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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Clans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Community_curation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_curation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Community curation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_curation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="قاعدة بيانات عوائل البروتينات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قاعدة بيانات عوائل البروتينات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pfam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pfam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pfam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pfam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D9%85" title="پی‌فم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پی‌فم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pfam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pfam" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Pfam" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pfam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pfam" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pfam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="Pfamデータベース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Pfamデータベース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pfam" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pfam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Pfam" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pfam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pfam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pfam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Pfam" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Pfam" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q906796#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Database of protein families</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Malaysian football labor union that used the acronym PFAM, see <a href="/wiki/Professional_Footballers_Association_of_Malaysia" title="Professional Footballers Association of Malaysia">Professional Footballers Association of Malaysia</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Pfam</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pfam_logo.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pfam_logo.gif/120px-Pfam_logo.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pfam_logo.gif/180px-Pfam_logo.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pfam_logo.gif/240px-Pfam_logo.gif 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender">Content</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Description</th><td class="infobox-data">The Pfam database provides alignments and hidden Markov models for protein domains.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Data types<br />captured</th><td class="infobox-data">Protein families</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organisms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">all</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender">Contact</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Research_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Research center">Research center</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/European_Bioinformatics_Institute" title="European Bioinformatics Institute">EBI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Primary citation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19920124">19920124</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender">Access</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">Data format</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_format" title="Stockholm format">Stockholm format</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/pfam/#table">www<wbr />.ebi<wbr />.ac<wbr />.uk<wbr />/interpro<wbr />/entry<wbr />/pfam<wbr />/<wbr />#table</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Download URL</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/Pfam">FTP</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender">Miscellaneous</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Version</th><td class="infobox-data">37.0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Bookmarkable<br />entities</th><td class="infobox-data">yes</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pfam</b> is a database of <a href="/wiki/Protein_family" title="Protein family">protein families</a> that includes their annotations and <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignment" title="Multiple sequence alignment">multiple sequence alignments</a> generated using <a href="/wiki/Hidden_Markov_model" title="Hidden Markov model">hidden Markov models</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18039703_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18039703-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16381856_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16381856-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid14681378_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14681378-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latest version of Pfam, 37.0, was released in June 2024 and contains 21,979 families.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is currently provided through <a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a> website. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pfam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The general purpose of the Pfam database is to provide a complete and accurate classification of protein families and domains.<sup id="cite_ref-Sammut2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sammut2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, the rationale behind creating the database was to have a semi-automated method of curating information on known protein families to improve the efficiency of annotating genomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Sonnhammer1997_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sonnhammer1997-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pfam classification of protein families has been widely adopted by biologists because of its wide coverage of proteins and sensible naming conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-Xu2012_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xu2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is used by experimental biologists researching specific proteins, by structural biologists to identify new targets for structure determination, by computational biologists to organise sequences and by evolutionary biologists tracing the origins of proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-FinnMistry2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinnMistry2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early genome projects, such as human and fly used Pfam extensively for functional annotation of genomic data.<sup id="cite_ref-Bateman2002_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bateman2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LanderLinton2001_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LanderLinton2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The InterPro website allows users to submit protein or DNA sequences to search for matches to families in the Pfam database. If DNA is submitted, a six-frame <a href="/wiki/Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)">translation</a> is performed, then each frame is searched.<sup id="cite_ref-FinnBateman2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinnBateman2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than performing a typical <a href="/wiki/BLAST_(biotechnology)" title="BLAST (biotechnology)">BLAST</a> search, Pfam uses profile <a href="/wiki/Hidden_Markov_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidden Markov models">hidden Markov models</a>, which give greater weight to matches at <a href="/wiki/Conserved_sequence" title="Conserved sequence">conserved</a> sites, allowing better remote homology detection, making them more suitable for annotating genomes of organisms with no well-annotated close relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Sonnhammer1998_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sonnhammer1998-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pfam has also been used in the creation of other resources such as iPfam, which catalogs domain-domain interactions within and between proteins, based on information in structure databases and mapping of Pfam domains onto these structures.<sup id="cite_ref-FinnMarshall2004_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinnMarshall2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pfam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For each family in Pfam one can: </p> <ul><li>View a description of the family</li> <li>Look at multiple alignments</li> <li>View protein domain architectures</li> <li>Examine species distribution</li> <li>Follow links to other databases</li> <li>View known protein structures</li></ul> <p>Entries can be of several types: family, domain, repeat or motif. Family is the default class, which simply indicates that members are related. Domains are defined as an autonomous structural unit or reusable sequence unit that can be found in multiple protein contexts. Repeats are not usually stable in isolation, but rather are usually required to form tandem repeats in order to form a domain or extended structure. Motifs are usually shorter sequence units found outside of globular domains.<sup id="cite_ref-Bateman2002_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bateman2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The descriptions of Pfam families are managed by the general public using Wikipedia (see <a href="#Community_curation">#Community curation</a>). </p><p>As of release 29.0, 76.1% of protein sequences in <a href="/wiki/Uniprot" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniprot">UniprotKB</a> matched to at least one Pfam domain.<sup id="cite_ref-FinnCoggill2016_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinnCoggill2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_new_entries">Creation of new entries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pfam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creation of new entries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New families come from a range of sources, primarily the <a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a> and analysis of complete proteomes to find genes with no Pfam hit.<sup id="cite_ref-PuntaCoggill2011_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PuntaCoggill2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For each family, a representative subset of sequences are aligned into a high-quality seed alignment. Sequences for the seed alignment are taken primarily from pfamseq (a non-redundant database of reference proteomes) with some supplementation from <a href="/wiki/Uniprot" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniprot">UniprotKB</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FinnCoggill2016_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinnCoggill2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This seed alignment is then used to build a profile hidden Markov model using <a href="/wiki/HMMER" title="HMMER">HMMER</a>. This HMM is then searched against sequence databases, and all hits that reach a curated gathering threshold are classified as members of the protein family. The resulting collection of members is then aligned to the profile HMM to generate a full alignment. </p><p>For each family, a manually curated gathering threshold is assigned that maximises the number of true matches to the family while excluding any false positive matches. False positives are estimated by observing overlaps between Pfam family hits that are not from the same clan. This threshold is used to assess whether a match to a family HMM should be included in the protein family. Upon each update of Pfam, gathering thresholds are reassessed to prevent overlaps between new and existing families.<sup id="cite_ref-PuntaCoggill2011_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PuntaCoggill2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domains_of_unknown_function">Domains of unknown function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pfam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Domains of unknown function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Domains_of_unknown_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Domains of unknown function">Domains of unknown function</a> (DUFs) represent a growing fraction of the Pfam database. The families are so named because they have been found to be conserved across species, but perform an unknown role. Each newly added DUF is named in order of addition. Names of these entries are updated as their functions are identified. Normally when the function of at least one protein belonging to a DUF has been determined, the function of the entire DUF is updated and the family is renamed. Some named families are still domains of unknown function, that are named after a representative protein, e.g. YbbR. Numbers of DUFs are expected to continue increasing as conserved sequences of unknown function continue to be identified in sequence data. It is expected that DUFs will eventually outnumber families of known function.<sup id="cite_ref-PuntaCoggill2011_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PuntaCoggill2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clans">Clans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pfam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Clans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over time both sequence and residue coverage have increased, and as families have grown, more evolutionary relationships have been discovered, allowing the grouping of families into clans.<sup id="cite_ref-FinnMistry2009_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinnMistry2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clans were first introduced to the Pfam database in 2005. They are groupings of related families that share a single evolutionary origin, as confirmed by structural, functional, sequence and HMM comparisons.<sup id="cite_ref-Sammut2008_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sammut2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of release 29.0, approximately one third of protein families belonged to a clan.<sup id="cite_ref-FinnCoggill2016_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinnCoggill2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This portion has grown to around three-fourths by 2019 (version 32.0).<sup id="cite_ref-pfam19_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pfam19-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To identify possible clan relationships, Pfam curators use the Simple Comparison Of Outputs Program (SCOOP) as well as information from the <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Classification_of_Protein_Domains" title="Evolutionary Classification of Protein Domains">ECOD</a> database.<sup id="cite_ref-pfam19_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pfam19-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ECOD is a semi-automated hierarchical database of protein families with known structures, with families that map readily to Pfam entries and homology levels that usually map to Pfam clans.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pfam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pfam was founded in 1995 by Erik Sonnhammer, <a href="/wiki/Sean_Eddy" title="Sean Eddy">Sean Eddy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Durbin" title="Richard M. Durbin">Richard Durbin</a> as a collection of commonly occurring protein domains that could be used to annotate the protein coding genes of multicellular animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Sonnhammer1997_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sonnhammer1997-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of its major aims at inception was to aid in the annotation of the <a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">C. elegans</a> genome.<sup id="cite_ref-Sonnhammer1997_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sonnhammer1997-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was partly driven by the assertion in ‘One thousand families for the molecular biologist’ by Cyrus Chothia that there were around 1500 different families of proteins and that the majority of proteins fell into just 1000 of these.<sup id="cite_ref-Sammut2008_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sammut2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chothia1992_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chothia1992-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counter to this assertion, the Pfam database currently contains 16,306 entries corresponding to unique protein domains and families. However, many of these families contain structural and functional similarities indicating a shared evolutionary origin (see <a href="#Clans">Clans</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sammut2008_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sammut2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major point of difference between Pfam and other databases at the time of its inception was the use of two alignment types for entries: a smaller, manually checked seed alignment, as well as a full alignment built by aligning sequences to a profile hidden Markov model built from the seed alignment. This smaller seed alignment was easier to update as new releases of sequence databases came out, and thus represented a promising solution to the dilemma of how to keep the database up to date as genome sequencing became more efficient and more data needed to be processed over time. A further improvement to the speed at which the database could be updated came in version 24.0, with the introduction of HMMER3, which is ~100 times faster than HMMER2 and more sensitive.<sup id="cite_ref-FinnMistry2009_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinnMistry2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the entries in Pfam-A do not cover all known proteins, an automatically generated supplement was provided called Pfam-B. Pfam-B contained a large number of small families derived from clusters produced by an algorithm called ADDA.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15608174_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15608174-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although of lower quality, Pfam-B families could be useful when no Pfam-A families were found. Pfam-B was discontinued as of release 28.0,<sup id="cite_ref-Pfam28relnotes_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfam28relnotes-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then reintroduced in release 33.1 using a new clustering algorithm, MMSeqs2.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pfam was originally hosted on three <a href="/wiki/Website#mirror_site" title="Website">mirror sites</a> around the world to preserve redundancy. However between 2012 and 2014, the Pfam resource was moved to <a href="/wiki/European_Bioinformatics_Institute" title="European Bioinformatics Institute">EMBL-EBI</a>, which allowed for hosting of the website from one domain (xfam.org), using duplicate independent data centres. This allowed for better centralisation of updates, and grouping with other Xfam projects such as <a href="/wiki/Rfam" title="Rfam">Rfam</a>, <a href="/wiki/TreeFam" title="TreeFam">TreeFam</a>, iPfam and others, whilst retaining critical resilience provided by hosting from multiple centres.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From circa 2014 to 2016, Pfam underwent a substantial reorganisation to further reduce manual effort involved in curation and allow for more frequent updates.<sup id="cite_ref-FinnCoggill2016_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinnCoggill2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circa 2022, Pfam was integrated into <a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a> at the <a href="/wiki/European_Bioinformatics_Institute" title="European Bioinformatics Institute">European Bioinformatics Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_curation">Community curation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pfam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Community curation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Curation of such a large database presented issues in terms of keeping up with the volume of new families and updated information that needed to be added. To speed up releases of the database, the developers started a number of initiatives to allow greater community involvement in managing the database. </p><p>A critical step in improving the pace of updating and improving entries was to open up the functional annotation of Pfam domains to the Wikipedia community in release 26.0.<sup id="cite_ref-PuntaCoggill2011_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PuntaCoggill2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For entries that already had a Wikipedia entry, this was linked into the Pfam page, and for those that did not, the community were invited to create one and inform the curators, in order for it to be linked in. It is anticipated that while community involvement will greatly improve the level of annotation of these families, some will remain insufficiently notable for inclusion in Wikipedia, in which case they will retain their original Pfam description. Some Wikipedia articles cover multiple families, such as the <a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger" title="Zinc finger">Zinc finger</a> article. An automated procedure for generating articles based on InterPro and Pfam data has also been implemented, which populates a page with information and links to databases as well as available images, then once an article has been reviewed by a curator it is moved from the Sandbox to Wikipedia proper. In order to guard against vandalism of articles, each Wikipedia revision is reviewed by curators before it is displayed on the Pfam website. Almost all cases of vandalism have been corrected by the community before they reach curators, however.<sup id="cite_ref-PuntaCoggill2011_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PuntaCoggill2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pfam is run by an international consortium of three groups. In the earlier releases of Pfam, family entries could only be modified at the Cambridge, UK site, limiting the ability of consortium members to contribute to site curation. In release 26.0, developers moved to a new system that allowed registered users anywhere in the world to add or modify Pfam families.<sup id="cite_ref-PuntaCoggill2011_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PuntaCoggill2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pfam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biological_databases" title="List of biological databases">List of biological databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PANDIT_(database)" title="PANDIT (database)">PANDIT</a>, a biological database covering protein domains</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rfam" title="Rfam">Rfam</a> Database for conserved non-coding RNA families</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TreeFam" title="TreeFam">TreeFam</a> Database of phylogenetic trees of animal genes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TrEMBL" class="mw-redirect" title="TrEMBL">TrEMBL</a> Database performing an automated protein sequence annotation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a> Integration of protein domain and protein family databases</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dunbrack2.fccc.edu/protcid/pdbfam">PDBfam</a> — thorough assignment of Pfam domains to sequences in the <a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">Protein Data Bank</a> (PDB)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pfam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid18039703-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18039703_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnTateMistryCoggill2008" class="citation journal cs1">Finn RD, Tate J, Mistry J, Coggill PC, Sammut SJ, Hotz HR, Ceric G, Forslund K, Eddy SR, Sonnhammer EL, Bateman A (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2238907">"The Pfam protein families database"</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i>. <b>36</b> (Database issue): D281–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+Drosophila+melanogaster&rft.volume=287&rft.issue=5461&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2185-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.549.8639%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10731132&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2185&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Sci...287.2185.&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Celniker%2C+SE&rft.au=Holt%2C+RA&rft.au=Evans%2C+CA&rft.au=Gocayne%2C+JD&rft.au=Amanatides%2C+PG&rft.au=Scherer%2C+SE&rft.au=Li%2C+PW&rft.au=Hoskins%2C+RA&rft.au=Galle%2C+RF&rft.au=George%2C+RA&rft.au=Lewis%2C+SE&rft.au=Richards%2C+S&rft.au=Ashburner%2C+M&rft.au=Henderson%2C+SN&rft.au=Sutton%2C+GG&rft.au=Wortman%2C+JR&rft.au=Yandell%2C+MD&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Q&rft.au=Chen%2C+LX&rft.au=Brandon%2C+RC&rft.au=Rogers%2C+YH&rft.au=Blazej%2C+RG&rft.au=Champe%2C+M&rft.au=Pfeiffer%2C+BD&rft.au=Wan%2C+KH&rft.au=Doyle%2C+C&rft.au=Baxter%2C+EG&rft.au=Helt%2C+G&rft.au=Nelson%2C+CR&rft.au=Gabor%2C+GL&rft.au=Abril%2C+JF&rft.au=Agbayani%2C+A&rft.au=An%2C+HJ&rft.au=Andrews-Pfannkoch%2C+C&rft.au=Baldwin%2C+D&rft.au=Ballew%2C+RM&rft.au=Basu%2C+A&rft.au=Baxendale%2C+J&rft.au=Bayraktaroglu%2C+L&rft.au=Beasley%2C+EM&rft.au=Beeson%2C+KY&rft.au=Benos%2C+PV&rft.au=Berman%2C+BP&rft.au=Bhandari%2C+D&rft.au=Bolshakov%2C+S&rft.au=Borkova%2C+D&rft.au=Botchan%2C+MR&rft.au=Bouck%2C+J&rft.au=Brokstein%2C+P&rft.au=Brottier%2C+P&rft.au=Burtis%2C+KC&rft.au=Busam%2C+DA&rft.au=Butler%2C+H&rft.au=Cadieu%2C+E&rft.au=Center%2C+A&rft.au=Chandra%2C+I&rft.au=Cherry%2C+JM&rft.au=Cawley%2C+S&rft.au=Dahlke%2C+C&rft.au=Davenport%2C+LB&rft.au=Davies%2C+P&rft.au=de+Pablos%2C+B&rft.au=Delcher%2C+A&rft.au=Deng%2C+Z&rft.au=Mays%2C+AD&rft.au=Dew%2C+I&rft.au=Dietz%2C+SM&rft.au=Dodson%2C+K&rft.au=Doup%2C+LE&rft.au=Downes%2C+M&rft.au=Dugan-Rocha%2C+S&rft.au=Dunkov%2C+BC&rft.au=Dunn%2C+P&rft.au=Durbin%2C+KJ&rft.au=Evangelista%2C+CC&rft.au=Ferraz%2C+C&rft.au=Ferriera%2C+S&rft.au=Fleischmann%2C+W&rft.au=Fosler%2C+C&rft.au=Gabrielian%2C+AE&rft.au=Garg%2C+NS&rft.au=Gelbart%2C+WM&rft.au=Glasser%2C+K&rft.au=Glodek%2C+A&rft.au=Gong%2C+F&rft.au=Gorrell%2C+JH&rft.au=Gu%2C+Z&rft.au=Guan%2C+P&rft.au=Harris%2C+M&rft.au=Harris%2C+NL&rft.au=Harvey%2C+D&rft.au=Heiman%2C+TJ&rft.au=Hernandez%2C+JR&rft.au=Houck%2C+J&rft.au=Hostin%2C+D&rft.au=Houston%2C+KA&rft.au=Howland%2C+TJ&rft.au=Wei%2C+MH&rft.au=Ibegwam%2C+C&rft.au=Jalali%2C+M&rft.au=Kalush%2C+F&rft.au=Karpen%2C+GH&rft.au=Ke%2C+Z&rft.au=Kennison%2C+JA&rft.au=Ketchum%2C+KA&rft.au=Kimmel%2C+BE&rft.au=Kodira%2C+CD&rft.au=Kraft%2C+C&rft.au=Kravitz%2C+S&rft.au=Kulp%2C+D&rft.au=Lai%2C+Z&rft.au=Lasko%2C+P&rft.au=Lei%2C+Y&rft.au=Levitsky%2C+AA&rft.au=Li%2C+J&rft.au=Li%2C+Z&rft.au=Liang%2C+Y&rft.au=Lin%2C+X&rft.au=Liu%2C+X&rft.au=Mattei%2C+B&rft.au=McIntosh%2C+TC&rft.au=McLeod%2C+MP&rft.au=McPherson%2C+D&rft.au=Merkulov%2C+G&rft.au=Milshina%2C+NV&rft.au=Mobarry%2C+C&rft.au=Morris%2C+J&rft.au=Moshrefi%2C+A&rft.au=Mount%2C+SM&rft.au=Moy%2C+M&rft.au=Murphy%2C+B&rft.au=Murphy%2C+L&rft.au=Muzny%2C+DM&rft.au=Nelson%2C+DL&rft.au=Nelson%2C+DR&rft.au=Nelson%2C+KA&rft.au=Nixon%2C+K&rft.au=Nusskern%2C+DR&rft.au=Pacleb%2C+JM&rft.au=Palazzolo%2C+M&rft.au=Pittman%2C+GS&rft.au=Pan%2C+S&rft.au=Pollard%2C+J&rft.au=Puri%2C+V&rft.au=Reese%2C+MG&rft.au=Reinert%2C+K&rft.au=Remington%2C+K&rft.au=Saunders%2C+RD&rft.au=Scheeler%2C+F&rft.au=Shen%2C+H&rft.au=Shue%2C+BC&rft.au=Sid%C3%A9n-Kiamos%2C+I&rft.au=Simpson%2C+M&rft.au=Skupski%2C+MP&rft.au=Smith%2C+T&rft.au=Spier%2C+E&rft.au=Spradling%2C+AC&rft.au=Stapleton%2C+M&rft.au=Strong%2C+R&rft.au=Sun%2C+E&rft.au=Svirskas%2C+R&rft.au=Tector%2C+C&rft.au=Turner%2C+R&rft.au=Venter%2C+E&rft.au=Wang%2C+AH&rft.au=Wang%2C+X&rft.au=Wang%2C+ZY&rft.au=Wassarman%2C+DA&rft.au=Weinstock%2C+GM&rft.au=Weissenbach%2C+J&rft.au=Williams%2C+SM&rft.au=WoodageT&rft.au=Worley%2C+KC&rft.au=Wu%2C+D&rft.au=Yang%2C+S&rft.au=Yao%2C+QA&rft.au=Ye%2C+J&rft.au=Yeh%2C+RF&rft.au=Zaveri%2C+JS&rft.au=Zhan%2C+M&rft.au=Zhang%2C+G&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Q&rft.au=Zheng%2C+L&rft.au=Zheng%2C+XH&rft.au=Zhong%2C+FN&rft.au=Zhong%2C+W&rft.au=Zhou%2C+X&rft.au=Zhu%2C+S&rft.au=Zhu%2C+X&rft.au=Smith%2C+HO&rft.au=Gibbs%2C+RA&rft.au=Myers%2C+EW&rft.au=Rubin%2C+GM&rft.au=Venter%2C+JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APfam" 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ft.au=Doerks%2C+Tobias&rft.au=Eddy%2C+Sean+R.&rft.au=Eichler%2C+Evan+E.&rft.au=Furey%2C+Terrence+S.&rft.au=Galagan%2C+James&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+James+G.+R.&rft.au=Harmon%2C+Cyrus&rft.au=Hayashizaki%2C+Yoshihide&rft.au=Haussler%2C+David&rft.au=Hermjakob%2C+Henning&rft.au=Hokamp%2C+Karsten&rft.au=Jang%2C+Wonhee&rft.au=Johnson%2C+L.+Steven&rft.au=Jones%2C+Thomas+A.&rft.au=Kasif%2C+Simon&rft.au=Kaspryzk%2C+Arek&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Scot&rft.au=Kent%2C+W.+James&rft.au=Kitts%2C+Paul&rft.au=Koonin%2C+Eugene+V.&rft.au=Korf%2C+Ian&rft.au=Kulp%2C+David&rft.au=Lancet%2C+Doron&rft.au=Lowe%2C+Todd+M.&rft.au=McLysaght%2C+Aoife&rft.au=Mikkelsen%2C+Tarjei&rft.au=Moran%2C+John+V.&rft.au=Mulder%2C+Nicola&rft.au=Pollara%2C+Victor+J.&rft.au=Ponting%2C+Chris+P.&rft.au=Schuler%2C+Greg&rft.au=Schultz%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Slater%2C+Guy&rft.au=Smit%2C+Arian+F.+A.&rft.au=Stupka%2C+Elia&rft.au=Szustakowki%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Thierry-Mieg%2C+Danielle&rft.au=Thierry-Mieg%2C+Jean&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Lukas&rft.au=Wallis%2C+John&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+Raymond&rft.au=Williams%2C+Alan&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Yuri+I.&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+Kenneth+H.&rft.au=Yang%2C+Shiaw-Pyng&rft.au=Yeh%2C+Ru-Fang&rft.au=Collins%2C+Francis&rft.au=Guyer%2C+Mark+S.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Jane&rft.au=Felsenfeld%2C+Adam&rft.au=Wetterstrand%2C+Kris+A.&rft.au=Myers%2C+Richard+M.&rft.au=Schmutz%2C+Jeremy&rft.au=Dickson%2C+Mark&rft.au=Grimwood%2C+Jane&rft.au=Cox%2C+David+R.&rft.au=Olson%2C+Maynard+V.&rft.au=Kaul%2C+Rajinder&rft.au=Raymond%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Shimizu%2C+Nobuyoshi&rft.au=Kawasaki%2C+Kazuhiko&rft.au=Minoshima%2C+Shinsei&rft.au=Evans%2C+Glen+A.&rft.au=Athanasiou%2C+Maria&rft.au=Schultz%2C+Roger&rft.au=Patrinos%2C+Aristides&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F35057062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APfam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FinnBateman2014-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FinnBateman2014_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnBatemanClementsCoggill2014" class="citation journal cs1">Finn, Robert D.; Bateman, Alex; Clements, Jody; Coggill, Penelope; Eberhardt, Ruth Y.; Eddy, Sean R.; Heger, Andreas; Hetherington, Kirstie; Holm, Liisa; Mistry, Jaina; Sonnhammer, Erik L. L.; Tate, John; Punta, Marco (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3965110">"Pfam: the protein families database"</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Research</i>. <b>42</b> (D1): <span class="nowrap">D222 –</span> <span class="nowrap">D230</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkt1223">10.1093/nar/gkt1223</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-1048">0305-1048</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3965110">3965110</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24288371">24288371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=Pfam%3A+the+protein+families+database&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=D1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ED222+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ED230%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3965110%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0305-1048&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24288371&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkt1223&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft.au=Bateman%2C+Alex&rft.au=Clements%2C+Jody&rft.au=Coggill%2C+Penelope&rft.au=Eberhardt%2C+Ruth+Y.&rft.au=Eddy%2C+Sean+R.&rft.au=Heger%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Hetherington%2C+Kirstie&rft.au=Holm%2C+Liisa&rft.au=Mistry%2C+Jaina&rft.au=Sonnhammer%2C+Erik+L.+L.&rft.au=Tate%2C+John&rft.au=Punta%2C+Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3965110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APfam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sonnhammer1998-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sonnhammer1998_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonnhammerEddyBirneyBateman1998" class="citation journal cs1">Sonnhammer EL, Eddy SR, Birney E, Bateman A, Durbin R (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC147209">"Pfam: multiple sequence alignments and HMM-profiles of protein domains"</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i>. <b>26</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">320–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F26.1.320">10.1093/nar/26.1.320</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC147209">147209</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9399864">9399864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res.&rft.atitle=Pfam%3A+multiple+sequence+alignments+and+HMM-profiles+of+protein+domains&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E320-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC147209%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9399864&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2F26.1.320&rft.aulast=Sonnhammer&rft.aufirst=EL&rft.au=Eddy%2C+SR&rft.au=Birney%2C+E&rft.au=Bateman%2C+A&rft.au=Durbin%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC147209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APfam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FinnMarshall2004-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FinnMarshall2004_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnMarshallBateman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Finn, R. 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Fox Chase Cancer Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001120514/http://dunbrack2.fccc.edu/protcid/pdbfam/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbts533">10.1093/bioinformatics/bts533</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3476341">3476341</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22942020">22942020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioinformatics&rft.atitle=Assignment+of+protein+sequences+to+existing+domain+and+family+classification+systems%3A+Pfam+and+the+PDB&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2763-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3476341%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22942020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbts533&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Qifang&rft.au=Dunbrack%2C+Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3476341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APfam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pfam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/">Pfam</a> - Protein family database at <a href="/wiki/European_Bioinformatics_Institute" title="European Bioinformatics Institute">EMBL-EBI</a>, UK</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dunbrack2.fccc.edu/protcid/pdbfam/">PDBfam</a> - Assignments of Pfam domains to sequences in the PDB at <a href="/wiki/Fox_Chase_Cancer_Center" title="Fox Chase Cancer Center">Fox Chase Cancer Center</a>, USA</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Wellcome_Trust" title="Template:Wellcome Trust"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wellcome_Trust" title="Template talk:Wellcome Trust"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wellcome_Trust" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wellcome Trust"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wellcome_Trust281" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Trust" title="Wellcome Trust">Wellcome Trust</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Centres and institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick_Institute" title="Francis Crick Institute">Francis Crick Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdon_Institute" title="Gurdon Institute">Gurdon Institute</a></li> <li>Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Learning_Centres" title="Science Learning Centres">Science Learning Centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Trust_Centre_for_Cell-Matrix_Research" title="Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research">WTC for Cell-Matrix Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Trust_Centre_for_Gene_Regulation_and_Expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression">WTC for Gene Regulation and Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Trust_Centre_for_Human_Genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics">WTC for Human Genetics</a></li> <li>WTC for Mitochondrial Research</li> <li>WTC for Molecular Parasitology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Trust_Centre_for_Neuroimaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging">WTC for Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Trust_Centre_for_Stem_Cell_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research">WTC for Stem Cell Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Sanger_Institute" title="Wellcome Sanger Institute">Wellcome Sanger Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Trust_Centre_for_the_History_of_Medicine" title="Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine">Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Research_Laboratories" title="Wellcome Research Laboratories">Wellcome Research Laboratories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellcome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wellcome.jpg/180px-Wellcome.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wellcome.jpg/270px-Wellcome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wellcome.jpg/360px-Wellcome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Projects and facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1000_Genomes_Project" title="1000 Genomes Project">1000 Genomes Project</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Big_Picture_(magazine)" title="Big Picture (magazine)">Big Picture</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Biomedical_Campus" title="Cambridge Biomedical Campus">Cambridge Biomedical Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_Genome_Project" title="Cancer Genome Project">Cancer Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Epidemic_Preparedness_Innovations" title="Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations">Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COSMIC_cancer_database" title="COSMIC cancer database">COSMIC cancer database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECIPHER" title="DECIPHER">DECIPHER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Light_Source" title="Diamond Light Source">Diamond Light Source</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ELife" title="ELife">eLife</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmcare" title="Farmcare">Farmcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genome_Reference_Consortium" title="Genome Reference Consortium">Genome Reference Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malawi_Liverpool_Wellcome_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust (page does not exist)">Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEROPS" title="MEROPS">MEROPS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pfam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rfam" title="Rfam">Rfam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Biobank" title="UK Biobank">UK Biobank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Collection" title="Wellcome Collection">Wellcome Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Genome_Campus" title="Wellcome Genome Campus">Wellcome Genome Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Library" title="Wellcome Library">Wellcome Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WormBase" title="WormBase">WormBase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Board of governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Manningham-Buller" title="Eliza Manningham-Buller">Eliza Manningham-Buller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferguson_(biochemist)" title="Michael Ferguson (biochemist)">Michael Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Bonhoeffer" title="Tobias Bonhoeffer">Tobias Bonhoeffer</a></li> <li>Alan Brown</li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24716612" class="extiw" title="d:Q24716612">William Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Grenfell" title="Bryan Grenfell">Bryan Grenfell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naguib_Kheraj" title="Naguib Kheraj">Naguib Kheraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiona_Powrie" title="Fiona Powrie">Fiona Powrie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Executive leadership team</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Farrar" title="Jeremy Farrar">Jeremy Farrar</a></li> <li>Chris Bird</li> <li>Stephen Caddick</li> <li>Simon Chaplin</li> <li>Alyson Fox</li> <li>Peter Pereira Gray</li> <li>Mark Henderson</li> <li>Chonnettia Jones</li> <li>Tim Livett</li> <li>Nick Moakes</li> <li>Kathy Poole</li> <li>Jim Smith</li> <li>James Thomas</li> <li>Ed Whiting</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Former directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Williams_(physician)" title="Peter Williams (physician)">Peter Williams</a> (1965–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_Ogilvie" title="Bridget Ogilvie">Bridget Ogilvie</a> (1991–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dexter" title="Michael Dexter">Michael Dexter</a> (1998–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Walport" title="Mark Walport">Mark Walport</a> (2003–2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Buffini" title="Damon Buffini">Damon Buffini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Castell" title="William Castell">William Castell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Cadbury" title="Dominic Cadbury">Dominic Cadbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Cook_(medical_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Cook (medical historian)">Harold Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Davies" title="Kay Davies">Kay Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Franks,_Baron_Franks" title="Oliver Franks, Baron Franks">Oliver Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Gibbs" title="Roger Gibbs">Roger Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hynes" title="Richard Hynes">Richard Hynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Mandall_Johnson" title="Anne Mandall Johnson">Anne Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Porter" title="Roy Porter">Roy Porter</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165217" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165217">Peter Rigby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Steel_(businessman)" title="David Steel (businessman)">David Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ian_Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="David Ian Stuart">David Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John Sulston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wellcome" title="Henry Wellcome">Henry Wellcome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Awards and fellowships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Capital Awards</li> <li>Collaborative Awards in Science</li> <li>Investigator Awards in Science</li> <li>Institutional Strategic Support Fund</li> <li>Science Strategic Award</li> <li>Sir Henry Dale <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellowship</a></li> <li>Sir Henry Wellcome <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher" title="Postdoctoral researcher">Postdoctoral</a> Fellowship</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Book_Prize" title="Wellcome Book Prize">Wellcome Book Prize</a></li> <li>Wellcome Image Awards</li> <li>Wellcome Trust Centre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Trust_Principal_Research_Fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow">Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow</a></li> <li>Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellow</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Wellcome_Trust" title="Category:Wellcome Trust">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img 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