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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cultural significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Token_of_love" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Token_of_love"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Token of love</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Token_of_love-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perfume_pouches_against_the_Five_poisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perfume_pouches_against_the_Five_poisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Perfume pouches against the Five poisons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perfume_pouches_against_the_Five_poisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Medical usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hebao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><span><i>Hebao</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_perfume_pouches/_xiangbao/_xiangnang/_xiangdai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_perfume_pouches/_xiangbao/_xiangnang/_xiangdai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Chinese perfume pouches/ <span><i>xiangbao</i></span>/ <span><i>xiangnang</i></span>/ <span><i>xiangdai</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_perfume_pouches/_xiangbao/_xiangnang/_xiangdai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manchu_pouch/_fadu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manchu_pouch/_fadu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Manchu pouch/ <span><i>fadu</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manchu_pouch/_fadu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Construction and design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction_and_design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction and design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manchu's_tobacco_pouch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manchu's_tobacco_pouch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Manchu's tobacco pouch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manchu's_tobacco_pouch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yuyong_hebao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yuyong_hebao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span><span><i>Yuyong hebao</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yuyong_hebao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ways_of_wearing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ways_of_wearing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ways of wearing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ways_of_wearing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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</button> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature_and_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Literature and stories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Music and songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_items" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_items"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Similar items</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_items-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese embroidery pouches</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Hebao</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_187848.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MET 187848"><img alt="MET 187848" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/MET_187848.jpg/200px-MET_187848.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/MET_187848.jpg/300px-MET_187848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/MET_187848.jpg/400px-MET_187848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="594" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hebao, Qing dynasty, 19th century</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">荷包</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hébāo</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">English name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">English</th><td class="infobox-data">Propitious pouch</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Hebao</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">荷包</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">hébāo</span></i>), sometimes referred as <b>Propitious pouch</b> in English,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a generic term used to refer to Chinese <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a> pouches, purses, or small bags.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 83">: 83 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 84">: 84 </span></sup> When they are used as <i>Chinese perfume pouch</i> (or <a href="/wiki/Sachet" title="Sachet">sachet</a>), they are referred as <b><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiangnang</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">香囊</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">xiāngnáng</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Fragrant sachet'), <b><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiangbao</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">香包</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xiāngbāo</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Fragrant bag'), or <b><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiangdai</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">香袋</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">xiāngdài</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 216">: 216 </span></sup> In everyday life, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hebao</i></span> are used to store items. In present-days China, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiangbao</i></span> are still valued traditional gifts or token of fortune.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xiangbao</i></span> are also used in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 463">: 463 </span></sup> </p><p>There are many <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">ethnic groups in China</a> which share the custom of wearing pouches. The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hebao</i></span> is also a type of adornment used in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_clothing" title="Chinese clothing">traditional Chinese clothing</a> (including in <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">hanfu</a></i></span> and in the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu people's</a> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qizhuang" title="Qizhuang">qizhuang</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchu pouches are called <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">fadu</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebao&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the wearing of Chinese pouches can be traced back to the Pre-Qin dynasties or much earlier, the term of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hebao</i></span> only appeared after the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebao&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cultural significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Token_of_love">Token of love</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebao&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Token of love"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Hebao</i></span> is also used as token of love since purses were personal items.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 100">: 100 </span></sup> They are used as a gift between young girls and boys and their acceptance towards each other.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 83">: 83 </span></sup> Chinese perfume pouches, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiangbao</i></span>, are still valued items which are exchanged between lovers in the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perfume pouches are also a love token for the ethnic Manchu; and when two youths fall in love, the boy is given a handmade perfume pouch by the girl.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unknown when the perfume pouch became a pledge of romantic love.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Manchu culture, the pouch can also hold tobacco. Tobacco pouches are usually made by a wife for her husband or by a maiden for her lover.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also customary for the brides from the Yunnan ethnic minorities to sew <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hebao</i></span> in advance prior to their wedding; they would then bring <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hebao</i></span> to their bridegroom's home when they get married.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 100">: 100 </span></sup> The number of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hebao</i></span> they would require to make would depend on the numbers of people (e.g. musicians, singers and guests) who would attend their wedding ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 100">: 100 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo nuts</a>, peanuts, sweets would be placed inside those pouches as a symbolism of 'giving birth to babies as soon as possible'.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 100–101">: 100–101 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perfume_pouches_against_the_Five_poisons">Perfume pouches against the Five poisons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebao&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Perfume pouches against the Five poisons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Dragon Boat Festival">Dragon Boat Festival</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Mugwort" title="Mugwort">mugwort</a> would often be inserted in the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hebao</i></span> to exorcise the <a href="/wiki/Five_Poisons" title="Five Poisons">Five Poisons</a>. These perfume sachets are called <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiangbao</i></span> (<span lang="zh">香包</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_usage">Medical usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebao&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medical usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xiangbao</i></span> is used in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 463">: 463 </span></sup> The wearing of Chinese medicine <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiangbao</i></span> as a preventive to diseases are a characteristic of Traditional Chinese medicine, known as dressing therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 463">: 463 </span></sup> These medicine pouches are used to induce resuscitation, awaken consciousness, eliminate turbid pathogens with aromatics, invigorate organs (spleen and stomach), avoid plague and filth, repel mosquitoes and other insects.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 463">: 463 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebao&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebao"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Hebao</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebao&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hebao"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hebao</i></span> was developed from the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">nangbao</i></span>, a type of small bag which would keep one's money, handkerchief and other small items as ancient Chinese clothing did not have any pockets.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common material for the making of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">nangbao</i></span> was leather.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">nangbao</i></span> had to be carried by hand or by back, but with time, the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">nangbao</i></span> was improved by people by fastening it to their belts as the earliest <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">nangbao</i></span> were too inconvenient to carry.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The custom of wearing of pouches dates back to the pre-Qin dynasties period or earlier; the earliest unearthed artefacts of Chinese pouches is one dating from the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Southern and Northern dynasties</a>, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hebao</i></span> became one of the most popular form of clothing adornment. They were worn at the waist and were used to carry items (such as seals, keys, handkerchiefs). Incense, pearls, jade, and other valuable items were placed inside the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hebao</i></span> to dispel evil spirits and foul smells.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, the term <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hebao</i></span> referred to a small bag which would store carry-on valuables (e.g. money and personal seal).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the custom of wearing <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hebao</i></span> continued throughout the centuries through the late <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> and the early <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>. It then vanished in cities due to the clothing reforms when pockets became of common use.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its decline in common use, the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hebao</i></span> was still popular in some rural areas and ethnic minority areas in present-day China allowing the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_art" title="Chinese folk art">Chinese folk art</a> to be transmitted to modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_perfume_pouches/_xiangbao/_xiangnang/_xiangdai"><span id="Chinese_perfume_pouches.2F_xiangbao.2F_xiangnang.2F_xiangdai"></span>Chinese perfume pouches/ <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiangbao</i></span>/ <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiangnang</i></span>/ <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiangdai</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebao&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chinese perfume pouches/ xiangbao/ xiangnang/ xiangdai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is also likely that the use of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiangbao</i></span> is a custom which dates back to ancient times traditions, when people in ancient times used to carry a medicine bags when they would go hunting in order to drive poisonous insects away.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tradition of carrying <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiangbao</i></span> can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Dragon Boat Festival">Duanwu festival</a>, where a <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hebao</i></span> would be filled with fragrant herbs and was embroidered with the patterns of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Poisons" title="Five Poisons">Five Poisons</a>; it was meant to ward off evil spirits and wickedness while brings wealth and auspiciousness to its carrier.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to old sayings, these perfume pouches were made to commemorate <a href="/wiki/Qu_Yuan" title="Qu Yuan">Qu Yuan</a>: when Qu Yuan drowned himself in the <a href="/wiki/Miluo_River" title="Miluo River">Miluo River</a>, people living in the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> made and carried pouches stuffed with sweet grass and perfumed which was loved by Qu Yuan out of sympathy for the poet and to cherish his memory.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Neize</i></span> of the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Liji</a></i></span>《<span lang="zh">禮記•内则</span>》, young people have to wear a scented bag, called <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jinying</i></span> (<span lang="zh">衿纓</span>), during this period, when they meet their parents to meet their parents to pay respect.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 100">: 100 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 463">: 463 </span></sup> </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>, perfume pouches were attached on the girdles of young men to show respect to their parents and their in-laws.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 87">: 87 </span></sup> </p><p>It is also believed that the use of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiangbao</i></span> is a long tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>; the use of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiangbao</i></span> can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> when women living in rural areas would make perfume pouch (made of coloured silk, silk threads, gold and silver beads) in every year on the 4th lunar month.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiangbao</i></span> were not exclusively used on the Duanwu Festival; they were used on daily basis.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly everyone carried a <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiangbao</i></span> regardless of social classes, ages and gender.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 87">: 87 </span></sup> The Manchu also carried <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiangbao</i></span> all year round.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 87">: 87 </span></sup> Moreover, according to the Qing dynasty custom, the emperors and the empresses were required to carry a <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiangbao</i></span> on them all year round. The Qing emperors would also award perfume pouches to the princes and ministers to show his favour for them on important festivals or at the end of each year.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yuyong hebao</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">御用荷包</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yùyòng hébāo</span></i>), ornamented purses which were manufactured for the imperial palace, were an extraordinary mark of imperial favour and expressed the high regards which was held by the Qing emperor to his generals; the emperors only sent to those hebao to his highest generals.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 413">: 413 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Emperor" title="Tongzhi Emperor">Emperor Tongzhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Emperor Guangxu</a> used to perfume pouches when choosing their empresses: the Emperor would hang a <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiangbao</i></span> on the button of the dress of the girls whom he took fancy in after having examined all the girls who were lined up in front of him.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xiangbao</i></span> were used extensively by the common people regardless of gender and ages; they would carry perfume pouches and give it to others as presents while young men and women would often use it as a toke of love.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xiangbao</i></span> were appreciated for their fragrance but they were also considered as a preventive against diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 87">: 87 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manchu_pouch/_fadu"><span id="Manchu_pouch.2F_fadu"></span>Manchu pouch/ <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">fadu</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebao&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Manchu pouch/ fadu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">fadu</i></span> of the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu people</a> originated from a form of bag used by the ancestors of the Manchu who lived a hunting life through dense forested mountains. The bag was originally made of out animal hide and was worn at the waist; it was secured on the belt for the usage of carry food.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, when the ancestors of the Manchu left the mountain regions and began an agricultural life, the hide bag was developed into a small and delicate accessory which would only contain sweetmeat.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchu women would use small pieces of silk and satin to the sew the bag and would decorate it with flower and birds embroidery patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also use their pouches to carry perfume and tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_and_design">Construction and design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebao&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Construction and design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_auspicious_ornaments_in_textile_and_clothing" title="Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing">Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing</a></div> <p><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Hebao</i></span> is a bag composed of 2 sides: the interior and exterior side.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often embroidered on its outside while the inside is made of a thick layer of fabric.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opening of the bag is threaded with a silk string that can tightened and loosened.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are made in various shapes, such as rotund, oblong, peach, ruyi, and guava.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also have different patterns for different usages (e.g. butterflies and flowers represented the wish for love and marriage; golden melons and children represented the wishes for longevity and more children; images of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qilin" title="Qilin">qilin</a></i></span> represented the wishes for carrying a son).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each areas in China have a distinctive forms of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hebao</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manchu's_tobacco_pouch"><span id="Manchu.27s_tobacco_pouch"></span>Manchu's tobacco pouch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebao&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Manchu's tobacco pouch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Manchu people's tobacco pouch is tied with a small wooden gourd which is carved with rich patterns. The gourd acts primarily as a fastener to prevent its carrier from losing his pouch, by making it harder for the fastener to slip from the seam between the waist and the cloth belt which was used by the Manchu people in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yuyong_hebao"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yuyong hebao</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebao&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Yuyong hebao"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yuyong hebao</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">御用荷包</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yùyòng hébāo</span></i>) were the ornamented purses made for the imperial palace and were bestowed to the highest generals favoured by the Emperor in the Qing dynasty as a symbol of favour and high regards.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 413">: 413 </span></sup> They usually came into 2 sizes: either large or small.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 413">: 413 </span></sup> They could be bestowed as a single purse, in pairs, or in numbers up to 4.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 413">: 413 </span></sup> These <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hebao</i></span> could also contains gems, jewels and precious metals, such as <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">shanhu</i></span> (corals), <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">qizhen babao</i></span> (lit. "seven pearls and eight jewels"), <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jinding</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_bar" title="Gold bar">gold ingot</a>), <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yinding</i></span> (silver ingots), <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jinqian</i></span> (gold coins) and <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yinqian</i></span> (silver coins).<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 413–414">: 413–414 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ways_of_wearing">Ways of wearing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebao&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ways of wearing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manchu_ethnic">Manchu ethnic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebao&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Manchu ethnic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manchu people regardless of gender wore pouches, but they wore it differently according to their gender. Men wore their pouches at the waist while women tied their pouches to the 2nd buttons of their traditional Manchu dress, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qizhuang" title="Qizhuang">qizhuang</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebao&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_stories">Literature and stories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebao&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literature and stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber" title="Dream of the Red Chamber">Dream of the Red Chamber</a>, a <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hebao</i></span> is personally made by <a href="/wiki/Lin_Daiyu" title="Lin Daiyu">Daiyu</a> and is given to <a href="/wiki/Jia_Baoyu" title="Jia Baoyu">Baoyu</a> as an expression of her love for him; however, she misunderstood that Baoyu had deliberately given the purse away and destroyed the other <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hebao</i></span> that she was making.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 100">: 100 </span></sup> In reality, Baoyu treasured the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hebao</i></span> so much that he would have never given it away.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 100">: 100 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_songs">Music and songs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebao&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Music and songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xiuhebao</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">绣荷包</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Embroidering a pouch'), originally called <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Huguang diao</i></span> from the regions of <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, is a popular song since the Ming and Qing dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 83">: 83 </span></sup> Chinese folks about embroidering hebao are sung in all parts of China, with the most familiar ones being the ones in <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 83">: 83 </span></sup> These songs depict the thoughts of young girls who miss their lovers and are personally embroidering a <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hebao</i></span> for their beloved.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 83">: 83 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_items">Similar items</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebao&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Similar items"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qiedai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qiedai (page does not exist)">Qiedai</a> - Eggplant-shaped purses worn by imperial officials in ancient China.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyang_sachet" title="Qingyang sachet">Qingyang sachet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachet" title="Sachet">Sachet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_(tally)#Fish_tally/_yufu/_yudai" title="Fu (tally)">Yudai</a> - Fish-shaped tally bag; a pouch used in ancient China as a form of yufu (<a href="/wiki/Fu_(tally)#Fish_tally/_yufu/_yudai" title="Fu (tally)">fish tally</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebao&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Chinese clothing">Hanfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Han_Chinese_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Han Chinese clothing">List of hanfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu_accessories" title="Hanfu accessories">List of hanfu accessories</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebao&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is according to the 2011 source article</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebao&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2011-02/15/content_12039146.htm">"Propitious pouch"</a>. <i>europe.chinadaily.com.cn</i>. pp. 1–2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europe.chinadaily.com.cn&rft.atitle=Propitious+pouch&rft.pages=1-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurope.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fculture%2F2011-02%2F15%2Fcontent_12039146.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJin2011" class="citation book cs1">Jin, Jie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/671710042"><i>Chinese music</i></a>. Li Wang, Rong Li (Updated ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-18691-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-18691-9"><bdi>978-0-521-18691-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/671710042">671710042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+music&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Updated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F671710042&rft.isbn=978-0-521-18691-9&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=Jie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F671710042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWanlong2012" class="citation book cs1">Wanlong, Gao, Dr (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/781378256"><i>A handbook of chinese cultural terms</i></a>. [Place of publication not identified]: Trafford On Demand Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4669-2005-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4669-2005-7"><bdi>978-1-4669-2005-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/781378256">781378256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+handbook+of+chinese+cultural+terms.&rft.place=%5BPlace+of+publication+not+identified%5D&rft.pub=Trafford+On+Demand+Pub&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F781378256&rft.isbn=978-1-4669-2005-7&rft.aulast=Wanlong&rft.aufirst=Gao%2C+Dr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F781378256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebao" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.chinaculture.org/classics/2013-06/08/content_462642_8.htm">"Culture of Chinese small living goods - chinaculture"</a>. <i>en.chinaculture.org</i>. pp. 8–9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.chinaculture.org&rft.atitle=Culture+of+Chinese+small+living+goods+-+chinaculture&rft.pages=8-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.chinaculture.org%2Fclassics%2F2013-06%2F08%2Fcontent_462642_8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1282170023"><i>The 2021 International Conference on Machine Learning and Big Data Analytics for IoT Security and Privacy : SPIoT-2021. Volume 1</i></a>. J. D. MacIntyre, Jinghua Zhao, Xiaomeng Ma. Cham. 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-89508-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-89508-2"><bdi>978-3-030-89508-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1282170023">1282170023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+2021+International+Conference+on+Machine+Learning+and+Big+Data+Analytics+for+IoT+Security+and+Privacy+%3A+SPIoT-2021.+Volume+1&rft.place=Cham&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1282170023&rft.isbn=978-3-030-89508-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1282170023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebao" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/818922837"><i>Chinese auspicious culture</i></a>. Evy Wong (English ed.). Singapore: Asiapac Books. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-229-642-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-229-642-9"><bdi>978-981-229-642-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/818922837">818922837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+auspicious+culture&rft.place=Singapore&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Asiapac+Books&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F818922837&rft.isbn=978-981-229-642-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F818922837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebao" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/2004/Feb/86542.htm">"Clothes Never Enough"</a>. <i>www.china.org.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.china.org.cn&rft.atitle=Clothes+Never+Enough&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2F2004%2FFeb%2F86542.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegge" class="citation web cs1">Legge, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/liji/nei-ze">"《內則 - Nei Ze》"</a>. <i>Ctext.org</i>. <q>Youths who have not yet been capped, and maidens who have not yet assumed the hairpin, at the first crowing of the cock, should wash their hands, rinse their mouths, comb their hair, draw over it the covering of silk, brush the dust from that which is left free, bind it up in the shape of a horn, and put on their necklaces. They should all bang at their girdles the ornamental (bags of) perfume; and as soon as it is daybreak, they should (go to) pay their respects (to their parents) and ask what they will eat and drink. If they have eaten already, they should retire; if they have not eaten, they will (remain to) assist their elder (brothers and sisters) and see what has been prepared. [男女未冠笄者，雞初鳴，咸盥漱，櫛縰，拂髦總角，衿纓，皆佩容臭，昧爽而朝，問何食飲矣。若已食則退，若未食則佐長者視具。]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ctext.org&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%85%A7%E5%89%87+-+Nei+Ze%E3%80%8B&rft.aulast=Legge&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fliji%2Fnei-ze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2019" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Nancy E. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1089978299"><i>The Chinese lady : Afong Moy in early America</i></a>. New York, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-093727-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-093727-0"><bdi>978-0-19-093727-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1089978299">1089978299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+lady+%3A+Afong+Moy+in+early+America&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1089978299&rft.isbn=978-0-19-093727-0&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Nancy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1089978299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebao" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/902674191"><i>Money in Asia (1200-1900) : small currencies in social and political contexts</i></a>. Jane Kate Leonard, Ulrich Theobald. Leiden. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28835-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28835-5"><bdi>978-90-04-28835-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/902674191">902674191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Money+in+Asia+%281200-1900%29+%3A+small+currencies+in+social+and+political+contexts&rft.place=Leiden&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F902674191&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28835-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F902674191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebao" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hebao&oldid=1237350213">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hebao&oldid=1237350213</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_traditional_clothing" title="Category:Chinese traditional clothing">Chinese traditional clothing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_art" title="Category:Chinese art">Chinese art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_folk_art" title="Category:Chinese folk art">Chinese folk art</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2022">Use dmy dates from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 July 2024, at 10:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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