CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Berbers - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"89f543e4-1587-4dd4-8107-fbb3896ea410","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Berbers","wgTitle":"Berbers","wgCurRevisionId":1276116016,"wgRevisionId":1276116016,"wgArticleId":48132,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles with text in Berber languages","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1: long volume value","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","All articles with dead external links", "Articles with dead external links from June 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia semi-protected pages","Use dmy dates from May 2023","Wikipedia references cleanup from December 2022","All articles needing references cleanup","Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2022","All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020","Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from September 2024","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from October 2020","Articles containing Phoenician-language text", "Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles with incomplete citations from August 2019","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Articles lacking reliable references from June 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023","Articles with incomplete citations from July 2023","Citation overkill","Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from June 2023","Articles to be expanded from October 2012","All articles to be expanded","Articles needing additional references from May 2023","All articles needing additional references","Commons category link is locally defined","Berbers","Arabized Berbers","Afroasiatic peoples","Indigenous peoples of North Africa","Ethnic groups in Morocco","Ethnic groups in Mauritania" ,"Ethnic groups in Algeria","Ethnic groups in Libya","Ethnic groups in Tunisia","Ethnic groups in Western Sahara","Ethnic groups in Mali","Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso","Ethnic groups in Niger","Ethnic groups in Egypt","Maghreb","Ethnic groups in North Africa","Ethnic groups divided by international borders","Ethnic groups in the Middle East","Ancient peoples of Africa"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Berbers","wgRelevantArticleId":48132,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Berber_people","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Berbers","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q45315","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles": "ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Berber_flag.svg/1200px-Berber_flag.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Berber_flag.svg/800px-Berber_flag.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Berber_flag.svg/640px-Berber_flag.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Berbers - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Berbers rootpage-Berbers skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Berbers" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Berbers" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Berbers" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Berbers" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Names_and_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_and_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Names and etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Other sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scientific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Scientific </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numidia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numidia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Numidia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numidia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauretania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauretania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Mauretania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauretania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islamic_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Islamic conquest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_al-Andalus_under_the_Umayyad_governors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_al-Andalus_under_the_Umayyad_governors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 In al-Andalus under the Umayyad governors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_al-Andalus_under_the_Umayyad_governors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_al-Andalus_during_the_Umayyad_emirate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_al-Andalus_during_the_Umayyad_emirate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.3 In al-Andalus during the Umayyad emirate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_al-Andalus_during_the_Umayyad_emirate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_al-Andalus_during_the_Umayyad_caliphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_al-Andalus_during_the_Umayyad_caliphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.4 In al-Andalus during the Umayyad caliphate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_al-Andalus_during_the_Umayyad_caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_al-Andalus_in_the_Taifa_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_al-Andalus_in_the_Taifa_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.5 In al-Andalus in the Taifa period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_al-Andalus_in_the_Taifa_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_al-Andalus_under_the_Almoravids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_al-Andalus_under_the_Almoravids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.6 In al-Andalus under the Almoravids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_al-Andalus_under_the_Almoravids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Arabization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Contemporary demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contemporary demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Berberism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berberism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Berberism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berberism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Political tensions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Architecture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Architecture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Muslim_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Muslim_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 After the Muslim conquest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Muslim_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Culture and arts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture and arts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Social context </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Visual arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Role in tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Berbers</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 101 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" > 101 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Berbers" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%BA" title="أمازيغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمازيغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblos_berbers" title="Pueblos berbers – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pueblos berbers" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazigos" title="Amazigos – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Amazigos" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereberes" title="Bereberes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bereberes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereveku%C3%A9ra" title="Verevekuéra – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Verevekuéra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%99rb%C9%99rl%C9%99r" title="Bərbərlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bərbərlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B1" title="بربرلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بربرلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="আমাজিগ জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আমাজিগ জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_L%C3%A2ng" title="Berber Lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Berber Lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Берберҙар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Берберҙар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Берберы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Берберы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Бэрбэры – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэрбэры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бербери – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бербери" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberi" title="Berberi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Berberi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazics" title="Amazics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amazics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Берберсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Берберсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbe%C5%99i" title="Berbeři – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Berbeři" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberiaid" title="Berberiaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Berberiaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbere" title="Berbere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Berbere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%BA" title="أمازيغ – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أمازيغ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber" title="Berber – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Berber" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberid" title="Berberid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Berberid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Βέρβεροι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βέρβεροι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereberes" title="Bereberes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bereberes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberoj" title="Berberoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Berberoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazig" title="Amazig – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amazig" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="قوم بربر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قوم بربر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berb%C3%A8res" title="Berbères – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Berbères" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Berbers" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirbeirigh" title="Beirbeirigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beirbeirigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9rberes" title="Bérberes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bérberes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EC%9D%B8" title="베르베르인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베르베르인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abzinawa" title="Abzinawa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Abzinawa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բերբերներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բերբերներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="बर्बर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बर्बर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberi" title="Berberi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Berberi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Berber" title="Orang Berber – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Berber" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbar" title="Berbar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Berbar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberi" title="Berberi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Berberi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_(%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="ברברים (קבוצה אתנית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברברים (קבוצה אתנית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_B%C3%A8rb%C3%A8r" title="Wong Bèrbèr – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Bèrbèr" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბერბერები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბერბერები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Берберлер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Берберлер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waberiberi" title="Waberiberi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waberiberi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaz%C3%AEx_(gel)" title="Amazîx (gel) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Amazîx (gel)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Берберлер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Берберлер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazaces" title="Mazaces – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mazaces" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberi" title="Berberi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Berberi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberai" title="Berberai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Berberai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/imazixen" title="imazixen – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="imazixen" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberek" title="Berberek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Berberek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бербери – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бербери" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera_(vahoaka)" title="Berbera (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Berbera (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4" title="ബെർബർ ജനത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെർബർ ജനത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberi" title="Berberi – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Berberi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ბერბერეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბერბერეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%BA" title="امازيغ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امازيغ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbar" title="Barbar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Barbar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Berbers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="ベルベル人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベルベル人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbere" title="Berbere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Berbere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbarar" title="Berbarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Berbarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berb%C3%A8rs" title="Berbèrs – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Berbèrs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberlar" title="Berberlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Berberlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="بربر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بربر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بربریان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بربریان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberowie" title="Berberowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Berberowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberes" title="Berberes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Berberes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberi" title="Berberi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Berberi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amasiq_runa" title="Amasiq runa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Amasiq runa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Берберы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Берберы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Берберы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Берберы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8rberos" title="Bèrberos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bèrberos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8rberi" title="Bèrberi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bèrberi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_people" title="Berber people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Berber people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberi" title="Berberi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Berberi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberi" title="Berberi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Berberi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadka_Berberiga" title="Dadka Berberiga – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dadka Berberiga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="گەلی ئەمازیغی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەلی ئەمازیغی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бербери – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бербери" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberi" title="Berberi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Berberi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberit" title="Berberit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Berberit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber" title="Berber – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Berber" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பர்பர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பர்பர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imazi%C9%A3n" title="Imaziɣn – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Imaziɣn" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imazi%C9%A3en" title="Imaziɣen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Imaziɣen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ชนเบอร์เบอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชนเบอร์เบอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Барбарҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Барбарҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberiler" title="Berberiler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Berberiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бербери – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бербери" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="بربر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بربر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بېربېرلار – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بېربېرلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberi" title="Berberi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Berberi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Berber" title="Người Berber – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Berber" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbere_(peupe)" title="Berbere (peupe) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Berbere (peupe)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9F%8F%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="柏柏尔人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="柏柏尔人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9F%8F%E4%BA%BA" title="柏柏人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="柏柏人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberi" title="Berberi – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Berberi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9F%8F%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="柏柏尔人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="柏柏尔人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45315#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Berbers" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berbers">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbers&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbers&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berbers">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbers&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbers&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Berbers" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Berbers" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbers&oldid=1276116016" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbers&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Berbers&id=1276116016&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBerbers">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBerbers">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Berbers&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbers&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Berber_people" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Berber_people" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45315" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until September 4, 2025 at 11:14 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_people&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber people</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group indigenous to North Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Berbers_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Berbers (disambiguation)">Berbers (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Citation_style plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-citation_style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article has an unclear <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation style</a>. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnoting</a>. (December 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Berbers</li><li>Amazighs</li></ul></div></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="ber"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>بربر</li><li>Imaziɣen</li><li>ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ</li><li>أمازيغ</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Berber_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Berber_flag.svg/220px-Berber_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Berber_flag.svg/330px-Berber_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Berber_flag.svg/440px-Berber_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Berber_flag" title="Berber flag">Berber ethnic flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">25 million<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> to 36 million<a href="#cite_note-Danver2015-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berber_people-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berber_speakers-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bilingualism,_p._860-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14 million<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> to 15 million<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7 million<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> to 13 million<a href="#cite_note-axl.cefan.ulaval.ca-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.6 million<a href="#cite_note-nigertuareg-18">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2 million<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></th><td class="infobox-data">850,000<a href="#cite_note-WorldFactbookMali-20">[20]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></th><td class="infobox-data">600,000<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="infobox-data">500,000<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">467,455[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></th><td class="infobox-data">406,271<a href="#cite_note-burkinatuareg-23">[23]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">37,060<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30,000<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,500[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,500<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,325<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a> (Tamazight) and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> Minorities <a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> and, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (chiefly <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Miller2015-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> peoples<a href="#cite_note-Blench2006-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shirai,_Noriyuki_2010-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ehret2004-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-bender1997-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-militarev2005-37">[37]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Yakh.svg/27px-Yakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Yakh.svg/41px-Yakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Yakh.svg/55px-Yakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="878" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh text</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Tifinagh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Multilingual support (Tifinagh)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh letters</a>.</div></div> </div> Berbers, or the Berber peoples,<a href="#cite_note-38">[a]</a> also known as Amazigh<a href="#cite_note-39">[b]</a> or Imazighen,<a href="#cite_note-40">[c]</a> are a diverse grouping of distinct <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> indigenous to <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> who predate the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Arab_migrations_to_the_Maghreb" title="Arab migrations to the Maghreb">Arabs in the Maghreb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fields-2011-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berber_Definition-44">[41]</a> Their main connections are identified by their usage of <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a>, most of them mutually unintelligible,<a href="#cite_note-Fields-2011-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> which are part of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic language family</a>. They are <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> region of North Africa, where they live in scattered communities across parts of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Berber_Definition-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aïtel-2014-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vourlias-2010-47">[44]</a> Smaller Berber communities are also found in <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa Oasis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Project-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> Descended from Stone Age tribes of North Africa, accounts of the Imazighen were first mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Ancient Egyptian writings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> From about 2000 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a> spread westward from the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile Valley</a> across the northern <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> into the Maghreb. A series of Berber peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Mauri" title="Mauri">Mauri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masaesyli" title="Masaesyli">Masaesyli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massyli" class="mw-redirect" title="Massyli">Massyli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musulamii" title="Musulamii">Musulamii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaetuli" title="Gaetuli">Gaetuli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a> gave rise to Berber kingdoms, such as <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>. Other kingdoms appeared in late antiquity, such as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Altava" title="Kingdom of Altava">Altava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Aur%C3%A8s" title="Kingdom of the Aurès">Aurès</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ouarsenis" title="Kingdom of Ouarsenis">Ouarsenis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hodna" title="Hodna">Hodna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Berber_Definition-2-53">[50]</a> Berber kingdoms were eventually suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Arab conquests</a> of the 7th and 8th centuries CE. This started a process of cultural and linguistic assimilation known as <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a>, which influenced the Berber population. Arabization involved the spread of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arab culture</a> among the Berbers, leading to the adoption of Arabic as the primary language and conversion to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Notably, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_migrations_to_the_Maghreb" title="Arab migrations to the Maghreb">Arab migrations to the Maghreb</a> from the 7th century to the 17th century accelerated this process.<a href="#cite_note-Holes_42-54">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Berber_tribes" title="Berber tribes">Berber tribes</a> remained powerful political forces and founded new ruling dynasties in the 10th and 11th centuries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadids</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> principalities in the western Maghreb, and several <a href="/wiki/Taifa" title="Taifa">Taifa</a> kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>, and empires of the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a>. Their Berber successors – the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_dynasty" title="Zayyanid dynasty">Zayyanids</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsids</a> – continued to rule until the 16th century. From the 16th century onward, the process continued in the absence of Berber dynasties; in Morocco, they were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Sharifism" title="Sharifism">Arabs claiming descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Berber_Definition-2-53">[50]</a> Berbers are divided into several diverse ethnic groups and Berber languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaoui_people" title="Chaoui people">Chaouis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rifians" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifians">Rifians</a>. Historically, Berbers across the region did not see themselves as a single cultural or linguistic unit, nor was there a greater "Berber community", due to their differing cultures.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> They also did not refer to themselves as Berbers/Amazigh but had their own terms to refer to their own groups and communities.<a href="#cite_note-Goodman-2005-56">[53]</a> They started being referred to collectively as Berbers after the Arab conquests of the 7th century and this distinction was revived by <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French colonial</a> administrators in the 19th century. Today, the term "Berber" is viewed as pejorative by many who prefer the term "Amazigh".<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> Since the late 20th century, a trans-national movement – known as <a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berberism</a> or the Berber Culture Movement – has emerged among various parts of the Berber populations of North Africa to promote a collective Amazigh <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic identity">ethnic identity</a> and to militate for greater linguistic rights and cultural recognition.<a href="#cite_note-Maddy-Weitzman-2011-58">[55]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_etymology">Names and etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Berber_people" title="Names of the Berber people">Names of the Berber people</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous populations">indigenous populations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> region of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> are collectively known as Berbers or Amazigh in English.<a href="#cite_note-Berber_Definition-44">[41]</a> Tribal titles such as Barabara and Beraberata appear in Egyptian inscriptions of 1700 and 1300 B.C, and the Berbers were probably intimately related with the Egyptians in very early times. Thus the true ethnical name may have become confused with Barbari, the designation naturally used by classical conquerors.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The plural form Imazighen is sometimes also used in English.<a href="#cite_note-Aïtel-2014-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> While Berber is more widely known among English-speakers, its usage is a subject of debate, due to its historical background as an <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">exonym</a> and present equivalence with the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> word for "<a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a>".<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vourlias-2010-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> Historically, Berbers did not refer to themselves as Berbers/Amazigh but had their own terms to refer to themselves. For example, the Kabyles use the term "Leqbayel" to refer to their own people, while the Chaouis identified themselves as "Ishawiyen" instead of Berber/Amazigh.<a href="#cite_note-Goodman-2005-56">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Gsell" title="Stéphane Gsell">Stéphane Gsell</a> proposed the translation "noble/free" for the term Amazigh based on <a href="/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a>'s translation of "awal amazigh" as "noble language" referring to <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a>, this definition remains disputed and is largely seen as an undue extrapolation.<a href="#cite_note-Stepanova-2018-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chaker-1986-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> The term Amazigh also has a <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a> "Amajegh", meaning noble.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stepanova-2018-64">[61]</a> "Mazigh" was used as a tribal surname in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chaker-1986-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> Abraham Isaac Laredo proposes that the term Amazigh could be derived from "Mezeg", which is the name of <a href="/wiki/Dedan_(Bible)" title="Dedan (Bible)">Dedan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stepanova-2018-64">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> says the Berbers were descendants of Barbar, the son of Tamalla, son of Mazigh, son of <a href="/wiki/Canaan_(son_of_Ham)" title="Canaan (son of Ham)">Canaan</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Ham_(son_of_Noah)" title="Ham (son of Noah)">Ham</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stepanova-2018-64">[61]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Numidians" title="Numidians">Numidian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauri people">Mauri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Libu" title="Libu">Libu</a> populations of antiquity are typically understood to refer to approximately the same population as modern Berbers.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB319-72">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_North_Africa" title="Prehistoric North Africa">Prehistoric North Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoggar_peinture_rupestre1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hoggar_peinture_rupestre1.JPG/170px-Hoggar_peinture_rupestre1.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hoggar_peinture_rupestre1.JPG/255px-Hoggar_peinture_rupestre1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hoggar_peinture_rupestre1.JPG/340px-Hoggar_peinture_rupestre1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ahaggar_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahaggar Mountains">Hoggar</a> painting, <a href="/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili n'Ajjer</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypte_louvre_131_statuette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Egypte_louvre_131_statuette.jpg/170px-Egypte_louvre_131_statuette.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Egypte_louvre_131_statuette.jpg/255px-Egypte_louvre_131_statuette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Egypte_louvre_131_statuette.jpg/340px-Egypte_louvre_131_statuette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="1377" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> statuette representing a Libyan <a href="/wiki/Libu" title="Libu">Libu</a> Berber from the reign of Rameses II (19th Dynasty) in 1279–1213 BCE. (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre Museum</a>, Paris)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> region in northwestern Africa is believed to have been inhabited by Berbers from at least 10,000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Ilahiane2006-73">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cave_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave paintings">Cave paintings</a>, which have been dated to twelve millennia before present, have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili n'Ajjer</a> region of southeastern Algeria. Other <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> has been discovered at <a href="/wiki/Tadrart_Acacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadrart Acacus">Tadrart Acacus</a> in the Libyan desert. A <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> society, marked by <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a> and richly depicted in the Tassili n'Ajjer paintings, developed and predominated in the Saharan and Mediterranean region (the Maghreb) of northern Africa between 6000 and 2000 BC (until the classical period). Prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a> inscriptions were found in the <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> During the pre-Roman era, several successive independent states (Massylii) existed before King <a href="/wiki/Masinissa" title="Masinissa">Masinissa</a> unified the people of <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Histoirede-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_North_Africa" title="Genetic history of North Africa">Genetic history of North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa" title="History of North Africa">History of North Africa</a></div> The areas of North Africa that have retained the Berber language and traditions best have been, in general, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia. Much of Berber culture is still celebrated among the cultural elite in Morocco and Algeria, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Kabylia" title="Kabylia">Kabylia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s" title="Aurès">Aurès</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kabyles" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyles">Kabyles</a> were one of the few peoples in North Africa who remained independent during successive rule by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> Even after the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">conquest of North Africa</a>, the Kabyle people still maintained possession of their mountains.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_North_Africa" title="Genetic history of North Africa">Genetic history of North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Berber_language" title="Proto-Berber language">Proto-Berber language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berber_ancient_Libyan;_as_depicted_in_the_tomb_of_Seti_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Berber_ancient_Libyan%3B_as_depicted_in_the_tomb_of_Seti_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="360" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="141" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Berber ancient Libyan; as depicted in the tomb of Seti I</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramesses_III_faience_tile_-_Libyan_chief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ramesses_III_faience_tile_-_Libyan_chief.jpg/170px-Ramesses_III_faience_tile_-_Libyan_chief.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ramesses_III_faience_tile_-_Libyan_chief.jpg/255px-Ramesses_III_faience_tile_-_Libyan_chief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ramesses_III_faience_tile_-_Libyan_chief.jpg/340px-Ramesses_III_faience_tile_-_Libyan_chief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_faience" title="Egyptian faience">faience</a> tile from the throne of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a> depicting a tattooed ancient Libyan chief <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1184 to 1153 BC</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythology">Mythology</h3></div> According to the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Sallustius_Crispus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Sallustius Crispus">Gaius Sallustius Crispus</a>, the original people of North Africa are the <a href="/wiki/Gaetulians" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaetulians">Gaetulians</a> and the Libyans, they were the prehistoric peoples that crossed to Africa from <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a>, then much later, <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> and his army crossed from Iberia to North Africa where his army intermarried with the local populace and settled the region permanently, the Medes of his army that married the Libyans formed the Maur people, while the other part of his Army formed the Nomadas or as they are today known as the <a href="/wiki/Numidians" title="Numidians">Numidians</a> which later on united all of Berber tribes of North Africa under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Massinissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Massinissa">Massinissa</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h3></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Al-Fihrist" title="Al-Fihrist">Al-Fiḥrist</a>, the Barber (i.e. Berbers) comprised one of seven principal races in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> The medieval Tunisian scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (1332–1406), recounting the oral traditions prevalent in his day, sets down two popular opinions as to the origin of the Berbers: according to one opinion, they are descended from <a href="/wiki/Canaan,_son_of_Ham" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaan, son of Ham">Canaan, son of Ham</a>, and have for ancestors Berber, son of Temla, son of Mazîgh, son of Canaan, son of Ham, a son of Noah;<a href="#cite_note-Khaldun1925-85">[82]</a> alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_bin_Yahya_al-Suli" title="Abu Bakr bin Yahya al-Suli">Abou-Bekr Mohammed es-Souli</a> (947 CE) held that they are descended from Berber, the son of Keloudjm (<a href="/wiki/Casluhim" title="Casluhim">Casluhim</a>), the son of <a href="/wiki/Mesraim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesraim">Mesraim</a>, the son of Ham.<a href="#cite_note-Khaldun1925-85">[82]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">They belong to a powerful, formidable, brave and numerous people; a true people like so many others the world has seen – like the Arabs, the Persians, the Greeks and the Romans. The men who belong to this family of peoples have inhabited the Maghreb since the beginning.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ibn Khaldun<a href="#cite_note-Berbers-86">[83]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scientific">Scientific</h4></div> As of about 5000 BC, the populations of North Africa were descended primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsian culture">Capsian</a> cultures, with a more recent intrusion being associated with the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> The proto-Berber tribes evolved from these prehistoric communities during the late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze</a>- and early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron</a> ages.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Uniparental_inheritance" title="Uniparental inheritance">Uniparental DNA</a> analysis has established ties between Berbers and other Afroasiatic speakers in Africa. Most of these populations belong to the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M215_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)">E1b1b</a> paternal haplogroup, with Berber speakers having among the highest frequencies of this lineage.<a href="#cite_note-Trombetta2015-89">[86]</a> Additionally, genomic analysis found that Berber and other Maghreb communities have a high frequency of an ancestral component that originated in the Near East. This Maghrebi element peaks among Tunisian Berbers.<a href="#cite_note-Henn2012-90">[87]</a> This ancestry is related to the Coptic/Ethio-Somali component, which diverged from these and other West Eurasian-affiliated components before the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hodgson2014-91">[88]</a> In 2013, Iberomaurusian skeletons from the prehistoric sites of <a href="/wiki/Taforalt" title="Taforalt">Taforalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechta-Afalou" title="Mechta-Afalou">Afalou</a> in the Maghreb were also analyzed for <a href="/wiki/Ancient_DNA" title="Ancient DNA">ancient DNA</a>. All of the specimens belonged to maternal clades associated with either North Africa or the northern and southern Mediterranean <a href="/wiki/Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral">littoral</a>, indicating gene flow between these areas since the <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> The ancient Taforalt individuals carried the mtDNA <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup" title="Haplogroup">haplogroups</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U6_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U6 (mtDNA)">U6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_JT_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup JT (mtDNA)">JT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_V_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup V (mtDNA)">V</a>, which points to population continuity in the region dating from the Iberomaurusian period.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis14.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Persepolis14.JPG/220px-Persepolis14.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Persepolis14.JPG/330px-Persepolis14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Persepolis14.JPG/440px-Persepolis14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Libyan delegation at <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> </figcaption></figure> Human fossils excavated at the Ifri n'Amr ou Moussa site in Morocco have been <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dated" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon dated">radiocarbon dated</a> to the Early Neolithic period, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5,000 BC. Ancient DNA analysis of these specimens indicates that they carried paternal haplotypes related to the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M215_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)">E1b1b1b1a</a> (E-M81) subclade and the maternal haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U6a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_M_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup M (mtDNA)">M1</a>, all of which are frequent among present-day communities in the Maghreb. These ancient individuals also bore an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">autochthonous</a> Maghrebi genomic component that peaks among modern Berbers, indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area. Additionally, fossils excavated at the <a href="/wiki/Kelif_el_Boroud" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelif el Boroud">Kelif el Boroud</a> site near <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> were found to carry the broadly-distributed paternal haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T-M184" title="Haplogroup T-M184">T-M184</a> as well as the maternal haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup K (mtDNA)">K1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup T (mtDNA)">T2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_X_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup X (mtDNA)">X2</a>, the latter of which were common mtDNA lineages in Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. These ancient individuals likewise bore the Berber-associated Maghrebi genomic component. This altogether indicates that the late-Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Kehf_el_Baroud" title="Kehf el Baroud">Kehf el Baroud</a> inhabitants were ancestral to contemporary populations in the area, but also likely experienced gene flow from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kelif_el_Boroud-94">[91]</a> The late-Neolithic Kehf el Baroud inhabitants were modelled as being of about 50% local North African ancestry and 50% <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Early European Farmer">Early European Farmer</a> (EEF) ancestry. It was suggested that EEF ancestry had entered North Africa through <a href="/wiki/Cardial_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardial Ware">Cardial Ware</a> colonists from Iberia sometime between 5000 and 3000 BC. They were found to be closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>. The authors of the study suggested that the Berbers of Morocco carried a substantial amount of EEF ancestry before the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Roman_colonies_in_Berber_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colonies in Berber Africa">Roman colonies in Berber Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kelif_el_Boroud-94">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman-era_Tunisia" title="History of Roman-era Tunisia">History of Roman-era Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Libya" title="Roman Libya">Roman Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mauri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauri people">Mauri people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antaeus_%26_Heracles_(Nordisk_familjebok).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Antaeus_%26_Heracles_%28Nordisk_familjebok%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="188" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> wrestling with the Libyan giant <a href="/wiki/Antaeus" title="Antaeus">Antaeus</a> </figcaption></figure> The great tribes of Berbers in classical antiquity (when they were often known as ancient Libyans)<a href="#cite_note-Warmington-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[d]</a> were said to be three (roughly, from west to east): the Mauri, the <a href="/wiki/Numidians" title="Numidians">Numidians</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gaetuli" title="Gaetuli">Gaetulians</a>. The Mauri inhabited the far west (ancient <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>, now Morocco and central Algeria). The Numidians occupied the regions between the Mauri and the city-state of Carthage. Both the Mauri and the Numidians had significant <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentary</a> populations living in villages, and their peoples both tilled the land and tended herds. The Gaetulians lived to the near south, on the northern margins of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, and were less settled, with predominantly <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoral</a> elements.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laroui-98">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brett1996-99">[95]</a>: 41f  For their part, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a>) came from perhaps the most advanced multicultural sphere then existing, the western coast of the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> region of <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>. Accordingly, the material culture of Phoenicia was likely more functional and efficient, and their knowledge more advanced, than that of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_early_Tunisia" title="History of early Tunisia">early Berbers</a>. Hence, the interactions between Berbers and Phoenicians were often asymmetrical. The Phoenicians worked to keep their cultural cohesion and ethnic solidarity, and continuously refreshed their close connection with <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>, the mother city.<a href="#cite_note-Warmington-95">[92]</a>: 37  The earliest Phoenician coastal outposts were probably meant merely to resupply and service ships bound for the lucrative metals trade with the Iberians,<a href="#cite_note-Picard-100">[96]</a> and perhaps at first regarded trade with the Berbers as unprofitable.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> However, the Phoenicians eventually established strategic colonial cities in many Berber areas, including sites outside of present-day Tunisia, such as the settlements at <a href="/wiki/Oea" title="Oea">Oea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabratha" title="Sabratha">Sabratha</a> (in Libya), <a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Chellah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mogador" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogador">Mogador</a> (now in Morocco). As in Tunisia, these centres were trading hubs, and later offered support for resource development, such as processing <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> at Volubilis and <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a> dye at Mogador. For their part, most Berbers maintained their independence as farmers or semi-pastorals, although, due to the example of Carthage, their <a href="/wiki/Early_History_of_Tunisia#Accounts_of_the_Berbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Early History of Tunisia">organized politics</a> increased in scope and sophistication.<a href="#cite_note-Brett1996-99">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Numidia_220_BC-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Numidia_220_BC-en.svg/310px-Numidia_220_BC-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Numidia_220_BC-en.svg/465px-Numidia_220_BC-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Numidia_220_BC-en.svg/620px-Numidia_220_BC-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Berber kingdoms in Numidia, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 220 BC (green: Masaesyli under Syphax; gold: Massyli under <a href="/wiki/Gala_(King_of_the_Massylii)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gala (King of the Massylii)">Gala</a>, father of Masinissa; further east: city-state of Carthage).</figcaption></figure> In fact, for a time their numerical and military superiority (the best horse riders of that time) enabled some <a href="/wiki/History_of_early_Tunisia#Accounts_of_the_Berbers" title="History of early Tunisia">Berber kingdoms</a> to impose a tribute on Carthage, a condition that continued into the 5th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-Picard-100">[96]</a>: 64–65  Also, due to the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Berbero-Libyan Meshwesh dynasty</a>'s rule of Egypt (945–715 BC),<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> the Berbers near Carthage commanded significant respect (yet probably appearing more rustic than the elegant Libyan pharaohs on the Nile). Correspondingly, in early Carthage, careful attention was given to securing the most favourable treaties with the Berber chieftains, "which included intermarriage between them and the Punic aristocracy".<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> In this regard, perhaps the legend about <a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a>, the foundress of Carthage, as related by <a href="/wiki/Pompeius_Trogus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompeius Trogus">Trogus</a> is apposite. Her refusal to wed the Mauritani chieftain <a href="/wiki/Iarbas" title="Iarbas">Hiarbus</a> might be indicative of the complexity of the politics involved.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> Eventually, the Phoenician trading stations would evolve into permanent settlements, and later into small towns, which would presumably require a wide variety of goods as well as sources of food, which could be satisfied through trade with the Berbers. Yet, here too, the Phoenicians probably would be drawn into organizing and directing such local trade, and also into managing agricultural production. In the 5th century BC, Carthage expanded its territory, acquiring <a href="/wiki/Cape_Bon" title="Cape Bon">Cape Bon</a> and the fertile <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Majardah" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Majardah">Wadi Majardah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> later establishing control over productive farmlands for several hundred kilometres.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> Appropriation of such wealth in land by the Phoenicians would surely provoke some resistance from the Berbers; although in warfare, too, the technical training, social organization, and weaponry of the Phoenicians would seem to work against the tribal Berbers. This social-cultural interaction in early Carthage has been summarily described: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Lack of contemporary written records makes the drawing of conclusions here uncertain, which can only be based on inference and reasonable conjecture about matters of social nuance. Yet it appears that the Phoenicians generally did not interact with the Berbers as economic equals, but employed their agricultural labour, and their household services, whether by hire or indenture; many became <a href="/wiki/Sharecroppers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharecroppers">sharecroppers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Warmington-95">[92]</a>: 86 </blockquote> For a period, the Berbers were in constant revolt, and in 396 there was a great uprising. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Thousands of rebels streamed down from the mountains and invaded Punic territory, carrying the serfs of the countryside along with them. The Carthaginians were obliged to withdraw within their walls and were besieged.</blockquote> Yet the Berbers lacked cohesion; and although 200,000 strong at one point, they succumbed to hunger, their leaders were offered bribes, and "they gradually broke up and returned to their homes".<a href="#cite_note-Picard-100">[96]</a>: 125, 172  Thereafter, "a series of revolts took place among the Libyans [Berbers] from the fourth century onwards".<a href="#cite_note-Warmington-95">[92]</a>: 81  The Berbers had become involuntary 'hosts' to the settlers from the east, and were obliged to accept the dominance of Carthage for centuries. Nonetheless, therein they persisted largely unassimilated,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] as a separate, submerged entity, as a culture of mostly passive urban and rural poor within the civil structures created by Punic rule.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> In addition, and most importantly, the Berber peoples also formed quasi-independent satellite societies along the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a> of the frontier and beyond, where a minority continued as free 'tribal republics'. While benefiting from Punic material culture and political-military institutions, these peripheral Berbers (also called Libyans)—while maintaining their own identity, culture, and traditions—continued to develop their own agricultural skills and village societies, while living with the newcomers from the east in an asymmetric symbiosis.<a href="#cite_note-109">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> As the centuries passed, a society of Punic people of Phoenician descent but born in Africa, called Libyphoenicians emerged there. This term later came to be applied also to Berbers acculturated to urban Phoenician culture.<a href="#cite_note-Warmington-95">[92]</a>: 65, 84–86  Yet the whole notion of a Berber apprenticeship to the Punic civilization has been called an exaggeration sustained by a point of view fundamentally foreign to the Berbers.<a href="#cite_note-Laroui-98">[94]</a>: 52, 58  A population of mixed ancestry, Berber and Punic, evolved there, and there would develop recognized niches in which Berbers had proven their utility. For example, the Punic state began to field Berber–Numidian cavalry under their commanders on a regular basis. The Berbers eventually were required to provide soldiers (at first "unlikely" paid "except in booty"), which by the fourth century BC became "the largest single element in the Carthaginian army".<a href="#cite_note-Warmington-95">[92]</a>: 86  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massinissa-Numidie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Massinissa-Numidie.jpg/170px-Massinissa-Numidie.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Massinissa-Numidie.jpg/255px-Massinissa-Numidie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Massinissa-Numidie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Masinissa" title="Masinissa">Masinissa</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 240 – c. 148), King of <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berber_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber script">Berber</a> and Roman script</figcaption></figure> Yet in times of stress at Carthage, when a foreign force might be pushing against the city-state, some Berbers would see it as an opportunity to advance their interests, given their otherwise low status in Punic society.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Thus, when the Greeks under <a href="/wiki/Agathocles" title="Agathocles">Agathocles</a> (361–289 BC) of Sicily landed at Cape Bon and threatened Carthage (in 310 BC), there were Berbers, under Ailymas, who went over to the invading Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-Picard-100">[96]</a>: 172 <a href="#cite_note-111">[f]</a> During the long <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> (218–201 BC) with Rome (see below), the <a href="/wiki/Berber_kings_of_Roman-era_Tunisia" title="Berber kings of Roman-era Tunisia">Berber King</a> Masinissa (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 240 – c. 148 BC) joined with the invading Roman general Scipio, resulting in the war-ending defeat of Carthage at Zama, despite the presence of their renowned general Hannibal; on the other hand, the Berber King <a href="/wiki/Syphax" title="Syphax">Syphax</a> (d. 202 BC) had supported Carthage. The Romans, too, read these cues, so that they cultivated their Berber alliances and, subsequently, favored the Berbers who advanced their interests following the Roman victory.<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a> Carthage was faulted by her ancient rivals for the "harsh treatment of her subjects" as well as for "greed and cruelty".<a href="#cite_note-Warmington-95">[92]</a>: 83 <a href="#cite_note-113">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[107]</a> Her Libyan Berber sharecroppers, for example, were required to pay half of their crops as tribute to the city-state during the emergency of the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a>. The normal exaction taken by Carthage was likely "an extremely burdensome" one-quarter.<a href="#cite_note-Warmington-95">[92]</a>: 80  Carthage once famously attempted to reduce the number of its Libyan and foreign soldiers, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Mercenary_War" title="Mercenary War">Mercenary War</a> (240–237 BC).<a href="#cite_note-Picard-100">[96]</a>: 203–209 <a href="#cite_note-115">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[109]</a> The city-state also seemed to reward those leaders known to deal ruthlessly with its subject peoples, hence the frequent Berber insurrections. Moderns fault Carthage for failure "to bind her subjects to herself, as Rome did [her Italians]", yet Rome and the Italians held far more in common perhaps than did Carthage and the Berbers. Nonetheless, a modern criticism is that the Carthaginians "did themselves a disservice" by failing to promote the common, shared quality of "life in a properly organized city" that inspires loyalty, particularly with regard to the Berbers.<a href="#cite_note-Warmington-95">[92]</a>: 86–87  Again, the tribute demanded by Carthage was onerous.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_1878-117">[110]</a> <blockquote>[T]he most ruinous tribute was imposed and exacted with unsparing rigour from the subject native states, and no slight one either from the cognate Phoenician states. ... Hence arose that universal disaffection, or rather that deadly hatred, on the part of her foreign subjects, and even of the Phoenician dependencies, toward Carthage, on which every invader of Africa could safely count as his surest support. ... This was the fundamental, the ineradicable weakness of the Carthaginian Empire ...<a href="#cite_note-Smith_1878-117">[110]</a> </blockquote> The Punic relationship with the majority of the Berbers continued throughout the life of Carthage. The unequal development of material culture and social organization perhaps fated the relationship to be an uneasy one. A long-term cause of Punic instability, there was no melding of the peoples. It remained a source of stress and a point of weakness for Carthage. Yet there were degrees of convergence on several particulars, discoveries of mutual advantage, occasions of friendship, and family.<a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_Saint-Augustin_Annaba_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Basilique_Saint-Augustin_Annaba_04.jpg/180px-Basilique_Saint-Augustin_Annaba_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Basilique_Saint-Augustin_Annaba_04.jpg/270px-Basilique_Saint-Augustin_Annaba_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Basilique_Saint-Augustin_Annaba_04.jpg/360px-Basilique_Saint-Augustin_Annaba_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a> was the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman North Africa">Roman North Africa</a></figcaption></figure> The Berbers gain historicity gradually during the <a href="/wiki/Libya_in_the_Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya in the Roman era">Roman era</a>. Byzantine authors mention the Mazikes (Amazigh) as tribal people raiding the monasteries of <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>. <a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamantia</a> was a notable Berber kingdom that flourished in the <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a> area of modern-day Libya in the Sahara desert between 400 BC and 600 AD. Roman-era Cyrenaica became a center of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>. Some pre-Islamic Berbers were <a href="/wiki/Early_African_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African Church">Christians</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a> (there is a strong correlation between adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatist</a> doctrine and being a Berber, ascribed to the doctrine matching their culture, as well as their being alienated from the dominant Roman culture of the Catholic church),<a href="#cite_note-Berbers-86">[83]</a> some perhaps <a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Jewish</a>, and some adhered to their <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">traditional polytheist religion</a>. The Roman-era authors <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a> were born in Numidia, as were three <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">popes</a>, one of whom, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Pope Victor I</a>, served during the reign of Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, who was a North African of Roman/Punic ancestry (perhaps with some Berber blood).<a href="#cite_note-120">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Numidia">Numidia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Numidia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/East_Numidia.jpg/300px-East_Numidia.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/East_Numidia.jpg/450px-East_Numidia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/East_Numidia.jpg/600px-East_Numidia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption>A map of <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a></figcaption></figure> Numidia (202 – 46 BC) was an ancient Berber kingdom in modern Algeria and part of Tunisia. It later alternated between being a <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> and being a Roman <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a>. The kingdom was located on the eastern border of modern Algeria, bordered by the Roman province of Mauretania (in modern Algeria and Morocco) to the west, the Roman <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">province of Africa</a> (modern Tunisia) to the east, the Mediterranean to the north, and the Sahara Desert to the south. Its people were the Numidians. The name Numidia was first applied by <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> and other historians during the third century BC to indicate the territory west of Carthage, including the entire north of Algeria as far as the river Mulucha (<a href="/wiki/Muluya" class="mw-redirect" title="Muluya">Muluya</a>), about 160 kilometres (100 mi) west of Oran. The Numidians were conceived of as two great groups: the Massylii in eastern Numidia, and the Masaesyli in the west. During the first part of the Second Punic War, the eastern Massylii, under King <a href="/wiki/Gala_(King_of_the_Massylii)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gala (King of the Massylii)">Gala</a>, were allied with Carthage, while the western Masaesyli, under King Syphax, were allied with Rome. In 206 BC, the new king of the Massylii, Masinissa, allied himself with Rome, and Syphax, of the Masaesyli, switched his allegiance to the Carthaginian side. At the end of the war, the victorious Romans gave all of Numidia to Masinissa. At the time of his death in 148 BC, Masinissa's territory extended from Mauretania to the boundary of Carthaginian territory, and southeast as far as Cyrenaica, so that Numidia entirely surrounded Carthage except towards the sea.<a href="#cite_note-121">[114]</a> Masinissa was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Micipsa" title="Micipsa">Micipsa</a>. When Micipsa died in 118 BC, he was succeeded jointly by his two sons <a href="/wiki/Hiempsal_I" title="Hiempsal I">Hiempsal I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adherbal_(king_of_Numidia)" title="Adherbal (king of Numidia)">Adherbal</a> and Masinissa's illegitimate grandson, <a href="/wiki/Jugurtha" title="Jugurtha">Jugurtha</a>, of Berber origin, who was very popular among the Numidians. Hiempsal and Jugurtha quarreled immediately after the death of Micipsa. Jugurtha had Hiempsal killed, which led to open war with Adherbal. After Jugurtha defeated him in open battle, Adherbal fled to Rome for help. The Roman officials, allegedly due to bribes but perhaps more likely out of a desire to quickly end conflict in a profitable client kingdom, sought to settle the quarrel by dividing Numidia into two parts. Jugurtha was assigned the western half. However, soon after, conflict broke out again, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a> between Rome and Numidia. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lusius_Quietus_on_Column_of_Trajan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lusius_Quietus_on_Column_of_Trajan.jpg/220px-Lusius_Quietus_on_Column_of_Trajan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lusius_Quietus_on_Column_of_Trajan.jpg/330px-Lusius_Quietus_on_Column_of_Trajan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lusius_Quietus_on_Column_of_Trajan.jpg/440px-Lusius_Quietus_on_Column_of_Trajan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="1669" /></a><figcaption>Mauretanian cavalry under <a href="/wiki/Lusius_Quietus" title="Lusius Quietus">Lusius Quietus</a> fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Dacian wars</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Trajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Column of Trajan">Column of Trajan</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mauretania">Mauretania</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a></div> In antiquity, Mauretania (3rd century BC – 44 BC) was an ancient Mauri Berber kingdom in modern Morocco and part of Algeria. It became a client state of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman empire">Roman empire</a> in 33 BC, after the death of king <a href="/wiki/Bocchus_II" title="Bocchus II">Bocchus II</a>, then a full Roman province in AD 40, after the death of its last king, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Mauretania" title="Ptolemy of Mauretania">Ptolemy of Mauretania</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG/220px-AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG/330px-AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG/440px-AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alonso_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lugo" title="Alonso Fernández de Lugo">Fernández de Lugo</a> presenting the captured <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanche</a> kings of <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a> to Ferdinand and Isabella, 1497</figcaption></figure> According to historians of the Middle Ages, the Berbers were divided into two branches, Butr and <a href="/wiki/Baranis" title="Baranis">Baranis</a> (known also as Botr and Barnès), descended from Mazigh ancestors, who were themselves divided into tribes and subtribes. Each region of the Maghreb contained several fully independent tribes (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja</a>, Houaras, <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masmuda" title="Masmuda">Masmuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Kutama</a>, Awraba, <a href="/wiki/Barghawata" title="Barghawata">Barghawata</a>, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-123">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom" title="Mauro-Roman Kingdom">Mauro-Roman Kingdom</a> was an independent <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Christian</a> Berber kingdom centred in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Altava" title="Altava">Altava</a> (present-day Algeria) which controlled much of the ancient Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a>. Berber Christian communities within the Maghreb all but disappeared under Islamic rule. The indigenous Christian population in some <a href="/wiki/Nefzaoua" title="Nefzaoua">Nefzaoua</a> villages persisted until the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a> Several Berber dynasties emerged during the Middle Ages in the Maghreb and <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>. The most notable are the <a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>, 973–1148), the <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadids</a> (Western Ifriqiya, 1014–1152), the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a> (Morocco and al-Andalus, 1040–1147), the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a> (Morocco and al-Andalus, 1147–1248), the <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsids</a> (Ifriqiya, 1229–1574), the <a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_dynasty" title="Zayyanid dynasty">Zianids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>, 1235–1556), the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinids</a> (Morocco, 1248–1465) and the <a href="/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasids</a> (Morocco, 1471–1554). <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maghreb_15th_Century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Maghreb_15th_Century.svg/240px-Maghreb_15th_Century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Maghreb_15th_Century.svg/360px-Maghreb_15th_Century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Maghreb_15th_Century.svg/480px-Maghreb_15th_Century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3127" data-file-height="1185" /></a><figcaption>Berber dynasties in the 15th century</figcaption></figure> Before the eleventh century, most of Northwest Africa had become a Berber-speaking <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> area. Unlike the conquests of previous religions and cultures, the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">coming of Islam</a>, which was spread by Arabs, was to have extensive and long-lasting effects on the Maghreb. The new faith, in its various forms, would penetrate nearly all segments of Berber society, bringing with it armies, learned men, and fervent mystics, and in large part replacing tribal practices and loyalties with new social norms and political idioms. A further Arabization of the region was in large part due to the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a>, a tribe sent by the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a> of Egypt to punish the Berber Zirid dynasty for having abandoned <a href="/wiki/Shiism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiism">Shiism</a>. The Banu Hilal reduced the Zirids to a few coastal towns and took over much of the plains, resulting in the spread of nomadism to areas where agriculture had previously been dominant. Besides the Arabian influence, North Africa also saw an influx, via the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a>, of Europeans, with some estimates placing the number of European slaves brought to North Africa during the Ottoman period to be as high as 1.25 million.<a href="#cite_note-125">[118]</a> Interactions with neighboring Sudanic empires, traders, and nomads from other parts of Africa also left impressions upon the Berber people. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_conquest">Islamic conquest</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Berbers_and_Islam" title="Berbers and Islam">Berbers and Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Dyhia_in_Khenchela_(Algeria).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Statue_of_Dyhia_in_Khenchela_%28Algeria%29.jpg/170px-Statue_of_Dyhia_in_Khenchela_%28Algeria%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Statue_of_Dyhia_in_Khenchela_%28Algeria%29.jpg/255px-Statue_of_Dyhia_in_Khenchela_%28Algeria%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Statue_of_Dyhia_in_Khenchela_%28Algeria%29.jpg/340px-Statue_of_Dyhia_in_Khenchela_%28Algeria%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>A statue of <a href="/wiki/Dihya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihya">Dihya</a>, a 7th-century female Berber religious and military leader</figcaption></figure> The first Arabian military expeditions into the Maghreb, between 642 and 669, resulted in the spread of Islam. These early forays from a base in Egypt occurred under local initiative rather than under orders from the central caliphate. But when the seat of the caliphate moved from Medina to Damascus, the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a> (a Muslim dynasty ruling from 661 to 750) recognized that the strategic necessity of dominating the Mediterranean dictated a concerted military effort on the North African front. In 670, therefore, an Arab army under <a href="/wiki/Uqba_ibn_Nafi" title="Uqba ibn Nafi">Uqba ibn Nafi</a> established the town of <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Qayrawan</a> about 160 kilometres south of modern <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> and used it as a base for further operations. <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Muhajir_Dinar" title="Abu al-Muhajir Dinar">Abu al-Muhajir Dinar</a>, Uqba's successor, pushed westward into Algeria and eventually worked out a modus vivendi with <a href="/wiki/Kusaila" title="Kusaila">Kusaila</a>, the ruler of an extensive confederation of Christian Berbers. Kusaila, who had been based in <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>, became a Muslim and moved his headquarters to Takirwan, near Al Qayrawan. This harmony was short-lived; Arabian and Berber forces controlled the region in turn until 697. Umayyad forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(698)" title="Battle of Carthage (698)">conquered Carthage</a> in 698, expelling the Byzantines, and in 703 decisively defeated <a href="/wiki/Dihya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihya">Dihya</a>'s Berber coalition at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabarka" title="Battle of Tabarka">Battle of Tabarka</a>. By 711, Umayyad forces helped by Berber converts to Islam had conquered all of North Africa. Governors appointed by the Umayyad caliphs ruled from <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>, capital of the new <a href="/wiki/Wilaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilaya">wilaya</a> (province) of Ifriqiya, which covered <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> (the western part of modern Libya), Tunisia, and eastern Algeria. The spread of Islam among the Berbers did not guarantee their support for the Arab-dominated caliphate, due to the discriminatory attitude of the Arabs. The ruling Arabs alienated the Berbers by taxing them heavily, treating converts as second-class Muslims, and, worst of all, by enslaving them. As a result, widespread opposition took the form of <a href="/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">open revolt</a> in 739–740 under the banner of <a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi Islam</a>. The Ibadi had been fighting Umayyad rule in the East, and many Berbers were attracted by the sect's seemingly egalitarian precepts. After the revolt, Ibadis established a number of theocratic tribal kingdoms, most of which had short and troubled histories. But others, such as <a href="/wiki/Sijilmasa" title="Sijilmasa">Sijilmasa</a> and Tlemcen, which straddled the principal trade routes, proved more viable and prospered. In 750, the Abbasids, who succeeded the Umayyads as Muslim rulers, moved the caliphate to Baghdad and reestablished caliphal authority in Ifriqiya, appointing <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al_Aghlab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim ibn al Aghlab">Ibrahim ibn al Aghlab</a> as governor in Kairouan. Though nominally serving at the caliph's pleasure, Al Aghlab and his successors, the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a>, ruled independently until 909, presiding over a court that became a center of learning and culture. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morocco_and_the_Maghreb_after_the_Berber_Revolt.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Morocco_and_the_Maghreb_after_the_Berber_Revolt.PNG/220px-Morocco_and_the_Maghreb_after_the_Berber_Revolt.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Morocco_and_the_Maghreb_after_the_Berber_Revolt.PNG/330px-Morocco_and_the_Maghreb_after_the_Berber_Revolt.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Morocco_and_the_Maghreb_after_the_Berber_Revolt.PNG/440px-Morocco_and_the_Maghreb_after_the_Berber_Revolt.PNG 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>The Maghreb after the <a href="/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">Berber Revolt</a> of 740</figcaption></figure> Just to the west of Aghlabid lands, <a href="/wiki/Abd_ar_Rahman_ibn_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd ar Rahman ibn Rustam">Abd ar Rahman ibn Rustam</a> ruled most of the central Maghreb from <a href="/wiki/Tiaret" title="Tiaret">Tahert</a>, south-west of <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>. The rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamid</a> imamate (761–909), each an Ibadi <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a>, were elected by leading citizens. The imams gained a reputation for honesty, piety, and justice. The court at Tahert was noted for its support of scholarship in mathematics, astronomy, astrology, theology, and law. The Rustamid imams failed, by choice or by neglect, to organize a reliable standing army. This important factor, accompanied by the dynasty's eventual collapse into decadence, opened the way for Tahert's demise under the assault of the Fatimids. <a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdia</a> was founded by the Fatimids under the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi">Abdallah al-Mahdi</a> in 921, and made the capital city of Ifriqiya by caliph Abdallah El Fatimi.<a href="#cite_note-TN-126">[119]</a> It was chosen as the capital because of its proximity to the sea, and the promontory on which an important military settlement had been since the time of the Phoenicians.<a href="#cite_note-Lexic-127">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_al-Andalus_under_the_Umayyad_governors">In al-Andalus under the Umayyad governors</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Córdoba">Emirate of Córdoba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almohad_Expansion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Almohad_Expansion.png/310px-Almohad_Expansion.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Almohad_Expansion.png/465px-Almohad_Expansion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Almohad_Expansion.png/620px-Almohad_Expansion.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad Empire">Almohad Empire</a>, a Berber empire that lasted from 1121 to 1269</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Castillia.jpg/220px-Castillia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Castillia.jpg/330px-Castillia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Castillia.jpg/440px-Castillia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Castillian ambassadors meeting Almohad caliph <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_al-Murtada" title="Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada">Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada</a>, contemporary depiction from the <a href="/wiki/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria" title="Cantigas de Santa Maria">Cantigas de Santa Maria</a></figcaption></figure> The Muslims who invaded the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in 711 were mainly Berbers, and were led by a Berber, <a href="/wiki/Tariq_ibn_Ziyad" title="Tariq ibn Ziyad">Tariq ibn Ziyad</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of the Arab Caliph of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan</a> and his North African Viceroy, <a href="/wiki/Musa_ibn_Nusayr" title="Musa ibn Nusayr">Musa ibn Nusayr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a> Due to subsequent antagonism between Arabs and Berbers, and due to the fact that most of the histories of al-Andalus were written from an Arab perspective, the Berber role is understated in the available sources.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a> The biographical dictionary of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan" title="Ibn Khallikan">Ibn Khallikan</a> preserves the record of the Berber predominance in the invasion of 711, in the entry on Tariq ibn Ziyad.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a> A second mixed army of Arabs and Berbers came in 712 under Ibn Nusayr himself. They supposedly helped the Umayyad caliph <a href="/wiki/Abd_ar-Rahman_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd ar-Rahman I">Abd ar-Rahman I</a> in al-Andalus, because his mother was a Berber. English medievalist <a href="/wiki/Roger_Collins" title="Roger Collins">Roger Collins</a> suggests that if the forces that invaded the Iberian peninsula were predominantly Berber, it is because there were insufficient Arab forces in Africa to maintain control of Africa and attack Iberia at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 98  Thus, although north Africa had only been conquered about a dozen years previously, the Arabs already employed forces of the defeated Berbers to carry out their next invasion.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 98  This would explain the predominance of Berbers over Arabs in the initial invasion. In addition, Collins argues that Berber social organization made it possible for the Arabs to recruit entire tribal units into their armies, making the defeated Berbers excellent military auxiliaries.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 99  The Berber forces in the invasion of Iberia came from Ifriqiya or as far away as Tripolitania.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Al-Samh_ibn_Malik_al-Khawlani" title="Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani">As-Samh</a> distributed land to the conquering forces, apparently by tribe, though it is difficult to determine from the few historical sources available.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 48–49  It was at this time that the positions of Arabs and Berbers were regularized across the Iberian peninsula. Berbers were positioned in many of the most mountainous regions of Spain, such as <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>. Collins suggests this may be because some Berbers were familiar with mountain terrain, whereas the Arabs were not.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 49–50  By the late 710s, there was a Berber governor in <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Spain" title="León, Spain">Leon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gij%C3%B3n" title="Gijón">Gijon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 149  When <a href="/wiki/Pelagius_of_Asturias" title="Pelagius of Asturias">Pelagius</a> revolted in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a>, it was against a Berber governor. This revolt challenged As-Samh's plans to settle Berbers in the Galician and Cantabrian mountains, and by the middle of the eighth century it seems there was no more Berber presence in Galicia.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 49–50  The expulsion of the Berber garrisons from central Asturias, following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Covadonga" title="Battle of Covadonga">battle of Covadonga</a>, contributed to the eventual formation of the independent Asturian kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 63  Many Berbers were settled in what were then the frontier lands near <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talavera_de_la_Reina" title="Talavera de la Reina">Talavera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 195  Mérida becoming a major Berber stronghold in the eighth century.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 201  The Berber garrison in Talavera would later be commanded by <a href="/wiki/Amrus_ibn_Yusuf" title="Amrus ibn Yusuf">Amrus ibn Yusuf</a> and was involved in military operations against rebels in Toledo in the late 700s and early 800s.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 210  Berbers were also initially settled in the eastern Pyrenees and Catalonia.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 88–89, 195  They were not settled in the major cities of the south, and were generally kept in the frontier zones away from Cordoba.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 207  Roger Collins cites the work of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guichard" title="Pierre Guichard">Pierre Guichard</a> to argue that Berber groups in Iberia retained their own distinctive social organization.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 90 <a href="#cite_note-130">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a> According to this traditional view of Arab and Berber culture in the Iberian peninsula, Berber society was highly impermeable to outside influences, whereas Arabs became assimilated and Hispanized.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 90  Some support for the view that Berbers assimilated less comes from an excavation of an Islamic cemetery in northern Spain, which reveals that the Berbers accompanying the initial invasion brought their families with them from north Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a> In 731, the eastern Pyrenees were under the control of Berber forces garrisoned in the major towns under the command of <a href="/wiki/Munuza" title="Munuza">Munnuza</a>. Munnuza attempted a Berber uprising against the Arabs in Spain, citing mistreatment of Berbers by Arabic judges in north Africa, and made an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Odo_the_Great" title="Odo the Great">Duke Eudo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>. However, governor <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Abd_Allah_al-Ghafiqi" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi">Abd ar-Rahman</a> attacked Munnuza before he was ready, and, besieging him, defeated him at <a href="/wiki/Cerdanya" title="Cerdanya">Cerdanya</a>. Because of the alliance with Munnuza, Abd ar-Rahman wanted to punish Eudo, and his punitive expedition ended in the Arab defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Poitiers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 88–90  By the time of the governor <a href="/wiki/Uqba_ibn_al-Hajjaj" title="Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj">Uqba</a>, and possibly as early as 714, the city of <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a> was occupied by a Berber garrison.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 205–206  An eighth-century cemetery has been discovered with 190 burials all according to Islamic custom, testifying to the presence of this garrison.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 205–206 <a href="#cite_note-133">[126]</a> In 798, however, Pamplona is recorded as being under a <a href="/wiki/Banu_Qasi" title="Banu Qasi">Banu Qasi</a> governor, Mutarrif ibn Musa. Ibn Musa lost control of Pamplona to a popular uprising. In 806 Pamplona gave its allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, and in 824 became the independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Pamplona</a>. These events put an end to the Berber garrison in Pamplona.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 206–208  Medieval Egyptian historian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Hakam" title="Ibn Abd al-Hakam">Al-Hakam</a> wrote that there was a major <a href="/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">Berber revolt</a> in north Africa in 740–741, led by <a href="/wiki/Maysara_al-Matghari" title="Maysara al-Matghari">Masayra</a>. The Chronicle of 754 calls these rebels Arures, which Collins translates as 'heretics', arguing it is a reference to the Berber rebels' Ibadi or <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khariji</a> sympathies.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 107  After <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a> attacked Arab ally <a href="/wiki/Maurontus" title="Maurontus">Maurontus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> in 739, governor Uqba planned a punitive attack against the Franks, but news of a Berber revolt in north Africa made him turn back when he reached <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 92  Instead, according to the Chronicle of 754, Uqba carried out an attack against Berber fortresses in Africa. Initially, these attacks were unsuccessful; but eventually Uqba destroyed the rebels, secured all the crossing points to Spain, and then returned to his governorship.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 105–106  Although Masayra was killed by his own followers, the revolt spread and the Berber rebels defeated three Arab armies.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 106–108  After the defeat of the third army, which included elite units of Syrians commanded by <a href="/wiki/Kulthum_ibn_Iyadh_al-Kushayri" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulthum ibn Iyadh al-Kushayri">Kulthum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balj_ibn_Bishr_al-Qushayri" title="Balj ibn Bishr al-Qushayri">Balj</a>, the Berber revolt spread further. At this time, the Berber military colonies in Spain revolted.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 108  At the same time, Uqba died and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Katan_al-Fihri" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri">Ibn Qatan</a>. By this time, the Berbers controlled most of the north of the Iberian peninsula, except for the Ebro valley, and were menacing Toledo. Ibn Qatan invited Balj and his Syrian troops, who were at that time in <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>, to cross to the Iberian peninsula to fight against the Berbers.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 109–110  The Berbers marched south in three columns, simultaneously attacking Toledo, Cordoba, and the ports on the Gibraltar strait. However, Ibn Qatan's sons defeated the army attacking Toledo, the governor's forces defeated the attack on Cordoba, and Balj defeated the attack on the strait. After this, Balj seized power by marching on Cordoba and executing Ibn Qatan.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 108  Collins points out that Balj's troops were away from Syria just when the Abbasid revolt against the Umayyads broke out, and this may have contributed to the fall of the Umayyad regime.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 121  In Africa, the Berbers were hampered by divided leadership. Their attack on Kairouan was defeated, and a new governor of Africa, <a href="/wiki/Handhala_ibn_Safwan_al-Kalbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi">Hanzala ibn Safwan</a>, proceeded to defeat the rebels in Africa and then to impose peace between Balj's troops and the existing Andalusi Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 110–111  Roger Collins argues that the Great Berber revolt facilitated the establishment of the Kingdom of Asturias and altered the demographics of the Berber population in the Iberian peninsula, specifically contributing to the Berber departure from the northwest of the peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 150–151  When the Arabs first invaded the peninsula, Berber groups were situated in the northwest. However, due to the Berber revolt, the Umayyad governors were forced to protect their southern flank and were unable to mount an offense against the Asturians. Some presence of Berbers in the northwest may have been maintained at first, but after the 740s there is no more mention of the northwestern Berbers in the sources.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 150–151, 153–154  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_al-Andalus_during_the_Umayyad_emirate">In al-Andalus during the Umayyad emirate</h4></div> When the Umayyad Caliphate was overthrown in 750, a grandson of <a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik">Caliph Hisham</a>, Abd ar-Rahman, escaped to north Africa<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 115  and hid among the Berbers of north Africa for five years. A persistent tradition states that this is because his mother was Berber<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 117–118  and that he first took refuge with the Nafsa Berbers, his mother's people. As the governor <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Habib_al-Fihri" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri">Ibn Habib</a> was seeking him, he then fled to the more powerful Zenata Berber confederacy, who were enemies of Ibn Habib. Since the Zenata had been part of the initial invasion force of al-Andalus, and were still present in the Iberian peninsula, this gave Abd ar-Rahman a base of support in al-Andalus,<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 119  although he seems to have drawn most of his support from portions of Balj's army that were still loyal to the Umayyads.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 122–123 <a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 8  Abd ar-Rahman crossed to Spain in 756 and declared himself the legitimate Umayyad ruler of al-Andalus. The governor, <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_%27Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fihri" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri">Yusuf</a>, refused to submit. After losing the initial battle near Cordoba,<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 124–125  Yusuf fled to Mérida, where he raised a large Berber army, with which he marched on <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, but was defeated by forces loyal to Abd ar-Rahman. Yusuf fled to Toledo, and was killed either on the way or after reaching that place.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 132  Yusuf's cousin Hisham ibn Urwa continued to resist Abd ar-Rahman from Toledo until 764,<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 133  and the sons of Yusuf revolted again in 785. These family members of Yusuf, members of the <a href="/wiki/Fihrids" title="Fihrids">Fihri</a> tribe, were effective in obtaining support from Berbers in their revolts against the Umayyad regime.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 134  As <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a> of al-Andalus, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_I" title="Abd al-Rahman I">Abd ar-Rahman I</a> faced persistent opposition from Berber groups, including the Zenata. Berbers provided much of Yusuf's support in fighting Abd ar-Rahman. In 774, Zenata Berbers were involved in a Yemeni revolt in the area of Seville.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 168  Andalusi Berber <a href="/wiki/Salih_ibn_Tarif" title="Salih ibn Tarif">Salih ibn Tarif</a> declared himself a prophet and ruled the <a href="/wiki/Barghawata" title="Barghawata">Bargawata</a> Berber confederation in Morocco in the 770s.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 169  In 768, a <a href="/wiki/Miknasa" title="Miknasa">Miknasa</a> Berber named Shaqya ibn Abd al-Walid declared himself a <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Fatimid</a> imam, claiming descent from <a href="/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fatimah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 168  He is mainly known from the work of the Arab historian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Athir" title="Ibn al-Athir">Ibn al-Athir</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 170  who wrote that Shaqya's revolt originated in the area of modern <a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Spain" title="Cuenca, Spain">Cuenca</a>, an area of Spain that is mountainous and difficult to traverse. Shaqya first killed the Umayyad governor of the fortress of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Santaver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santaver (page does not exist)">Santaver</a> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santaver" class="extiw" title="ca:Santaver">ca</a>] (near Roman <a href="/wiki/Ercavica" title="Ercavica">Ercavica</a>), and subsequently ravaged the district surrounding Coria. Abd ar-Rahman sent out armies to fight him in 769, 770, and 771; but Shaqya avoided them by moving into the mountains. In 772, Shaqya defeated an Umayyad force by a ruse and killed the governor of the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn,_Spain" title="Medellín, Spain">Medellin</a>. He was besieged by Umayyads in 774, but the revolt near Seville forced the besieging troops to withdraw. In 775, a Berber garrison in Coria declared allegiance to Shaqya, but Abd ar-Rahman retook the town and chased the Berbers into the mountains. In 776, Shaqya resisted sieges of his two main fortresses at Santaver and Shebat'ran (near Toledo); but in 777 he was betrayed and killed by his own followers, who sent his head to Abd ar-Rahman.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 170–171  Roger Collins notes that both modern historians and ancient Arab authors have had a tendency to portray Shaqya as a fanatic followed by credulous fanatics, and to argue that he was either self-deluded or fraudulent in his claim of Fatimid descent.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 169  However, Collins considers him an example of the messianic leaders that were not uncommon among Berbers at that time and earlier. He compares Shaqya to <a href="/wiki/Idris_I_of_Morocco" title="Idris I of Morocco">Idris I</a>, a descendant of Ali accepted by the Zenata Berbers, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a> in 788, and to Salih ibn Tarif, who ruled the Bargawata Berber in the 770s. He also compares these leaders to pre-Islamic leaders Dihya and Kusaila.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 169–170  In 788, <a href="/wiki/Hisham_I_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Hisham I of Córdoba">Hisham I</a> succeeded Abd ar-Rahman as emir; but his brother Sulayman revolted and fled to the Berber garrison of <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, where he held out for two years. Finally, Sulayman came to terms with Hisham and went into exile in 790, together with other brothers who had rebelled with him.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 203, 208  In north Africa, Sulayman and his brothers forged alliances with local Berbers, especially the Kharijite ruler of Tahert. After the death of Hisham and the accession of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakam_I" title="Al-Hakam I">Al-Hakam</a>, Hisham's brothers challenged Al-Hakam for the succession. Abd Allah[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] crossed over to Valencia first in 796, calling on the allegiance of the same Berber garrison that sheltered Sulayman years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 30  Crossing to al-Andalus in 798, Sulayman based himself in Elvira (now Granada), <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cija" title="Écija">Ecija</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaen</a>, apparently drawing support from the Berbers in these mountainous southern regions. Sulayman was defeated in battle in 800 and fled to the Berber stronghold in Mérida, but was captured before reaching it and executed in Cordoba.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1994-128">[121]</a>: 208  In 797, the Berbers of Talavera played a major part in defeating a revolt against Al-Hakam in Toledo.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 32  A certain Ubayd Allah ibn Hamir of Toledo rebelled against Al-Hakam, who ordered Amrus ibn Yusuf, the commander of the Berbers in Talavera, to suppress the rebellion. Amrus negotiated in secret with the Banu Mahsa faction in Toledo, promising them the governorship if they betrayed Ibn Hamir. The Banu Mahsa brought Ibn Hamir's head to Amrus in Talavera. However, there was a feud between the Banu Mahsa and the Berbers of Talavera, who killed all the Banu Mahsa. Amrus sent the heads of the Banu Mahsa along with that of Ibn Hamir to Al-Hakam in Cordoba. The Toledo rebellion was sufficiently weakened that Amrus was able to enter Toledo and convince its inhabitants to submit.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 32–33  Collins argues that unassimilated Berber garrisons in al-Andalus engaged in local vendettas and feuds, such as the conflict with the Banu Mahsa.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 33  This was due to the limited power of the Umayyad emir's central authority. Collins states that "the Berbers, despite being fellow Muslims, were despised by those who claimed Arab descent".<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 33–34  As well as having feuds with Arab factions, the Berbers sometimes had major conflicts with the local communities where they were stationed. In 794, the Berber garrison of <a href="/wiki/Tarragona,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarragona, Spain">Tarragona</a> massacred the inhabitants of the city. Tarragona was uninhabited for seven years until the Frankish conquest of Barcelona led to its reoccupation.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 34  Berber groups were involved in the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_Hafsun" title="Umar ibn Hafsun">Umar ibn Hafsun</a> from 880 to 915.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 121–122  Ibn Hafsun rebelled in 880, was captured, then escaped in 883 to his base in Bobastro. There he formed an alliance with the Banu Rifa' tribe of Berbers, who had a stronghold in Alhama.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 122  He then formed alliances with other local Berber clans, taking the towns of Osuna, Estepa, and Ecija in 889. He captured Jaen in 892.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 122  He was only defeated in 915 by <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III" title="Abd al-Rahman III">Abd ar-Rahman III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 125  Throughout the ninth century, the Berber garrisons were one of the main military supports of the Umayyad regime.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 37  Although they had caused numerous problems for Abd ar-Rahman I, Collins suggests that by the reign of Al-Hakam the Berber conflicts with Arabs and native Iberians meant that Berbers could only look to the Umayyad regime for support and patronage and developed solid ties of loyalty to the emirs. However, they were also difficult to control, and by the end of the ninth century the Berber frontier garrisons disappear from the sources. Collins says this might be because they migrated back to north Africa or gradually assimilated.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 37  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_al-Andalus_during_the_Umayyad_caliphate">In al-Andalus during the Umayyad caliphate</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calatrava_la_Vieja_foso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Calatrava_la_Vieja_foso.jpg/220px-Calatrava_la_Vieja_foso.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Calatrava_la_Vieja_foso.jpg/330px-Calatrava_la_Vieja_foso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Calatrava_la_Vieja_foso.jpg/440px-Calatrava_la_Vieja_foso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Old fortress at <a href="/wiki/Calatrava_la_Vieja" title="Calatrava la Vieja">Calatrava la Vieja</a>. The site was used during the Muslim period from about 785 until the fall of the Caliphate of Cordova.</figcaption></figure> New waves of Berber settlers arrived in al-Andalus in the 10th century, brought as mercenaries by Abd ar-Rahman III, who proclaimed himself caliph in 929, to help him in his campaigns to restore Umayyad authority in areas that had overthrown it during the reigns of the previous emirs.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 103, 131, 168  These new Berbers "lacked any familiarity with the pattern of relationships" that had existed in al-Andalus in the 700s and 800s;<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 103  thus they were not involved in the same web of traditional conflicts and loyalties as the previously already existing Berber garrisons.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 168  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_old_Amazigh_(Berb%C3%A8re)_room_in_Morocco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/An_old_Amazigh_%28Berb%C3%A8re%29_room_in_Morocco.jpg/220px-An_old_Amazigh_%28Berb%C3%A8re%29_room_in_Morocco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/An_old_Amazigh_%28Berb%C3%A8re%29_room_in_Morocco.jpg/330px-An_old_Amazigh_%28Berb%C3%A8re%29_room_in_Morocco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/An_old_Amazigh_%28Berb%C3%A8re%29_room_in_Morocco.jpg/440px-An_old_Amazigh_%28Berb%C3%A8re%29_room_in_Morocco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>An old Amazigh room in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </figcaption></figure> New frontier settlements were built for the new Berber mercenaries. Written sources state that some of the mercenaries were placed in Calatrava, which was refortified.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 168  Another Berber settlement called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciudad_de_Vascos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciudad de Vascos (page does not exist)">Vascos</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_de_Vascos" class="extiw" title="es:Ciudad de Vascos">es</a>], west of Toledo, is not mentioned in the historical sources, but has been excavated archaeologically. It was a fortified town, had walls, and a separate fortress or alcazar. Two cemeteries have also been discovered. The town was established in the 900s as a frontier town for Berbers, probably of the Nafza tribe. It was abandoned soon after the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castilian</a> occupation of Toledo in 1085. The Berber inhabitants took all their possessions with them.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 169 <a href="#cite_note-134">[127]</a> In the 900s, the Umayyad caliphate faced a challenge from the Fatimids in North Africa. The Fatimid Caliphate of the 10th century was established by the Kutama Berbers.<a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a> After taking the city of Kairouan and overthrowing the Aghlabids in 909, the Mahdi Ubayd Allah was installed by the Kutama as Imam and Caliph,<a href="#cite_note-137">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[131]</a> which posed a direct challenge to the Umayyad's own claim.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 169  The Fatimids gained overlordship over the Idrisids, then launched a conquest of the Maghreb. To counter the threat, the Umayyads crossed the strait to take Ceuta in 931,<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 171  and actively formed alliances with Berber confederacies, such as the Zenata and the Awraba. Rather than fighting each other directly, the Fatimids and Umayyads competed for Berber allegiances. In turn, this provided a motivation for the further conversion of Berbers to Islam, many of the Berbers, particularly farther south, away from the Mediterranean, being still Christian and pagan.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 169–170  In turn, this would contribute to the establishment of the Almoravid dynasty and Almohad Caliphate, which would have a major impact on al-Andalus and contribute to the end of the Umayyad caliphate.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 170  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatimid_Caliphate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fatimid_Caliphate.jpg/220px-Fatimid_Caliphate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fatimid_Caliphate.jpg/330px-Fatimid_Caliphate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fatimid_Caliphate.jpg/440px-Fatimid_Caliphate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Origin and conquests of the Fatimids</figcaption></figure> With the help of his new mercenary forces, Abd ar-Rahman launched a series of attacks on parts of the Iberian peninsula that had fallen away from Umayyad allegiance. In the 920s he campaigned against the areas that rebelled under Umar ibn Hafsun and refused to submit until the 920s. He conquered Mérida in 928–929, Ceuta in 931, and Toledo in 932.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 171–172  In 934 he began a campaign in the north against <a href="/wiki/Ramiro_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ramiro II of León">Ramiro II</a> of Leon and Muhammad ibn Hashim al-Tujibi, the governor of Zaragoza. According to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hayyan" title="Ibn Hayyan">Ibn Hayyan</a>, after inconclusively confronting al-Tujibi on the Ebro, Abd ar-Rahman briefly forced the Kingdom of Pamplona into submission, ravaged <a href="/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)" title="Castile (historical region)">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alava" class="mw-redirect" title="Alava">Alava</a>, and met Ramiro II in an inconclusive battle.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 171–172  From 935 to 937, he confronted the Tujibids, defeating them in 937. In 939, Ramiro II defeated the combined Umayyad and Tujibid armies in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Simancas" title="Battle of Simancas">Battle of Simancas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 146–147  Umayyad influence in western North Africa spread through diplomacy rather than conquest.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 172  The Umayyads sought out alliances with various Berber confederacies. These would declare loyalty to the Umayyad caliphate in opposition to the Fatimids. The Umayyads would send gifts, including embroidered silk ceremonial cloaks. During this time, mints in cities on the Moroccan coast—<a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fes</a>, Sijilmasa, <a href="/wiki/Sfax" title="Sfax">Sfax</a>, and al-Nakur—occasionally issued coins with the names of Umayyad caliphs, showing the extent of Umayyad diplomatic influence.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 172  The text of a letter of friendship from a Berber leader to the Umayyad caliph has been preserved in the work of <a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%AAs%C4%81_al-R%C4%81z%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿĪsā al-Rāzī">'Isa al-Razi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a> During Abd ar-Rahman's reign, tensions increased between the three distinct components of the Muslim community in al-Andalus: Berbers, <a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a> (European slaves), and those of Arab or mixed Arab and Gothic descent.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 175  Following Abd ar-Rahman's proclamation of the new <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Umayyad caliphate in Cordoba</a>, the Umayyads placed a great emphasis on the Umayyad membership of the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a> tribe.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 180  This led to a fashion, in Cordoba, for claiming pure Arab ancestry as opposed to descent from freed slaves.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 181  Claims of descent from <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigothic</a> noble families also became common.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 181–182  However, an "immediately detrimental consequence of this acute consciousness of ancestry was the revival of ethnic disparagement, directed in particular against the Berbers and the Saqaliba".<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 182  When the Fatimids moved their capital to Egypt in 969, they left north Africa in charge of viceroys from the Zirid clan of Sanhaja Berbers, who were Fatimid loyalists and enemies of the Zenata.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 170  The Zirids in turn divided their territories, assigning some to the Hammadid branch of the family to govern. The Hammadids became independent in 1014, with their capital at <a href="/wiki/Beni_Hammad_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Beni Hammad Fort">Qal'at Beni-Hammad</a>. With the withdrawal of the Fatimids to Egypt, however, the rivalry with the Umayyads decreased.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 170  <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakam_II" title="Al-Hakam II">Al-Hakam II</a> sent <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ibn_Ab%C4%AB_%E2%80%98%C4%80mir_al-Man%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABr" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ibn Abī ‘Āmir al-Manṣūr">Muhammad Ibn Abī ‘Āmir</a> to north Africa in 973–974 to act as <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a> al qudat (chief justice) to the Berber groups that had accepted Umayyad authority. Ibn Abī ‘Āmir was treasurer of the household of the caliph's wife and children, director of the mint at <a href="/wiki/Madinat_al-Zahra" title="Madinat al-Zahra">Madinat al-Zahra</a>, commander of the Cordoba police, and <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a> of the frontier. During his time as qadi in north Africa, Ibn Abi Amir developed close ties with the North African Berbers.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 186  Considerable resentment arose in Cordoba against the increasing numbers of Berbers brought from north Africa by al-Mansur and his children Abd al-Malik and Sanchuelo.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 198  It was said that Sanchuelo ordered anyone attending his court to wear Berber turbans, which Roger Collins suggests may not have been true, but shows that hostile anti-Berber propaganda was being used to discredit the sons of al-Mansur. In 1009, Sanchuelo had himself proclaimed Hisham II's successor, and then went on military campaign. However, while he was away a revolt took place. Sanchuelo's palace was sacked and his support fell away. As he marched back to Cordoba his own Berber mercenaries abandoned him.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 197–198  Knowing the strength of ill feeling against them in Cordoba, they thought Sanchuelo would be unable to protect them, and so they went elsewhere in order to survive and secure their own interests.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 198  Sanchuelo was left with only a few followers, and was captured and killed in 1009. Hisham II abdicated and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad II al-Mahdi">Muhammad II al-Mahdi</a>. Having abandoned Sanchuelo, the Berbers who had formed his army turned to support another ambitious Umayyad, <a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_al-Hakam" title="Sulayman ibn al-Hakam">Sulayman</a>. They obtained logistical support from Count <a href="/wiki/Sancho_Garcia_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho Garcia of Castile">Sancho Garcia of Castile</a>. Marching on Cordoba, they defeated Saqaliba general <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81%E1%B8%8Di%E1%B8%A5_al-%E1%B9%A2iqlab%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāḍiḥ al-Ṣiqlabī">Wadih</a> and forced Muhammad II al-Mahdi to flee to Toledo. They then installed Sulayman as caliph, and based themselves in the Madinat al-Zahra to avoid friction with the local population.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 198–199  Wadih and al-Mahdi formed an alliance with the Counts of Barcelona and Urgell and marched back on Cordoba. They defeated Sulayman and the Berber forces in a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aqbat_al-Bakr" title="Battle of Aqbat al-Bakr">battle near Cordoba</a> in 1010. To avoid being destroyed, the Berbers fled towards Algeciras.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 199  Al-Mahdi swore to exterminate the Berbers and pursued them. However, he was defeated in battle near Marbella. With Wadih, he fled back to Cordoba while his Catalan allies went home. The Berbers turned around and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(1013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Córdoba (1013)">besieged Cordoba</a>. Deciding that he was about to lose, Wadih overthrew al-Mahdi and sent his head to the Berbers, replacing him with Hisham II.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 199  However, the Berbers did not end the siege. They methodically destroyed Cordoba's suburbs, pinning the inhabitants inside the old Roman walls and destroying the Madinat al-Zahra. Wadih's allies killed him, and the Cordoba garrison surrendered with the expectation of amnesty. However, "a massacre ensued in which the Berbers took revenge for many personal and collective injuries and permanently settled several feuds in the process".<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 200  The Berbers made Sulayman caliph once again. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Idhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Idhari">Ibn Idhari</a> said that the installation of Sulayman in 1013 was the moment when "the rule of the Berbers began in Cordoba and that of the Umayyads ended, after it had existed for two hundred and sixty eight years and forty-three days".<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 200 <a href="#cite_note-140">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_al-Andalus_in_the_Taifa_period">In al-Andalus in the Taifa period</h4></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Taifa" title="Taifa">Taifa</a> era, the petty kings came from a variety of ethnic groups; some—for instance the Zirid kings of Granada—were of Berber origin. The Taifa period ended when a Berber dynasty—the Moroccan Almoravids—took over al-Andalus; they were succeeded by the Almohad dynasty of Morocco, during which time al-Andalus flourished. After the fall of Cordoba in 1013, the Saqaliba fled from the city to secure their own fiefdoms. One group of Saqaliba seized <a href="/wiki/Orihuela" title="Orihuela">Orihuela</a> from its Berber garrison and took control of the entire region.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 201  Among the Berbers who were brought to al-Andalus by al-Mansur were the Zirid family of Sanhaja Berbers. After the fall of Cordoba, the Zirids took over Granada in 1013, forming the <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Granada" title="Taifa of Granada">Zirid kingdom of Granada</a>. The Saqaliba Khayran, with his own Umayyad figurehead <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_IV" title="Abd al-Rahman IV">Abd ar-Rahman IV al-Murtada</a>, attempted to seize Granada from the Zirids in 1018, but failed. Khayran then executed Abd ar-Rahman IV. Khayran's son, Zuhayr, also made war on the Zirid kingdom of Granada, but was killed in 1038.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 202  In Cordoba, conflicts continued between the Berber rulers and those of the citizenry who saw themselves as Arab.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 202  After being installed as caliph with Berber support, Sulayman was pressured into distributing southern provinces to his Berber allies. The Sanhaja departed from Cordoba at this time. The Zenata Berber <a href="/wiki/Hammudid_dynasty" title="Hammudid dynasty">Hammudids</a> received the important districts of Ceuta and Algeciras. The Hammudids claimed a family relation to the Idrisids, and thus traced their ancestry to the caliph Ali. In 1016 they rebelled in Ceuta, claiming to be supporting the restoration of Hisham II. They took control of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, then marched on Cordoba, taking it and executing Sulayman and his family. <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Hammud_al-Nasir" title="Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir">Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir</a> declared himself caliph, a position he held for two years.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 203  For some years, Hammudids and Umayyads fought one another and the caliphate passed between them several times. Hammudids also fought among themselves. The last Hammudid caliph reigned until 1027. The Hammudids were then expelled from Cordoba, where there was still a great deal of anti-Berber sentiment. The Hammudids remained in Málaga until expelled by the Zirids in 1056.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-129">[122]</a>: 203  The Zirids of Granada controlled Málaga until 1073, after which separate Zirid kings retained control over the taifas of Granada and Malaga until the Almoravid conquest.<a href="#cite_note-Reilly1992-141">[134]</a> During the taifa period, the <a href="/wiki/Aftasid_dynasty" title="Aftasid dynasty">Aftasid dynasty</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Badajoz" title="Taifa of Badajoz">Badajoz</a>, controlled a large territory centered on the <a href="/wiki/Guadiana" title="Guadiana">Guadiana River</a> valley.<a href="#cite_note-Reilly1992-141">[134]</a> The area of Aftasid control was very large, stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Morena" title="Sierra Morena">Sierra Morena</a> and the taifas of <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_M%C3%A9rtola" title="Taifa of Mértola">Mértola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Silves" title="Taifa of Silves">Silves</a> in the south, to the <a href="/wiki/Campo_de_Calatrava" title="Campo de Calatrava">Campo de Calatrava</a> in the west, the <a href="/wiki/Montes_de_Toledo" title="Montes de Toledo">Montes de Toledo</a> in the northwest, and nearly as far as <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Oporto</a> in the northeast.<a href="#cite_note-Reilly1992-141">[134]</a> According to Bernard Reilly,<a href="#cite_note-Reilly1992-141">[134]</a>: 13  during the taifa period genealogy continued to be an obsession of the upper classes in al-Andalus. Most wanted to trace their lineage back to the Syrian and Yemeni Arabs who accompanied the invasion. In contrast, tracing descent from the Berbers who came with the same invasion "was to be stigmatized as of inferior birth".<a href="#cite_note-Reilly1992-141">[134]</a>: 13  Reilly notes, however, that in practice the two groups had by the 11th century become almost indistinguishable: "both groups gradually ceased to be distinguishable parts of the Muslim population, except when one of them actually ruled a taifa, in which case his low origins were well publicized by his rivals".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Nevertheless, distinctions between Arab, Berber, and slave were not the stuff of serious politics, either within or between the taifas. It was the individual family that was the unit of political activity."<a href="#cite_note-Reilly1992-141">[134]</a>: 13  The Berber that arrived towards the end of the caliphate as mercenary forces, says Reilly, amounted to only about 20 thousand people in a total al-Andalusi population of six million. Their high visibility was due to their foundation of taifa dynasties rather than large numbers.<a href="#cite_note-Reilly1992-141">[134]</a>: 13  In the power hierarchy, Berbers were situated between the Arabic aristocracy and the <a href="/wiki/Muwallad" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwallad">Muladi</a> populace. Ethnic rivalry was one of the most important factors driving Andalusi politics. Berbers made up as much as 20% of the population of the occupied territory.<a href="#cite_note-142">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_al-Andalus_under_the_Almoravids">In al-Andalus under the Almoravids</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empire_almoravide.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Empire_almoravide.PNG/220px-Empire_almoravide.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Empire_almoravide.PNG/330px-Empire_almoravide.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Empire_almoravide.PNG/440px-Empire_almoravide.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1220" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravid empire">Almoravid</a> realm at its greatest extent, c. 1120</figcaption></figure> During the taifa period, the Almoravid empire developed in northwest Africa, whose core was formed by the <a href="/wiki/Lamtuna" title="Lamtuna">Lamtuna</a> branch of the Sanhaja Berber.<a href="#cite_note-Reilly1992-141">[134]</a>: 99  In the mid-11th century, they allied with the <a href="/wiki/Godala" title="Godala">Guddala</a> and Massufa Berber. At that time, the Almoravid leader <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Ibn_Ibrahim" title="Yahya Ibn Ibrahim">Yahya ibn Ibrahim</a> went on a <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a>. On his way back he met <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Malikite</a> preachers in Kairouan, and invited them to his land. Malikite disciple <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Yasin" title="Abdallah ibn Yasin">Abd Allah ibn Yasin</a> accepted the invitation. Traveling to Morocco, he established a military monastery or <a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">ribat</a> where he trained a highly motivated and disciplined fighting force. In 1054 and 1055, employing these specially trained forces, Almoravid leader <a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Umar_al-Lamtuni" title="Yahya ibn Umar al-Lamtuni">Yahya ibn Umar</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Kingdom of Ghana</a> and the Zenata Berber. After Yahya ibn Umar died, his brother <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_Umar" title="Abu Bakr ibn Umar">Abu Bakr ibn Umar</a> pursued an Almoravid expansion. Forced to resolve a Sanhaja civil war, he left control of the Moroccan conquests to his brother, <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Tashfin" title="Yusuf ibn Tashfin">Yusuf ibn Tashfin</a>. Yusuf continued to conquer territory; and following Abu Bakr's death in 1087, he became the Almoravid leader.<a href="#cite_note-Reilly1992-141">[134]</a>: 100–101  After their loss of Cordoba, the Hammudids had occupied Algeciras and Ceuta. In the mid-11th century, the Hammudids lost control of their Iberian possessions, but retained a small taifa kingdom based in Ceuta. In 1083, Yusuf ibn Tashufin conquered Ceuta. In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutamid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mutamid">al-Mutamid</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Seville" title="Taifa of Seville">Taifa of Seville</a>, traveled to Morocco to appeal to Yusuf for help against King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI</a> of Castile. Earlier, in 1079, the king of Badajoz, al-Mutawakkil, had appealed to Yusuf for help against Alfonso. After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Toledo" title="Taifa of Toledo">Toledo</a> to Alfonso VI in 1085, al-Mutamid appealed again to Yusuf. This time, financed by the taifa kings of Iberia, Yusuf crossed to al-Andalus and took direct personal control of Algeciras in 1086.<a href="#cite_note-Reilly1992-141">[134]</a>: 102–103  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arabized_Berber" title="Arabized Berber">Arabized Berber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berberism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maroc_Atlas_Imlil_Luc_Viatour_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maroc_Atlas_Imlil_Luc_Viatour_4.jpg/220px-Maroc_Atlas_Imlil_Luc_Viatour_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maroc_Atlas_Imlil_Luc_Viatour_4.jpg/330px-Maroc_Atlas_Imlil_Luc_Viatour_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maroc_Atlas_Imlil_Luc_Viatour_4.jpg/440px-Maroc_Atlas_Imlil_Luc_Viatour_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Berber village in the <a href="/wiki/High_Atlas" title="High Atlas">High Atlas</a> mountains of Morocco</figcaption></figure> The Kabylians were independent of outside control during the period of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> rule in North Africa. They lived primarily in three states or confederations: the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ait_Abbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ait Abbas">Kingdom of Ait Abbas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kuku" title="Kingdom of Kuku">Kingdom of Kuku</a>, and the principality of Aït Jubar.<a href="#cite_note-Brill-143">[136]</a> The Kingdom of Ait Abbas was a Berber state of North Africa, controlling Lesser Kabylie and its surroundings from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth century. It is referred to in the Spanish historiography as reino de Labes;<a href="#cite_note-144">[137]</a> sometimes more commonly referred to by its ruling family, the Mokrani, in Berber At Muqran (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: أولاد مقران Ouled Moqrane). Its capital was the <a href="/wiki/Kal%C3%A2a_of_Ait_Abbas" title="Kalâa of Ait Abbas">Kalâa of Ait Abbas</a>, an impregnable citadel in the <a href="/wiki/Bibans" title="Bibans">Biban</a> mountain range. The most serious <a href="/wiki/Mokrani_Revolt" title="Mokrani Revolt">native revolt</a> against colonial power in <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a> since the time of <a href="/wiki/Abdelkader_al-Jazairi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdelkader al-Jazairi">Abd al-Qadir</a> broke out in 1871 in the Kabylie and spread through much of Algeria. By April 1871, 250 tribes had risen, or nearly a third of Algeria's population.<a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a> In the aftermath of this revolt and until 1892, the <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_myth" title="Kabyle myth">Kabyle myth</a>, which supposed a variety of stereotypes based on a binary between Arabs and Kabyle people, reached its climax.<a href="#cite_note-marnia-146">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-oup-147">[140]</a> In 1902, the French penetrated the <a href="/wiki/Hoggar_Mountains" title="Hoggar Mountains">Hoggar Mountains</a> and defeated <a href="/wiki/Kel_Ahaggar" title="Kel Ahaggar">Ahaggar Tuareg</a> in the battle of <a href="/wiki/Tit,_Tamanrasset" title="Tit, Tamanrasset">Tit</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abd_el-Krim_TIME_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Abd_el-Krim_TIME_1925.jpg/220px-Abd_el-Krim_TIME_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Abd_el-Krim_TIME_1925.jpg/330px-Abd_el-Krim_TIME_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Abd_el-Krim_TIME_1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Krim" title="Abd el-Krim">Abd el-Krim</a> featured in the magazine <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> in 1925</figcaption></figure> In 1912, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_Between_France_and_Spain_Regarding_Morocco" title="Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco">Morocco was divided</a> into French and Spanish zones.<a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rifians" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifians">Rif Berbers</a> rebelled, led by <a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Krim" title="Abd el-Krim">Abd el-Krim</a>, a former officer of the Spanish administration. In July 1921, the Spanish army in northeastern Morocco, under <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Silvestre" title="Manuel Fernández Silvestre">Manuel Silvestre</a>, were routed by the forces of Abd el-Krim, in what became known in Spain as the <a href="/wiki/Disaster_of_Annual" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster of Annual">Disaster of Annual</a>. The Spaniards may have lost up to 22,000 soldiers at Annual and in subsequent fighting.<a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (1954–1962), the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">FLN</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Army (Algeria)">ALN</a>'s reorganisation of the country created, for the first time, a unified Kabyle administrative territory, <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria#1954-1962" title="Provinces of Algeria">wilaya III</a>, being as it was at the centre of the anti-colonial struggle.<a href="#cite_note-150">[143]</a> From the moment of Algerian independence, tensions developed between Kabyle leaders and the central government.<a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a> Soon after gaining independence in the middle of the twentieth century, the countries of North Africa established <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> as their <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>, replacing French, Spanish, and Italian; although the shift from European colonial languages to Arabic for official purposes continues even to this day. As a result, most Berbers had to study and know Arabic, and had no opportunities until the twenty-first century to use their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">mother tongue</a> at school or university. This may have accelerated the existing process of Arabization of Berbers, especially in already bilingual areas, such as among the Chaouis of Algeria. Tamazight is now taught in Aurès since the march led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salim_Yezza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salim Yezza (page does not exist)">Salim Yezza</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim_Yezza" class="extiw" title="fr:Salim Yezza">fr</a>] in 2004. While <a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berberism</a> had its roots before the independence of these countries, it was limited to the Berber elite. It only began to succeed among the greater populace when North African states replaced their European colonial languages with Arabic and identified exclusively as Arabian nations, downplaying or ignoring the existence and the social specificity of Berbers. However, Berberism's distribution remains uneven. In response to its demands, Morocco and Algeria have both modified their policies, with Algeria redefining itself constitutionally as an "Arab, Berber, Muslim nation". There is an identity-related debate about the persecution of Berbers by the Arab-dominated regimes of North Africa through both <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a> and Islamism,<a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a> their issue of identity is due to the pan-Arabist ideology of former Egyptian president, <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>. Some activists have claimed that "[i]t is time—long past overdue—to confront the racist arabization of the Amazigh lands."<a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuit_Debout_-_Paris_-_Kabyles_-_48_mars_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nuit_Debout_-_Paris_-_Kabyles_-_48_mars_08.jpg/220px-Nuit_Debout_-_Paris_-_Kabyles_-_48_mars_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nuit_Debout_-_Paris_-_Kabyles_-_48_mars_08.jpg/330px-Nuit_Debout_-_Paris_-_Kabyles_-_48_mars_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nuit_Debout_-_Paris_-_Kabyles_-_48_mars_08.jpg/440px-Nuit_Debout_-_Paris_-_Kabyles_-_48_mars_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration of <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyles</a> in Paris, April 2016</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Black_Spring_(Algeria)" title="Black Spring (Algeria)">Black Spring</a> was a series of violent disturbances and political demonstrations by Kabyle activists in the Kabylie region of Algeria in 2001. In the <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan civil war">2011 Libyan civil war</a>, Berbers in the <a href="/wiki/Nafusa_Mountains" title="Nafusa Mountains">Nafusa Mountains</a> were quick to revolt against the Gaddafi regime. The mountains became a stronghold of the rebel movement, and were a focal point of the conflict, with much <a href="/wiki/2011_Nafusa_Mountains_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Nafusa Mountains Campaign">fighting</a> occurring between rebels and loyalists for control of the region.<a href="#cite_note-Berber_speakers-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">Tuareg Rebellion of 2012</a> was waged against the Malian government by rebels with the goal of attaining independence for the northern region of Mali, known as <a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a> Since late 2016, <a href="/wiki/Hirak_Rif" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirak Rif">massive riots</a> have spread across Moroccan Berber communities in the Rif region. Another escalation took place in May 2017.<a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a> In Morocco, after the constitutional reforms of 2011, Berber has become an official language, and is now taught as a compulsory language in all schools regardless of the area or the ethnicity. In 2016, Algeria followed suit and changed the status of Berber from "national" to "official" language. Although <a href="/wiki/Berberists" class="mw-redirect" title="Berberists">Berberists</a> who openly show their political orientations rarely reach high positions, Berbers have reached high positions in the social and political hierarchies across the Maghreb. Examples are the former president of Algeria, <a href="/wiki/Liamine_Zeroual" class="mw-redirect" title="Liamine Zeroual">Liamine Zeroual</a>; the former prime minister of Morocco, <a href="/wiki/Driss_Jettou" title="Driss Jettou">Driss Jettou</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Khalida_Toumi" title="Khalida Toumi">Khalida Toumi</a>, a feminist and Berberist militant, who has been nominated as head of the Ministry of Communication in Algeria. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arabization">Arabization</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arabized_Berber" title="Arabized Berber">Arabized Berber</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> of the indigenous Berber populations was a result of the centuries-long <a href="/wiki/Arab_migrations_to_the_Maghreb" title="Arab migrations to the Maghreb">Arab migrations to the Maghreb</a> which began since the 7th century, in addition to changing the population's demographics. The early wave of migration prior to the 11th century contributed to the Berber adoption of <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arab culture</a>. Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic language</a> spread during this period and drove <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> into extinction in the cities. The Arabization took place around Arab centres through the influence of Arabs in the cities and rural areas surrounding them.<a href="#cite_note-Duri-2012-156">[149]</a> The migration of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a> in the 11th century had a much greater influence on the process of Arabization of the population. It played a major role in spreading <a href="/wiki/Bedouin_Arabic" title="Bedouin Arabic">Bedouin Arabic</a> to rural areas such as the countryside and steppes, and as far as the southern areas near the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Duri-2012-156">[149]</a> It also heavily transformed the culture in the Maghreb into Arab culture, and spread nomadism in areas where agriculture was previously dominant.<a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a> These Bedouin tribes accelerated and deepened the Arabization process, since the Berber population was gradually <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilated</a> by the newcomers and had to share with them pastures and seasonal migration paths. By around the 15th century, the region of modern-day Tunisia had already been almost completely Arabized.<a href="#cite_note-Holes_42-54">[51]</a> As Arab nomads spread, the territories of the local Berber tribes were moved and shrank. The <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> were pushed to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyles</a> were pushed to the north. The Berbers took refuge in the mountains whereas the plains were Arabized.<a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a> Currently, most <a href="/wiki/Arabized_Berber" title="Arabized Berber">Arabized Berbers</a> identify as Berber, although the prominence of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> influences has fully <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilated</a> them into the Arab cultural sphere.<a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_demographics">Contemporary demographics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Dansgroep_uit_de_westelijke_Sahara_tijdens_het_Nationaal_Folkore_Festival_te_Marrakech_TMnr_20017655.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Dansgroep_uit_de_westelijke_Sahara_tijdens_het_Nationaal_Folkore_Festival_te_Marrakech_TMnr_20017655.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Dansgroep_uit_de_westelijke_Sahara_tijdens_het_Nationaal_Folkore_Festival_te_Marrakech_TMnr_20017655.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Dansgroep_uit_de_westelijke_Sahara_tijdens_het_Nationaal_Folkore_Festival_te_Marrakech_TMnr_20017655.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Dansgroep_uit_de_westelijke_Sahara_tijdens_het_Nationaal_Folkore_Festival_te_Marrakech_TMnr_20017655.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Dansgroep_uit_de_westelijke_Sahara_tijdens_het_Nationaal_Folkore_Festival_te_Marrakech_TMnr_20017655.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Dansgroep_uit_de_westelijke_Sahara_tijdens_het_Nationaal_Folkore_Festival_te_Marrakech_TMnr_20017655.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja</a> Berber women in the 1970s</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maghreb#Ethnic_groups" title="Maghreb">Maghreb § Ethnic groups</a></div> Ethnically, Berbers comprise a minority population in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>. Berbers comprise 15%<a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a> to 25%<a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a> the population of Algeria, 10%<a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a> of Libya, 31%<a href="#cite_note-163">[156]</a> to 35%<a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a> of Morocco, and 1%<a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a> of Tunisia. Berber language speakers in the Maghreb comprise 30%<a href="#cite_note-Berber_speakers-4">[4]</a> to 40%<a href="#cite_note-minorityrights.org-166">[159]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-axl.cefan.ulaval.ca-16">[16]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] of the Moroccan population, and 15%<a href="#cite_note-The_World_Factbook-167">[160]</a> to 35%<a href="#cite_note-axl.cefan.ulaval.ca-16">[16]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] of the Algerian population, with smaller communities in Libya and very small groups in Tunisia, Egypt and Mauritania.<a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a> Berber languages in total are spoken by around 14 million<a href="#cite_note-Berber_Languages-169">[162]</a> to 16 million<a href="#cite_note-Stolz-2015-170">[163]</a> people in Africa. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berber_village_Atlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Berber_village_Atlas.jpg/220px-Berber_village_Atlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Berber_village_Atlas.jpg/330px-Berber_village_Atlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Berber_village_Atlas.jpg/440px-Berber_village_Atlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Berber village in the Atlas mountains</figcaption></figure> Prominent Berber ethnic groups include the <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyles</a>—from <a href="/wiki/Kabylia" title="Kabylia">Kabylia</a>, a historical autonomous region of northern Algeria—who number about six million and have kept, to a large degree, their original language and society; and the <a href="/wiki/Shilha_people" title="Shilha people">Shilha</a> or Chleuh—in High and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Atlas" title="Anti-Atlas">Anti-Atlas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sous" title="Sous">Sous</a> Valley of Morocco—who number about eight million.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other groups include the <a href="/wiki/Rifians" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifians">Riffians</a> of northern Morocco, the <a href="/wiki/Chaoui_people" title="Chaoui people">Chaoui</a> people of eastern Algeria, the <a href="/wiki/Chenouas" title="Chenouas">Chenouas</a> in western Algeria and the <a href="/wiki/Nafusi_language" title="Nafusi language">Nafusis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nafusa_Mountains" title="Nafusa Mountains">Nafusa Mountains</a>. Outside the Maghreb, the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> in Mali (early settlement near the old imperial capital of <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>),<a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a> Niger, and Burkina Faso number some 850,000,<a href="#cite_note-WorldFactbookMali-20">[20]</a> 1,620,000,<a href="#cite_note-WorldFactbookNiger-172">[165]</a> and 50,000, respectively. Tuaregs are a Berber ethnic group with a traditionally <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> pastoralist lifestyle and are the principal inhabitants of the vast Sahara Desert.<a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>List of Berber ethnic groups </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnic group </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Regions </th> <th>Ethnic population </th> <th>Linguistic population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaoui_people" title="Chaoui people">Chaouis</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">ALG</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s_Mountains" title="Aurès Mountains">Aurès Mountains</a>, eastern Algeria </td> <td>2,870,000<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a> </td> <td>Including 2,130,000 speakers of <a href="/wiki/Shawiya_language" title="Shawiya language">Shawiya language</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chenouas" title="Chenouas">Chenouas</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">ALG</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Chenoua" title="Mount Chenoua">Mount Chenoua</a>, western Algeria </td> <td>106,000<a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a> </td> <td>Including 76,000 speakers of <a href="/wiki/Shenwa_language" title="Shenwa language">Shenwa language</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shilha_people" title="Shilha people">Chleuhs</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">MAR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/High_Atlas" title="High Atlas">High Atlas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Atlas" title="Anti-Atlas">Anti-Atlas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sous" title="Sous">Sous</a> valley, southern Morocco </td> <td>3,500,000<a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jerba_Berber" title="Jerba Berber">Djerbas</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">TUN</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>, southern Tunisia </td> <td>11,000<a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghomaras" title="Ghomaras">Ghomaras</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">MAR</a></td> <td>Western <a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif</a>, northern Morocco </td> <td>12,000<a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a> </td> <td>Including 10,000 speakers of <a href="/wiki/Ghomara_language" title="Ghomara language">Ghomara language</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Godala" title="Godala">Guezula</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">MRT</a></td> <td>Southern Mauritania </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyles</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">ALG</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kabylia" title="Kabylia">Kabylia</a>, northern Algeria </td> <td>6,000,000<a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a> </td> <td>Including 3,000,000 speakers of <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_language" title="Kabyle language">Kabyle language</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matmata_Berber" title="Matmata Berber">Matmatas</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">TUN</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matmata,_Tunisia" title="Matmata, Tunisia">Matmata</a>, southern Tunisia </td> <td>3,700 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mozabite_people" title="Mozabite people">Mozabites</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">ALG</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%27zab" title="M'zab">M'zab</a> Valley, central Algeria </td> <td>200,000<a href="#cite_note-184">[177]</a> </td> <td>Including 150,000 speakers of <a href="/wiki/Mozabite_language" title="Mozabite language">Mozabite language</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[178]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nafusi_language" title="Nafusi language">Nafusis</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">LBY</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nafusa_Mountains" title="Nafusa Mountains">Jabal Nafusa</a>, western Libya </td> <td>186,000<a href="#cite_note-186">[179]</a> </td> <td>Including 140,000 speakers of <a href="/wiki/Nafusi_language" title="Nafusi language">Nafusi language</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[180]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Riffians" title="Riffians">Riffians</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">MAR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif</a>, northern Morocco </td> <td>1,500,000 </td> <td>Including 1,271,000 speakers of <a href="/wiki/Tarifit" title="Tarifit">Tarifit language</a><a href="#cite_note-Maaroufi-188">[181]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siwi_people" title="Siwi people">Siwi</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">EGY</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa Oasis</a>, western Egypt </td> <td>24,000<a href="#cite_note-Project-49">[46]</a> </td> <td>Including 20,000 speakers of <a href="/wiki/Siwi_language" title="Siwi language">Siwi language</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[182]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">ALG</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">MLI</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">NIG</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, northern Mali and Niger, and southern Algeria </td> <td>4,000,000 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central Atlas Amazigh</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">MAR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Atlas" title="Middle Atlas">Middle Atlas</a>, Morocco </td> <td>2,867,000<a href="#cite_note-190">[183]</a> </td> <td>Including 2,300,000 speakers of <a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight" title="Central Atlas Tamazight">Central Atlas Tamazight</a><a href="#cite_note-Maaroufi-188">[181]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zuwara_Berber" title="Zuwara Berber">Zuwaras</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">LBY</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zuwarah" title="Zuwarah">Zuwarah</a>, northwestern Libya </td> <td>280,000 </td> <td>247,000 speakers of <a href="/wiki/Zuwara_Berber" title="Zuwara Berber">Zuwara language</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[184]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maghreb#Genetics" title="Maghreb">Maghreb § Genetics</a></div> Genetically, the Berbers form the principal indigenous ancestry in the region.<a href="#cite_note-192">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[186]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-194">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-cia-196">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[194]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E1b1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup E1b1b</a> is the most frequent among Maghrebi groups, especially the downstream lineage of <a href="/wiki/E-M81" class="mw-redirect" title="E-M81">E1b1b1b1a</a>, which is typical of the indigenous Berbers of North-West Africa. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M267" title="Haplogroup J-M267">Haplogroup J1</a> is the second most frequent among Maghrebi groups and is more indicative of <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> origins, and has its highest distribution among populations in the southern <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. E1b1b1b accounts for 45% of North Africans, while Haplogroup J1-M267 accounts for 30% of North Africans, and has spread from Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-202">[195]</a> The Semitic-speaking presence in the Maghreb is mainly due to the migratory movements of <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> in the 3rd century BC and large scale migrations of Arab <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribes in the 11th century AD such as <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a>, as well as other waves that occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Arab_migrations_to_the_Maghreb" title="Arab migrations to the Maghreb">Arab migrations to the Maghreb</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7th century – 17th century). The results of a study from 2017 suggest that these Arab migrations to the Maghreb were mainly a demographic process that heavily implied gene flow and remodeled the genetic structure of the Maghreb.<a href="#cite_note-203">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_France" title="Berbers in France">Berbers in France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berber_Canadians" title="Berber Canadians">Berber Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_Belgium" title="Berbers in Belgium">Berbers in Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Berbers in the Netherlands">Berbers in the Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">Berber Americans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ABerbers&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+16+February+2025&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Berbers">making an edit request</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berbers&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> . (October 2012)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinedine_Zidane_by_Tasnim_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Zinedine_Zidane_by_Tasnim_02.jpg/220px-Zinedine_Zidane_by_Tasnim_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Zinedine_Zidane_by_Tasnim_02.jpg/330px-Zinedine_Zidane_by_Tasnim_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Zinedine_Zidane_by_Tasnim_02.jpg/440px-Zinedine_Zidane_by_Tasnim_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>French former footballer <a href="/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane" title="Zinedine Zidane">Zinedine Zidane</a>, born to Berber <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyle</a> parents from Algeria</figcaption></figure> According to a 2004 estimate, there were about 2.2 million Berber immigrants in Europe, especially the Riffians in Belgium, the Netherlands, and France; and Algerians of Kabyles and Chaouis heritage in France.<a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berberism">Berberism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berberism</a></div> Since the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-Willis-2014-205">[198]</a>: 209  a political movement, initially led by the Kabyles of Algeria, has developed among various parts of the Berber populations of North Africa to promote a collective Amazigh <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic identity">ethnic identity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maddy-Weitzman-2011-58">[55]</a> It is variously referred to as Amazighism,<a href="#cite_note-206">[199]</a> Berberism,<a href="#cite_note-Willis-2014-205">[198]</a> the Berber identity movement, or the Berber Culture Movement.<a href="#cite_note-Maddy-Weitzman-2011-58">[55]</a> The movement does not have a specific organization and cuts across both modern national boundaries and traditional tribal divisions. It is generally consistent in its demands, which include greater linguistic rights for Berber languages and greater official and social recognition of Amazigh culture.<a href="#cite_note-Maddy-Weitzman-2011-58">[55]</a> These Berberists also aimed to counter the image that Berbers were a mere collection of disparate tribes speaking mutually incomprehensible languages. They did this by introducing "Imazighen" as a collective term of self-referral and claimed that the various Berber languages once constituted a single language.<a href="#cite_note-Goodman-2005-56">[53]</a> The political outcomes have been different in each country of the Maghreb and are shaped by other factors such as geography and socioeconomic circumstances. In Algeria, the politics of the movement were focused in Kabylie, were more overtly political, and have sometimes been confrontational. In Morocco, where Amazigh populations are spread across a wider area, the movement has been less overtly political and confrontational.<a href="#cite_note-Maddy-Weitzman-2011-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Willis-2014-205">[198]</a>: 213  In the 1990s, both states made concessions to this movement or attempted to ally itself with it, partly in response to the challenge of other political forces such as Islamism.<a href="#cite_note-Willis-2014-205">[198]</a>: 214  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_tensions">Political tensions</h3></div> Over the past few decades, political tensions have arisen between some Berber groups (especially the <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rifians" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifians">Rifians</a>) and North African governments, partly over linguistic and social issues. For example, in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, giving children Berber names was banned.<a href="#cite_note-207">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[202]</a> In Morocco, the Arabic language and Arab culture occupied a superior position in official and social domains. The <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Arabist</a> ideology was popular among Moroccan society, as well as within bureaucratic cadres and the political parties.<a href="#cite_note-Aslan-2015-210">[203]</a> The regime of <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> in Libya also banned the teaching of Berber languages, and, in a 2008 <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">leaked diplomatic cable</a>, the Libyan leader warned Berber minorities: "You can call yourselves whatever you want inside your homes – Berbers, Children of Satan, whatever – but you are only Libyans when you leave your homes."<a href="#cite_note-211">[204]</a> He denied the existence of Berbers as a separate ethnicity, and called Berbers a "product of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>" created by the West to divide Libya.<a href="#cite_note-212">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[206]</a> As a result of the persecution suffered under Gaddafi's rule, many Berbers joined the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan opposition">Libyan opposition</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan civil war">2011 Libyan civil war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[207]</a> In contrast, many Berber students in Morocco supported <a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Arabism</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berberism</a>. Many educated Berbers were attracted to the leftist <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Popular_Forces" title="National Union of Popular Forces">National Union of Popular Forces</a> rather than the Berber-based <a href="/wiki/Popular_Movement_(Morocco)" title="Popular Movement (Morocco)">Popular Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aslan-2015-210">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Berber_Languages_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Map_of_Berber_Languages_2018.png/260px-Map_of_Berber_Languages_2018.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Map_of_Berber_Languages_2018.png/390px-Map_of_Berber_Languages_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Map_of_Berber_Languages_2018.png/520px-Map_of_Berber_Languages_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Areas in North Africa where <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a> are spoken</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tifinagh_in_Tifinagh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tifinagh_in_Tifinagh.svg/220px-Tifinagh_in_Tifinagh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tifinagh_in_Tifinagh.svg/330px-Tifinagh_in_Tifinagh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tifinagh_in_Tifinagh.svg/440px-Tifinagh_in_Tifinagh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption>Tifinagh in Tifinagh</figcaption></figure> The Berber languages form a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Afroasiatic language family">Afroasiatic language family</a>, a large family that also includes <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a> like Arabic and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian language">Ancient Egyptian language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[209]</a> Most Berbers speak <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[210]</a> Tamazight is a generic name for all of the Berber languages, which consist of many closely related varieties and dialects. Among these Berber languages are <a href="/wiki/Tarifit" title="Tarifit">Riffian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zuwara_Berber" title="Zuwara Berber">Zuwara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_language" title="Kabyle language">Kabyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shilha_language" title="Shilha language">Shilha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siwi_language" title="Siwi language">Siwi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zenaga_language" title="Zenaga language">Zenaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanhaja_de_Srair_language" title="Sanhaja de Srair language">Sanhaja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight" title="Central Atlas Tamazight">Tazayit</a> (Central Atlas Tamazight), <a href="/wiki/Mozabite_language" title="Mozabite language">Tumẓabt</a> (Mozabite), <a href="/wiki/Nafusi_language" title="Nafusi language">Nafusi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tamasheq_language" title="Tamasheq language">Tamasheq</a>, as well as the ancient <a href="/wiki/Guanche_language" title="Guanche language">Guanche language</a>. Most Berber languages have a high percentage of borrowing and influence from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic language</a>, as well as from other languages.<a href="#cite_note-Mattar-2004-218">[211]</a> For example, Arabic loanwords represent 35%<a href="#cite_note-219">[212]</a> to 46%<a href="#cite_note-220">[213]</a> of the total vocabulary of the <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_language" title="Kabyle language">Kabyle language</a> and represent 51.7% of the total vocabulary of <a href="/wiki/Tarifit" title="Tarifit">Tarifit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[214]</a> The least influenced are the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mattar-2004-218">[211]</a> Almost all Berber languages took from Arabic the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">pharyngeal fricatives</a> /ʕ/ and /ħ/, the (nongeminated) uvular stop /q/, and the voiceless <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized consonant</a> /ṣ/.<a href="#cite_note-222">[215]</a> In turn, Berber languages have influenced local dialects of Arabic. Although <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi Arabic</a> has a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> vocabulary,<a href="#cite_note-Abdou_Elimam-223">[216]</a> it contains a few Berber loanwords which represent 2–3% of the vocabulary of <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan Arabic</a>, 8–9% of <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian Arabic</a>, and 10–15% of <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[217]</a> Berber languages in total are spoken by around 14 million<a href="#cite_note-Berber_Languages-169">[162]</a> to 16 million<a href="#cite_note-Stolz-2015-170">[163]</a> people in Africa (see <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages#Population" title="Berber languages">population estimation</a>). These Berber speakers are mainly concentrated in Morocco and Algeria, followed by Mali, Niger, and Libya. Smaller Berber-speaking communities are also found as far east as Egypt, with a southwestern limit today at Burkina Faso. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Berbers_and_Islam" title="Berbers and Islam">Berbers and Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Traditional Berber religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Berber_Christians" title="Berber Christians">Berber Christians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_du_Medracen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Panorama_du_Medracen.jpg/170px-Panorama_du_Medracen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Panorama_du_Medracen.jpg/255px-Panorama_du_Medracen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Panorama_du_Medracen.jpg/340px-Panorama_du_Medracen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3989" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madghacen" title="Madghacen">Madghacen</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paar_zilveren_kledingspelden_met_ketting_TMnr_5504-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paar_zilveren_kledingspelden_met_ketting_TMnr_5504-10.jpg/170px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paar_zilveren_kledingspelden_met_ketting_TMnr_5504-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paar_zilveren_kledingspelden_met_ketting_TMnr_5504-10.jpg/255px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paar_zilveren_kledingspelden_met_ketting_TMnr_5504-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paar_zilveren_kledingspelden_met_ketting_TMnr_5504-10.jpg/340px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paar_zilveren_kledingspelden_met_ketting_TMnr_5504-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Berber <a href="/wiki/Penannular_brooch" class="mw-redirect" title="Penannular brooch">penannular brooch</a>, a custom dating from the pre-Abrahamic era.</figcaption></figure> The Berber identity encompasses language, religion, and ethnicity, and is rooted in the entire history and geography of North Africa. Berbers are not an entirely homogeneous ethnicity, and they include a range of societies, ancestries, and lifestyles. The unifying forces for the Berber people may be their shared language or a collective identification with Berber heritage and history. As a legacy of the spread of Islam, the Berbers are now mostly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslim</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Mozabite_people" title="Mozabite people">Mozabite</a> Berbers of the <a href="/wiki/M%27zab" title="M'zab">M'zab Valley</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/Gharda%C3%AFa" title="Ghardaïa">Ghardaïa</a> in Algeria and some Libyan Berbers in the Nafusa Mountains and Zuwara are primarily adherents of <a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi Islam</a>. In antiquity, before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic">Abrahamic</a> faiths into North Africa, the Berber people adhered to the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">traditional Berber religion</a>. This traditional religion emphasized <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor veneration">ancestor veneration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>. Many ancient Berber beliefs were developed locally. Whereas others were influenced over time through contact with other <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional African religion">traditional African religions</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a>), or borrowed during antiquity from the <a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_mythology" title="Spanish mythology">Iberian mythology</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a>. The most recent influence came from Islam and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic Arab religion</a> during the medieval period. Some of the ancient Berber beliefs still subtly exist today within the Berber popular culture and tradition. Until the 1960s, there was also a significant Jewish Berber minority in Morocco,<a href="#cite_note-225">[218]</a> but emigration (mostly to Israel and France) dramatically reduced their number to only a few hundred individuals. Following Christian missions, the Kabyle community in Algeria has a recently constituted Christian minority, both Protestant and Roman Catholic; and a 2015 study estimates that 380,000 Muslim Algerians have converted to Christianity in Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-Miller2015-30">[30]</a> There are Berbers among the 8,000<a href="#cite_note-226">[219]</a>–40,000<a href="#cite_note-227">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moroccans" title="Moroccans">Moroccans</a> who have converted to Christianity in the last decades, some of whom explain their conversion as an attempt to go back to their "Christian sources".<a href="#cite_note-InvisibleChurch-228">[221]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Religious_Freedom_Act_of_1998" title="International Religious Freedom Act of 1998">International Religious Freedom Report</a> for 2007 estimates that thousands of <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian people">Tunisian</a> Berber Muslims have converted to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-report-229">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Tunisia" title="Architecture of Tunisia">Architecture of Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Algeria" title="Architecture of Algeria">Architecture of Algeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_architecture" title="Moroccan architecture">Moroccan architecture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity_2">Antiquity</h3></div> Some of the earliest evidence of original Amazigh culture in North Africa has been found in the highlands of the Sahara and dates from the second millennium BC, when the region was much less arid than it is today and when the Amazigh population was most likely in the process of spreading across North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Brett-1996-231">[224]</a>: 15–22  Numerous archaeological sites associated with the <a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a> have been found in the Fezzan (in present-day Libya), attesting to the existence of small villages, towns, and tombs. At least one settlement dates from as early as 1000 BC. The structures were initially built in <a href="/wiki/Dry_stone" title="Dry stone">dry stone</a>, but around the middle of the millennium (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 BC) they began to be built with <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-Brett-1996-231">[224]</a>: 23  By the second century AD there is evidence of large <a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">villas</a> and more sophisticated tombs associated with the aristocracy of this society, in particular at <a href="/wiki/Germa" title="Germa">Germa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brett-1996-231">[224]</a>: 24  Further west, the kingdom of Numidia was contemporary with the Phoenician civilization of Carthage and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. Among other things, the Numidians have left thousands of pre-Christian tombs. The oldest of these is <a href="/wiki/Madghacen" title="Madghacen">Medracen</a> in present-day Algeria, believed to date from the time of <a href="/wiki/Masinissa" title="Masinissa">Masinissa</a> (202–148 BC). Possibly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Greek architecture</a> further east, or built with the help of Greek craftsmen, the tomb consists of a large <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a> constructed in well-cut <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a> masonry and featuring sixty <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric</a> columns and an Egyptian-style <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brett-1996-231">[224]</a>: 27–29  Another famous example is the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum_of_Mauretania" title="Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania">Tomb of the Christian Woman</a> in western Algeria. This structure consists of columns, a dome, and spiral pathways that lead to a single chamber.<a href="#cite_note-232">[225]</a> A number of "tower tombs" from the Numidian period can also be found in sites from Algeria to Libya. Despite their wide geographic range, they often share a similar style: a three-story structure topped by a convex pyramid. They may have initially been inspired by Greek monuments but they constitute an original type of structure associated with Numidian culture. Examples of these are found at <a href="/wiki/Siga" title="Siga">Siga</a>, Soumaa d'el Khroub, <a href="/wiki/Libyco-Punic_Mausoleum_of_Dougga" title="Libyco-Punic Mausoleum of Dougga">Dougga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sabratha" title="Sabratha">Sabratha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brett-1996-231">[224]</a>: 29–31  Mediterranean empires of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> left their mark in the material culture of North Africa as well. Phoenician and <a href="/wiki/Punic_people" title="Punic people">Punic</a> (Carthaginian) remains can be found at <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> itself and at <a href="/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)" title="Lixus (ancient city)">Lixus</a>. Numerous remains of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Roman architecture</a> can be found across the region, such as the <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_El_Jem" title="Amphitheatre of El Jem">amphitheatre of El Jem</a> and the archaeological sites of <a href="/wiki/Sabratha" title="Sabratha">Sabratha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timgad" title="Timgad">Timgad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-233">[226]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Garma_(Garama)_-_Ruinen_der_antiken_Stadt_Garma_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of Germa, a capital of the Garamantes (first millennium BC)"><img alt="Remains of Germa, a capital of the Garamantes (first millennium BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Garma_%28Garama%29_-_Ruinen_der_antiken_Stadt_Garma_02.jpg/120px-Garma_%28Garama%29_-_Ruinen_der_antiken_Stadt_Garma_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Garma_%28Garama%29_-_Ruinen_der_antiken_Stadt_Garma_02.jpg/180px-Garma_%28Garama%29_-_Ruinen_der_antiken_Stadt_Garma_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Garma_%28Garama%29_-_Ruinen_der_antiken_Stadt_Garma_02.jpg/240px-Garma_%28Garama%29_-_Ruinen_der_antiken_Stadt_Garma_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3322" data-file-height="2991" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of <a href="/wiki/Germa" title="Germa">Germa</a>, a capital of the <a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a> (first millennium BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausol%C3%A9e_medghassen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Numidian tomb of Medracen (c. 200–150 BC)"><img alt="Numidian tomb of Medracen (c. 200–150 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mausol%C3%A9e_medghassen.jpg/120px-Mausol%C3%A9e_medghassen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mausol%C3%A9e_medghassen.jpg/180px-Mausol%C3%A9e_medghassen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mausol%C3%A9e_medghassen.jpg/240px-Mausol%C3%A9e_medghassen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidian</a> tomb of <a href="/wiki/Madghacen" title="Madghacen">Medracen</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200–150 BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:TUNISIA_DOUGGA_MAUSOLEE_LIBYCO_PUNIQUE_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Numidian mausoleum of Dougga, example of a "tower tomb" (2nd century BC)"><img alt="Numidian mausoleum of Dougga, example of a "tower tomb" (2nd century BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/TUNISIA_DOUGGA_MAUSOLEE_LIBYCO_PUNIQUE_001.jpg/80px-TUNISIA_DOUGGA_MAUSOLEE_LIBYCO_PUNIQUE_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/TUNISIA_DOUGGA_MAUSOLEE_LIBYCO_PUNIQUE_001.jpg/120px-TUNISIA_DOUGGA_MAUSOLEE_LIBYCO_PUNIQUE_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/TUNISIA_DOUGGA_MAUSOLEE_LIBYCO_PUNIQUE_001.jpg/159px-TUNISIA_DOUGGA_MAUSOLEE_LIBYCO_PUNIQUE_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Libyco-Punic_Mausoleum_of_Dougga" title="Libyco-Punic Mausoleum of Dougga">Numidian mausoleum of Dougga</a>, example of a "tower tomb" (2nd century BC)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Muslim_conquest">After the Muslim conquest</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish architecture</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Arab-Muslim conquest of the Maghreb</a> in the 7th and early 8th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a> developed in the region. Various dynasties, either based in North Africa or beyond it, contributed to the architecture of the region, including the Aghlabids, the Fatimids, and the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Umayyads of Cordoba</a>. In addition to the general <a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">"Moorish" style</a> prevalent in North Africa during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">Islamic period</a>, some architectural styles and structures in North Africa are distinctively associated with areas that have maintained strong Berber populations and cultures, including but not limited to the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountain</a> regions of Morocco, the Aurès and M'zab regions of Algeria, and southern Tunisia.<a href="#cite_note-Golvin-1989-234">[227]</a> They do not form one single architectural style but rather a diverse variety of local vernacular styles.<a href="#cite_note-Golvin-1989-234">[227]</a> Berber ruling dynasties also contributed to the formation and patronage of western Islamic art and architecture through their political domination of the region between the 11th and 16th centuries (during the rule of the Almoravids, Almohads, Marinids and Hafsids, among others).<a href="#cite_note-235">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-Golvin-1989-234">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[229]</a> In Morocco, the largely Berber-inhabited <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">rural</a> valleys and oases of the Atlas and the south are marked by numerous <a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">kasbahs</a> (fortresses) and <a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">ksour</a> (fortified villages), typically flat-roofed structures made of <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed earth</a> and decorated with local geometric motifs, as with the famous example of <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou" title="Aït Benhaddou">Ait Benhaddou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Golvin-1989-234">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[231]</a> Likewise, southern Tunisia is dotted with hilltop ksour and multi-story fortified <a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">granaries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghorfa" title="Ghorfa">ghorfa</a>), such as the examples in <a href="/wiki/Medenine" title="Medenine">Medenine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ksar_Ouled_Soltane" title="Ksar Ouled Soltane">Ksar Ouled Soltane</a>, which are typically built with loose stone bound by a <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Golvin-1989-234">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fortified_Granaries_of_Aures" title="Fortified Granaries of Aures">Fortified granaries</a> also exist in the <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s_Mountains" title="Aurès Mountains">Aures</a> region of Algeria,<a href="#cite_note-239">[232]</a> or in the form of <a href="/wiki/Agadir_(granary)" title="Agadir (granary)">agadir</a>s of which numerous examples can be found in Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-Golvin-1989-234">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[233]</a> The island of <a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Jerba</a> in Tunisia, traditionally dominated by Ibadi Berbers,<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-2009-241">[234]</a> has a traditional style of mosque architecture that consists of low-lying structures built in stone and covered in <a href="/wiki/Whitewash" title="Whitewash">whitewash</a>. Their prayer halls are domed and they have short, often round <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-2009-241">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-Golvin-1989-234">[227]</a> The mosques are often described as "fortified mosques" because the island's flat topography made it vulnerable to attacks and as a result the mosques were designed in part to act as watch posts along the coast or in the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-242">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[236]</a> The M'zab region of Algeria (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Gharda%C3%AFa" title="Ghardaïa">Ghardaïa</a>) also has distinctive mosques and houses that are completely whitewashed, but built in rammed earth. The structures here also make frequent use of domes and barrel vaults. Unlike in Jerba, the distinctive minarets in this region are tall and have a square base, tapering towards the end and crowned with "horn"-like corners.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-2009-241">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-Golvin-1989-234">[227]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koutoubia_minaret_DSCF8275.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kutubiyya Mosque in Marrakesh, built by the Almohads in the 12th century"><img alt="The Kutubiyya Mosque in Marrakesh, built by the Almohads in the 12th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Koutoubia_minaret_DSCF8275.jpg/90px-Koutoubia_minaret_DSCF8275.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Koutoubia_minaret_DSCF8275.jpg/136px-Koutoubia_minaret_DSCF8275.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Koutoubia_minaret_DSCF8275.jpg/181px-Koutoubia_minaret_DSCF8275.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2065" data-file-height="2737" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Kutubiyya_Mosque" title="Kutubiyya Mosque">Kutubiyya Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, built by the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a> in the 12th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ait_Benhaddou_Qsar_(588071549).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ksar of Aït Benhaddou in Morocco"><img alt="The ksar of Aït Benhaddou in Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ait_Benhaddou_Qsar_%28588071549%29.jpg/120px-Ait_Benhaddou_Qsar_%28588071549%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ait_Benhaddou_Qsar_%28588071549%29.jpg/180px-Ait_Benhaddou_Qsar_%28588071549%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ait_Benhaddou_Qsar_%28588071549%29.jpg/240px-Ait_Benhaddou_Qsar_%28588071549%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">ksar</a> of <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou" title="Aït Benhaddou">Aït Benhaddou</a> in Morocco</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ksar_ouledsoltane04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ksar Ouled Soltane, an example of a multi-level ghorfa in southern Tunisia"><img alt="Ksar Ouled Soltane, an example of a multi-level ghorfa in southern Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ksar_ouledsoltane04.jpg/120px-Ksar_ouledsoltane04.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ksar_ouledsoltane04.jpg/180px-Ksar_ouledsoltane04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ksar_ouledsoltane04.jpg/240px-Ksar_ouledsoltane04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ksar_Ouled_Soltane" title="Ksar Ouled Soltane">Ksar Ouled Soltane</a>, an example of a multi-level <a href="/wiki/Ghorfa" title="Ghorfa">ghorfa</a> in southern Tunisia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Berber_house_cave_Matmata_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Subterranean house in Matmata (Tunisia)"><img alt="Subterranean house in Matmata (Tunisia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Berber_house_cave_Matmata_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-Berber_house_cave_Matmata_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Berber_house_cave_Matmata_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-Berber_house_cave_Matmata_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Berber_house_cave_Matmata_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Berber_house_cave_Matmata_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3842" data-file-height="2742" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Subterranean house in <a href="/wiki/Matmata,_Tunisia" title="Matmata, Tunisia">Matmata</a> (Tunisia)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunisie_Jema%C3%A2_Fadhloun_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Fadhloun Mosque in Djerba (Tunisia), an example of a traditional "fortified mosque""><img alt="The Fadhloun Mosque in Djerba (Tunisia), an example of a traditional "fortified mosque"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tunisie_Jema%C3%A2_Fadhloun_5.jpg/120px-Tunisie_Jema%C3%A2_Fadhloun_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tunisie_Jema%C3%A2_Fadhloun_5.jpg/180px-Tunisie_Jema%C3%A2_Fadhloun_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tunisie_Jema%C3%A2_Fadhloun_5.jpg/240px-Tunisie_Jema%C3%A2_Fadhloun_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Fadhloun Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a> (Tunisia), an example of a traditional "fortified mosque"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bounora_Mosque_.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The central mosque in Ghardaïa, an example of local architecture in the M'zab region (Algeria)"><img alt="The central mosque in Ghardaïa, an example of local architecture in the M'zab region (Algeria)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bounora_Mosque_.jpg/90px-Bounora_Mosque_.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bounora_Mosque_.jpg/135px-Bounora_Mosque_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bounora_Mosque_.jpg/180px-Bounora_Mosque_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The central mosque in <a href="/wiki/Gharda%C3%AFa" title="Ghardaïa">Ghardaïa</a>, an example of local architecture in the <a href="/wiki/M%27zab" title="M'zab">M'zab</a> region (Algeria) </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_arts">Culture and arts</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_context">Social context</h3></div> The traditional social structure of the Berbers has been tribal. A leader is appointed to command the tribe. In the Middle Ages, many women had the power to govern, such as Dihya and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tazoughert_Fatma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tazoughert Fatma (page does not exist)">Tazoughert Fatma</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s_Mountains" title="Aurès Mountains">Aurès Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin_Hinan" title="Tin Hinan">Tin Hinan</a> in the Hoggar, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemci (page does not exist)">Chemci</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C3%AFt_Iraten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aït Iraten (page does not exist)">Aït Iraten</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AFt_Iraten" class="extiw" title="ar:Aït Iraten">ar</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatma_Tazoughert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatma Tazoughert (page does not exist)">Fatma Tazoughert</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatma_Tazoughert" class="extiw" title="ar:Fatma Tazoughert">ar</a>] in the Aurès. <a href="/wiki/Lalla_Fatma_N%27Soumer" title="Lalla Fatma N'Soumer">Lalla Fatma N'Soumer</a> was a Berber woman in Kabylie who fought against the French. The majority of Berber tribes currently have men as heads of the tribe. In Algeria, the <a href="/wiki/Berber_Arouch_Citizen%27s_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber Arouch Citizen's Movement">el Kseur platform</a> in Kabylie gives tribes the right to fine criminal offenders. In areas of Chaoui, tribal leaders enact sanctions against criminals.<a href="#cite_note-244">[237]</a> The Tuareg have a king who decides the fate of the tribe and is known as <a href="/wiki/Amenukal" title="Amenukal">Amenokal</a>; it is a very hierarchical society. The Mozabites are governed by the spiritual leaders of <a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a> and lead communal lives. During the crisis of <a href="/wiki/Berriane" title="Berriane">Berriane</a> between the Maliki and Ibadite movements, the heads of each tribe began talks to end the crisis and resolved the problem.<a href="#cite_note-245">[238]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celebration_of_a_Berber_wedding_in_morocco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Celebration_of_a_Berber_wedding_in_morocco.jpg/220px-Celebration_of_a_Berber_wedding_in_morocco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Celebration_of_a_Berber_wedding_in_morocco.jpg/330px-Celebration_of_a_Berber_wedding_in_morocco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Celebration_of_a_Berber_wedding_in_morocco.jpg/440px-Celebration_of_a_Berber_wedding_in_morocco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2132" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>Berber wedding in Morocco</figcaption></figure> In marriages, the man usually selects the woman, and depending on the tribe, the family often makes the decision. In contrast, in the Tuareg culture, the woman chooses her future husband. The rites of marriage are different for each tribe. Families are either patriarchal or matriarchal, according to the tribe.<a href="#cite_note-246">[239]</a> Traditionally, men take care of <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>. They migrate by following the natural cycle of <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a>, and seeking water and shelter. They are thus assured of an abundance of wool, cotton, and plants used for dyeing. For their part, women look after the family and handicrafts – first for their personal use, and secondly for sale in the <a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">souqs</a> in their locality. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3></div> The Berber tribes traditionally weave <a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">kilims</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">tapestry</a>-woven carpets), whose designs maintain the traditional appearance and distinctiveness of the region of origin of each tribe, which has in effect its own repertoire of drawings. The <a href="/wiki/Plain_weave" title="Plain weave">plain weave</a> textile designs include a wide variety of stripes and, more rarely, geometrical patterns such as triangles and diamonds. Additional decorations such as sequins or fringes, are typical of Berber weave in Morocco. The nomadic and semi-nomadic lifestyle of the Berbers is suitable for weaving kilims.<a href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a> In Algeria, the cloak-like <a href="/wiki/Kachabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachabia">kachabia</a> is typical Berber masculine clothing. <a href="/wiki/Jewellery_of_the_Berber_cultures" title="Jewellery of the Berber cultures">Traditional Berber jewelry</a> is a style of <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a>, originally worn by women and girls of different rural Berber groups of Morocco, Algeria and other North African countries. It is usually made of silver and includes elaborate triangular plates and pins, originally used as clasps for garments, necklaces, bracelets, earrings and similar items. In modern times, these types of jewellery are produced also in contemporary variations and sold as a commercial product of ethnic-style <a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">fashion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[241]</a> From December 2004 to August 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Ethnology" title="Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology">Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> presented the exhibition Imazighen! Beauty and Artisanship in Berber Life, curated by Susan Gilson Miller and Lisa Bernasek, with an accompanying catalogue on artifacts from the Berber regions Kabylia in northeastern Algeria, the Rif mountains of northeastern Morocco and the Tuareg regions of the Algerian Sahara.<a href="#cite_note-249">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[243]</a> From June to September 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly_%E2%80%93_Jacques_Chirac" title="Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac">Musée du quai Branly</a> in Paris showed an exhibition on the history of traditional ceramics in Algeria, titled Ideqqi, art de femmes berbères (Art of Berber women), and published an accompanying catalogue. The exhibition highlighted the originality of these pieces compared to urban <a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">earthenware</a>, underlining their African roots as well as close relationship with the ancient art of the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-Vivier_2007_p.-251">[244]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Berber_sz%C3%ADv.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Berber henna decoration"><img alt="Berber henna decoration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Berber_sz%C3%ADv.JPG/240px-Berber_sz%C3%ADv.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Berber_sz%C3%ADv.JPG/360px-Berber_sz%C3%ADv.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Berber_sz%C3%ADv.JPG/480px-Berber_sz%C3%ADv.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Berber <a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a> decoration</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:TapisKabyle2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of a traditional Berber carpet"><img alt="Detail of a traditional Berber carpet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/TapisKabyle2.jpg/240px-TapisKabyle2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/TapisKabyle2.jpg/360px-TapisKabyle2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/TapisKabyle2.jpg/480px-TapisKabyle2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of a traditional Berber carpet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Berber_Calendars.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Algerian Berber calendar"><img alt="Algerian Berber calendar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Berber_Calendars.jpg/255px-Berber_Calendars.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Berber_Calendars.jpg/383px-Berber_Calendars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Berber_Calendars.jpg/510px-Berber_Calendars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="1127" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Algerian <a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber calendar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tifinagh_Algeria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Tifinagh scripts in Algeria"><img alt="Ancient Tifinagh scripts in Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tifinagh_Algeria.jpg/271px-Tifinagh_Algeria.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tifinagh_Algeria.jpg/406px-Tifinagh_Algeria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tifinagh_Algeria.jpg/541px-Tifinagh_Algeria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2044" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient <a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a> scripts in Algeria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bijoux_traditionnels_de_Kabylie.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jewelry from Kabylia region, Algeria"><img alt="Jewelry from Kabylia region, Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bijoux_traditionnels_de_Kabylie.JPG/249px-Bijoux_traditionnels_de_Kabylie.JPG" decoding="async" width="166" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bijoux_traditionnels_de_Kabylie.JPG/374px-Bijoux_traditionnels_de_Kabylie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bijoux_traditionnels_de_Kabylie.JPG/499px-Bijoux_traditionnels_de_Kabylie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2414" data-file-height="1743" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jewelry from <a href="/wiki/Kabylia" title="Kabylia">Kabylia</a> region, Algeria</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber cuisine</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Berbers" title="Special:EditPage/Berbers">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (May 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Berber cuisine is a traditional cuisine that has evolved little over time. It differs from one area to another between and within Berber groups. Principal Berber foods are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Semolina" title="Semolina">semolina</a> staple dish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajine">Tajine</a>, a stew made in various forms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastilla" title="Pastilla">Pastilla</a>, a meat pie traditionally made with <a href="/wiki/Squab" title="Squab">squab</a> (fledgling pigeon); today often made using chicken</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">Bread</a> made with traditional <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a></li> <li>Bouchiar, fine yeastless <a href="/wiki/Wafer" title="Wafer">wafers</a> soaked in butter and natural <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a></li> <li>Bourjeje, <a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">pancake</a> containing flour, eggs, yeast, and salt</li> <li>Baghrir, light and spongy pancake made from flour, yeast, and salt; served hot and soaked in butter and tment ('honey').</li> <li>Tahricht, sheep <a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</a> (brains, tripe, lungs, and heart) rolled up with the intestines on an oak stick and cooked on embers in specially designed <a href="/wiki/Oven" title="Oven">ovens</a>. The meat is coated with <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> to make it even tastier. This dish is served mainly at festivities.</li></ul> Although they are the original inhabitants of North Africa, and in spite of numerous incursions by Phoenicians, Romans, Byzantines, Ottomans, and French, Berber groups lived in very contained communities. Having been subject to limited external influences, these populations lived free from <a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">acculturating</a> factors. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MarrakeshTagine2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Customized tajine"><img alt="Customized tajine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MarrakeshTagine2.jpg/243px-MarrakeshTagine2.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/MarrakeshTagine2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="230" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Customized <a href="/wiki/Tajine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajine">tajine</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Moroccan_cuscus,_from_Casablanca,_September_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Couscous"><img alt="Couscous" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Moroccan_cuscus%2C_from_Casablanca%2C_September_2018.jpg/163px-Moroccan_cuscus%2C_from_Casablanca%2C_September_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Moroccan_cuscus%2C_from_Casablanca%2C_September_2018.jpg/245px-Moroccan_cuscus%2C_from_Casablanca%2C_September_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Moroccan_cuscus%2C_from_Casablanca%2C_September_2018.jpg/326px-Moroccan_cuscus%2C_from_Casablanca%2C_September_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1191" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tajine_d%27Elise_with_turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turkey tajine"><img alt="Turkey tajine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tajine_d%27Elise_with_turkey.jpg/240px-Tajine_d%27Elise_with_turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tajine_d%27Elise_with_turkey.jpg/360px-Tajine_d%27Elise_with_turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tajine_d%27Elise_with_turkey.jpg/480px-Tajine_d%27Elise_with_turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Turkey <a href="/wiki/Tajine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajine">tajine</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Berbers" title="Special:EditPage/Berbers">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (May 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Berber_music" title="Berber music">Berber music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">music of Algeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">music of Morocco</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bendir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bendir.jpg/220px-Bendir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bendir.jpg/330px-Bendir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bendir.jpg/440px-Bendir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1033" /></a><figcaption>Bendir</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Berber_music" title="Berber music">Berber music</a> has a wide variety of regional styles. The best known are <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Moroccan music</a>, the popular <a href="/wiki/Gasba_music" title="Gasba music">Gasba</a>, Kabyle and <a href="/wiki/Chawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chawi">Chawi</a> music of Algeria, and the widespread Tuareg music of Burkina Faso, Niger, and Mali. Instruments used include the <a href="/wiki/Bendir" title="Bendir">bendir</a> (large drums) and the <a href="/wiki/Guembri" class="mw-redirect" title="Guembri">guembri</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>). There are three varieties of Berber folk music: village music, ritual music, and the music performed by professional musicians. Village music is performed collectively for dancing, including <a href="/wiki/Ahidus" title="Ahidus">ahidus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahouach" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahouach">ahouach</a> dances, which each begin with a chanted prayer. Ritual music is performed at regular ceremonies to celebrate marriages and other important life events, and is also used as protection against evil spirits. Professional musicians (imdyazn) travel in groups of four, led by a poet (amydaz). The amydaz recites improvised poems, often accompanied by drums and a <a href="/wiki/Rebab" title="Rebab">rabab</a> (a one-stringed <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a>), along with a bou oughanim who plays a <a href="/wiki/Double_clarinet" title="Double clarinet">double clarinet</a> and acts as a <a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">clown</a> for the group. The <a href="/wiki/Chleuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chleuh">Chleuh</a> Berbers have professional musicians called rwais who play in ensembles consisting of <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lutes</a>, rababs, and <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a>, with any number of vocalists. The leader, or rayes, leads the group in its music and <a href="/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography">choreography</a>. These performances begin with an instrumental astara on rabab, which also gives the notes of the melody which follows. The next phase is the amarg, or sung poetry, and then ammussu, a danced overture, tammust, an energetic song, aberdag, a dance, and finally the rhythmically swift tabbayt. There is some variation in the order of the presentation, but the astara is always at the beginning, and the tabbayt always at the end. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detaille_-_Fantasia_de_spahis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Detaille_-_Fantasia_de_spahis.jpg/180px-Detaille_-_Fantasia_de_spahis.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Detaille_-_Fantasia_de_spahis.jpg/270px-Detaille_-_Fantasia_de_spahis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Detaille_-_Fantasia_de_spahis.jpg/360px-Detaille_-_Fantasia_de_spahis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasia (culture)">fantasia</a> festival, 19th-century illustration</figcaption></figure> Traditional Berber festivals include <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasia (culture)">Fantasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imilchil" title="Imilchil">Imilchil</a> marriage festival and <a href="/wiki/Goulmima#Udayn_n_Acur" title="Goulmima">Udayn n Acur</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_tourism">Role in tourism</h3></div> In recent decades, Berber communities and culture have become involved in the tourism industries of some North African countries, such as Morocco and Tunisia.<a href="#cite_note-252">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[246]</a> Images and descriptions of Berber culture play a central role in the tourism industry of Morocco, where they are prominently featured in the marketing of products and locations.<a href="#cite_note-254">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamites" title="Hamites">Hamites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haratin" title="Haratin">Haratin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebis" title="Maghrebis">Maghrebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouertani" title="Ouertani">Ouertani</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: بربر, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Barbar. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌæməˈziːk, -iːx/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">AM-ə-ZEEK(H)</a>; Arabic: أمازيغ, romanized: Amāzīgh; <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a>: Amaziɣ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ or ⵎⵣⵗ), singular. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Berber languages: Imaziɣen (ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ or ⵎⵣⵗⵏ), plural. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Warmington uses "Libyans of Tunisia" (an anachronistic term) on page 46; compare with page 61 (citing Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus, and Polybius). </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> "Pro-Berber" viewpoints (contrary to prevailing "Punicophilia" literature) are presented by Abdullah Laroui in his L'Histoire du <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>: Un essai de synthèse.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laroui-98">[94]</a>: 42–44  </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> The Picards, however, remark that the resulting Greek defeat showed "how strong was the hold of Carthage over her African territory". </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Warmington page 83, citing <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (46–120 CE), <a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a> 799D. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2020" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Victoria R. (24 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books?id=OxnOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT277">Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes]</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-216-10219-9" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-216-10219-9"><bdi>979-8-216-10219-9</bdi></a>. <q>However, there may be around twenty-five million Berbers in total, with fifteen million Berbers living in Morocco; six million in Algeria; one million each in Libya, Mali, and Niger; thirty thousand in Egypt; one hundred thousand in Tunisia; and ten thousand in Mauritania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Peoples%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Culture%2C+History%2C+and+Threats+to+Survival+%5B4+volumes%5D&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft.isbn=979-8-216-10219-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Victoria+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOxnOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Danver2015-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Danver2015_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_L._Danver2015" class="citation book cs1">Steven L. Danver (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues</a>. Routledge. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46400-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46400-6"><bdi>978-1-317-46400-6</bdi></a>. <q>The Berber population numbers approximately 36 million people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+Peoples+of+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Groups%2C+Cultures+and+Contemporary+Issues&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-46400-6&rft.au=Steven+L.+Danver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvf4TBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berber_people-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Berber_people_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berber">"Berber people"</a>. Retrieved 17 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berber+people&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBerber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berber_speakers-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berber_speakers_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berber_speakers_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berber_speakers_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/north-africas-berbers-get-boost-from-arab-spring/">"North Africa's Berbers get boost from Arab Spring"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. 5 May 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Africa%27s+Berbers+get+boost+from+Arab+Spring&rft.pub=Fox+News&rft.date=2012-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fnorth-africas-berbers-get-boost-from-arab-spring%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bilingualism,_p._860-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Bilingualism,_p._860_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatiaRitchie2006" class="citation book cs1">Bhatia, Tej K.; Ritchie, William C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNqVaUk4dM0C">The Handbook of Bilingualism</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 860. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631227350" title="Special:BookSources/0631227350"><bdi>0631227350</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Bilingualism&rft.pages=860&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0631227350&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=Tej+K.&rft.au=Ritchie%2C+William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpNqVaUk4dM0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2015" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Barry (17 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books?id=8vBnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA554">The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture</a>. Routledge. p. 554. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45578-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45578-3"><bdi>978-1-317-45578-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East%3A+A+Guide+to+Politics%2C+Economics%2C+Society+and+Culture&rft.pages=554&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45578-3&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8vBnBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fanack.com/morocco/population-of-morocco/berber-identity-movements/">"Berber Marginalization in North Africa Fuels Identity Movements"</a>. The MENA Chronicle | Fanack. Retrieved 11 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+MENA+Chronicle+%7C+Fanack&rft.atitle=Berber+Marginalization+in+North+Africa+Fuels+Identity+Movements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanack.com%2Fmorocco%2Fpopulation-of-morocco%2Fberber-identity-movements%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704131003/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berber">"Berber | people | Britannica.com"</a>. 4 July 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berber">the original</a> on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berber+%7C+people+%7C+Britannica.com&rft.date=2018-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBerber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2015" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Lawrence (2 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books?id=uo6wCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA202">Two Arabs, a Berber, and a Jew: Entangled Lives in Morocco</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31751-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31751-9"><bdi>978-0-226-31751-9</bdi></a>. <q>He accepts the undocumented estimate that nearly half the Moroccan population—perhaps as many as fifteen million people—identify themselves as Berber...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Arabs%2C+a+Berber%2C+and+a+Jew%3A+Entangled+Lives+in+Morocco&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015-12-02&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31751-9&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duo6wCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2020" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Victoria R. (24 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books?id=OxnOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT277">Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes]</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-216-10219-9" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-216-10219-9"><bdi>979-8-216-10219-9</bdi></a>. <q>However, there may be around twenty-five million Berbers in total, with fifteen million Berbers living in Morocco; six million in Algeria; one million each in Libya, Mali, and Niger; thirty thousand in Egypt; one hundred thousand in Tunisia; and ten thousand in Mauritania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Peoples%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Culture%2C+History%2C+and+Threats+to+Survival+%5B4+volumes%5D&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft.isbn=979-8-216-10219-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Victoria+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOxnOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/general-news-dc618d95c6d84e99b219c0fb51f5d4f8">"AP PHOTOS: Berbers live on in Morocco's Atlas Mountains"</a>. AP News. 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2025. <q>At least 15 million Moroccans are Amazigh, divided into different groups according to their dialects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=AP+PHOTOS%3A+Berbers+live+on+in+Morocco%27s+Atlas+Mountains&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fgeneral-news-dc618d95c6d84e99b219c0fb51f5d4f8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnnaji2005" class="citation book cs1">Ennaji, Moha (20 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books?id=DXsF7fT318QC&pg=PA72">Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-23979-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-23979-8"><bdi>978-0-387-23979-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multilingualism%2C+Cultural+Identity%2C+and+Education+in+Morocco&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2005-01-20&rft.isbn=978-0-387-23979-8&rft.aulast=Ennaji&rft.aufirst=Moha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXsF7fT318QC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2015" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Barry (17 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books?id=8vBnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA554">The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture</a>. Routledge. p. 554. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45578-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45578-3"><bdi>978-1-317-45578-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East%3A+A+Guide+to+Politics%2C+Economics%2C+Society+and+Culture&rft.pages=554&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45578-3&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8vBnBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-axl.cefan.ulaval.ca-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-axl.cefan.ulaval.ca_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-axl.cefan.ulaval.ca_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-axl.cefan.ulaval.ca_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/berberes_Afrique.htm">"Les Berbères en Afrique du Nord"</a>. Chaire pour le développement de la recherche sur la culture d'expression française en Amérique du Nord.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+Berb%C3%A8res+en+Afrique+du+Nord&rft.pub=Chaire+pour+le+d%C3%A9veloppement+de+la+recherche+sur+la+culture+d%27expression+fran%C3%A7aise+en+Am%C3%A9rique+du+Nord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca%2Fafrique%2Fberberes_Afrique.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988">, Université Laval Québec, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35515769">"Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language"</a>. BBC News. 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Algeria+reinstates+term+limit+and+recognises+Berber+language&rft.date=2016-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-35515769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nigertuareg-18"><a href="#cite_ref-nigertuareg_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/">"The World Factbook"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 8 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fniger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988">, Niger: 11% of 23.6 million </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140929080724/http://www.dglflf.culture.gouv.fr/lgfrance/lgfrance_presentation.htm">Les langues de France: un patrimoine méconnu, une réalité vivante</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140929080724/http://www.dglflf.culture.gouv.fr/lgfrance/lgfrance_presentation.htm">Archived</a> 2014-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, originally published by CultureComm unication.gouv.fr. </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldFactbookMali-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorldFactbookMali_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldFactbookMali_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/">"Mali"</a>. The World Factbook. 5 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mali&rft.pub=The+World+Factbook&rft.date=2021-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmali%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZurutuza" class="citation cs2">Zurutuza, Karlos, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2015/1/6/libyas-berbers-fear-ethnic-conflict">Libya's Berbers fear ethnic conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Aljazeera</a>, retrieved 11 November 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libya%27s+Berbers+fear+ethnic+conflict&rft.pub=Aljazeera&rft.aulast=Zurutuza&rft.aufirst=Karlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Famp%2Fnews%2F2015%2F1%2F6%2Flibyas-berbers-fear-ethnic-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruong2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Truong, Nicolas (23 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2016/03/23/la-belgique-est-devenue-un-trou-noir-securitaire_4888420_3232.html">"Au cœur des réseaux djihadistes européens, le passé douloureux du Rif marocain"</a>. Le Monde.fr (in French). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1950-6244">1950-6244</a>. Retrieved 16 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Au+c%C5%93ur+des+r%C3%A9seaux+djihadistes+europ%C3%A9ens%2C+le+pass%C3%A9+douloureux+du+Rif+marocain&rft.date=2016-03-23&rft.issn=1950-6244&rft.aulast=Truong&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fidees%2Farticle%2F2016%2F03%2F23%2Fla-belgique-est-devenue-un-trou-noir-securitaire_4888420_3232.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-burkinatuareg-23"><a href="#cite_ref-burkinatuareg_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso/">"The World Factbook"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fburkina-faso%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988">, Burkina Faso: 1.9% of 21.4 million </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2020" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Victoria R. (24 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books?id=OxnOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT277">Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes]</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-216-10219-9" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-216-10219-9"><bdi>979-8-216-10219-9</bdi></a>. <q>However, there may be around twenty-five million Berbers in total, with fifteen million Berbers living in Morocco; six million in Algeria; one million each in Libya, Mali, and Niger; thirty thousand in Egypt; one hundred thousand in Tunisia; and ten thousand in Mauritania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Peoples%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Culture%2C+History%2C+and+Threats+to+Survival+%5B4+volumes%5D&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft.isbn=979-8-216-10219-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Victoria+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOxnOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2017" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=&Code2=&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1">"Census Profile, 2016 Census – Canada"</a>. www12.statcan.gc.ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2016+Census+%E2%80%93+Canada&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DPR%26Code1%3D01%26Geo2%3D%26Code2%3D%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DCanada%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26TABID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2020" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Victoria R. (24 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books?id=OxnOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT277">Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes]</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-216-10219-9" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-216-10219-9"><bdi>979-8-216-10219-9</bdi></a>. <q>However, there may be around twenty-five million Berbers in total, with fifteen million Berbers living in Morocco; six million in Algeria; one million each in Libya, Mali, and Niger; thirty thousand in Egypt; one hundred thousand in Tunisia; and ten thousand in Mauritania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Peoples%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Culture%2C+History%2C+and+Threats+to+Survival+%5B4+volumes%5D&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft.isbn=979-8-216-10219-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Victoria+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOxnOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2020" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Victoria R. (24 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books?id=OxnOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT277">Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes]</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-216-10219-9" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-216-10219-9"><bdi>979-8-216-10219-9</bdi></a>. <q>However, there may be around twenty-five million Berbers in total, with fifteen million Berbers living in Morocco; six million in Algeria; one million each in Libya, Mali, and Niger; thirty thousand in Egypt; one hundred thousand in Tunisia; and ten thousand in Mauritania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Peoples%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Culture%2C+History%2C+and+Threats+to+Survival+%5B4+volumes%5D&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft.isbn=979-8-216-10219-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Victoria+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOxnOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Moshe Shokeid: The Dual Heritage: Immigrants from the Atlas Mountains in an Israeli Village. Manchester University Press, 1971. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Census_Bureau" class="citation web cs1">US Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-23.pdf">"The Arab Population: 2000"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040113064140/http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-23.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 January 2004. Retrieved 5 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Population%3A+2000&rft.au=US+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2F2003pubs%2Fc2kbr-23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller2015-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller2015_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller2015_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerJohnstone2015" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Duane Alexander; Johnstone, Patrick (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16338087">"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census"</a>. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion. 11 (10). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-3723">1556-3723</a>. Retrieved 27 March 2016 – via academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interdisciplinary+Journal+of+Research+on+Religion&rft.atitle=Believers+in+Christ+from+a+Muslim+Background%3A+A+Global+Census&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1556-3723&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Duane+Alexander&rft.au=Johnstone%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F16338087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174">Sadek Lekdja: Christianity in Kabylie, Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134716/http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174">Archived</a> 2017-10-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Blench2006-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Blench2006_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2006" class="citation book cs1">Blench, Roger (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C">Archaeology, Language, and the African Past</a>. African Archaeology Series. <a href="/wiki/AltaMira_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="AltaMira Press">AltaMira Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0759104662" title="Special:BookSources/978-0759104662"><bdi>978-0759104662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology%2C+Language%2C+and+the+African+Past&rft.series=African+Archaeology+Series&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0759104662&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DesFy3Po57A8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiakonoff1998" class="citation journal cs1">Diakonoff, Igor (1 October 1998). "The Earliest Semitic Society: Linguistic Data". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Semitic_Studies" title="Journal of Semitic Studies">Journal of Semitic Studies</a>. XLIII (2): 209–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjss%2FXLIII.2.209">10.1093/jss/XLIII.2.209</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4480">0022-4480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Semitic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Earliest+Semitic+Society%3A+Linguistic+Data&rft.volume=XLIII&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.date=1998-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjss%2FXLIII.2.209&rft.issn=0022-4480&rft.aulast=Diakonoff&rft.aufirst=Igor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shirai,_Noriyuki_2010-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Shirai,_Noriyuki_2010_34-0">^</a> Shirai, Noriyuki. The Archaeology of the First Farmer-Herders in Egypt: New Insights into the Fayum Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic. Leiden University Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9087280796" title="Special:BookSources/978-9087280796">978-9087280796</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehret2004-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Ehret2004_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhretKeitaNewman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ehret, C; Keita, SOY; Newman, P (2004). "The Origins of Afroasiatic a response to Diamond and Bellwood (2003)". Science. 306 (5702): 1680. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.306.5702.1680c">10.1126/science.306.5702.1680c</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15576591">15576591</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8057990">8057990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Afroasiatic+a+response+to+Diamond+and+Bellwood+%282003%29&rft.volume=306&rft.issue=5702&rft.pages=1680&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8057990%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15576591&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.306.5702.1680c&rft.aulast=Ehret&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Keita%2C+SOY&rft.au=Newman%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bender1997-36"><a href="#cite_ref-bender1997_36-0">^</a> Bender ML (1997), Upside Down Afrasian, Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 50, pp. 19–34 </li> <li id="cite_note-militarev2005-37"><a href="#cite_ref-militarev2005_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/fleming.pdf">"Militarev A (2005) Once more about glottochronology and comparative method: the Omotic-Afrasian case, Аспекты компаративистики – 1 (Aspects of comparative linguistics – 1). FS S. Starostin. Orientalia et Classica II"</a> (PDF). Moscow. pp. 339–408.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Militarev+A+%282005%29+Once+more+about+glottochronology+and+comparative+method%3A+the+Omotic-Afrasian+case%2C+%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%E2%80%93+1+%28Aspects+of+comparative+linguistics+%E2%80%93+1%29.+FS+S.+Starostin.+Orientalia+et+Classica+II&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E339-%3C%2Fspan%3E408&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstarling.rinet.ru%2FTexts%2Ffleming.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2019" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Jonathan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rXPnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178">The Missiology behind the Story: Voices from the Arab World</a>. Langham Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78368-599-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78368-599-8"><bdi>978-1-78368-599-8</bdi></a>. <q>Berber: A collective term for the indigenous peoples of North Africa who predate the arrival of Arabs during the expansion of the Arab empire in the seventeenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Missiology+behind+the+Story%3A+Voices+from+the+Arab+World&rft.pub=Langham+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78368-599-8&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrXPnDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkutsch2013" class="citation book cs1">Skutsch, Carl (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA211">Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities</a>. Routledge. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-19388-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-19388-1"><bdi>978-1-135-19388-1</bdi></a>. <q>Berber is a generic name given to numerous heterogenous ethnic groups that share similar cultural, political, and economic practices.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Minorities&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-19388-1&rft.aulast=Skutsch&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyXYKAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fields-2011-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fields-2011_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fields-2011_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFields2011" class="citation book cs1">Fields, Nic (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2TNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">Roman Conquests: North Africa</a>. Casemate Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-704-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-704-0"><bdi>978-1-84884-704-0</bdi></a>. <q>It must be said that modern Berbers are a very diverse group of peoples whose main connections are linguistic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Conquests%3A+North+Africa&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84884-704-0&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=Nic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2TNDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berber_Definition-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berber_Definition_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berber_Definition_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berber_Definition_44-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berber">"Berber | Definition, People, Languages, & Facts"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved 13 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Berber+%7C+Definition%2C+People%2C+Languages%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBerber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldaufKaplan2007" class="citation book cs1">Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sabe8l9hox0C&pg=PA49">Language Planning and Policy in Africa</a>. Multilingual Matters. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84769-011-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84769-011-1"><bdi>978-1-84769-011-1</bdi></a>. <q>Most languages of the Berber branch are mutually unintelligible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Planning+and+Policy+in+Africa&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84769-011-1&rft.aulast=Baldauf&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSabe8l9hox0C%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aïtel-2014-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aïtel-2014_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aïtel-2014_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAïtel2014" class="citation book cs1">Aïtel, Fazia (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/895334326">We are Imazigen : the development of Algerian Berber identity in twentieth-century literature and culture</a>. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-4895-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-4895-6"><bdi>978-0-8130-4895-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/895334326">895334326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+are+Imazigen+%3A+the+development+of+Algerian+Berber+identity+in+twentieth-century+literature+and+culture&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+FL&rft.pub=University+of+Florida+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F895334326&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-4895-6&rft.aulast=A%C3%AFtel&rft.aufirst=Fazia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F895334326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vourlias-2010-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vourlias-2010_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vourlias-2010_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVourlias2010" class="citation news cs1">Vourlias, Christopher (25 January 2010). "Moroccan minority's net gain". Variety. Vol. 417, no. 10. Penske Business Media, LLC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Moroccan+minority%27s+net+gain&rft.volume=417&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2010-01-25&rft.aulast=Vourlias&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/61465/Berber">"Berber"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berber&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F61465%2FBerber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Project-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Project_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Project_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProject" class="citation web cs1">Project, Joshua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14958/EG">"Berber, Siwa in Egypt"</a>. joshuaproject.net. Retrieved 1 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=joshuaproject.net&rft.atitle=Berber%2C+Siwa+in+Egypt&rft.aulast=Project&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F14958%2FEG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_M._Vale2015" class="citation book cs1">Margaret M. Vale (2015). Siwa: Jewelry, Costume, and Life in an Egyptian Oasis. American University in Cairo Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siwa%3A+Jewelry%2C+Costume%2C+and+Life+in+an+Egyptian+Oasis&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Margaret+M.+Vale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-berbers-origin-religion-culture.html">History of the Amazigh People</a> study.com </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer-LichteSugieraJostHartung2022" class="citation book cs1">Fischer-Lichte, Erika; Sugiera, Małgorzata; Jost, Torsten; Hartung, Holger; Soltani, Omid (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OMydEAAAQBAJ&dq=amazigh+first+mentioned+in+egyptian&pg=PT234">Entangled Performance Histories: New Approaches to Theater Historiography</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1000825923" title="Special:BookSources/978-1000825923"><bdi>978-1000825923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entangled+Performance+Histories%3A+New+Approaches+to+Theater+Historiography&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1000825923&rft.aulast=Fischer-Lichte&rft.aufirst=Erika&rft.au=Sugiera%2C+Ma%C5%82gorzata&rft.au=Jost%2C+Torsten&rft.au=Hartung%2C+Holger&rft.au=Soltani%2C+Omid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOMydEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Damazigh%2Bfirst%2Bmentioned%2Bin%2Begyptian%26pg%3DPT234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berber_Definition-2-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berber_Definition-2_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berber_Definition-2_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berber">"Berber | Definition, People, Languages, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. 23 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berber+%26%23124%3B+Definition%2C+People%2C+Languages%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2023-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBerber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holes_42-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holes_42_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holes_42_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoles2018" class="citation book cs1">Holes, Clive (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzRtDwAAQBAJ">Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100506-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100506-0"><bdi>978-0-19-100506-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+Historical+Dialectology%3A+Linguistic+and+Sociolinguistic+Approaches&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100506-0&rft.aulast=Holes&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzRtDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProbstSpittler2004" class="citation book cs1">Probst, Peter; Spittler, Gerd (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OUP_GJ1zjCUC&pg=PA71">Between Resistance and Expansion: Explorations of Local Vitality in Africa</a>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-6980-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-6980-9"><bdi>978-3-8258-6980-9</bdi></a>. <q>It is difficult to speak of any cultural unity among the Berbers. Historically the indigenous Berbers of Morocco did not see themselves as a single linguistic unit, nor was there any greater "Berber community".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Resistance+and+Expansion%3A+Explorations+of+Local+Vitality+in+Africa&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-6980-9&rft.aulast=Probst&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Spittler%2C+Gerd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOUP_GJ1zjCUC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodman-2005-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman-2005_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman-2005_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman-2005_56-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2005" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Jane E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=By1aJGHz8rwC&pg=PA7">Berber Culture on the World Stage: From Village to Video</a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 7 and 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21784-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21784-4"><bdi>978-0-253-21784-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berber+Culture+on+the+World+Stage%3A+From+Village+to+Video&rft.pages=7+and+11&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21784-4&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Jane+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBy1aJGHz8rwC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddy-Weitzman2011" class="citation book cs1">Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xVpxZSTyhb0C&q=berber+modern+identity+movement">The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North African States</a>. University of Texas Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-74505-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-74505-6"><bdi>978-0-292-74505-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Berber+Identity+Movement+and+the+Challenge+to+North+African+States&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-292-74505-6&rft.aulast=Maddy-Weitzman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxVpxZSTyhb0C%26q%3Dberber%2Bmodern%2Bidentity%2Bmovement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maddy-Weitzman-2011-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maddy-Weitzman-2011_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maddy-Weitzman-2011_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maddy-Weitzman-2011_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maddy-Weitzman-2011_58-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maddy-Weitzman-2011_58-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddy-Weitzman2011" class="citation book cs1">Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xVpxZSTyhb0C&pg=PA7">The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North African States</a>. University of Texas Press. pp. 7–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-74505-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-74505-6"><bdi>978-0-292-74505-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Berber+Identity+Movement+and+the+Challenge+to+North+African+States&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-292-74505-6&rft.aulast=Maddy-Weitzman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxVpxZSTyhb0C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Berbers">"Berbers" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 764–767.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berbers&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E764-%3C%2Fspan%3E767&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlahiane2017" class="citation book cs1">Ilahiane, Hsain (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/966314885">Historical dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen)</a> (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-8182-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-8182-0"><bdi>978-1-4422-8182-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/966314885">966314885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+the+Berbers+%28Imazighen%29&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F966314885&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-8182-0&rft.aulast=Ilahiane&rft.aufirst=Hsain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F966314885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTressy_Arts2014" class="citation book cs1">Tressy Arts, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881018992">Oxford Arabic dictionary : Arabic-English · English-Arabic</a> (First ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 979, 990. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958033-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958033-0"><bdi>978-0-19-958033-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/881018992">881018992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Arabic+dictionary+%3A+Arabic-English+%C2%B7+English-Arabic&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=979%2C+990&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F881018992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958033-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F881018992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddy-Weitzman2011" class="citation book cs1">Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2011). The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North African States. University of Texas Press. pp. 14–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292745056" title="Special:BookSources/9780292745056"><bdi>9780292745056</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Berber+Identity+Movement+and+the+Challenge+to+North+African+States&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780292745056&rft.aulast=Maddy-Weitzman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221025143159/https://www.linguisticanthropology.org/blog/2019/09/23/respecting-identity-amazigh-versus-berber/">""Respecting Identity: Amazigh Versus Berber""</a>. Society for Linguistic Anthropology. 23 September 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linguisticanthropology.org/blog/2019/09/23/respecting-identity-amazigh-versus-berber/">the original</a> on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Society+for+Linguistic+Anthropology&rft.atitle=%22Respecting+Identity%3A+Amazigh+Versus+Berber%22&rft.date=2019-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguisticanthropology.org%2Fblog%2F2019%2F09%2F23%2Frespecting-identity-amazigh-versus-berber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stepanova-2018-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stepanova-2018_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stepanova-2018_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stepanova-2018_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stepanova-2018_64-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStepanova2018" class="citation journal cs1">Stepanova, Anastasia (15 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17816%2Fwmo35149">"Who Conquered Spain? The Role of the Berbers in the Conquest of the Iberian Peninsula"</a>. Written Monuments of the Orient. 4 (1): 78–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17816%2Fwmo35149">10.17816/wmo35149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2410-0145">2410-0145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Written+Monuments+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=Who+Conquered+Spain%3F+The+Role+of+the+Berbers+in+the+Conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=2018-06-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17816%2Fwmo35149&rft.issn=2410-0145&rft.aulast=Stepanova&rft.aufirst=Anastasia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17816%252Fwmo35149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaker-1986-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chaker-1986_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaker-1986_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaker1986" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chaker, S. (1 September 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2465">"Amaziɣ (le/un Berbère)"</a>. Encyclopédie berbère (in French) (4): 562–568. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.2465">10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2465</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1015-7344">1015-7344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Amazi%C9%A3+%28le%2Fun+Berb%C3%A8re%29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E562-%3C%2Fspan%3E568&rft.date=1986-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.2465&rft.issn=1015-7344&rft.aulast=Chaker&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F2465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGsell1929" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gsell, Stéphane (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k11837281/f133.item">Histoire ancienne de l'Afrique du Nord. Tome 5</a> (in French). Paris: Hachette. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+ancienne+de+l%27Afrique+du+Nord.+Tome+5&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Gsell&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k11837281%2Ff133.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHureiki2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hureiki, Jacques (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6btoFb1gzwsC&dq=%22Amajegh%22&pg=PA74">Essai sur les origines des Touaregs: herméneutique culturelle des Touaregs de la région de Tombouctou</a> (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84586-442-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84586-442-9"><bdi>978-2-84586-442-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essai+sur+les+origines+des+Touaregs%3A+herm%C3%A9neutique+culturelle+des+Touaregs+de+la+r%C3%A9gion+de+Tombouctou&rft.pub=KARTHALA+Editions&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=978-2-84586-442-9&rft.aulast=Hureiki&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6btoFb1gzwsC%26dq%3D%2522Amajegh%2522%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesanges1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Desanges, Jehan (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/CatalogueDesTribusAfricainesDeLantiquiteClassiqueALOuestDuNil">Catalogue des tribus africaines de l'antiquité classique à l'ouest du Nil</a> (in French). Dakar: Université de Dakar. p. 63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+des+tribus+africaines+de+l%27antiquit%C3%A9+classique+%C3%A0+l%27ouest+du+Nil&rft.place=Dakar&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+de+Dakar&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Desanges&rft.aufirst=Jehan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCatalogueDesTribusAfricainesDeLantiquiteClassiqueALOuestDuNil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaredo1954" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Laredo, Abraham Isaac (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9nAbAAAAIAAJ">Bereberes y Hebreos en Marruecos: sus orígenes, según las leyendas, tradiciones y fuentes hebraicas antiguas</a> (in Spanish). Instituto de Estudios Africanos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bereberes+y+Hebreos+en+Marruecos%3A+sus+or%C3%ADgenes%2C+seg%C3%BAn+las+leyendas%2C+tradiciones+y+fuentes+hebraicas+antiguas&rft.pub=Instituto+de+Estudios+Africanos%2C+Consejo+Superior+de+Investigaciones+Cient%C3%ADficas&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Laredo&rft.aufirst=Abraham+Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9nAbAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStepanova2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stepanova, Anastasia V. (5 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kigiran.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1179">"Origin of the Berber Tribal Confederation of Ṣanhādja"</a>. Oriental Studies (in Russian). 11 (2): 2–13. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2619-1008">2619-1008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriental+Studies&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+Berber+Tribal+Confederation+of+%E1%B9%A2anh%C4%81dja&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft.issn=2619-1008&rft.aulast=Stepanova&rft.aufirst=Anastasia+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkigiran.elpub.ru%2Fjour%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddy-Weitzman2022" class="citation book cs1">Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1255524815">Amazigh politics in the wake of the Arab Spring</a>. Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-2482-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-2482-0"><bdi>978-1-4773-2482-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1255524815">1255524815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amazigh+politics+in+the+wake+of+the+Arab+Spring&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1255524815&rft.isbn=978-1-4773-2482-0&rft.aulast=Maddy-Weitzman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1255524815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB319-72"><a href="#cite_ref-EB319_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmermann2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Zimmermann, K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/319">"Lebou/Libou"</a>. Encyclopédie berbère. Vol. 28–29 | Kirtēsii – Lutte. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud. pp. 4361–4363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.319">10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lebou%2FLibou&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.place=Aix-en-Provence&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4361-%3C%2Fspan%3E4363&rft.pub=Edisud&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.319&rft.aulast=Zimmermann&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedieberbere.revues.org%2F319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ilahiane2006-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Ilahiane2006_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsain_Ilahiane2006" class="citation book cs1">Hsain Ilahiane (17 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0E8qp_k515oC&pg=PA112">Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen)</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6490-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6490-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-6490-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Berbers+%28Imazighen%29&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006-07-17&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6490-0&rft.au=Hsain+Ilahiane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0E8qp_k515oC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiliouineEstes2016" class="citation book cs1">Tiliouine, Habib; Estes, Richard J., eds. (2016). The State of Social Progress of Islamic Societies: Social, Economic, Political, and Ideological Challenges. Springer. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319247724" title="Special:BookSources/9783319247724"><bdi>9783319247724</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+Social+Progress+of+Islamic+Societies%3A+Social%2C+Economic%2C+Political%2C+and+Ideological+Challenges&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783319247724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Histoirede-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Histoirede_75-0">^</a> Histoire de l'émigration kabyle en France au XXe siècle: réalités culturelles ... De Karina Slimani-Direche </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Les cultures du Maghreb. Maria Àngels Roque, Paul Balta, Mohammed Arkoun </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Dialogues d'histoire ancienne à l'Université de <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a>, Centre de recherches d'histoire ancienne </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEur" class="citation book cs1">Eur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA156">The Middle East and North Africa: Pg 156</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857431322" title="Special:BookSources/9781857431322"><bdi>9781857431322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+Pg+156&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.isbn=9781857431322&rft.au=Eur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4CfBKvsiWeQC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalmsley1858" class="citation web cs1">Walmsley, Hugh Mulleneux (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=83koAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118">"Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux Walmsley: Pg 118"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sketches+of+Algeria+During+the+Kabyle+War+By+Hugh+Mulleneux+Walmsley%3A+Pg+118&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Walmsley&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Mulleneux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D83koAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWysner2013" class="citation book cs1">Wysner, Glora M. (30 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqF8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT167">The Kabyle People By Glora M. Wysner</a>. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781447483526" title="Special:BookSources/9781447483526"><bdi>9781447483526</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kabyle+People+By+Glora+M.+Wysner&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft.isbn=9781447483526&rft.aulast=Wysner&rft.aufirst=Glora+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwqF8CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pv80AQAAMAAJ&q=Kabylia">The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1: Pg 568</a>. Grolier. 1990. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780717201211" title="Special:BookSources/9780717201211"><bdi>9780717201211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+Americana%2C+Volume+1%3A+Pg+568&rft.pub=Grolier&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780717201211&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpv80AQAAMAAJ%26q%3DKabylia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45">"The art journal London, Volume 4: Pg 45"</a>. 1865.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+art+journal+London%2C+Volume+4%3A+Pg+45&rft.date=1865&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGI5CAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField1893" class="citation web cs1">Field, Henry Martyn (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JU5CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93">"The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field: Pg 93"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Barbary+Coast+By+Henry+Martyn+Field%3A+Pg+93&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Henry+Martyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJU5CAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Ibn al-Nadim. Al-Fiḥrist, Book I, pp. 35–36 </li> <li id="cite_note-Khaldun1925-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khaldun1925_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khaldun1925_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Khaldun1925" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (1925). Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale (in French). Vol. 1. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Baron_de_Slane" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron de Slane">de Slane, William MacGuckin</a>. Paris: P. Geuthner. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/556514510">556514510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+Berb%C3%A8res+et+des+dynasties+musulmanes+de+l%27Afrique+septentrionale&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=P.+Geuthner&rft.date=1925&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F556514510&rft.au=Ibn+Khaldun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berbers-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berbers_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berbers_86-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1624_story_of_africa/page66.shtml">"The Berbers"</a>, BBC World Service | The Story of Africa </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> J. Desanges, "The proto-Berbers", pp. 236–245, especially p. 237, in General History of Africa, vol. II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa (UNESCO 1990). </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Mário Curtis Giordani, História da África. Anterior aos descobrimentos. Editora Vozes, Petrópolis (Brasil) 1985, pp. 42f., 77f. Giordani references Bousquet, Les Berbères (Paris 1961). </li> <li id="cite_note-Trombetta2015-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Trombetta2015_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrombettaD'AtanasioMassaiaIppoliti2015" class="citation journal cs1">Trombetta, Beniamino; D'Atanasio, Eugenia; Massaia, Andrea; Ippoliti, Marco; Coppa, Alfredo; Candilio, Francesca; Coia, Valentina; Russo, Gianluca; Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Moral, Pedro; Akar, Nejat; Sellitto, Daniele; Valesini, Guido; Novelletto, Andrea; Scozzari, Rosaria; Cruciani, Fulvio (24 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4524485">"Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Genome_Biology_and_Evolution" title="Genome Biology and Evolution">Genome Biology and Evolution</a>. 7 (7): 1940–1950. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevv118">10.1093/gbe/evv118</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4524485">4524485</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26108492">26108492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Phylogeographic+Refinement+and+Large+Scale+Genotyping+of+Human+Y+Chromosome+Haplogroup+E+Provide+New+Insights+into+the+Dispersal+of+Early+Pastoralists+in+the+African+Continent&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1940-%3C%2Fspan%3E1950&rft.date=2015-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4524485%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26108492&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevv118&rft.aulast=Trombetta&rft.aufirst=Beniamino&rft.au=D%27Atanasio%2C+Eugenia&rft.au=Massaia%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Ippoliti%2C+Marco&rft.au=Coppa%2C+Alfredo&rft.au=Candilio%2C+Francesca&rft.au=Coia%2C+Valentina&rft.au=Russo%2C+Gianluca&rft.au=Dugoujon%2C+Jean-Michel&rft.au=Moral%2C+Pedro&rft.au=Akar%2C+Nejat&rft.au=Sellitto%2C+Daniele&rft.au=Valesini%2C+Guido&rft.au=Novelletto%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Scozzari%2C+Rosaria&rft.au=Cruciani%2C+Fulvio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4524485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henn2012-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Henn2012_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennBotiguéGravelWang2012" class="citation journal cs1">Henn, Brenna M.; Botigué, Laura R.; Gravel, Simon; Wang, Wei; Brisbin, Abra; Byrnes, Jake K.; Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Moreno-Estrada, Andres; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Comas, David (12 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257290">"Genomic Ancestry of North Africans Supports Back-to-Africa Migrations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLOS_Genetics" title="PLOS Genetics">PLOS Genetics</a>. 8 (1): e1002397. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002397">10.1371/journal.pgen.1002397</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257290">3257290</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22253600">22253600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genomic+Ancestry+of+North+Africans+Supports+Back-to-Africa+Migrations&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e1002397&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3257290%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22253600&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002397&rft.aulast=Henn&rft.aufirst=Brenna+M.&rft.au=Botigu%C3%A9%2C+Laura+R.&rft.au=Gravel%2C+Simon&rft.au=Wang%2C+Wei&rft.au=Brisbin%2C+Abra&rft.au=Byrnes%2C+Jake+K.&rft.au=Fadhlaoui-Zid%2C+Karima&rft.au=Zalloua%2C+Pierre+A.&rft.au=Moreno-Estrada%2C+Andres&rft.au=Bertranpetit%2C+Jaume&rft.au=Bustamante%2C+Carlos+D.&rft.au=Comas%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3257290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodgson2014-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Hodgson2014_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgsonMulliganAl-MeeriRaaum2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hodgson, Jason A.; Mulligan, Connie J.; Al-Meeri, Ali; Raaum, Ryan L. (12 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4055572">"Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLOS_Genetics" title="PLOS Genetics">PLOS Genetics</a>. 10 (6): e1004393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004393">10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4055572">4055572</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24921250">24921250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=Early+Back-to-Africa+Migration+into+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e1004393&rft.date=2014-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4055572%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24921250&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004393&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Jason+A.&rft.au=Mulligan%2C+Connie+J.&rft.au=Al-Meeri%2C+Ali&rft.au=Raaum%2C+Ryan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4055572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004393.s017">"Supplementary Text S1: Affinities of the Ethio-Somali ancestry component"</a>. PLOS Genetics. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004393.s017">10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393.s017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=Supplementary+Text+S1%3A+Affinities+of+the+Ethio-Somali+ancestry+component&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004393.s017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1371%252Fjournal.pgen.1004393.s017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKefiBouzaidStevanovitchBeraud-Colomb" class="citation web cs1">Kefi, R.; Bouzaid, E.; Stevanovitch, A.; Beraud-Colomb, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311200852/http://www.isabs.hr/PDF/2013/ISABS-2013_book_of_abstracts.pdf">"Mitochondrial DNA and Phylogenetic Analysis of Prehistoric North African Populations"</a> (PDF). International Society for Applied Biological Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isabs.hr/PDF/2013/ISABS-2013_book_of_abstracts.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+and+Phylogenetic+Analysis+of+Prehistoric+North+African+Populations&rft.pub=International+Society+for+Applied+Biological+Sciences&rft.aulast=Kefi&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Bouzaid%2C+E.&rft.au=Stevanovitch%2C+A.&rft.au=Beraud-Colomb%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isabs.hr%2FPDF%2F2013%2FISABS-2013_book_of_abstracts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSecherFregelLarrugaCabrera2014" class="citation journal cs1">Secher, Bernard; Fregel, Rosa; Larruga, José M.; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Endicott, Phillip; Pestano, José J.; González, Ana M. (19 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4062890">"The history of the North African mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6 gene flow into the African, Eurasian and American continents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BMC_Evolutionary_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="BMC Evolutionary Biology">BMC Evolutionary Biology</a>. 14 (109): 109. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BMCEE..14..109S">2014BMCEE..14..109S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-14-109">10.1186/1471-2148-14-109</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4062890">4062890</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24885141">24885141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=The+history+of+the+North+African+mitochondrial+DNA+haplogroup+U6+gene+flow+into+the+African%2C+Eurasian+and+American+continents&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=109&rft.pages=109&rft.date=2014-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4062890%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24885141&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2148-14-109&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014BMCEE..14..109S&rft.aulast=Secher&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Fregel%2C+Rosa&rft.au=Larruga%2C+Jos%C3%A9+M.&rft.au=Cabrera%2C+Vicente+M.&rft.au=Endicott%2C+Phillip&rft.au=Pestano%2C+Jos%C3%A9+J.&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+Ana+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4062890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelif_el_Boroud-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelif_el_Boroud_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelif_el_Boroud_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFregelMéndezBokbotMartín-Socas2018" class="citation journal cs1">Fregel, Rosa; Méndez, Fernando L.; Bokbot, Youssef; Martín-Socas, Dimas; Camalich-Massieu, María D.; Santana, Jonathan; Morales, Jacob; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Underhill, Peter A.; Shapiro, Beth; Wojcik, Genevieve; Rasmussen, Morten; Soares, Andre E. R.; Kapp, Joshua; Sockell, Alexandra; Rodríguez-Santos, Francisco J.; Mikdad, Abdeslam; Trujillo-Mederos, Aioze; Bustamante, Carlos D. (12 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6042094">"Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>. 115 (26): 6774–6779. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115.6774F">2018PNAS..115.6774F</a>. <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F191569">10.1101/191569</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1800851115">10.1073/pnas.1800851115</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6042094">6042094</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29895688">29895688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ancient+genomes+from+North+Africa+evidence+prehistoric+migrations+to+the+Maghreb+from+both+the+Levant+and+Europe&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6774-%3C%2Fspan%3E6779&rft.date=2018-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6042094%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PNAS..115.6774F&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29895688&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1800851115&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F191569%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft.aulast=Fregel&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft.au=M%C3%A9ndez%2C+Fernando+L.&rft.au=Bokbot%2C+Youssef&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn-Socas%2C+Dimas&rft.au=Camalich-Massieu%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+D.&rft.au=Santana%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Morales%2C+Jacob&rft.au=%C3%81vila-Arcos%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+C.&rft.au=Underhill%2C+Peter+A.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+Beth&rft.au=Wojcik%2C+Genevieve&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Morten&rft.au=Soares%2C+Andre+E.+R.&rft.au=Kapp%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Sockell%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Santos%2C+Francisco+J.&rft.au=Mikdad%2C+Abdeslam&rft.au=Trujillo-Mederos%2C+Aioze&rft.au=Bustamante%2C+Carlos+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6042094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warmington-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warmington_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warmington_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warmington_95-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warmington_95-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warmington_95-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warmington_95-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warmington_95-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warmington_95-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warmington_95-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarmington1969" class="citation book cs1">Warmington, Brian Herbert (1969) [1960]. Carthage (2nd ed.). London: Robert Hale. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carthage&rft.place=London&rft.pages=46&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Warmington&rft.aufirst=Brian+Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a> (86–35), Bellum Iugurthinum (c. 42 BC), 19–20, translated by S. A. Handford as The Jugurthine War (Penguin 1963), p. 55f. </li> <li id="cite_note-Laroui-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laroui_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laroui_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laroui_98-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaroui2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Laroui" title="Abdallah Laroui">Laroui, Abdallah</a> (19 April 2016) [1977]. The History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay. Translated by Manheim, Ralph. Princeton University Press. pp. 55, 60, 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691635859" title="Special:BookSources/9780691635859"><bdi>9780691635859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Maghrib%3A+An+Interpretive+Essay&rft.pages=55%2C+60%2C+65&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016-04-19&rft.isbn=9780691635859&rft.aulast=Laroui&rft.aufirst=Abdallah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brett1996-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brett1996_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brett1996_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrettFentress1996" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Michael; Fentress, E. W. B. (1996). The Berbers. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 24f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631168522" title="Special:BookSources/9780631168522"><bdi>9780631168522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Berbers&rft.pages=24f&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780631168522&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Fentress%2C+E.+W.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Picard-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Picard_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Picard_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Picard_100-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Picard_100-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Picard_100-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicardPicard1968" class="citation book cs1">Picard, Gilbert Charles; Picard, Colette (1968). The Life and Death of Carthage: A Survey of Punic History and Culture from Its Birth to Its Final Tragedy. Sidgwick & Jackson. p. 15ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Death+of+Carthage%3A+A+Survey+of+Punic+History+and+Culture+from+Its+Birth+to+Its+Final+Tragedy&rft.pages=15ff&rft.pub=Sidgwick+%26+Jackson&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Picard&rft.aufirst=Gilbert+Charles&rft.au=Picard%2C+Colette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Cf. Perkins, Tunisia (1986), p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> The 22nd Dynasty. Erik Hornung, History of Ancient Egypt. An introduction ([1978]; Cornell University 1999) at 128–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, A History of the Maghrib (Cambridge University 1971) at 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> E.g., Soren, Ben Khader, Slim, Carthage. Uncovering the mysteries and splendours of ancient Tunisia (New York: Simon & Schuster 1990) at 18–20, observes imperial pretensions. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Majardah" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Majardah">Wadi Majardah</a> was anciently called the Bagradas. Lancel, Carthage (1992, 1995), p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> B. H. Warmington, "The Carthaginian Period" at 246–260, 248–249, in General History of Africa, volume II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa (UNESCO 1981, 1990), edited by G. Mokhtar. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Cf., Richard Miles, Carthage must be destroyed (NY: Viking 2010), p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaroui1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Laroui, Abdullah (1970). L'Histoire du Maghreb: Un essai de synthèse (in French). Paris: Librairie François Maspero.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Histoire+du+Maghreb%3A+Un+essai+de+synth%C3%A8se&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Librairie+Fran%C3%A7ois+Maspero&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Laroui&rft.aufirst=Abdullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Cf., Le Berbère, lumière de l'Occident (Nouvelles Editions, 1984). </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_era_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Roman era Tunisia">Romans</a> also met with instances of "disloyalty" by Berber leaders, witness their long war against <a href="/wiki/Jugurtha" title="Jugurtha">Jugurtha</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 160 – c. 104 BC), the <a href="/wiki/Berber_kings_of_Roman-era_Tunisia" title="Berber kings of Roman-era Tunisia">Berber King of Numidia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a> (86–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 35 BC), The Jugurthine War (Penguin 1963), translated by Handford. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Charles-Picard, Daily life in Carthage (Paris: Hachette 1958; London: Geo. Allen & Unwin 1961), p. 123. The Khamessat contract "gave the landowner four-fifths of the income". </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> (203–120), <a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Histories (Polybius)">The Histories</a> at I, 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> The Mercenary revolt occurred after the First Punic War (see below). </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_1878-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1878_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1878_117-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/R._Bosworth_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Bosworth Smith">R. Bosworth Smith</a>, Carthage and the Carthaginians (London: Longmans, Green 1878, 1908) at 45–46 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Compare the contradictions described in Brett & Fentress, The Berbers (1996) at 24–25 (Berber adoption of elements of Punic culture), 49–50 (Berber persistence in their traditional belief). </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips" class="citation web cs1">Phillips, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/maghreb.htm">"The Last Christians of North-West Africa: Some Lessons For Orthodox Today"</a>. Retrieved 2 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Last+Christians+of+North-West+Africa%3A+Some+Lessons+For+Orthodox+Today&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxengland.org.uk%2Fmaghreb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> "Berbers: ... The best known of them were the Roman author Apuleius, the Roman emperor Septimius Severus, and St. Augustine", <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a>, 2005, v.3, p.569 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, The Punic Wars, 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Khaldun" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>. Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale (in French). Translated by <a href="/wiki/Baron_de_Slane" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron de Slane">de Slane, William MacGuckin</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+Berb%C3%A8res+et+des+dynasties+musulmanes+de+l%27Afrique+septentrionale&rft.au=Ibn+Khaldun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Khaldun1852" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3RBAAAAIAAJ&q=in+khaldoun&pg=PR2">"Introduction"</a>. Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale (in French). Vol. 1. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Baron_de_Slane" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron de Slane">de Slane, William MacGuckin</a>. Imprimerie du Gouvernement. p. ii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+Berb%C3%A8res+et+des+dynasties+musulmanes+de+l%27Afrique+septentrionale&rft.pages=ii&rft.pub=Imprimerie+du+Gouvernement&rft.date=1852&rft.au=Ibn+Khaldun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3RBAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Din%2Bkhaldoun%26pg%3DPR2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHrbek1992" class="citation book cs1">Hrbek, Ivan (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qDFcD0BuekQC&pg=PA34">Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century</a>. Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa. J. Currey. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0852550936" title="Special:BookSources/0852550936"><bdi>0852550936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+from+the+Seventh+to+the+Eleventh+Century&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Unesco.+International+Scientific+Committee+for+the+Drafting+of+a+General+History+of+Africa.+J.+Currey&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0852550936&rft.aulast=Hrbek&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqDFcD0BuekQC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washtimes.com/national/20040310-115506-8528r.htm">European slaves in North Africa</a>, Washington Times, 10 March 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-TN-126"><a href="#cite_ref-TN_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109154752/http://www.commune-mahdia.gov.tn/ENG/presentation_ville/histoire_de_la_ville.htm">"Mahdia: Historical Background"</a>. Commune-mahdia.gov.tn. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-mahdia.gov.tn/ENG/presentation_ville/histoire_de_la_ville.htm">the original</a> on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mahdia%3A+Historical+Background&rft.pub=Commune-mahdia.gov.tn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commune-mahdia.gov.tn%2FENG%2Fpresentation_ville%2Fhistoire_de_la_ville.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lexic-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Lexic_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226230127/http://lexicorient.com/tunisia/mahdia.htm">"MAHDIA:Finger pointing at the sea"</a>. Lexicorient.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicorient.com/tunisia/mahdia.htm">the original</a> on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MAHDIA%3AFinger+pointing+at+the+sea&rft.pub=Lexicorient.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flexicorient.com%2Ftunisia%2Fmahdia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins1994-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1994_128-48">aw</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1994" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Roger (1994). Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797 (Paperback ed.). Blackwell. p. 97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Conquest+of+Spain%2C+710%E2%80%93797&rft.pages=97&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins2014-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2014_129-50">ay</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2014" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Roger (2014). Caliphs and Kings: Spain, 796–1031 (Paperback ed.). Wiley Blackwell. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caliphs+and+Kings%3A+Spain%2C+796%E2%80%931031&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuichard1973" class="citation book cs1">Guichard, Pierre (1973). Tribus arabes et berbères en al-Andalus. Paris: De Gruyter Mouton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribus+arabes+et+berb%C3%A8res+en+al-Andalus&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Guichard&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuichard1976" class="citation book cs1">Guichard, Pierre (1976). Al-andalus: estructura antropológica de una sociedad islámica en occidente (Spanish translation of French original ed.). Barcelona: Barral Editores.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-andalus%3A+estructura+antropol%C3%B3gica+de+una+sociedad+isl%C3%A1mica+en+occidente&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.edition=Spanish+translation+of+French+original&rft.pub=Barral+Editores&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Guichard&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSénac2007" class="citation book cs1">Sénac, Philippe (2007). Villes et campagnes de Tarraconaise et d'al-Andalus (VIe-XIe siècle): la transition. Toulouse: Presses universitaires du Midi. pp. 114–124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Villes+et+campagnes+de+Tarraconaise+et+d%27al-Andalus+%28VIe-XIe+si%C3%A8cle%29%3A+la+transition&rft.place=Toulouse&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+du+Midi&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=S%C3%A9nac&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSénac2007" class="citation book cs1">Sénac, Philippe (2007). Villes et campagnes de Tarraconaise et d'al-Andalus (VIe-XIe siècle): la transition. Toulouse: Presses universitaires du Midi. pp. 97–138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Villes+et+campagnes+de+Tarraconaise+et+d%27al-Andalus+%28VIe-XIe+si%C3%A8cle%29%3A+la+transition&rft.place=Toulouse&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+du+Midi&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=S%C3%A9nac&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzquierdo_Bonito1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Izquierdo Bonito, Ricardo (1994). Excavaciones en la ciudad hispanomusulmana de Vascos (Navalmoralejo, Toledo) : campañas 1983-1988 [Excavations in the Spanish-Muslim city of Vascos (Navalmoralejo, Toledo): 1983-1988] (in Spanish). Toledo: Servicio de Publicaciones, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-847788301-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-847788301-2"><bdi>978-847788301-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excavaciones+en+la+ciudad+hispanomusulmana+de+Vascos+%28Navalmoralejo%2C+Toledo%29+%3A+campa%C3%B1as+1983-1988&rft.place=Toledo&rft.pub=Servicio+de+Publicaciones%2C+Junta+de+Comunidades+de+Castilla-La+Mancha&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-847788301-2&rft.aulast=Izquierdo+Bonito&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanjira2010" class="citation book cs1">Nanjira, Daniel Don (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA92">African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century, Volume 1: Pg 92</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313379826" title="Special:BookSources/9780313379826"><bdi>9780313379826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Foreign+Policy+and+Diplomacy+from+Antiquity+to+the+21st+Century%2C+Volume+1%3A+Pg+92&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780313379826&rft.aulast=Nanjira&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLZuxGsXVPoMC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFage1958" class="citation web cs1">Fage, J. D. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MN4EAQAAIAAJ&q=%22the+kutama+berbers+from+little+kabylia,+conquered+ifriqiya%22">"An Atlas of African History by J. D. Fage: Pg 11"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+of+African+History+by+J.+D.+Fage%3A+Pg+11&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Fage&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMN4EAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522the%2Bkutama%2Bberbers%2Bfrom%2Blittle%2Bkabylia%2C%2Bconquered%2Bifriqiya%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallHobby2009" class="citation book cs1">Gall, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07dZAAAAYAAJ">Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Africa: Pg 329</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781414448831" title="Special:BookSources/9781414448831"><bdi>9781414448831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldmark+Encyclopedia+of+Cultures+and+Daily+Life%3A+Africa%3A+Pg+329&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781414448831&rft.aulast=Gall&rft.aufirst=Timothy+L.&rft.au=Hobby%2C+Jeneen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D07dZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ALHjoSJm-PsC&pg=PA15">"Algeria, a Country StudyBy American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Area Studies: Pg 15"</a>. 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Algeria%2C+a+Country+StudyBy+American+University+%28Washington%2C+D.C.%29.+Foreign+Area+Studies%3A+Pg+15&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DALHjoSJm-PsC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Anales Palatinos del Califa de Córdoba al-Hakam II, por 'Isa ibn Ahmad al-Razi (360–364 H. = 971–975 J.C.) (Spanish translation by Emilio García Gómez ed.). Madrid. 1967. pp. 160–161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anales+Palatinos+del+Califa+de+C%C3%B3rdoba+al-Hakam+II%2C+por+%27Isa+ibn+Ahmad+al-Razi+%28360%E2%80%93364+H.+%3D+971%E2%80%93975+J.C.%29&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.edition=Spanish+translation+by+Emilio+Garc%C3%ADa+G%C3%B3mez&rft.date=1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Idhari1901" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Idhari (1901). Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord et de l'Espagne musulmane intitulée Kitab al-Bayan al-Mughrib par Ibn 'Idhari al-Marrakushi et fragments de la chronique de 'Arib (French translation by Edmond Fagnan ed.). Algiers. pp. II, ah 403.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27Afrique+du+Nord+et+de+l%27Espagne+musulmane+intitul%C3%A9e+Kitab+al-Bayan+al-Mughrib+par+Ibn+%27Idhari+al-Marrakushi+et+fragments+de+la+chronique+de+%27Arib&rft.place=Algiers&rft.pages=II%2C+ah+403&rft.edition=French+translation+by+Edmond+Fagnan&rft.date=1901&rft.au=Ibn+Idhari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Reilly1992-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reilly1992_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reilly1992_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reilly1992_141-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reilly1992_141-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reilly1992_141-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reilly1992_141-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reilly1992_141-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reilly1992_141-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reilly1992_141-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reilly1992_141-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReilly1992" class="citation book cs1">Reilly, Bernard F. (1992). Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain 1031–1157 (1995 Paperback ed.). Blackwell. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contest+of+Christian+and+Muslim+Spain+1031%E2%80%931157&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=1995+Paperback&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Bernard+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/spain/5.htm">Spain – Al Andalus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Brill_143-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA600">E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936</a>, Volume 4, publié par M. Th. Houtsma, Page 600 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Afrique barbaresque dans la littérature française aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles (l'). Par Guy Turbet-Delof. page 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Bernard Droz, «Insurrection de 1871: la révolte de Mokrani», dans Jeannine Verdès-Leroux (dir.), L'Algérie et la France, Paris, Robert Laffont 2009, p. 474–475 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-221-10946-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-221-10946-5">978-2-221-10946-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-marnia-146"><a href="#cite_ref-marnia_146-0">^</a> Lazreg, Marnia. “The Reproduction of Colonial Ideology: The Case of the Kabyle Berbers.” Arab Studies Quarterly, vol. 5, no. 4, 1983, pp. 380–95. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/41857696">http://www.jstor.org/stable/41857696</a>. Accessed 31 Aug. 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-oup-147"><a href="#cite_ref-oup_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Islam in the West. OUP India. 2018. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909366-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909366-3"><bdi>978-0-19-909366-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+West&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=OUP+India&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-909366-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Miller, S. (2013). France and Spain in Morocco. In A History of Modern Morocco (pp. 88–119). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139045834.008">10.1017/CBO9781139045834.008</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> David S. Woolman, page 96 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStora2004" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stora, Benjamin (5 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/a-la-une/article/2004/07/05/veillee-d-armes-en-kabylie_371616_3208.html">"Veillée d'armes en Kabylie"</a>. Le Monde.fr (in French). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1950-6244">1950-6244</a>. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Veill%C3%A9e+d%27armes+en+Kabylie&rft.date=2004-07-05&rft.issn=1950-6244&rft.aulast=Stora&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fa-la-une%2Farticle%2F2004%2F07%2F05%2Fveillee-d-armes-en-kabylie_371616_3208.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_SaoutRollinde1999" class="citation book cs1">Le Saout, Didier; Rollinde, Marguerite (1999). Émeutes et Mouvements sociaux au Maghreb. Karthala. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-865-37998-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-865-37998-9"><bdi>978-2-865-37998-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89meutes+et+Mouvements+sociaux+au+Maghreb&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Karthala&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-2-865-37998-9&rft.aulast=Le+Saout&rft.aufirst=Didier&rft.au=Rollinde%2C+Marguerite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220231928/http://kabylia.info/observer/spip.php?article123">"Official request for an autonomy status for Kabylia"</a>. Kabylia Observer. 28 June 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kabylia.info:80/observer/spip.php?article123">the original</a> on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kabylia+Observer&rft.atitle=Official+request+for+an+autonomy+status+for+Kabylia&rft.date=2004-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkabylia.info%3A80%2Fobserver%2Fspip.php%3Farticle123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100111042413/http://www.kabylia.info/arabization">"Arabization"</a>. 9 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kabylia.info/arabization">the original</a> on 11 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabization&rft.date=2008-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kabylia.info%2Farabization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17635437">"Mali Tuareg rebels declare independence in the north"</a>. BBC News. 6 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030104410/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17635437">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mali+Tuareg+rebels+declare+independence+in+the+north&rft.date=2012-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-17635437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/05/scores-arrested-connection-morocco-rif-protests-170530184329431.html">"Scores arrested in connection with Morocco Rif protests"</a>. www.aljazeera.com. 30 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Scores+arrested+in+connection+with+Morocco+Rif+protests&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F05%2Fscores-arrested-connection-morocco-rif-protests-170530184329431.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duri-2012-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duri-2012_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duri-2012_156-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuri2012" class="citation book cs1">Duri, A. A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=32sBxqIgcZMC&pg=PA71">The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation (RLE: the Arab Nation)</a>. Routledge. pp. 70–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-62286-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-62286-8"><bdi>978-0-415-62286-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Formation+of+the+Arab+Nation+%28RLE%3A+the+Arab+Nation%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-62286-8&rft.aulast=Duri&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D32sBxqIgcZMC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFel-Hasan2019" class="citation book cs1">el-Hasan, Hasan Afif (1 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr2XDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82">Killing the Arab Spring</a>. Algora Publishing. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62894-349-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62894-349-8"><bdi>978-1-62894-349-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killing+the+Arab+Spring&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-62894-349-8&rft.aulast=el-Hasan&rft.aufirst=Hasan+Afif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZr2XDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaridaHouriaLakhdarAmine" class="citation book cs1">Farida, Benouis; Houria, Chérid; Lakhdar, Drias; Amine, Semar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kmaWEAAAQBAJ">An Architecture of Light. Islamic Art in Algeria</a>. Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Ohne Grenzen). p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902966-14-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-902966-14-8"><bdi>978-3-902966-14-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Architecture+of+Light.+Islamic+Art+in+Algeria.&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Museum+With+No+Frontiers%2C+MWNF+%28Museum+Ohne+Grenzen%29&rft.isbn=978-3-902966-14-8&rft.aulast=Farida&rft.aufirst=Benouis&rft.au=Houria%2C+Ch%C3%A9rid&rft.au=Lakhdar%2C+Drias&rft.au=Amine%2C+Semar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkmaWEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijfm.org/PDFs_IJFM/14_2_PDFs/02_Arabized%20Berbers.pdf">"The Arabized Berbers"</a> (PDF). International Journal of Frontier Missions. April 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Frontier+Missions&rft.atitle=The+Arabized+Berbers&rft.date=1997-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijfm.org%2FPDFs_IJFM%2F14_2_PDFs%2F02_Arabized%2520Berbers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria/">"Algeria"</a>, The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 14 June 2023, retrieved 19 June 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Algeria&rft.date=2023-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Falgeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35515769">"Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language"</a>. BBC News. 7 February 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Algeria+reinstates+term+limit+and+recognises+Berber+language&rft.date=2016-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-35515769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZurutuza" class="citation web cs1">Zurutuza, Karlos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/1/6/libyas-berbers-fear-ethnic-conflict">"Berbers fear ethnic conflict"</a>. www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 12 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Berbers+fear+ethnic+conflict&rft.aulast=Zurutuza&rft.aufirst=Karlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F1%2F6%2Flibyas-berbers-fear-ethnic-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fs0Fog7XneUC&pg=PA11">The Report: Morocco 2012</a>. Oxford Business Group. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907065-54-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907065-54-5"><bdi>978-1-907065-54-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Morocco+2012&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-907065-54-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfs0Fog7XneUC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanver2015" class="citation book cs1">Danver, Steven L. (10 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46400-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46400-6"><bdi>978-1-317-46400-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+Peoples+of+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Groups%2C+Cultures+and+Contemporary+Issues&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft.isbn=978-1-317-46400-6&rft.aulast=Danver&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvf4TBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3509799.stm">"Q&A: The Berbers"</a>. 12 March 2004. Retrieved 12 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+The+Berbers&rft.date=2004-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F3509799.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-minorityrights.org-166"><a href="#cite_ref-minorityrights.org_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minorityrights.org/minorities/berber/">"Morocco – Berber"</a>. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. 19 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples&rft.atitle=Morocco+%E2%80%93+Berber&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2Fminorities%2Fberber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_World_Factbook-167"><a href="#cite_ref-The_World_Factbook_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010801/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html">"Ethnic groups"</a>. The World Factbook. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html">the original</a> on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+groups&rft.pub=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2075.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html">"Historical Dictionaries: North Africa"</a>. Retrieved 2 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionaries%3A+North+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zum.de%2Fwhkmla%2Fhistdic%2Fwh%2Fhdnafrica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berber_Languages-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berber_Languages_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berber_Languages_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amazigh-languages">"Berber languages | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved 30 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Berber+languages+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FAmazigh-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stolz-2015-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stolz-2015_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolz-2015_170-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolz2015" class="citation book cs1">Stolz, Christel (10 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SBtfCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT45">Language Empires in Comparative Perspective</a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-040847-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-040847-8"><bdi>978-3-11-040847-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Empires+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft.isbn=978-3-11-040847-8&rft.aulast=Stolz&rft.aufirst=Christel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSBtfCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Prescott_Barrows2004" class="citation book cs1">David Prescott Barrows (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KLhuMhMtE5gC&q=Berbers,+Timbuktu">Berbers and Blacks: Impressions of Morocco, Timbuktu and Western Sudan</a>. Kessinger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781417917426" title="Special:BookSources/9781417917426"><bdi>9781417917426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berbers+and+Blacks%3A+Impressions+of+Morocco%2C+Timbuktu+and+Western+Sudan&rft.pub=Kessinger&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781417917426&rft.au=David+Prescott+Barrows&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKLhuMhMtE5gC%26q%3DBerbers%2C%2BTimbuktu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldFactbookNiger-172"><a href="#cite_ref-WorldFactbookNiger_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/">"Niger"</a>. The World Factbook. 3 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niger&rft.pub=The+World+Factbook&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fniger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6982266.stm">"Q&A: Tuareg unrest"</a>. BBC. 7 September 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+Tuareg+unrest&rft.date=2007-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F6982266.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927231426/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/tuareg/who.html">"Who are the Tuareg? | Art of Being Tuareg: Sahara Nomads in a Modern World"</a>. africa.si.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/tuareg/who.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=africa.si.edu&rft.atitle=Who+are+the+Tuareg%3F+%7C+Art+of+Being+Tuareg%3A+Sahara+Nomads+in+a+Modern+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafrica.si.edu%2Fexhibits%2Ftuareg%2Fwho.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/chaouia.html">"Chaouia"</a>. www.centrederechercheberbere.fr. Centre de Recherche Berbère. Retrieved 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.centrederechercheberbere.fr&rft.atitle=Chaouia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centrederechercheberbere.fr%2Fchaouia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/shy/">"Tachawit"</a>. Ethnologue Free. Retrieved 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue+Free&rft.atitle=Tachawit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fshy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/11321/AG">"Chenoua in Algeria"</a>. Joshua Project. Retrieved 29 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joshua+Project&rft.atitle=Chenoua+in+Algeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F11321%2FAG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/cnu/">"Shenwa"</a>. Ethnologue. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Shenwa&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2F18%2Flanguage%2Fcnu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProject" class="citation web cs1">Project, Joshua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14911/MO">"Berber, Southern Shilha in Morocco"</a>. Joshua Project. Retrieved 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joshua+Project&rft.atitle=Berber%2C+Southern+Shilha+in+Morocco&rft.aulast=Project&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F14911%2FMO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/12344/TS">"Amazigh, Djerba in Tunisia"</a>. Joshua Project. Retrieved 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joshua+Project&rft.atitle=Amazigh%2C+Djerba+in+Tunisia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F12344%2FTS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/11882/MO">"Berber, Ghomara in Morocco"</a>. Joshua Project. Retrieved 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joshua+Project&rft.atitle=Berber%2C+Ghomara+in+Morocco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F11882%2FMO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereltsvaig2020" class="citation book cs1">Pereltsvaig, Asya (3 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/languages-of-the-world/8CC640455E0B8E6271A7145419DA2863">Languages of the World: An Introduction</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108783071">10.1017/9781108783071</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108783071" title="Special:BookSources/9781108783071"><bdi>9781108783071</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+the+World%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020-09-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108783071&rft.isbn=9781108783071&rft.aulast=Pereltsvaig&rft.aufirst=Asya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fhighereducation%2Fbooks%2Flanguages-of-the-world%2F8CC640455E0B8E6271A7145419DA2863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/algerie-1demo.htm">"Algérie: situation géographique et démolinguistique"</a>. L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde (in French). Retrieved 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27am%C3%A9nagement+linguistique+dans+le+monde&rft.atitle=Alg%C3%A9rie%3A+situation+g%C3%A9ographique+et+d%C3%A9molinguistique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faxl.cefan.ulaval.ca%2Fafrique%2Falgerie-1demo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13842/AG">"Berber, Mozabite in Algeria"</a>. Joshua Project. Retrieved 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joshua+Project&rft.atitle=Berber%2C+Mozabite+in+Algeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F13842%2FAG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mzb/">"Tumzabt"</a>. Ethnologue. Retrieved 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Tumzabt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fmzb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeopleGroups.org" class="citation web cs1">PeopleGroups.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peoplegroups.org/explore/PeopleGroupDetails.aspx?peid=11844#topmenu">"Nefusa Berbers of Libya"</a>. peoplegroups.org. Retrieved 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=peoplegroups.org&rft.atitle=Nefusa+Berbers+of+Libya&rft.au=PeopleGroups.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeoplegroups.org%2Fexplore%2FPeopleGroupDetails.aspx%3Fpeid%3D11844%23topmenu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2006" class="citation book cs1">Brown, E. K. (2006). Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics. Amsterdam; Heidelberg: Elsevier. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044299-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044299-0"><bdi>978-0-08-044299-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+%26+Linguistics&rft.place=Amsterdam%3B+Heidelberg&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-08-044299-0&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=E.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maaroufi-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maaroufi_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maaroufi_188-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaaroufi" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maaroufi, Youssef. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110705120730/http://www.hcp.ma/Recensement-general-de-la-population-et-de-l-habitat-2004_a633.html">"Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2004"</a>. Site institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hcp.ma/Recensement-general-de-la-population-et-de-l-habitat-2004_a633.html">the original</a> on 5 July 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Site+institutionnel+du+Haut-Commissariat+au+Plan+du+Royaume+du+Maroc&rft.atitle=Recensement+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+la+population+et+de+l%27habitat+2004&rft.aulast=Maaroufi&rft.aufirst=Youssef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcp.ma%2FRecensement-general-de-la-population-et-de-l-habitat-2004_a633.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/siz/">"Siwi"</a>. Ethnologue. Retrieved 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Siwi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fsiz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/12217/MO">"Berber, Imazighen in Morocco"</a>. Joshua Project. Retrieved 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joshua+Project&rft.atitle=Berber%2C+Imazighen+in+Morocco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F12217%2FMO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/jbn">"Nafusi"</a>. Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Nafusi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fjbn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> ↑ Rando et al., 1998; Brakez et al., 2001; Kéfi et al., 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> ↑ Turchi et al. (2009), "Polymorphisms of mtDNA control region in Tunisian and Moroccan populations: An enrichment of forensic mtDNA databases with Northern Africa data" </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> ↑ Côrte-Real et al., 1996; Macaulay et al., 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> ↑ Fadhlaoui-Zid et al., 2004; Cherni et al., 2005; Loueslati et al., 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-196"><a href="#cite_ref-cia_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria/">"Africa: Algeria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 7 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Africa%3A+Algeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Falgeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrediPoloniParacchiniZerjal2004" class="citation journal cs1">Arredi, Barbara; Poloni, Estella S.; <a href="/wiki/Silvia_Paracchini" title="Silvia Paracchini">Paracchini, Silvia</a>; Zerjal, Tatiana; Dahmani, M. Fathallah; Makrelouf, Mohamed; Vincenzo, L. Pascali; Novelletto, Andrea; Tyler-Smith, Chris (7 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1216069">"A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa"</a>. American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (2): 338–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F423147">10.1086/423147</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1216069">1216069</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15202071">15202071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=A+Predominantly+Neolithic+Origin+for+Y-Chromosomal+DNA+Variation+in+North+Africa&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E338-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2004-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1216069%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15202071&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F423147&rft.aulast=Arredi&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Poloni%2C+Estella+S.&rft.au=Paracchini%2C+Silvia&rft.au=Zerjal%2C+Tatiana&rft.au=Dahmani%2C+M.+Fathallah&rft.au=Makrelouf%2C+Mohamed&rft.au=Vincenzo%2C+L.+Pascali&rft.au=Novelletto%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Tyler-Smith%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1216069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2009" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Jamie (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC">Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East: L to Z</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438126760" title="Special:BookSources/9781438126760"><bdi>9781438126760</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East%3A+L+to+Z&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781438126760&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dstl97FdyRswC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeenhovenEwing1975" class="citation book cs1">Veenhoven, Willem Adriaan; Ewing, Winifred Crum (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wh3ZUWExDEcC">Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: A World Survey</a>. Vol. 1. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789024717804" title="Special:BookSources/9789024717804"><bdi>9789024717804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Case+Studies+on+Human+Rights+and+Fundamental+Freedoms%3A+A+World+Survey&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9789024717804&rft.aulast=Veenhoven&rft.aufirst=Willem+Adriaan&rft.au=Ewing%2C+Winifred+Crum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwh3ZUWExDEcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zPz9FHXJVLUC">The Report: Algeria 2008</a>. Oxford Business Group. 2008. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902339092" title="Special:BookSources/9781902339092"><bdi>9781902339092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Algeria+2008&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781902339092&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzPz9FHXJVLUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uSGzIPz8cYIC">The Report: Algeria 2011</a>. Oxford Business Group. 2011. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781907065378" title="Special:BookSources/9781907065378"><bdi>9781907065378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Algeria+2011&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781907065378&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuSGzIPz8cYIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkamelMarquesAlvarezGomes2021" class="citation journal cs1">Elkamel, Sarra; Marques, Sofia L.; Alvarez, Luis; Gomes, Veronica; Boussetta, Sami; Mourali-Chebil, Soufia; et al. (August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8333252">"Insights into the Middle Eastern paternal genetic pool in Tunisia: high prevalence of T-M70 haplogroup in an Arab population"</a>. Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15728. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..1115728E">2021NatSR..1115728E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-95144-x">10.1038/s41598-021-95144-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8333252">8333252</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34344940">34344940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Insights+into+the+Middle+Eastern+paternal+genetic+pool+in+Tunisia%3A+high+prevalence+of+T-M70+haplogroup+in+an+Arab+population&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15728&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8333252%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34344940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-95144-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatSR..1115728E&rft.aulast=Elkamel&rft.aufirst=Sarra&rft.au=Marques%2C+Sofia+L.&rft.au=Alvarez%2C+Luis&rft.au=Gomes%2C+Veronica&rft.au=Boussetta%2C+Sami&rft.au=Mourali-Chebil%2C+Soufia&rft.au=Khodjet-El-Khil%2C+Houssein&rft.au=Cherni%2C+Lotfi&rft.au=Benammar-Elgaaied%2C+Amel&rft.au=Prata%2C+Maria+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8333252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAraunaMendoza-RevillaMas-SandovalIzaabel2017" class="citation journal cs1">Arauna, Lara R.; Mendoza-Revilla, Javier; Mas-Sandoval, Alex; Izaabel, Hassan; Bekada, Asmahan; Benhamamouch, Soraya; et al. (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5644363">"Recent Historical Migrations Have Shaped the Gene Pool of Arabs and Berbers in North Africa"</a>. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (2): 318–329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsw218">10.1093/molbev/msw218</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5644363">5644363</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27744413">27744413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Recent+Historical+Migrations+Have+Shaped+the+Gene+Pool+of+Arabs+and+Berbers+in+North+Africa&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E318-%3C%2Fspan%3E329&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5644363%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27744413&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsw218&rft.aulast=Arauna&rft.aufirst=Lara+R.&rft.au=Mendoza-Revilla%2C+Javier&rft.au=Mas-Sandoval%2C+Alex&rft.au=Izaabel%2C+Hassan&rft.au=Bekada%2C+Asmahan&rft.au=Benhamamouch%2C+Soraya&rft.au=Fadhlaoui-Zid%2C+Karima&rft.au=Zalloua%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Hellenthal%2C+Garrett&rft.au=Comas%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5644363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.langues-de-france.org/chaker.html">Pour une histoire sociale du berbèRe en France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121112151506/http://www.langues-de-france.org/chaker.html">Archived</a> 2012-11-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Les Actes du Colloque Paris – Inalco, octobre 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-Willis-2014-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willis-2014_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willis-2014_205-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willis-2014_205-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willis-2014_205-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis2014" class="citation book cs1">Willis, Michael (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gMqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA214">Politics and Power in the Maghreb: Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco from Independence to the Arab Spring</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 209–217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936820-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936820-4"><bdi>978-0-19-936820-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Power+in+the+Maghreb%3A+Algeria%2C+Tunisia+and+Morocco+from+Independence+to+the+Arab+Spring&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E217&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-936820-4&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7gMqBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaylor2006" class="citation book cs1">Naylor, Phillip C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akGIpgEV-D4C&pg=PA76">"Amazighism"</a>. Historical Dictionary of Algeria. Scarecrow Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6480-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6480-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-6480-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amazighism&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Algeria&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6480-1&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=Phillip+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DakGIpgEV-D4C%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unpo.org/article/19303">"Amazigh: Morocco Upholds Ban of Traditional Names"</a>. Unpo. 2 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unpo&rft.atitle=Amazigh%3A+Morocco+Upholds+Ban+of+Traditional+Names&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funpo.org%2Farticle%2F19303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArbaoui" class="citation web cs1">Arbaoui, Larbi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2014/03/125938/morocco-lifts-the-ban-on-amazigh-names">"Morocco lifts the ban on Amazigh names"</a>. moroccoworldnew.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=moroccoworldnew&rft.atitle=Morocco+lifts+the+ban+on+Amazigh+names&rft.aulast=Arbaoui&rft.aufirst=Larbi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moroccoworldnews.com%2F2014%2F03%2F125938%2Fmorocco-lifts-the-ban-on-amazigh-names&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZurutuza" class="citation web cs1">Zurutuza, Karlos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/features/amazigh-libya-revive-their-previously-banned-language">"The Amazigh of Libya revive their previously banned language"</a>. middleeasteye.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=middleeasteye&rft.atitle=The+Amazigh+of+Libya+revive+their+previously+banned+language&rft.aulast=Zurutuza&rft.aufirst=Karlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Ffeatures%2Famazigh-libya-revive-their-previously-banned-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aslan-2015-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aslan-2015_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslan-2015_210-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslan2015" class="citation book cs1">Aslan, Senem (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wTAWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">Nation Building in Turkey and Morocco</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05460-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05460-8"><bdi>978-1-107-05460-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+Building+in+Turkey+and+Morocco&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-05460-8&rft.aulast=Aslan&rft.aufirst=Senem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwTAWBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925142853/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/africa-mideast/small-rebel-victory-big-moment-for-persecuted-berber-tribes/article1995361/">"Small rebel victory big moment for persecuted Berber tribes"</a>. The Globe and Mail. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/africa-mideast/small-rebel-victory-big-moment-for-persecuted-berber-tribes/article1995361/">the original</a> on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Small+rebel+victory+big+moment+for+persecuted+Berber+tribes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fafrica-mideast%2Fsmall-rebel-victory-big-moment-for-persecuted-berber-tribes%2Farticle1995361%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201103200010.html">"Libya: Gaddafi Rails Against 'No Fly' Attacks and Berbers"</a>. allAfrica.com. 20 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libya%3A+Gaddafi+Rails+Against+%27No+Fly%27+Attacks+and+Berbers&rft.pub=allAfrica.com&rft.date=2011-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201103200010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/libyan-rebels-seize-western-border-crossing-as-fighting-in-mountains-intensifies/2011/04/21/AFaoxhIE_story.html">"Libyan rebels seize western border crossing, as fighting in mountains intensifies"</a>. The Washington Post. 21 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Libyan+rebels+seize+western+border+crossing%2C+as+fighting+in+mountains+intensifies&rft.date=2011-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Flibyan-rebels-seize-western-border-crossing-as-fighting-in-mountains-intensifies%2F2011%2F04%2F21%2FAFaoxhIE_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/09/world/africa/09berbers.html">"Amid a Berber Reawakening in Libya, Fears of Revenge"</a>. NYTimes. 8 August 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Amid+a+Berber+Reawakening+in+Libya%2C+Fears+of+Revenge&rft.date=2011-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F08%2F09%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F09berbers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellKing2020" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWAqAAAAQBAJ&dq=world+languages+berber&pg=PA223">Compendium of the World's Languages</a> (3rd ed.). Routledge. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-25846-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-25846-6"><bdi>978-1-136-25846-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.pages=223&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-136-25846-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft.au=King%2C+Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWAqAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dworld%2Blanguages%2Bberber%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyovinKesslerLeben2017" class="citation book cs1">Lyovin, Anatole; Kessler, Brett; Leben, William Ronald (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hjxuDQAAQBAJ&q=afroasiatic+languages+introduction">An Introduction to the Languages of the World</a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 198–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514988-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514988-3"><bdi>978-0-19-514988-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Languages+of+the+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E198-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514988-3&rft.aulast=Lyovin&rft.aufirst=Anatole&rft.au=Kessler%2C+Brett&rft.au=Leben%2C+William+Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhjxuDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dafroasiatic%2Blanguages%2Bintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrazny2013" class="citation book cs1">Strazny, Philipp (1 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27JOMobauYAC&pg=PA35">Encyclopedia of Linguistics</a>. Routledge. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45522-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45522-4"><bdi>978-1-135-45522-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-135-45522-4&rft.aulast=Strazny&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27JOMobauYAC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mattar-2004-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mattar-2004_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mattar-2004_218-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattar2004" class="citation book cs1">Mattar, Philip (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NDEOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA463">Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: Aaronsohn-Cyril VI</a>. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 463. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865769-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865769-1"><bdi>978-0-02-865769-1</bdi></a>. <q>Most Berber languages have a high percentage of borrowing from Arabic, as well as from other languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+Middle+East+%26+North+Africa%3A+Aaronsohn-Cyril+VI&rft.pages=463&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865769-1&rft.aulast=Mattar&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNDEOAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldaufKaplan2007" class="citation book cs1">Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sabe8l9hox0C&pg=PA50">Language Planning and Policy in Africa</a>. Multilingual Matters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84769-011-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84769-011-1"><bdi>978-1-84769-011-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Planning+and+Policy+in+Africa&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84769-011-1&rft.aulast=Baldauf&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSabe8l9hox0C%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKossmann2013" class="citation book cs1">Kossmann, Maarten (18 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Se-BAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98">The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber</a>. BRILL. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25309-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25309-4"><bdi>978-90-04-25309-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabic+Influence+on+Northern+Berber&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25309-4&rft.aulast=Kossmann&rft.aufirst=Maarten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSe-BAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaspelmathTadmor2009" class="citation book cs1">Haspelmath, Martin; Tadmor, Uri (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OYFMqEJ1KCgC&pg=PA56">Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021843-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021843-5"><bdi>978-3-11-021843-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loanwords+in+the+World%27s+Languages%3A+A+Comparative+Handbook&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-021843-5&rft.aulast=Haspelmath&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Tadmor%2C+Uri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOYFMqEJ1KCgC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKossmann2017" class="citation cs2">Kossmann, Maarten (29 March 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-232">"Berber-Arabic Language Contact"</a>, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14711%2Fspcol%2Fb706487">10.14711/spcol/b706487</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938465-5</bdi></a>, retrieved 30 May 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berber-Arabic+Language+Contact&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.date=2017-03-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14711%2Fspcol%2Fb706487&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938465-5&rft.aulast=Kossmann&rft.aufirst=Maarten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Flinguistics%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199384655-e-232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abdou_Elimam-223"><a href="#cite_ref-Abdou_Elimam_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElimam2009" class="citation book cs1">Elimam, Abdou (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gerflint.fr/Base/Tunisie1/elimam.pdf">Du Punique au Maghribi :Trajectoires d'une langue sémito-méditerranéenne</a> (PDF). Synergies Tunisie.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Du+Punique+au+Maghribi+%3ATrajectoires+d%27une+langue+s%C3%A9mito-m%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9enne&rft.pub=Synergies+Tunisie&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Elimam&rft.aufirst=Abdou&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgerflint.fr%2FBase%2FTunisie1%2Felimam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWexler2012" class="citation book cs1">Wexler, Paul (1 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJpdiPiG2g4C&pg=PA174">The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews</a>. State University of New York Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2393-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2393-7"><bdi>978-1-4384-2393-7</bdi></a>. <q>Zavadovskij gives statistics for the percentage of Berber words in North African Muslim Arabic dialects: 10–15 percent Berber components in the Moroccan Arabic lexicon, 8–9 percent in Algerian and Tunisian Arabic, and only 2–3 percent in Libyan Arabic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Non-Jewish+Origins+of+the+Sephardic+Jews&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2012-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-2393-7&rft.aulast=Wexler&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYJpdiPiG2g4C%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051027062825/http://www.mondeberbere.com/juifs/index-en.htm">"Udayen imazighen — Les Juifs amazighs — The Amazigh Jews"</a>. Mondeberbere.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mondeberbere.com/juifs-amazighs.html">the original</a> on 27 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mondeberbere.com&rft.atitle=Udayen+imazighen+%E2%80%94+Les+Juifs+amazighs+%E2%80%94+The+Amazigh+Jews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mondeberbere.com%2Fjuifs-amazighs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorning_Star_News2013" class="citation news cs1">Morning Star News (9 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2013/may/christian-converts-in-morocco-fear-fatwa-calling-for-their.html">"Christian Converts in Morocco Fear Fatwa Calling for Their Execution"</a>. Christianity Today.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=Christian+Converts+in+Morocco+Fear+Fatwa+Calling+for+Their+Execution&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft.au=Morning+Star+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2Fmay%2Fchristian-converts-in-morocco-fear-fatwa-calling-for-their.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoverde2015" class="citation news cs1">Goverde, Rick (23 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.vice.com/article/house-churches-and-silent-masses-the-converted-christians-of-morocco-are-praying-in-secret">"'House-Churches' and Silent Masses—The Converted Christians of Morocco Are Praying in Secret"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_News" title="Vice News">Vice News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27House-Churches%27+and+Silent+Masses%E2%80%94The+Converted+Christians+of+Morocco+Are+Praying+in+Secret&rft.date=2015-03-23&rft.aulast=Goverde&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.vice.com%2Farticle%2Fhouse-churches-and-silent-masses-the-converted-christians-of-morocco-are-praying-in-secret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-InvisibleChurch-228"><a href="#cite_ref-InvisibleChurch_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopper2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Topper, Ilya U. (27 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/welt_print/article2935192/Marokkos-unsichtbare-Kirche.html">"Marokkos unsichtbare Kirche"</a> [Morocco invisible church]. <a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a> (in German). Retrieved 5 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt&rft.atitle=Marokkos+unsichtbare+Kirche&rft.date=2008-12-27&rft.aulast=Topper&rft.aufirst=Ilya+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fwelt_print%2Farticle2935192%2FMarokkos-unsichtbare-Kirche.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-report-229"><a href="#cite_ref-report_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor2007" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a> (14 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90222.htm">Tunisia: International Religious Freedom Report 2007</a>. Archive. U.S. Department of State (Report). Retrieved 24 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Tunisia%3A+International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2007&rft.date=2007-09-14&rft.au=Bureau+of+Democracy%2C+Human+Rights%2C+and+Labor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2007%2F90222.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstoneMiller2015" class="citation journal cs1">Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16338087">"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census"</a>. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion. 11: 8. Retrieved 30 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interdisciplinary+Journal+of+Research+on+Religion&rft.atitle=Believers+in+Christ+from+a+Muslim+Background%3A+A+Global+Census&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Miller%2C+Duane+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F16338087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brett-1996-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brett-1996_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brett-1996_231-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brett-1996_231-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brett-1996_231-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brett-1996_231-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrettFentress1996" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Michael; Fentress, Elizabeth (1996). The Berbers. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631207672" title="Special:BookSources/9780631207672"><bdi>9780631207672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Berbers&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780631207672&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Fentress%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1995" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Basil (1995). Africa in History. Simon & Schuster. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82667-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82667-7"><bdi>978-0-684-82667-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+in+History&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-684-82667-7&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnnabli2000" class="citation web cs1">Ennabli, Abdelmajid (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/6056/">"North Africa's Roman art. Its future"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912130852/http://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/6056">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=North+Africa%27s+Roman+art.+Its+future.&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Ennabli&rft.aufirst=Abdelmajid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2F6056%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golvin-1989-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Golvin-1989_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golvin-1989_234-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golvin-1989_234-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golvin-1989_234-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golvin-1989_234-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golvin-1989_234-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golvin-1989_234-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golvin-1989_234-7">h</a> L. Golvin, « Architecture berbère », Encyclopédie berbère [online], 6 (1989), document A264, published online on December 1, 2012, accessed on April 10, 2020. URL : <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2582">http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2582</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennison2016" class="citation book cs1">Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748646821" title="Special:BookSources/9780748646821"><bdi>9780748646821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Almoravid+and+Almohad+Empires&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780748646821&rft.aulast=Bennison&rft.aufirst=Amira+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarçais1954" class="citation book cs1">Marçais, Georges (1954). L'architecture musulmane d'Occident. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27architecture+musulmane+d%27Occident&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Arts+et+m%C3%A9tiers+graphiques&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Mar%C3%A7ais&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaji2009" class="citation book cs1">Naji, Salima (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=00k3iCkYYEQC&q=Art+et+Architectures+berb%C3%A8res+du+Maroc&pg=PP1">Art et Architectures berbères du Maroc</a>. Editions la Croisée des Chemins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782352700579" title="Special:BookSources/9782352700579"><bdi>9782352700579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+et+Architectures+berb%C3%A8res+du+Maroc&rft.pub=Editions+la+Crois%C3%A9e+des+Chemins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9782352700579&rft.aulast=Naji&rft.aufirst=Salima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D00k3iCkYYEQC%26q%3DArt%2Bet%2BArchitectures%2Bberb%25C3%25A8res%2Bdu%2BMaroc%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/444/">"Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 16 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Ksar+of+Ait-Ben-Haddou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F444%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuld-Braham1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ould-Braham, Ouahmi (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-etudes-et-documents-berberes-1999-1-page-19.htm">"Mission scientifique de Masqueray dans l'Aurès et ses dépendances (1875-1878)"</a>. Études et Documents Berbères (in French). 17 (1): 19–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fedb.017.0019">10.3917/edb.017.0019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0295-5245">0295-5245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+et+Documents+Berb%C3%A8res&rft.atitle=Mission+scientifique+de+Masqueray+dans+l%27Aur%C3%A8s+et+ses+d%C3%A9pendances+%281875-1878%29&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fedb.017.0019&rft.issn=0295-5245&rft.aulast=Ould-Braham&rft.aufirst=Ouahmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Frevue-etudes-et-documents-berberes-1999-1-page-19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrebe2018" class="citation web cs1">Strebe, Matthew (12 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalheritagefund.org/places/sacred-granaries-morocco/">"Collective Granaries, Morocco"</a>. Global Heritage Fund. Retrieved 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Heritage+Fund&rft.atitle=Collective+Granaries%2C+Morocco&rft.date=2018-05-12&rft.aulast=Strebe&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalheritagefund.org%2Fplaces%2Fsacred-granaries-morocco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-2009-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press-2009_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press-2009_241-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press-2009_241-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._BloomS._Blair2009" class="citation book cs1">M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Berber". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195309911" title="Special:BookSources/9780195309911"><bdi>9780195309911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berber&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195309911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolimeni2018" class="citation book cs1">Polimeni, Beniamino (2018). "Describing a Unique Urban Culture: Ibadi Settlements of North Africa". In Calabrò, F.; Della Spina, L.; Bevilacqua, C. (eds.). International Symposium on New Metropolitan Perspectives. Springer. pp. 416–425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-92101-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-92101-3"><bdi>978-3-319-92101-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Describing+a+Unique+Urban+Culture%3A+Ibadi+Settlements+of+North+Africa&rft.btitle=International+Symposium+on+New+Metropolitan+Perspectives&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E416-%3C%2Fspan%3E425&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-92101-3&rft.aulast=Polimeni&rft.aufirst=Beniamino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.djerbamuseum.tn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=86&lang=en">"Sites and monuments"</a>. Djerba Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607063435/http://www.djerbamuseum.tn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=86&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Djerba+Museum&rft.atitle=Sites+and+monuments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.djerbamuseum.tn%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D75%26Itemid%3D86%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100618131250/http://www.elwatan.com/Honneur-a-la-tribu">"Honneur à la tribu"</a>. El Watan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elwatan.com/Honneur-a-la-tribu">the original</a> on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honneur+%C3%A0+la+tribu&rft.pub=El+Watan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elwatan.com%2FHonneur-a-la-tribu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elwatan.com">"A la une"</a>. El Watan. Retrieved 2 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+la+une&rft.pub=El+Watan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elwatan.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aaregistry.org/story/the-berber-community-a-brief-story/">"The Berber Community, a story"</a>. African American Registry. Retrieved 20 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=African+American+Registry&rft.atitle=The+Berber+Community%2C+a+story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faaregistry.org%2Fstory%2Fthe-berber-community-a-brief-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> ABC Amazigh. An editorial experience in Algeria, 1996–2001 experience, Smaïl Medjeber </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2017" class="citation web cs1">Stewart, Courtney A. (4 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/collection-insights/2017/berber-jewelry-morocco-algeria">"Remarkable Berber Jewelry at The Met"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. Retrieved 30 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Remarkable+Berber+Jewelry+at+The+Met&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Courtney+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fblogs%2Fcollection-insights%2F2017%2Fberber-jewelry-morocco-algeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCynthia_Becker2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cynthia Becker (1 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25741422">"Artistry of the Everyday: Beauty and Craftsmanship in Berber Art Lisa Bernasek Susan G. Miller"</a>. The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 43 (1): 200–202. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25741422">25741422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Artistry+of+the+Everyday%3A+Beauty+and+Craftsmanship+in+Berber+Art+Lisa+Bernasek+Susan+G.+Miller&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E200-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25741422%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Cynthia+Becker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25741422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernasek2008" class="citation book cs1">Bernasek, Lisa (2008). Artistry of the everyday : beauty and craftsmanship in Berber art. Cambridge Mass: Peabody Museum Press, Harvard University. pp. 60–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87365-405-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87365-405-0"><bdi>978-0-87365-405-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/182662537">182662537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artistry+of+the+everyday+%3A+beauty+and+craftsmanship+in+Berber+art&rft.place=Cambridge+Mass&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.pub=Peabody+Museum+Press%2C+Harvard+University&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182662537&rft.isbn=978-0-87365-405-0&rft.aulast=Bernasek&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vivier_2007_p.-251"><a href="#cite_ref-Vivier_2007_p._251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVivier2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vivier, Marie-France; et al. (2007). Ideqqi, art de femmes berbères (in French). Paris: Musée du quai Branly. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-915133-59-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-915133-59-2"><bdi>978-2-915133-59-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/147638431">147638431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideqqi%2C+art+de+femmes+berb%C3%A8res&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Mus%C3%A9e+du+quai+Branly&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F147638431&rft.isbn=978-2-915133-59-2&rft.aulast=Vivier&rft.aufirst=Marie-France&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy2018" class="citation book cs1">Timothy, Dallen J., ed. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRypDwAAQBAJ&dq=berber+identity+tourism&pg=PT70">Routledge Handbook on Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-22923-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-22923-0"><bdi>978-1-317-22923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+on+Tourism+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-317-22923-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRypDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dberber%2Bidentity%2Btourism%26pg%3DPT70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanver2015" class="citation book cs1">Danver, Steven L. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tv4TBwAAQBAJ&dq=berber+culture+tourism&pg=PT1980">Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46399-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46399-3"><bdi>978-1-317-46399-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+Peoples+of+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Groups%2C+Cultures+and+Contemporary+Issues&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-46399-3&rft.aulast=Danver&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTv4TBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dberber%2Bculture%2Btourism%26pg%3DPT1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoum2009" class="citation book cs1">Boum, Aomar (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B-kYBwAAQBAJ&dq=berber+culture+tourism&pg=PA215">"Dancing for the Moroccan state: ethnic folk dances and the production of national hybridity"</a>. In Boudraa, Nabil; Krause, Joseph (eds.). North African Mosaic: A Cultural Reappraisal of Ethnic and Religious Minorities. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 215–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-0768-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-0768-5"><bdi>978-1-4438-0768-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dancing+for+the+Moroccan+state%3A+ethnic+folk+dances+and+the+production+of+national+hybridity&rft.btitle=North+African+Mosaic%3A+A+Cultural+Reappraisal+of+Ethnic+and+Religious+Minorities&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-0768-5&rft.aulast=Boum&rft.aufirst=Aomar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB-kYBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dberber%2Bculture%2Btourism%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholzeBartha2004" class="citation book cs1">Scholze, Marko; Bartha, Ingo (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OUP_GJ1zjCUC&dq=berber+culture+tourism&pg=PA71">"Trading Cultures: Berbers and Tuareg as Souvenir Vendors"</a>. In Probst, Peter; Spittler, Gerd (eds.). Between Resistance and Expansion: Explorations of Local Vitality in Africa. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 70–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-6980-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-6980-9"><bdi>978-3-8258-6980-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trading+Cultures%3A+Berbers+and+Tuareg+as+Souvenir+Vendors&rft.btitle=Between+Resistance+and+Expansion%3A+Explorations+of+Local+Vitality+in+Africa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-6980-9&rft.aulast=Scholze&rft.aufirst=Marko&rft.au=Bartha%2C+Ingo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOUP_GJ1zjCUC%26dq%3Dberber%2Bculture%2Btourism%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ol><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrettFentress1997" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Michael; Fentress, Elizabeth (1997). The Berbers (The Peoples of Africa) (1996 hardcover ed.). Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-16852-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-16852-4"><bdi>0-631-16852-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Berbers+%28The+Peoples+of+Africa%29&rft.edition=1996+hardcover&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-631-16852-4&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Fentress%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelenko1996" class="citation book cs1">Celenko, Theodore, ed. (December 1996). Egypt In Africa. Indianapolis Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33269-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33269-1"><bdi>978-0-253-33269-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+In+Africa&rft.pub=Indianapolis+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1996-12&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33269-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabot-Briggs2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cabot-Briggs, L. (28 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1956.58.3.02a00390">"The Stone Age Races of Northwest Africa"</a>. American Anthropologist. 58 (3): 584–585. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1956.58.3.02a00390">10.1525/aa.1956.58.3.02a00390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+Stone+Age+Races+of+Northwest+Africa&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E584-%3C%2Fspan%3E585&rft.date=2009-10-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1956.58.3.02a00390&rft.aulast=Cabot-Briggs&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1956.58.3.02a00390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiernaux1975" class="citation book cs1">Hiernaux, Jean (1975). The people of Africa. People of the world series. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-14040-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-14040-3"><bdi>0-684-14040-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+people+of+Africa&rft.series=People+of+the+world+series&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-684-14040-3&rft.aulast=Hiernaux&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Encyclopædia Britannica. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Encarta. 2005.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanc1854" class="citation book cs1">Blanc, S. H. (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammairedelala00blangoog">Grammaire de la langue basque (d'apres celle de Larramendi)</a>. Lyons & Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammaire+de+la+langue+basque+%28d%27apres+celle+de+Larramendi%29&rft.pub=Lyons+%26+Paris&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Blanc&rft.aufirst=S.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrammairedelala00blangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrucianiLa_FrattaSantolamazzaSellitto2004" class="citation journal cs1">Cruciani, F.; La Fratta, B.; Santolamazza; Sellitto; Pascone; Moral; Watson; Guida; Colomb (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181964">"Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa"</a>. American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1014–1022. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F386294">10.1086/386294</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9297">0002-9297</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181964">1181964</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15042509">15042509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Phylogeographic+Analysis+of+Haplogroup+E3b+%28E-M215%29+Y+Chromosomes+Reveals+Multiple+Migratory+Events+Within+and+Out+Of+Africa&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1014-%3C%2Fspan%3E1022&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1181964%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0002-9297&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15042509&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F386294&rft.aulast=Cruciani&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=La+Fratta%2C+B.&rft.au=Santolamazza&rft.au=Sellitto&rft.au=Pascone&rft.au=Moral&rft.au=Watson&rft.au=Guida&rft.au=Colomb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1181964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkonomou2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Ekonomou" title="Andrew J. Ekonomou">Ekonomou, Andrew J.</a> (2007). Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern Influences on Rome and the Papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590–752. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739119778" title="Special:BookSources/9780739119778"><bdi>9780739119778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Rome+and+the+Greek+Popes%3A+Eastern+Influences+on+Rome+and+the+Papacy+from+Gregory+the+Great+to+Zacharias%2C+A.D.+590%E2%80%93752&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780739119778&rft.aulast=Ekonomou&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEntwistle1936" class="citation book cs1">Entwistle, William J. (1936). The Spanish Language. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-06404-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-06404-3"><bdi>0-571-06404-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Language&rft.place=London&rft.date=1936&rft.isbn=0-571-06404-3&rft.aulast=Entwistle&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) (as cited in Michael Harrison's work, 1974)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGans1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Gans" title="Eric Gans">Gans, Eric Lawrence</a> (1981). The Origin of Language. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04202-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-04202-6"><bdi>0-520-04202-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Language&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-520-04202-6&rft.aulast=Gans&rft.aufirst=Eric+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGèze1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gèze, Louis (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elmentsdegramm00gzuoft">Eléments de grammaire basque</a> (in French). Beyonne: Bayonne Lamaignère.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El%C3%A9ments+de+grammaire+basque&rft.place=Beyonne&rft.pub=Bayonne+Lamaign%C3%A8re&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=G%C3%A8ze&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felmentsdegramm00gzuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHachid2001" class="citation book cs1">Hachid, Malika (2001). Les Premiers Berberes. EdiSud. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7449-0227-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-7449-0227-6"><bdi>2-7449-0227-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Premiers+Berberes&rft.pub=EdiSud&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=2-7449-0227-6&rft.aulast=Hachid&rft.aufirst=Malika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1974" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Michael (1974). The Roots of Witchcraft. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-426-15851-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-426-15851-2"><bdi>0-426-15851-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Witchcraft&rft.place=Secaucus%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-426-15851-2&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanMillerMcDougallEl_Mansour2010" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Katherine E.; Miller, Susan Gilson; McDougall, James; El Mansour, Mohamed; Silverstein, Paul A.; Goodman, Jane E.; Crawford, David; Ghambou, Mokhtar; Bernasek, Lisa; Becker, Cynthia (June 2010). Hoffman, Katherine E.; Miller, Susan Gilson (eds.). Berbers and Others: Beyond Tribe and Nation in the Maghrib. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253222008" title="Special:BookSources/9780253222008"><bdi>9780253222008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berbers+and+Others%3A+Beyond+Tribe+and+Nation+in+the+Maghrib&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2010-06&rft.isbn=9780253222008&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Katherine+E.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Susan+Gilson&rft.au=McDougall%2C+James&rft.au=El+Mansour%2C+Mohamed&rft.au=Silverstein%2C+Paul+A.&rft.au=Goodman%2C+Jane+E.&rft.au=Crawford%2C+David&rft.au=Ghambou%2C+Mokhtar&rft.au=Bernasek%2C+Lisa&rft.au=Becker%2C+Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHualde1991" class="citation book cs1">Hualde, J. I. (1991). Basque Phonology. London & New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-05655-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-05655-1"><bdi>0-415-05655-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basque+Phonology&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-415-05655-1&rft.aulast=Hualde&rft.aufirst=J.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartins1930" class="citation book cs1">Martins, J. P. de Oliveira (1930). A History of Iberian Civilization. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8154-0300-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8154-0300-3"><bdi>0-8154-0300-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Iberian+Civilization&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1930&rft.isbn=0-8154-0300-3&rft.aulast=Martins&rft.aufirst=J.+P.+de+Oliveira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMylesBouzekriHaverfieldCherkaoui2005" class="citation journal cs1">Myles, S; Bouzekri; Haverfield; Cherkaoui; Dugoujon; Ward (June 2005). "Genetic evidence in support of a shared Eurasian-North African dairying origin". Human Genetics. 117 (1): 34–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00439-005-1266-3">10.1007/s00439-005-1266-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0340-6717">0340-6717</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15806398">15806398</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23939065">23939065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+evidence+in+support+of+a+shared+Eurasian-North+African+dairying+origin&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2005-06&rft.issn=0340-6717&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23939065%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15806398&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00439-005-1266-3&rft.aulast=Myles&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Bouzekri&rft.au=Haverfield&rft.au=Cherkaoui&rft.au=Dugoujon&rft.au=Ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNebelLandau-TasseronFilonOppenheim2002" class="citation journal cs1">Nebel, A.; Landau-Tasseron; Filon; Oppenheim; Faerman (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC379148">"Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa"</a>. American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (6): 1594–1596. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F340669">10.1086/340669</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9297">0002-9297</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC379148">379148</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11992266">11992266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+Evidence+for+the+Expansion+of+Arabian+Tribes+into+the+Southern+Levant+and+North+Africa&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1594-%3C%2Fspan%3E1596&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC379148%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0002-9297&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11992266&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F340669&rft.aulast=Nebel&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Landau-Tasseron&rft.au=Filon&rft.au=Oppenheim&rft.au=Faerman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC379148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborn1915–1923" class="citation book cs1">Osborn, Henry Fairfield (1915–1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/menofoldstoneage00osbouoft">Men of the Old Stone Age</a>. New York: New York, C. Scribner's sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+of+the+Old+Stone+Age&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York%2C+C.+Scribner%27s+sons&rft.date=1915%2F1923&rft.aulast=Osborn&rft.aufirst=Henry+Fairfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmenofoldstoneage00osbouoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenan1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Renan, Ernest (1873) [First published Paris, 1858]. De l'Origine du Langage (in French). Paris: La société berbère.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+l%27Origine+du+Langage&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=La+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+berb%C3%A8re&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Renan&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipley1899" class="citation book cs1">Ripley, W. Z. (1899). <a href="/wiki/The_Races_of_Europe_(Ripley)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Races of Europe (Ripley)">The Races of Europe</a>. New York: D. Appleton & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Races+of+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Ripley&rft.aufirst=W.+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyanPitman1998" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, William; Pitman, Walter (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noahsfloodnewsci00ryan">Noah's Flood: The new scientific discoveries about the event that changed history</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-81052-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-81052-2"><bdi>0-684-81052-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noah%27s+Flood%3A+The+new+scientific+discoveries+about+the+event+that+changed+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-684-81052-2&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Pitman%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoahsfloodnewsci00ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaltarelli1988" class="citation book cs1">Saltarelli, M. (1988). Basque. New York: Croom Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7099-3353-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7099-3353-3"><bdi>0-7099-3353-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basque&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7099-3353-3&rft.aulast=Saltarelli&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeminoMagriBenuzziLin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Semino, O.; Magri, P. J.; Benuzzi; Lin; Al-Zahery; Battaglia; MacCioni; Triantaphyllidis; Shen (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181965">"Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area"</a>. American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–1034. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F386295">10.1086/386295</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9297">0002-9297</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181965">1181965</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15069642">15069642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Origin%2C+Diffusion%2C+and+Differentiation+of+Y-Chromosome+Haplogroups+E+and+J%3A+Inferences+on+the+Neolithization+of+Europe+and+Later+Migratory+Events+in+the+Mediterranean+Area&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1023-%3C%2Fspan%3E1034&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1181965%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0002-9297&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15069642&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F386295&rft.aulast=Semino&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Magri%2C+P.+J.&rft.au=Benuzzi&rft.au=Lin&rft.au=Al-Zahery&rft.au=Battaglia&rft.au=MacCioni&rft.au=Triantaphyllidis&rft.au=Shen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1181965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverstein2004" class="citation book cs1">Silverstein, Paul A. (2004). Algeria in France: Transpolitics, Race, and Nation. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34451-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34451-4"><bdi>0-253-34451-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algeria+in+France%3A+Transpolitics%2C+Race%2C+and+Nation&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-253-34451-4&rft.aulast=Silverstein&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbers" class="Z3988"></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Berber" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Berber">Berber</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Berbers" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Berbers">Berbers</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716013534/http://www.amazighs.fr/">Portail des Amazighs (Berbères)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505021713/http://www.agraw.com/">Amazigh/Berber Culture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fadma.be">Culture Amazighe (Berbère)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225184308/http://www.fadma.be/">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.nau.edu/~jar/RIL_10.html">The New Mass Media and the Shaping of Amazigh Identity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wam.umd.edu/~tlaloc/archastro/ae26.html">Number Systems and Calendars of the Berber Populations of Grand Canary and Tenerife</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040728005528/http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf">World Haplogroups Maps</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Berbers46" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Berber" title="Template:Berber"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Berber" title="Template talk:Berber"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Berber" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Berber"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Berbers46" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berbers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavares" title="Bavares">Bavares</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banioubae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banioubae (page does not exist)">Banioubae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetuli" title="Gaetuli">Gaetuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Koidamousii/Ucutumani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguatan" title="Laguatan">Leuathae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libu" title="Libu">Libu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macae_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macae people (page does not exist)">Macae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machlyes" title="Machlyes">Machlyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmaridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmaridae">Marmaridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauri" title="Mauri">Mauri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baccuates" class="mw-redirect" title="Baccuates">Bakouatae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macenites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macenites (page does not exist)">Makanitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshwesh" title="Meshwesh">Meshwesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musulamii" title="Musulamii">Musulamii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasamones" title="Nasamones">Nasamones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidians" title="Numidians">Numidae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masaesyli" title="Masaesyli">Masaesyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massylii" title="Massylii">Massylii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquegentiani" title="Quinquegentiani">Quinquegentiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psylli" title="Psylli">Psylli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjissa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adjissa (page does not exist)">Adjissa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awerba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awerba (page does not exist)">Awerba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awregha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awregha (page does not exist)">Awregha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azdeja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azdeja (page does not exist)">Azdeja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahlula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahlula (page does not exist)">Bahlula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barghawata" title="Barghawata">Barghawata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fazaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fazaz (page does not exist)">Fazaz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fendelawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fendelawa (page does not exist)">Fendelawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Ghomaras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Ghomaras (page does not exist)">Ghumara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gazoula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gazoula (page does not exist)">Gazoula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Ghiatas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Ghiatas (page does not exist)">Ghiatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godala" title="Godala">Godala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haskura (page does not exist)">Haskura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawwara" title="Hawwara">Hawwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Kutama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sedouikech" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedouikech">Sedouikech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguatan" title="Laguatan">Luwata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madyuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madyuna (page does not exist)">Madyuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masmuda" title="Masmuda">Masmuda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hintata" title="Hintata">Hintata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Matmatas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Matmatas (page does not exist)">Matmata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nafzawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nafzawa (page does not exist)">Nafzawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamtuna" title="Lamtuna">Lamtuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zanata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Banu Ifran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarawa_(Berber_tribe)" title="Jarawa (Berber tribe)">Jarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghrawa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brabers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brabers (page does not exist)">Brabers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoui_people" title="Chaoui people">Chaouis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenouas" title="Chenouas">Chenouas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghomaras" title="Ghomaras">Ghomaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawwara" title="Hawwara">Hawwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerba_people" title="Jerba people">Jerbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matmata_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matmata people (page does not exist)">Matmatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozabite_people" title="Mozabite people">Mozabites</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nafusi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nafusi people (page does not exist)">Nafusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffians" title="Riffians">Riffians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhajas_de_Srayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanhajas de Srayr (page does not exist)">Sanhajas de Srayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilha_people" title="Shilha people">Shilha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwi_people" title="Siwi people">Siwis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekna" title="Tekna">Teknas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuaregs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayanes" title="Zayanes">Zayanes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_tribes" title="Berber tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Latin script</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_and_Islam" title="Berbers and Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Berber">Arab-Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabized_Berber" title="Arabized Berber">Arabized Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber diaspora">Berber diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_Belgium" title="Berbers in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Canadians" title="Berber Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_France" title="Berbers in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Berbers in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berberism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_flag" title="Berber flag">flag</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45315#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata884" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45315#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata884" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45315#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4005571-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560623">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph135892&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/fd4c4b6f-5923-495f-b4e6-e53f585e0d42">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berbers&oldid=1276116016">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berbers&oldid=1276116016</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berbers" title="Category:Berbers">Berbers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabized_Berbers" title="Category:Arabized Berbers">Arabized Berbers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afroasiatic_peoples" title="Category:Afroasiatic peoples">Afroasiatic peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_North_Africa" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of North Africa">Indigenous peoples of North Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Morocco" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Morocco">Ethnic groups in Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Mauritania" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Mauritania">Ethnic groups in Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Algeria" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Algeria">Ethnic groups in Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Libya" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Libya">Ethnic groups in Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Tunisia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Tunisia">Ethnic groups in Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Western_Sahara" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Western Sahara">Ethnic groups in Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Mali" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Mali">Ethnic groups in Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso">Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Niger" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Niger">Ethnic groups in Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Egypt" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Egypt">Ethnic groups in Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maghreb" title="Category:Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_North_Africa" title="Category:Ethnic groups in North Africa">Ethnic groups in North Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_divided_by_international_borders" title="Category:Ethnic groups divided by international borders">Ethnic groups divided by international borders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Ethnic groups in the Middle East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_peoples_of_Africa" title="Category:Ancient peoples of Africa">Ancient peoples of Africa</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_text_in_Berber_languages" title="Category:Articles with text in Berber languages">Articles with text in Berber languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2023">Articles with dead external links from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia semi-protected pages">Wikipedia semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2023">Use dmy dates from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_references_cleanup_from_December_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia references cleanup from December 2022">Wikipedia references cleanup from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_references_cleanup" title="Category:All articles needing references cleanup">All articles needing references cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2022">Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify" title="Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify">All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_ethnic_group_with_image_parameters" title="Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters">Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from September 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_October_2020" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from October 2020">Articles with incomplete citations from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Phoenician-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Phoenician-language text">Articles containing Phoenician-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_August_2019" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from August 2019">Articles with incomplete citations from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2021">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from June 2023">Articles lacking reliable references from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from July 2023">Articles with incomplete citations from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_overkill" title="Category:Citation overkill">Citation overkill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_tagged_with_the_inline_citation_overkill_template_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from June 2023">Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_October_2012" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from October 2012">Articles to be expanded from October 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2023">Articles needing additional references from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons category link is locally defined">Commons category link is locally defined</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 February 2025, at 23:48 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berbers&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Berbers</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 101 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-28pxz","wgBackendResponseTime":213,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.652","walltime":"5.109","ppvisitednodes":{"value":69660,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":611451,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":39053,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":68,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":893370,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4519.081 1 -total"," 40.81% 1844.017 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.32% 963.629 117 Template:R"," 20.66% 933.736 117 Template:R/ref"," 20.62% 931.939 117 Template:Cite_book"," 15.81% 714.268 125 Template:R/superscript"," 8.66% 391.577 64 Template:Cite_web"," 7.84% 354.128 375 Template:R/where"," 6.40% 289.391 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"," 5.13% 231.715 25 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.581","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24497923,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","540","19.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","440","15.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","320","11.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","8.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","120","4.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","2.9"],["is_generic \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:1498\u003E","80","2.9"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1:814\u003E","80","2.9"],["gsub","80","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","2.2"],["[others]","740","26.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-786d8bd985-9xg6h","timestamp":"20250216234854","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Berbers","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Berbers","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q45315","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q45315","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-07T17:33:01Z","dateModified":"2025-02-16T23:48:49Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ec\/Berber_flag.svg","headline":"ethnic group indigenous to North Africa"}</script> </body> </html>