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">Continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_field_theory" title="Classical field theory">Field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">Kinematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetics_(physics)" title="Kinetics (physics)">Kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statics" title="Statics">Statics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">Statistical mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">Acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">Angular momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couple_(mechanics)" title="Couple (mechanics)">Couple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Alembert%27s_principle" title="D'Alembert's principle">D'Alembert's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy#Newtonian_kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">Frame of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference" title="Inertial frame of reference">Inertial frame of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse_(physics)" title="Impulse (physics)">Impulse</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">Inertia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia" title="Moment of inertia">Moment of inertia</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_power_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical power (physics)">Mechanical power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">Mechanical work</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Moment_(physics)" title="Moment (physics)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">Momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed" title="Speed">Speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">Torque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">Velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_work" title="Virtual work">Virtual work</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Formulations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newton's laws of motion</a></b></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Analytical_mechanics" title="Analytical mechanics">Analytical mechanics</a></b> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_mechanics" title="Lagrangian mechanics">Lagrangian mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_mechanics" title="Hamiltonian mechanics">Hamiltonian mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Routhian_mechanics" title="Routhian mechanics">Routhian mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi_equation" title="Hamilton–Jacobi equation">Hamilton–Jacobi equation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Appell%27s_equation_of_motion" title="Appell's equation of motion">Appell's equation of motion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Koopman%E2%80%93von_Neumann_classical_mechanics" title="Koopman–von Neumann classical mechanics">Koopman–von Neumann mechanics</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Core topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damping" title="Damping">Damping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_(geometry)" title="Displacement (geometry)">Displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equations_of_motion" title="Equations of motion">Equations of motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euler%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Euler's laws of motion"><span class="wrap">Euler's laws of motion</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_force" title="Fictitious force">Fictitious force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">Friction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_oscillator" title="Harmonic oscillator">Harmonic oscillator</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference" title="Inertial frame of reference">Inertial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-inertial_reference_frame" title="Non-inertial reference frame">Non-inertial reference frame</a></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">Motion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Linear_motion" title="Linear motion">linear</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation"><span class="wrap">Newton's law of universal gravitation</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newton's laws of motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_velocity" title="Relative velocity">Relative velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigid_body" title="Rigid body">Rigid body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigid_body_dynamics" title="Rigid body dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euler%27s_equations_(rigid_body_dynamics)" title="Euler's equations (rigid body dynamics)">Euler's equations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_harmonic_motion" title="Simple harmonic motion">Simple harmonic motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">Vibration</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rotation_around_a_fixed_axis" title="Rotation around a fixed axis">Rotation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_motion" title="Circular motion">Circular motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_reference_frame" title="Rotating reference frame">Rotating reference frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centripetal_force" title="Centripetal force">Centripetal force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">Centrifugal force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_centrifugal_force" title="Reactive centrifugal force">reactive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendulum_(mechanics)" title="Pendulum (mechanics)">Pendulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangential_speed" title="Tangential speed">Tangential speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_frequency" title="Rotational frequency">Rotational frequency</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angular_acceleration" title="Angular acceleration">Angular acceleration</a> / <a href="/wiki/Angular_displacement" title="Angular displacement">displacement</a> / <a href="/wiki/Angular_frequency" title="Angular frequency">frequency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Angular_velocity" title="Angular velocity">velocity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Horrocks" title="Jeremiah Horrocks">Horrocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis">Maupertuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Daniel Bernoulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernoulli" title="Johann Bernoulli">Johann Bernoulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Euler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Clairaut" title="Alexis Clairaut">Clairaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Laplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Poisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton" title="William Rowan Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi">Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin-Louis_Cauchy" title="Augustin-Louis Cauchy">Cauchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Routh" title="Edward Routh">Routh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Liouville" title="Joseph Liouville">Liouville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89mile_Appell" title="Paul Émile Appell">Appell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Koopman" title="Bernard Koopman">Koopman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/14px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_mechanics" title="Template:Classical mechanics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_mechanics" title="Template talk:Classical mechanics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classical_mechanics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classical mechanics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Applied mechanics</b> is the branch of science concerned with the motion of any substance that can be experienced or perceived by humans without the help of instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In short, when mechanics concepts surpass being theoretical and are applied and executed, general mechanics becomes applied mechanics. It is this stark difference that makes applied mechanics an essential understanding for practical everyday life.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has numerous applications in a wide variety of fields and disciplines, including but not limited to <a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">structural engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">aerospace engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">structural design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">earthquake engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">planetary sciences</a>, and other life sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connecting research between numerous disciplines, applied mechanics plays an important role in both <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pure mechanics describes the response of bodies (solids and fluids) or systems of bodies to external behavior of a body, in either a beginning state of rest or of motion, subjected to the action of forces. Applied mechanics bridges the gap between physical theory and its application to <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>. </p><p>Composed of two main categories, Applied Mechanics can be split into <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical mechanics</a>; the study of the mechanics of macroscopic solids, and <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid mechanics</a>; the study of the mechanics of macroscopic fluids.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each branch of applied mechanics contains subcategories formed through their own subsections as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a>, divided into <a href="/wiki/Statics" title="Statics">statics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamics (mechanics)">dynamics</a>, are even further subdivided, with statics' studies split into rigid bodies and rigid structures, and dynamics' studies split into <a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">kinematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinetics_(physics)" title="Kinetics (physics)">kinetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid mechanics</a> is also divided into two sections: statics and dynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the practical sciences, applied mechanics is useful in formulating new ideas and theories, discovering and interpreting phenomena, and developing experimental and computational tools.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the application of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a>, mechanics was said to be complemented by <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>, the study of heat and more generally <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">electromechanics</a>, the study of <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Engineering problems are generally tackled with applied mechanics through the application of theories of <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical mechanics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid mechanics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because applied mechanics can be applied in engineering disciplines like <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">aerospace engineering</a>, materials engineering, and <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">biomedical engineering</a>, it is sometimes referred to as engineering mechanics.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Science and engineering are interconnected with respect to applied mechanics, as researches in science are linked to research processes in civil, mechanical, aerospace, materials and biomedical engineering disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a>, applied mechanics’ concepts can be applied to structural design and a variety of engineering sub-topics like structural, coastal, geotechnical, construction, and <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">earthquake engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineering</a>, it can be applied in mechatronics and <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, design and drafting, <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>, machine elements, structural analysis, friction stir welding, and <a href="/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">acoustical engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">aerospace engineering</a>, applied mechanics is used in aerodynamics, aerospace structural mechanics and propulsion, aircraft design and flight mechanics.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In materials engineering, applied mechanics’ concepts are used in thermoelasticity, <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Elasticity theory">elasticity theory</a>, fracture and failure mechanisms, structural design optimisation, fracture and fatigue, active materials and composites, and computational mechanics.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research in applied mechanics can be directly linked to biomedical engineering areas of interest like orthopaedics; biomechanics; human body motion analysis; soft tissue modelling of muscles, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage; biofluid mechanics; and dynamic systems, performance enhancement, and optimal control.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brief_history">Brief history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Brief history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_classical_mechanics" title="History of classical mechanics">History of classical mechanics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_classical_mechanics" title="Timeline of classical mechanics">Timeline of classical mechanics</a></div> <p>The first science with a theoretical foundation based in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> was <a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">mechanics</a>; the underlying principles of mechanics were first delineated by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> in his 1687 book <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>.</i> One of the earliest works to define applied mechanics as its own discipline was the three volume <i>Handbuch der Mechanik</i> written by German physicist and engineer <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Gerstner" title="Franz Josef Gerstner">Franz Josef Gerstner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first seminal work on applied mechanics to be published in English was A <i>Manual of Applied Mechanics</i> in 1858 by English mechanical engineer <a href="/wiki/William_Rankine" title="William Rankine">William Rankine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/August_F%C3%B6ppl" title="August Föppl">August Föppl</a>, a German mechanical engineer and professor, published <i>Vorlesungen über technische Mechanik</i> in 1898 in which he introduced <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a> to the study of applied mechanics.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Applied mechanics was established as a discipline separate from <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical mechanics</a> in the early 1920s with the publication of <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Applied_Mathematics_and_Mechanics" title="Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics">Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics</a></i>, the creation of the Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, and the first meeting of the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Theoretical_and_Applied_Mechanics" title="International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics">International Congress of Applied Mechanics</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1921 Austrian scientist <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Mises" title="Richard von Mises">Richard von Mises</a> started the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Applied_Mathematics_and_Mechanics" title="Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics">Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics</a></i> (<i>Zeitschrift für Angewante Mathematik und Mechanik</i>) and in 1922 with German scientist <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Prandtl" title="Ludwig Prandtl">Ludwig Prandtl</a> founded the Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (<a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Angewandte_Mathematik_und_Mechanik" title="Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik">Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a 1922 conference on hydrodynamics and aerodynamics in <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, Austria, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a>, a Hungarian engineer, and <a href="/wiki/Tullio_Levi-Civita" title="Tullio Levi-Civita">Tullio Levi-Civita</a>, an Italian mathematician, met and decided to organize a conference on applied mechanics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1924 the first meeting of the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Theoretical_and_Applied_Mechanics" title="International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics">International Congress of Applied Mechanics</a></i> was held in <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a>, the Netherlands attended by more than 200 scientist from around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since this first meeting the congress has been held every four years, except during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>; the name of the meeting was changed to <i>International Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics</i> in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the unpredictable political landscape in Europe after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> and upheaval of World War II many European scientist and engineers emigrated to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukrainian engineer <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Timoshenko" title="Stephen Timoshenko">Stephan Timoshenko</a> fled the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> Red Army in 1918 and eventually emigrated to the U.S. in 1922; over the next twenty-two years he taught applied mechanics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timoshenko authored thirteen textbooks in applied mechanics, many considered the gold standard in their fields; he also founded the <a href="/wiki/Applied_Mechanics_Division" title="Applied Mechanics Division">Applied Mechanics Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers">American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a> in 1927 and is considered “America’s Father of Engineering Mechanics.”<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930 Theodore von Kármán left Germany and became the first director of the <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Aeronautical_Laboratory" title="Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory">Aeronautical Laboratory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a>; von Kármán would later co-found the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the leadership of Timoshenko and von Kármán, the influx of talent from Europe, and the rapid growth of the aeronautical and defense industries, applied mechanics became a mature discipline in the U.S. by 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynamics">Dynamics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamics (mechanics)">Dynamics (mechanics)</a></div> <p>Dynamics, the study of the motion and movement of various objects, can be further divided into two branches, <a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">kinematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinetics_(physics)" title="Kinetics (physics)">kinetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical mechanics</a>, kinematics would be the analysis of moving bodies using time, <a href="/wiki/Velocities" class="mw-redirect" title="Velocities">velocities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(geometry)" title="Displacement (geometry)">displacement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kinetics would be the study of moving bodies through the lens of the effects of forces and masses.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the context of fluid mechanics, fluid dynamics pertains to the flow and describing of the motion of various fluids.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statics">Statics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Statics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Statics" title="Statics">Statics</a></div> <p>The study of statics is the study and describing of bodies at rest.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Static analysis in classical mechanics can be broken down into two categories, deformable bodies and non-deformable bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When studying deformable bodies, considerations relating to the forces acting on the rigid structures are analyzed. When studying non-deformable bodies, the examination of the structure and material strength is observed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the context of fluid mechanics, the resting state of the pressure unaffected fluid is taken into account.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_classical_mechanics">Relationship to classical mechanics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relationship to classical mechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Applied Mechanics is a result of the practical applications of various engineering/mechanical disciplines; as illustrated in the table below.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical Mechanics</a>/ <p><a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">Fluid Mechanics</a> </p> </th> <th rowspan="2">Statics </th> <th>Non-Deformable <p>Body </p> </th> <th rowspan="4">Practical <p>Applications </p> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Engineering</a> </p> </th> <th rowspan="4">Applied Mechanics </th></tr> <tr> <th>Deformable <p>Body </p> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Engineering</a> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Dynamics </th> <th>Kinematics </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Engineering</a> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Kinetics </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Materials_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Materials Engineering">Engineering</a> </p> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newtonian_foundation">Newtonian foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Newtonian foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Being one of the first sciences for which a systematic theoretical framework was developed, mechanics was spearheaded by Sir Isaac Newton's <i>Principia</i> (published in 1687).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the "divide and rule" strategy developed by Newton that helped to govern motion and split it into dynamics or statics.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the type of <i>force</i>, type of <i>matter</i>, and the <i>external forces,</i> acting on said matter, will dictate the "Divide and Rule" strategy within dynamic and static studies.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archimedes'_principle"><span id="Archimedes.27_principle"></span>Archimedes' principle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Archimedes' principle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Archimedes%27_principle" title="Archimedes' principle">Archimedes' principle</a> is a major one that contains many defining propositions pertaining to fluid mechanics. As stated by proposition 7 of Archimedes' principle, a solid that is heavier than the fluid its placed in, will descend to the bottom of the fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the solid is to be weighed within the fluid, the fluid will be measured as lighter than the weight of the amount of fluid that was displaced by said solid.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further developed upon by proposition 5, if the solid is lighter than the fluid it is placed in, the solid will have to be forcibly immersed to be fully covered by the liquid.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weight of the amount of displaced fluids will then be equal to the weight of the solid.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_topics">Major topics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Major topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This section based on the "AMR Subject Classification Scheme" from the journal <i>Applied Mechanics Reviews</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundations_and_basic_methods">Foundations and basic methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Foundations and basic methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">Continuum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite_element_method" title="Finite element method">Finite element method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite_difference_method" title="Finite difference method">Finite difference method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_mechanics" title="Computational mechanics">Other computational methods</a></li> <li>Experimental system analysis</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynamics_and_vibration">Dynamics and vibration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dynamics and vibration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamics (mechanics)">Dynamics (mechanics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">Kinematics</a></li> <li>Vibrations of solids (basic)</li> <li>Vibrations (structural elements)</li> <li>Vibrations (structures)</li> <li>Wave motion in solids</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)" title="Impact (mechanics)">Impact on solids</a></li> <li>Waves in incompressible fluids</li> <li>Waves in compressible fluids</li> <li>Solid fluid interactions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronautics" title="Astronautics">Astronautics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">celestial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">orbital mechanics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosives_engineering" title="Explosives engineering">Explosions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">ballistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">Acoustics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automatic_control">Automatic control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Automatic control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>System theory and design</li> <li>Optimal control system</li> <li>System and control applications</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_engineering" title="Manufacturing engineering">Manufacturing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanics_of_solids"><a href="/wiki/Solid_mechanics" title="Solid mechanics">Mechanics of solids</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mechanics of solids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscoelasticity" title="Viscoelasticity">Viscoelasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)" title="Plasticity (physics)">Plasticity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viscoplasticity" title="Viscoplasticity">viscoplasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">Composite material mechanics</a></li> <li>Cables, rope, <a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">beams</a>, etc</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_theory" title="Plate theory">Plates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_plates_and_shells" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of plates and shells">shells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Membrane_theory_of_shells" title="Membrane theory of shells">membranes</a>, etc</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_stability" title="Structural stability">Structural stability</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buckling" title="Buckling">buckling</a>, postbuckling)</li> <li>Electromagneto solid mechanics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">Soil mechanics</a> (basic)</li> <li>Soil mechanics (applied)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_mechanics" title="Rock mechanics">Rock mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_Processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Materials Processing">Material processing</a></li> <li>Fracture and damage processes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_mechanics" title="Fracture mechanics">Fracture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damage_mechanics" title="Damage mechanics">damage</a> mechanics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress analysis">Experimental stress analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_testing" title="Mechanical testing">Material Testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_mechanics" title="Structural mechanics">Structures</a> (basic)</li> <li>Structures (ground)</li> <li>Structures (<a href="/wiki/Marine_engineering" title="Marine engineering">ocean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">coastal</a>)</li> <li>Structures (<a href="/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">mobile</a>)</li> <li>Structures (containment)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frictional_contact_mechanics" title="Frictional contact mechanics">Friction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wear" title="Wear">wear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_element" title="Machine element">Machine elements</a></li> <li>Machine design</li> <li>Fastening and joining</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanics_of_fluids"><a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">Mechanics of fluids</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mechanics of fluids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">Rheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">Hydraulics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incompressible_flow" title="Incompressible flow">Incompressible flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressible_flow" title="Compressible flow">Compressible flow</a></li> <li>Rarefied flow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiphase_flow" title="Multiphase flow">Multiphase flow</a></li> <li>Wall Layers (incl <a href="/wiki/Boundary_layers" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary layers">boundary layers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_flow" title="Internal flow">Internal flow</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pipe_flow" title="Pipe flow">pipe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open-channel_flow" title="Open-channel flow">channel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Couette_flow" title="Couette flow">couette</a>)</li> <li>Internal flow (inlets, <a href="/wiki/Nozzle" title="Nozzle">nozzles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diffuser_(thermodynamics)" title="Diffuser (thermodynamics)">diffusers</a>, and cascades)</li> <li>Free shear layers (mixing layers, <a href="/wiki/Jet_(fluid)" title="Jet (fluid)">jets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wake_(physics)" title="Wake (physics)">wakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavitation" title="Cavitation">cavities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plume_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Plume (fluid dynamics)">plumes</a>)\</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamic_stability" title="Hydrodynamic stability">Flow stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">Turbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamics" title="Magnetohydrodynamics">Electromagneto fluid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plasma_modeling" title="Plasma modeling">plasma dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Hydromechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamics</a></li> <li>Machinery fluid dynamics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubrication_theory" title="Lubrication theory">Lubrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_measurement" title="Flow measurement">Flow measurements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flow_visualization" title="Flow visualization">visualization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_sciences"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_physics" title="Thermal physics">Thermal sciences</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Thermal sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a> (one phase <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer_physics" title="Heat transfer physics">Heat transfer</a> (two phase convection)</li> <li>Heat transfer (<a href="/wiki/Thermal_conduction" title="Thermal conduction">conduction</a>)</li> <li>Heat transfer (<a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">radiation</a> and combined modes)</li> <li>Heat transfer (<a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">devices</a> and systems)</li> <li>Thermodynamics of solids</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_transfer" title="Mass transfer">Mass transfer</a> (with and without heat transfer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_mover_(engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime mover (engine)">Prime movers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propulsion_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Propulsion systems">propulsion systems</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earth_sciences"><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth sciences</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Earth sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micromeritics" title="Micromeritics">Micromeritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porous_medium" title="Porous medium">Porous media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomechanics" title="Geomechanics">Geomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanology" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanology">oceanology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_systems_and_environment"><a href="/wiki/Energy_system" title="Energy system">Energy systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environment_(systems)" title="Environment (systems)">environment</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Energy systems and environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Fossil fuel systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a> systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal</a> systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar energy</a> systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind energy</a> systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Ocean energy</a> system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Energy distribution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">storage</a></li> <li>Environmental fluid mechanics</li> <li>Hazardous waste containment and disposal</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosciences"><a href="/wiki/List_of_life_sciences" title="List of life sciences">Biosciences</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Biosciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-factor_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-factor engineering">Human factor engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_engineering" title="Rehabilitation engineering">Rehabilitation engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_biomechanics" title="Sports biomechanics">Sports mechanics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical Engineering">Electrical Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical Engineering">Mechanical Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Nuclear engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15214001"><i>Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060629022323/http://divisions.asme.org/amd/newsletter/index.html"><i>Newsletters of the Applied Mechanics Division</i></a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/appliedmechanics">Journal of Applied Mechanics</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/appliedmechanicsreviews">Applied Mechanics Reviews</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applmech">Applied Mechanics</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/qjmam">Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmm.ipmnet.ru/en/">Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (PMM)</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15222608">Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ams.cstam.org.cn/EN/volumn/home.shtml">Acta Mechanica Sinica</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomechanics" title="Geomechanics">Geomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanicians">Mechanicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">Mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_moments" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of moments">Principle of moments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_analysis" title="Structural analysis">Structural analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetics_(physics)" title="Kinetics (physics)">Kinetics (physics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">Kinematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamics (physics)">Dynamics (physics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statics" title="Statics">Statics</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPao1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yih-Hsing_Pao" title="Yih-Hsing Pao">Pao, Yih-Hsing</a> (1998-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3098993">"Applied Mechanics in Science and Engineering"</a>. <i>Applied Mechanics Reviews</i>. <b>51</b> (2): 141–153. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApMRv..51..141P">1998ApMRv..51..141P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1115%2F1.3098993">10.1115/1.3098993</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-6900">0003-6900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Mechanics+Reviews&rft.atitle=Applied+Mechanics+in+Science+and+Engineering&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141-153&rft.date=1998-02-01&rft.issn=0003-6900&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1115%2F1.3098993&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998ApMRv..51..141P&rft.aulast=Pao&rft.aufirst=Yih-Hsing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1115%2F1.3098993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplied+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrabble1971" class="citation cs2">Drabble, George E. (1971-01-01), Drabble, George E. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780491002080500067">"CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION"</a>, <i>Applied Mechanics</i>, Academic Press, pp. 1–8, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-491-00208-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-491-00208-0"><bdi>978-0-491-00208-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-06</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Mechanics&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+ONE+-+INTRODUCTION&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=1971-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-491-00208-0&rft.aulast=Drabble&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FB9780491002080500067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplied+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberhardJuhasz2016" class="citation book cs1">Eberhard, Peter; Juhasz, Stephen, eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-31063-3"><i>IUTAM</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-31063-3">10.1007/978-3-319-31063-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-31061-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-31061-9"><bdi>978-3-319-31061-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IUTAM&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-31063-3&rft.isbn=978-3-319-31061-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-31063-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplied+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdel_Wahab2020" class="citation journal cs1">Abdel Wahab, Magd (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapplmech1010001">"Editorial"</a>. <i>Applied Mechanics</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 1–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapplmech1010001">10.3390/applmech1010001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-8634459">1854/LU-8634459</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Editorial&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1854%2FLU-8634459&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fapplmech1010001&rft.aulast=Abdel+Wahab&rft.aufirst=Magd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fapplmech1010001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplied+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurrer2008" class="citation book cs1">Kurrer, Karl-Eugen (2008-04-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783433600160"><i>The History of the Theory of Structures: From Arch Analysis to Computational Mechanics</i></a> (1 ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9783433600160">10.1002/9783433600160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-433-01838-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-433-01838-5"><bdi>978-3-433-01838-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Theory+of+Structures%3A+From+Arch+Analysis+to+Computational+Mechanics&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2008-04-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9783433600160&rft.isbn=978-3-433-01838-5&rft.aulast=Kurrer&rft.aufirst=Karl-Eugen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9783433600160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplied+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://me.engin.umich.edu/research/areas/mechanics-materials/">"Mechanics & Materials – Mechanical Engineering"</a>. <i>me.engin.umich.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.brunel.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Applied+Mechanics+and+Biomedical+Engineering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brunel.ac.uk%2Fmechanical-engineering%2Fresearch-and-phd-programmes%2Fapplied-mechanics-and-biomedical-engineering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplied+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurrer2008" class="citation book cs1">Kurrer, Karl-Eugen (2008-04-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783433600160"><i>The History of the Theory of Structures</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9783433600160">10.1002/9783433600160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-433-01838-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-433-01838-5"><bdi>978-3-433-01838-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Theory+of+Structures&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2008-04-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9783433600160&rft.isbn=978-3-433-01838-5&rft.aulast=Kurrer&rft.aufirst=Karl-Eugen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9783433600160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplied+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankine1858" class="citation book cs1">Rankine, William John Macquorn (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/manualappmecha00rankrich"><i>A manual of applied mechanics</i></a>. University of California Libraries. London : R. Griffin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+manual+of+applied+mechanics&rft.pub=London+%3A+R.+Griffin&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Rankine&rft.aufirst=William+John+Macquorn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualappmecha00rankrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplied+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeingardt2008" class="citation journal cs1">Weingardt, Richard G. (2008-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1061%2F%28ASCE%291532-6748%282008%298%3A4%28309%29">"Stephen P. Timoshenko"</a>. <i>Leadership and Management in Engineering</i>. <b>8</b> (4): 309–314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1061%2F%28ASCE%291532-6748%282008%298%3A4%28309%29">10.1061/(ASCE)1532-6748(2008)8:4(309)</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1532-6748">1532-6748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leadership+and+Management+in+Engineering&rft.atitle=Stephen+P.+Timoshenko&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=309-314&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1061%2F%28ASCE%291532-6748%282008%298%3A4%28309%29&rft.issn=1532-6748&rft.aulast=Weingardt&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1061%252F%2528ASCE%25291532-6748%25282008%25298%253A4%2528309%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplied+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchimedesHeath1897" class="citation book cs1">Archimedes; Heath, Thomas Little (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/worksofarchimede00arch"><i>The works of Archimedes</i></a>. Wellesley College Library. Cambridge, University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+works+of+Archimedes&rft.pub=Cambridge%2C+University+Press&rft.date=1897&rft.au=Archimedes&rft.au=Heath%2C+Thomas+Little&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworksofarchimede00arch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplied+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asme.org/publications-submissions/journals/find-journal/applied-mechanics-reviews-amol">"Journal on Applied Mechanics Reviews (AMR) | ASME - ASME"</a>. <i>www.asme.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.asme.org&rft.atitle=Journal+on+Applied+Mechanics+Reviews+%28AMR%29+%7C+ASME+-+ASME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asme.org%2Fpublications-submissions%2Fjournals%2Ffind-journal%2Fapplied-mechanics-reviews-amol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplied+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Pieter_Den_Hartog" title="Jacob Pieter Den Hartog">J.P. Den Hartog</a>, <i>Strength of Materials</i>, Dover, New York, 1949.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Beer">F.P. Beer</a>, E.R. Johnston, J.T. DeWolf, <i>Mechanics of Materials</i>, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1981.</li> <li>S.P. Timoshenko, <i>History of Strength of Materials</i>, Dover, New York, 1953.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.E._Gordon" class="mw-redirect" title="J.E. Gordon">J.E. Gordon</a>, <i>The New Science of Strong Materials</i>, Princeton, 1984.</li> <li>H. Petroski, <i>To Engineer Is Human</i>, St. Martins, 1985.</li> <li>T.A. McMahon and J.T. Bonner, <i>On Size and Life</i>, Scientific American Library, W.H. Freeman, 1983.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._F._Ashby" class="mw-redirect" title="M. F. Ashby">M. F. Ashby</a>, <i>Materials Selection in Design</i>, Pergamon, 1992.</li> <li>A.H. Cottrell, <i>Mechanical Properties of Matter</i>, Wiley, New York, 1964.</li> <li>S.A. Wainwright, W.D. Biggs, <i>J.D. Organisms</i>, Edward Arnold, 1976.</li> <li>S. Vogel, <i>Comparative Biomechanics</i>, Princeton, 2003.</li> <li>J. Howard, <i>Mechanics of Motor Proteins and the Cytoskeleton</i>, Sinauer Associates, 2001.</li> <li>J.L. Meriam, L.G. Kraige. <i>Engineering Mechanics Volume 2: Dynamics</i>, John Wiley & Sons., New York, 1986.</li> <li>J.L. Meriam, L.G. Kraige. <i>Engineering Mechanics Volume 1: Statics</i>, John Wiley & Sons., New York, 1986.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mechanics&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Video and web lectures</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102052912/http://www.saeteamkiit.org/~avinash/nptel/mechanical.htm">Engineering Mechanics Video Lectures and Web Notes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nptelvideos.com/applied_mechanics/">Applied Mechanics Video Lectures By Prof.SK. Gupta, Department of Applied Mechanics, IIT Delhi</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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