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class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1951</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1951-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1952" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1952"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1952</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1952-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1954–1959" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1954–1959"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1954–1959</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1954–1959-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1954–1959 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1954–1959-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1954" 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<span>1966</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1966-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1967" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1967"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>1967</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1967-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1968" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1968"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>1968</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1968-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>This is a timeline of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolent</a> mid-20th century freedom movement to gain <a href="/wiki/Legal_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal equality">legal equality</a> and the enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_right" title="Constitutional right">constitutional rights</a> for people of color. The goals of the movement included securing <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">equal protection under the law</a>, ending legally institutionalized <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a>, and gaining equal access to public facilities, <a href="/wiki/Education_reform" title="Education reform">education reform</a>, fair housing, and the <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">ability to vote</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1947–1953"><span id="1947.E2.80.931953"></span>1947–1953</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 1947–1953"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1947">1947</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1947"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>April 14 – In <i><a href="/wiki/Mendez_v._Westminster" title="Mendez v. Westminster">Mendez v. Westminster</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a> rules that the forced segregation of Mexican-American students into separate "Mexican schools" was unconstitutional and unlawful.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1948">1948</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1948"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>On Feb. 2, <a href="/wiki/Silas_Herbert_Hunt" title="Silas Herbert Hunt">Silas Herbert Hunt</a> breaks the color barrier in the South, enrolling in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas_School_of_Law" title="University of Arkansas School of Law">University of Arkansas School of Law</a>. He was still required to take classes separately from white students.</li> <li>In <i>Delgado v Bastrop I.S.D.</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Attorney_General" title="Texas Attorney General">Texas Attorney General</a> decided that segregation of Mexican-American children was illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Shelley_v._Kraemer" title="Shelley v. Kraemer">Shelley v. Kraemer</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruled that racially restrictive <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(law)" title="Covenant (law)">covenants</a> violate the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">equal protection clause</a> and thus cannot be enforced by courts, though they may still be agreed to by private parties.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anthology_series" title="Anthology series">anthology series</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Destination_Freedom" title="Destination Freedom">Destination Freedom</a></i> premiers on local Chicago radio. This <a href="/wiki/Radio_drama" title="Radio drama">radio drama</a>, produced by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Durham" title="Richard Durham">Richard Durham</a>, will appear on Sunday mornings until mid-1950.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950">1950</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1950"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>During the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Miss_America" title="Miss America">Miss America</a> pageant, under the directorship of Lenora Slaughter, it became <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racially segregated</a> via rule number seven that stated: "contestants must be of good health and of the <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white race</a>.”<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lim_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lim-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rule number seven was abolished in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Reginald_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reginald-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Henderson_v._United_States_(1950)" title="Henderson v. United States (1950)">Henderson v. United States</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruled that racial segregation on railway dining cars violated the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Act_of_1887" title="Interstate Commerce Act of 1887">Interstate Commerce Act of 1887</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1951">1951</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1951"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In April 1951, students at Robert Russa Moton High School, a segregated "Colored" school in Prince Edward County Virginia, staged a student strike over poor conditions and racial segregation. That strike led to the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">NAACP</a> filing <i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County</a></i> in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>On December 25, 1951, the house of <a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Harry_and_Harriette_Moore" title="Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore">Harry and Harriette Moore</a> in Mims, Florida was bombed. Harry died while being transported to the hospital, while Harriette died nine days later of her injuries. Their assassination made them the first martyrs of the movement and was the first assassination of any activist to occur during the Civil Rights Movement, and the only time that a husband and wife were killed during the history of the movement.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1952">1952</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1952"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Briggs v. Elliott petition signed by parents in Summerton, South Carolina becomes first case in history that attacks segregation in public education. Due to what some say was clerical error, and what some speculate behind closed doors, Governor Jimmy Byrnes lobbied to move Briggs as lead case and instead, Brown v. Board of Education. On behalf of Black parents and children, the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">NAACP</a> filed five lawsuits against school segregation that challenged the legality of the 1896 "separate but equal" ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a>.</i> The five cases were <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a>,</i> from Topeka Kansas, <i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County</a></i> from Virginia, <i><a href="/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe" title="Bolling v. Sharpe">Bolling v. Sharpe</a></i> from Washington DC, <i><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliott</a></i> from Clarendon County South Carolina, and <i>Bulah v. Gebhart</i> from Delaware. The five cases were later consolidated in the Supreme Court's <i>Brown v. Board of Education</i> ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1954–1959"><span id="1954.E2.80.931959"></span>1954–1959</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1954–1959"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1954">1954</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1954"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>May 3 – In <i><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> rules that <a href="/wiki/Mexican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican American">Mexican Americans</a> and all other racial groups in the United States are entitled to equal protection under the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a>.</li> <li>May 17 – In <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans.</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe" title="Bolling v. Sharpe">Bolling v. Sharpe</a></i>, the U.S. Supreme Court rules against the "<a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">separate but equal</a>" doctrine, overturning <i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> and saying that segregation of public schools is unconstitutional.</li> <li>May 28 – The <a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_Arkansas" title="Fayetteville, Arkansas">Fayetteville, Arkansas</a>, school board votes unanimously to integrate its historically Black school, Lincoln, with its white schools, starting with high school and gradually integrating junior highs and elementaries over an undefined period.</li> <li>July 27 – The <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_Arkansas" title="Charleston, Arkansas">Charleston, Arkansas</a>, school board unanimously votes to end segregation in the school district. Ending segregation for first through twelfth grades, the Charleston school district was the first school district among the former <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States">Confederate States</a> to desegregate. The schools opened for the new school year on August 23.</li> <li>July 30 – At a special meeting in <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>, called by Governor <a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._White" title="Hugh L. White">Hugh White</a>, <a href="/wiki/T.R.M._Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="T.R.M. Howard">T.R.M. Howard</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Negro_Leadership" title="Regional Council of Negro Leadership">Regional Council of Negro Leadership</a>, along with nearly one hundred other black leaders, publicly refuse to support a segregationist plan to maintain "separate but equal" in exchange for a crash program to increase spending on <a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">black schools</a>.</li> <li>September 2 – In <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, 23 black children are prevented from attending all-white elementary schools, defying the recent U.S. Supreme Court ruling.</li> <li>September 7 –  The <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a> ends segregated education; <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, follows suit on September 8.</li> <li>September 15 – Protests by white parents in <a href="/wiki/White_Sulphur_Springs,_West_Virginia" title="White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia">White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia</a>, force schools to postpone desegregation another year.</li> <li>September 16 – Mississippi attempts to abolish all <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mississippi" title="Education in Mississippi">public schools</a> with an amendment to its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mississippi" title="Constitution of Mississippi">State Constitution</a>, but the amendment fails.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>September 30 – Integration of a high school in <a href="/wiki/Milford,_Delaware" title="Milford, Delaware">Milford, Delaware</a>, collapses when white students boycott classes.</li> <li>October 4 – Student demonstrations take place against integration of Washington, DC, public schools.</li> <li>October 19 – <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judge" title="United States federal judge">Federal judge</a> upholds an <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> law requiring African-American candidates to be identified on voting ballots as "<a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">negro</a>".</li> <li>October 30 – Desegregation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. Armed Forces</a> said to be complete.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankie_Muse_Freeman" title="Frankie Muse Freeman">Frankie Muse Freeman</a> is the lead attorney for the landmark <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> case <i><a href="/wiki/Davis_et_al._v._The_St._Louis_Housing_Authority" title="Davis et al. v. The St. Louis Housing Authority">Davis et al. v. the St. Louis Housing Authority</a></i>, which ended legal racial discrimination in the city's public housing. <a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a> was an attorney for NAACP: it was unusual to have two women attorneys leading such a high-profile case.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1955">1955</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1955"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>January 15 – President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> signs <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">Executive Order</a> 10590, establishing the President's Committee on Government Policy to enforce a nondiscrimination policy in Federal employment.</li> <li>January 20 – Demonstrators from <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">CORE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morgan_State_University" title="Morgan State University">Morgan State University</a> stage a successful <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-in</a> to <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States" title="Desegregation in the United States">desegregate</a> <a href="/wiki/Read%27s_Drug_Store" title="Read's Drug Store">Read's Drug Store</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>.</li> <li>April 5 – Mississippi passes a law penalizing white students by jail and fines who attend school with blacks.</li> <li>March 2 –  15-year-old <a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a> refuses to give up her seat on the bus to a white woman, eventually resulting in the <i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i> case.</li> <li>May 7 – <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Negro_Leadership" title="Regional Council of Negro Leadership">Regional Council of Negro Leadership</a> activist Reverend <a href="/wiki/George_W._Lee" title="George W. Lee">George W. Lee</a> is killed in <a href="/wiki/Belzoni,_Mississippi" title="Belzoni, Mississippi">Belzoni, Mississippi</a>.</li> <li>May 31 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules in "<a href="/wiki/Brown_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown II"><i> Brown</i> II</a>" that desegregation must occur with "all deliberate speed".</li> <li>June 8 – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">University of Oklahoma</a> decides to allow black students.</li> <li>June 23 – Virginia Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Stanley" title="Thomas B. Stanley">Thomas B. Stanley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Board of Education">Board of Education</a> decide to continue segregated schools into 1956.</li> <li>June 29 – The NAACP wins a U.S. Supreme Court suit which orders the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a> to admit <a href="/wiki/Autherine_Lucy" title="Autherine Lucy">Autherine Lucy</a>.</li> <li>July 11 – The <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Board of Education">Georgia Board of Education</a> orders that any teacher supporting integration be fired.</li> <li>July 14 – A <a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Federal Appeals Court</a> overturns segregation on <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia, South Carolina</a>, buses.</li> <li>August 1 – Georgia Board of Education fires all black teachers who are members of the NAACP.</li> <li>August 13 – <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Negro_Leadership" title="Regional Council of Negro Leadership">Regional Council of Negro Leadership</a> registration activist <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith_(activist)" title="Lamar Smith (activist)">Lamar Smith</a> is murdered in <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven,_Mississippi" title="Brookhaven, Mississippi">Brookhaven, Mississippi</a>.</li> <li>August 28 – Teenager <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a> is killed for allegedly whistling at a white woman in <a href="/wiki/Money,_Mississippi" title="Money, Mississippi">Money, Mississippi</a>.</li> <li>November 7 – The <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a> bans bus segregation in interstate travel in <i>Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company.</i> On the same day, the U.S. Supreme Court bans segregation on <a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">public parks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">playgrounds</a>. Georgia Governor <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Griffin" title="Marvin Griffin">Marvin Griffin</a> responds that his state would "get out of the park business" rather than allow playgrounds to be desegregated.</li> <li>December 1 – <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a> refuses to give up her seat on a bus, starting the <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a>. This occurs nine months after 15-year-old high school student <a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a> became the first to refuse to give up her seat. Colvin's was <a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">the legal case</a> that eventually ended the practice in Montgomery.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a> becomes the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> executive secretary.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1956">1956</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1956"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>January 2 – <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Tech" title="Georgia Tech">Georgia Tech</a> president <a href="/wiki/Blake_R._Van_Leer" title="Blake R. Van Leer">Blake R. Van Leer</a> stands up to Governor Griffin's threats to fire him, bar Georgia Tech and Pittsburgh player <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Grier_(American_football_player)" title="Bobby Grier (American football player)">Bobby Grier</a> over segregation.</li> <li>January 9 – Virginia voters and representatives decide to fund <a href="/wiki/Independent_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school">private schools</a> with state money to maintain segregation.</li> <li>January 16 – <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI Director</a> <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> writes a rare open letter of complaint directed to civil rights leader <a href="/wiki/T._R._M._Howard" title="T. R. M. Howard">T. R. M. Howard</a> after Howard charged in a speech that the "FBI can pick up pieces of a fallen airplane on the slopes of a Colorado mountain and find the man who caused the crash, but they can't find a white man when he kills a Negro in the South."<sup id="cite_ref-Beito_and_Beito_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beito_and_Beito-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>January 24 – Governors of Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia agree to block the integration of schools.</li> <li>February 1 – The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia General Assembly</a> passes a resolution that the U.S. Supreme Court integration decision was an "illegal encroachment".</li> <li>February 3 – <a href="/wiki/Autherine_Lucy" title="Autherine Lucy">Autherine Lucy</a> is admitted to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a>. Whites riot for days, and she is suspended. Later, she is expelled for her part in filing legal action against the university.</li> <li>February 24 – The policy of <a href="/wiki/Massive_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Massive Resistance">Massive Resistance</a> is declared by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Harry F. Byrd Sr.">Harry F. Byrd Sr.</a> from Virginia.</li> <li>February/March – The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Manifesto" title="Southern Manifesto">Southern Manifesto</a>, opposing integration of schools, is drafted and signed by members of the Congressional delegations of Southern states, including 19 members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> and 81 members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, notably the entire delegations of the states of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, South Carolina and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. On March 12, it is released to the press.</li> <li>February 13 – <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington, Delaware</a>'s school board decides to end segregation.</li> <li>February 22 – Ninety black leaders in Montgomery, Alabama, are arrested for leading a bus boycott.</li> <li>February 29 – The <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Legislature" title="Mississippi Legislature">Mississippi Legislature</a> declares the U.S. Supreme Court integration decision "invalid" in that state.</li> <li>March 1 – The <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Legislature" title="Alabama Legislature">Alabama Legislature</a> votes to ask for federal funds to <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deport</a> blacks to northern states.</li> <li>March 12 – U.S. Supreme Court orders the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> to admit a black law school applicant "without delay".</li> <li>March 22 – King sentenced to fine or jail for instigating <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a>, suspended pending appeal.</li> <li>April 23 – U.S. Supreme Court strikes down segregation on buses nationwide.</li> <li>May 26 – Circuit Judge <a href="/wiki/Walter_B._Jones_Sr." title="Walter B. Jones Sr.">Walter B. Jones</a> issues an injunction prohibiting the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">NAACP</a> from operating in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>.</li> <li>May 28 – The <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee, Florida</a>, bus boycott begins.</li> <li>June 5 – The <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Christian_Movement_for_Human_Rights" title="Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights">Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights</a> (ACMHR) is founded at a mass meeting in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>.</li> <li>September 2–11 – <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">Tear gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee National Guard">National Guard</a> used to quell segregationists rioting in <a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Tennessee" title="Clinton, Tennessee">Clinton, Tennessee</a>; 12 black students enter high school under Guard protection. Smaller disturbances occur in <a href="/wiki/Mansfield,_Texas" title="Mansfield, Texas">Mansfield, Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sturgis,_Kentucky" title="Sturgis, Kentucky">Sturgis, Kentucky</a>.</li> <li>September 10 – Two black students are prevented by a mob from entering a junior college in <a href="/wiki/Texarkana,_Texas" title="Texarkana, Texas">Texarkana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. Schools in <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, are successfully desegregated.</li> <li>September 12 – Four black children enter an elementary school in <a href="/wiki/Clay,_Kentucky" title="Clay, Kentucky">Clay, Kentucky</a>, under National Guard protection; white students boycott. The school board bars the four again on September 17.</li> <li>October 15 – Integrated athletic or social events are banned in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>.</li> <li>November 13 – In <i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i>, the U.S. Supreme Court strikes down Alabama laws requiring segregation of buses. This ruling, together with the ICC's 1955 ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co." title="Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.">Keys v. Carolina Coach</a></i> banning "Jim Crow laws" in bus travel among the states, is a landmark in outlawing "Jim Crow" in bus travel. The <i>Browder</i> case was brought and won by noted civil rights attorney <a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a>.</li> <li>December 20 – Federal marshals enforce the ruling to desegregate bus systems in Montgomery.</li> <li>December 24 – Blacks in Tallahassee, Florida, begin defying segregation on city buses.</li> <li>December 25 – The <a href="/wiki/Clergy_house" title="Clergy house">parsonage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>, occupied by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a>, movement leader, is bombed. Shuttlesworth receives only minor injuries.</li> <li>December 26 – The ACMHR tests the <i>Browder v. Gayle</i> ruling by riding in the white sections of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a> city buses. 22 demonstrators are arrested.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_Sovereignty_Commission" title="Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission">Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission</a> formed.</li> <li>Director <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> orders the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> to begin the <a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a> program to investigate and disrupt "<a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">dissident</a>" groups within the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1957">1957</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1957"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>February 8 – The <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Senate" title="Georgia State Senate">Georgia Senate</a> votes to declare the 14th and 15th Amendments to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> null and void in that state.</li> <li>February 14 – <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> is formed; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> is named its chairman.</li> <li>April 18 – The <a href="/wiki/Florida_Senate" title="Florida Senate">Florida Senate</a> votes to consider U.S. Supreme Court's desegregation decisions "null and void".</li> <li>May 17 – The <a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> in Washington, D.C., at which <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> gives his "<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>" speech, is at the time the largest <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent">nonviolent</a> demonstration for civil rights.</li> <li>September 2 – <a href="/wiki/Orval_Faubus" title="Orval Faubus">Orval Faubus</a>, governor of Arkansas, calls out the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_National_Guard" title="Arkansas National Guard">National Guard</a> to block <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">integration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Central_High_School" title="Little Rock Central High School">Little Rock Central High School</a>.</li> <li>September 6 – Federal judge orders <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Nashville_Public_Schools" title="Metropolitan Nashville Public Schools">Nashville public schools</a> to integrate immediately. On September 10, the <a href="/wiki/Hattie_Cotton_Elementary_School_bombing" title="Hattie Cotton Elementary School bombing">Hattie Cotton Elementary School bombing</a> happened after the admitting of one black student, following the first day of school.</li> <li>September 15 – <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a></i> reports that in three years since the decision, there has been minimal progress toward integration in four southern states, and no progress at all in seven.</li> <li>September 24 – President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> federalizes the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Guard">National Guard</a> and also orders <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">US Army</a> troops to ensure <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Central_High_School" title="Little Rock Central High School">Little Rock Central High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> is integrated. Federal and National Guard troops escort the <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a>.</li> <li>September 27 – <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a> signed by President Eisenhower.</li> <li>October 7 – The finance minister of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> is refused service at a <a href="/wiki/Dover,_Delaware" title="Dover, Delaware">Dover, Delaware</a>, restaurant. President Eisenhower hosts him at the White House to apologize on October 10.</li> <li>October 9 – The Florida Legislature votes to close any school if federal troops are sent to enforce integration.</li> <li>October 31 – Officers of NAACP were arrested in Little Rock for failing to comply with a new financial disclosure ordinance.</li> <li>November 26 – The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Legislature" title="Texas Legislature">Texas Legislature</a> votes to close any school where federal troops might be sent.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1958">1958</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1958"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>June 29 – <a href="/wiki/Bethel_Baptist_Church_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Bethel Baptist Church (Birmingham, Alabama)">Bethel Baptist Church</a> in Birmingham, Alabama, is bombed by <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> members.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>June 30 – In <i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Alabama" title="NAACP v. Alabama">NAACP v. Alabama</a></i>, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that the NAACP was not required to release membership lists to continue operating in the state.</li> <li>July – <a href="/wiki/NAACP_Youth_Council" title="NAACP Youth Council">NAACP Youth Council</a> sponsored sit-ins at the lunch counter of a <a href="/wiki/Dockum_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Dockum Drug Store sit-in">Dockum Drug Store</a> in downtown <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>. After three weeks, the movement successfully gets the store to change its policy and soon afterward all Dockum stores in Kansas are desegregated.</li> <li>August 19 – <a href="/wiki/Clara_Luper" title="Clara Luper">Clara Luper</a> and the NAACP Youth Council conduct the largest successful <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-in</a> to date, on <a href="/wiki/Drug_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug store">drug store</a> <a href="/wiki/Lunch_counter" title="Lunch counter">lunch-counters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a>. This starts a successful six-year campaign by Luper and the council to desegregate businesses and related institutions in Oklahoma City.</li> <li>September 2 – Governor <a href="/wiki/J._Lindsay_Almond" title="J. Lindsay Almond">J. Lindsay Almond</a> of Virginia threatens to shut down any school if it is forced to integrate.</li> <li>September 4 – The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Justice Department</a> sues under Civil Rights Act to force <a href="/wiki/Terrell_County,_Georgia" title="Terrell County, Georgia">Terrell County, Georgia</a>, to register blacks to vote.</li> <li>September 8 – A Federal judge orders <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University" title="Louisiana State University">Louisiana State University</a> to desegregate; sixty-nine African-Americans enroll successfully on September 12.</li> <li>September 12 – In <i><a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Aaron" title="Cooper v. Aaron">Cooper v. Aaron</a></i> the U.S. Supreme Court rules that the states were bound by the Court's decisions. Governor <a href="/wiki/Orval_Faubus" title="Orval Faubus">Orval Faubus</a> responds by shutting down all four high schools in Little Rock, and Governor Almond shuts one in <a href="/wiki/Front_Royal,_Virginia" title="Front Royal, Virginia">Front Royal, Virginia</a>.</li> <li>September 18 – Governor Lindsay closes two more schools in <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville, Virginia</a>, and six in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a> on September 27.</li> <li>September 29 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules that states may not use evasive measures to avoid desegregation.</li> <li>October 8 – A Federal judge in <a href="/wiki/Harrisonburg,_Virginia" title="Harrisonburg, Virginia">Harrisonburg, Virginia</a>, rules that public money may not be used for segregated private schools.</li> <li>October 20 – Thirteen black Alabamians are arrested for sitting in the front of a bus in Birmingham.</li> <li>November 28 – Federal court throws out Louisiana law against integrated athletic events.</li> <li>December 8 – Voter registration officials in Montgomery refuse to cooperate with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_Civil_Rights" title="United States Commission on Civil Rights">US Civil Rights Commission</a> investigation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1959">1959</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1959"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>January 9 – One Federal judge throws out segregation on Atlanta, Georgia buses while another orders Montgomery buses to comply.</li> <li>January 19 – Federal Appeals court overturns Virginia's closure of the schools in Norfolk; they reopen January 28 with 17 black students.</li> <li>April 18 – Martin Luther King Jr. speaks for the integration of schools at a rally of 26,000 at the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> in Washington, D.C.</li> <li>November 20 – Alabama passes laws to limit black voter registration.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1960–1968"><span id="1960.E2.80.931968"></span>1960–1968</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1960–1968"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960">1960</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1960"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>February 1 – Four black students sit at the <a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company" title="F. W. Woolworth Company">Woolworth's</a> lunch counter in <a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, sparking six months of the <a href="/wiki/Greensboro_Sit-Ins" class="mw-redirect" title="Greensboro Sit-Ins">Greensboro Sit-Ins</a>.</li> <li>February 13 – The <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a> <a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Sit-in</a> begins, although the Nashville students, trained by activists and nonviolent teachers <a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(American_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Lawson (American activist)">James Lawson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a>, had been doing preliminary groundwork towards the action for two months. The sit-in ends successfully in May.</li> <li>February 17 – <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> indicts Martin Luther King Jr. for <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a>.</li> <li>February 19 – <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Union_University" title="Virginia Union University">Virginia Union University</a> students, called the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_34" title="Richmond 34">Richmond 34</a>, stage a sit-in at Woolworth's lunch counter in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>February 22 – The Richmond 34 stage a sit-in the Richmond Room at <a href="/wiki/Thalhimer%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalhimer's">Thalhimer's</a> department store.</li> <li>March 3 – <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a> expels <a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(American_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Lawson (American activist)">James Lawson</a> for sit-in participation.</li> <li>March 4 – Houston's first sit-in, led by Texas Southern University students, was held at Weingarten supermarket, located at 4110 Almeda in Houston, Texas.</li> <li>March 9 – <a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="An Appeal for Human Rights">An Appeal for Human Rights</a> was published.</li> <li>March 15 – The <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a> begin.</li> <li>March 19 – <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a> becomes the first city to integrate lunch counters.</li> <li>April 8 – Weak civil rights bill survives Senate <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a>.</li> <li>April 15–17 – The <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC) is formed in <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>.</li> <li>April 19 – <a href="/wiki/Z._Alexander_Looby" title="Z. Alexander Looby">Z. Alexander Looby</a>'s home is bombed, with no injuries. Looby, a <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> civil rights lawyer, was active in the city's ongoing Nashville sit-in for integration of public facilities.</li> <li>May – <a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a> end with business agreements to integrate lunch counters and other public areas.</li> <li>May 6 – <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a> signed by President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>.</li> <li>May 28 – <a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Ming" title="William Robert Ming">William Robert Ming</a> and Hubert Delaney obtain an <a href="/wiki/Acquittal" title="Acquittal">acquittal</a> of Dr. King from an <a href="/wiki/All-white_jury" class="mw-redirect" title="All-white jury">all-white jury</a> in Alabama.<sup id="cite_ref-king_auto_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king_auto-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>June 28 – <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a> resigns from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">SCLC</a> after condemnation by Representative <a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li>July 31 – <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a> calls for an all-black state; membership in <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> is estimated at 50,000 to 100,000.</li> <li>August – Rev. <a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Tee Walker</a> replaces <a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a> as SCLC's Executive Director.</li> <li>October 19 – King and 50 others arrested at a sit-in at Atlanta's <a href="/wiki/Rich%27s_(discount_store)" title="Rich's (discount store)">Rich's Department Store</a>.</li> <li>October 26 – King's earlier probation was revoked; he is transferred to Reidsville State Prison.</li> <li>October 28 – After intervention from <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, King is freed on bond.</li> <li>November 14 – <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a> becomes the first African-American child to attend an all-white elementary school in the South (<a href="/wiki/William_Frantz_Elementary_School" title="William Frantz Elementary School">William Frantz Elementary School</a>) following court-ordered integration in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>. This event was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Rockwell" title="Norman Rockwell">Norman Rockwell</a> in his 1964 painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_We_All_Live_With" title="The Problem We All Live With">The Problem We All Live With</a>.</i></li> <li>December 5 – In <i><a href="/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a></i>, the U.S. Supreme Court holds that <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bus_station" title="Bus station">bus terminals</a> is illegal because such segregation violates the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate Commerce Act">Interstate Commerce Act</a>. This ruling, in combination with the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a>'s 1955 decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co." title="Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.">Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.</a></i>, effectively outlaws segregation on interstate buses and at the terminals servicing such buses.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1961">1961</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1961"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>January 11 – Rioting in <a href="/wiki/Athens,_Georgia" title="Athens, Georgia">Athens, Georgia</a>, over court-ordered admission of first two African-Americans (<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_E._Holmes" title="Hamilton E. Holmes">Hamilton E. Holmes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlayne_Hunter-Gault" title="Charlayne Hunter-Gault">Charlayne Hunter-Gault</a>) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a> leads to their suspension, but they are ordered reinstated.</li> <li>January 31 – Members of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a> (CORE) and nine students are arrested in <a href="/wiki/Rock_Hill,_South_Carolina" title="Rock Hill, South Carolina">Rock Hill, South Carolina</a>, for a sit-in at a <a href="/wiki/McCrory_Stores" title="McCrory Stores">McCrory's</a> lunch counter.</li> <li>March 6 – President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> issues <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_10925" title="Executive Order 10925">Executive Order 10925</a>, which establishes a Presidential committee that later becomes the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a>.</li> <li>May 4 – The first group of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a>, with the intent of integrating interstate buses, leaves Washington, D.C., by <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Greyhound bus">Greyhound bus</a>. The group, organized by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a> (CORE), leaves shortly after the U.S. Supreme Court has outlawed segregation in interstate transportation terminals.<sup id="cite_ref-TKC1961_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TKC1961-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May 6 – <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> Robert F. Kennedy delivers <a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">a speech</a> to the students of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_School_of_Law" title="University of Georgia School of Law">University of Georgia School of Law</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens,_Georgia" title="Athens, Georgia">Athens, Georgia</a>, promising to enforce civil rights legislation. It is the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy administration</a>'s first formal endorsement of civil rights.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May 14 – The Freedom Riders' bus is attacked and burned outside of <a href="/wiki/Anniston,_Alabama" title="Anniston, Alabama">Anniston, Alabama</a>. A mob beats the Freedom Riders upon their arrival in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a>. The Freedom Riders are arrested in <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>, and spend 40 to 60 days in <a href="/wiki/Parchman_Penitentiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parchman Penitentiary">Parchman Penitentiary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TKC1961_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TKC1961-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May 17 – Nashville students, coordinated by <a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a>, take up the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Ride</a>, signaling the increased involvement of the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a>.</li> <li>May 20 – Freedom Riders are assaulted in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Bus_Station_(Montgomery,_Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greyhound Bus Station (Montgomery, Alabama)">Greyhound Bus Station</a>.</li> <li>May 21 – King, the Freedom Riders, and congregation of 1,500 at Rev. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a>’s <a href="/wiki/First_Baptist_Church_(Montgomery,_Alabama)" title="First Baptist Church (Montgomery, Alabama)">First Baptist Church</a> in Montgomery are besieged by a mob of segregationists; RFK as Attorney General sends federal marshals to protect them.</li> <li>May 29 – Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, citing the 1955 landmark ICC ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co." title="Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.">Keys v. Carolina Coach Company</a></i> and the U.S. Supreme Court's 1960 decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a></i>, petitions the ICC to enforce <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States" title="Desegregation in the United States">desegregation</a> in interstate travel.</li> <li>June–August – <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> initiates talks with civil rights groups and foundations on beginning <a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a>.</li> <li>July – <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">SCLC</a> begins citizenship classes; <a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Young" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew J. Young">Andrew J. Young</a> hired to direct the program. <a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a> begins voter registration in <a href="/wiki/McComb,_Mississippi" title="McComb, Mississippi">McComb, Mississippi</a>. He leaves because of violence.</li> <li>September – <a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a> becomes SNCC’s Executive Secretary.</li> <li>September 23 – The <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a>, at RFK’s insistence, issues new rules ending discrimination in interstate travel, effective November 1, 1961, six years after the ICC's ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company">Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company</a></i>.</li> <li>September 25 – Voter registration activist and NAACP member <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lee_(activist)" title="Herbert Lee (activist)">Herbert Lee</a> is shot and killed by a white state legislator in <a href="/wiki/McComb,_Mississippi" title="McComb, Mississippi">McComb, Mississippi</a>.</li> <li>November 1 – All interstate buses are required to display a certificate that reads: "Seating aboard this vehicle is without regard to race, color, creed, or national origin, by order of the Interstate Commerce Commission."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>November 1 – SNCC workers <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sherrod" title="Charles Sherrod">Charles Sherrod</a> and Cordell Reagon and nine Chatmon Youth Council members test new ICC rules at <a href="/wiki/Trailways" class="mw-redirect" title="Trailways">Trailways</a> bus station in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_Georgia" title="Albany, Georgia">Albany, Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PTWAlbanyNov_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTWAlbanyNov-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>November 17 – SNCC workers help encourage and coordinate black activism in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_Georgia" title="Albany, Georgia">Albany, Georgia</a>, culminating in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a> as a formal coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-PTWAlbanyNov_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTWAlbanyNov-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>November 22 – Three high school students from Chatmon's Youth Council were arrested after using "positive actions" by walking into white sections of the Albany bus station.<sup id="cite_ref-PTWAlbanyNov_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTWAlbanyNov-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>November 22 – <a href="/wiki/Albany_State_University" title="Albany State University">Albany State College</a> students Bertha Gober and Blanton Hall were arrested after entering the white waiting room of the Albany Trailways station.<sup id="cite_ref-PTWAlbanyNov_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTWAlbanyNov-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December 10 – <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a> from <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, SNCC leader <a href="/wiki/J._Charles_Jones" title="J. Charles Jones">J. Charles Jones</a>, and Albany State student Bertha Gober are arrested at Albany Union Railway Terminal, sparking mass demonstrations, with hundreds of protesters arrested over the next five days.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December 11–15 – Five hundred protesters arrested in Albany, Georgia.</li> <li>December 15 – King arrives in Albany, Georgia in response to a call from Dr. W. G. Anderson, the leader of the Albany Movement to desegregate public facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-TKC1961_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TKC1961-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December 16 – King is arrested at an Albany, Georgia demonstration. He is charged with obstructing the sidewalk and parading without a permit.<sup id="cite_ref-TKC1961_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TKC1961-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December 18 – Albany truce, including a 60-day postponement of King's trial; King leaves town.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a> is appointed executive director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a> and begins expanding its size and mission.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Like_Me" title="Black Like Me">Black Like Me</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Griffin" title="John Howard Griffin">John Howard Griffin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">white Southerner</a> who deliberately darkened his skin to pass as a Negro in the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>, is published, describing "Jim Crow" segregation for a national audience.</li> <li>An amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Library_Bill_of_Rights" title="Library Bill of Rights">Library Bill of Rights</a> was passed in 1961 that made clear that an individual's library use should not be denied or abridged because of race, religion, national origin, or political views. Some communities decided to close their doors rather than desegregate.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>From 1934 through November 1961, the <a href="/wiki/Professional_Golfers_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional Golfers Association of America">Professional Golfers Association of America</a> maintained a "Caucasian-only" membership clause in its bylaws. The clause was removed by amending its constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-podfldrs_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-podfldrs-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pgashtr_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pgashtr-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1962">1962</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1962"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>January 18–20 – Student protests over sit-in leaders’ expulsions at <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Southern_University" title="Southern University">Southern University</a>, the nation's largest black school, close it down.</li> <li>February – Representatives of <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">SNCC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">CORE</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> form the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Federated_Organizations" title="Council of Federated Organizations">Council of Federated Organizations</a> (COFO). A grant request to fund COFO voter registration activities is submitted to the Voter Education Project (VEP).</li> <li>February 26 – Segregated transportation facilities, both interstate and intrastate, ruled unconstitutional by U.S. Supreme Court.</li> <li>March – SNCC workers sit-in at US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy's office to protest jailings in Baton Rouge.</li> <li>March 20 – FBI installs <a href="/wiki/Wiretaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiretaps">wiretaps</a> on <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a>’s office.</li> <li>April 3 – <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Defense Department</a> orders full racial integration of <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">military reserve units</a>, except the National Guard.</li> <li>June – SNCC workers establish voter registration projects in rural <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Georgia" title="Southwest Georgia">southwest Georgia</a>.</li> <li>July 10 – August 28 SCLC renews protests in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_Georgia" title="Albany, Georgia">Albany</a>; MLK in jail July 10–12 and July 27 – August 10.</li> <li>August 31 – <a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a> attempts to register to vote in <a href="/wiki/Indianola,_Mississippi" title="Indianola, Mississippi">Indianola, Mississippi</a>.</li> <li>September 9 – Two black churches used by SNCC for voter registration meetings are burned in <a href="/wiki/Sasser,_Georgia" title="Sasser, Georgia">Sasser, Georgia</a>.</li> <li>September 20 – <a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a> is barred from becoming the first black student to enroll at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mississippi" title="University of Mississippi">University of Mississippi</a>.</li> <li>September 30 – October 1 – U.S. Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a> orders James Meredith admitted to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mississippi" title="University of Mississippi">Ole Miss</a>.; he enrolls and a white riot in <a href="/wiki/Oxford,_Mississippi" title="Oxford, Mississippi">Oxford</a> ensues. French photographer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Guihard" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Guihard">Paul Guihard</a> (the only journalist murdered during the Civil Rights Era) and Oxford resident Ray Gunter are killed.</li> <li>October – <a href="/wiki/Leflore_County,_Mississippi" title="Leflore County, Mississippi">Leflore County, Mississippi</a>, supervisors cut off surplus food distribution in retaliation against voter drive.</li> <li>October 23 – <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> begins Communist Infiltration (COMINFIL) investigation of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">SCLC</a>.</li> <li>November 20 – Attorney General Kennedy authorizes FBI wiretap on <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a>’s home telephone.</li> <li>November 20 – President Kennedy upholds <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">1960 presidential campaign</a> promises to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">housing segregation</a> by signing <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11063" title="Executive Order 11063">Executive Order 11063</a> banning segregation in Federally funded housing.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1963">1963</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1963"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>January 14 – Incoming <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> governor <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> calls for "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever" in his <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">inaugural address</a>.</li> <li>April 3 – May 10 – The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham campaign</a>, organized by the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> (SCLC) and the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Christian_Movement_for_Human_Rights" title="Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights">Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights</a>, protests segregation in Birmingham by daily mass demonstrations.</li> <li>April – <a href="/wiki/Mary_Hamilton_(activist)" title="Mary Hamilton (activist)">Mary Lucille Hamilton</a>, Field Secretary for the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a>, refuses to answer a judge in <a href="/wiki/Gadsden,_Alabama" title="Gadsden, Alabama">Gadsden, Alabama</a>, until she is addressed by the <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a> "<a href="/wiki/Miss" title="Miss">Miss</a>". At the time, it was the southern custom to address white people by honorifics and people of color by their first names. Jailed for contempt of court Hamilton refused to pay bail. The case <i><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_v._Alabama_(1964)" title="Hamilton v. Alabama (1964)">Hamilton v. Alabama</a></i> is filed by the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>. It reached the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled in 1964 that courts must address persons of color with the same courtesy extended to whites.</li> <li>April 7 – Ministers John Thomas Porter, Nelson H. Smith, and <a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">A. D. King</a> lead a group of 2,000 marchers to protest the jailing of movement leaders in Birmingham.</li> <li>April 12 – King is arrested in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a> for "parading without a permit".</li> <li>April 16 – King's "<a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a>" is completed.</li> <li>April 23 – <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">CORE</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_William_Lewis_Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of William Lewis Moore">William L. Moore</a> is murdered in <a href="/wiki/Gadsden,_Alabama" title="Gadsden, Alabama">Gadsden, Alabama</a>.</li> <li>May 2–4 – Birmingham's <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_court" title="Juvenile court">juvenile court</a> is inundated with African-American children and teenagers arrested after <a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a>, SCLC's Director of <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct Action</a> and Director of Nonviolent Education, launches his "D-Day" youth march. The actions span three days to become the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign#Children's_Crusade" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham Children's Crusade</a> where over a thousand children and students are arrested. The images of fire hoses and police dogs turned on the protesters are televised around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May 9–10 – The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign#Children's_Crusade" title="Birmingham campaign">Children's Crusade</a> lays the groundwork for the terms of a negotiated truce on Thursday, May 9, which puts an end to mass demonstrations in return for rolling back segregation laws and practices. Dr. King and Reverend <a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a> announce the settlement terms on Friday, May 10, only after King holds out to orchestrate the release of thousands of jailed demonstrators with bail money from <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert Kennedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May 11–12 – A double bombing in Birmingham, probably organized by the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">KKK</a> with help from <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Police_Department" title="Birmingham Police Department">local police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_riot_of_1963" title="Birmingham riot of 1963">precipitates</a> rioting, police retaliation, the intervention of state troopers, and finally mobilization of federal troops.</li> <li>May 13 – In <i>United States of America and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a> v. the City of <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>, et al.</i>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals">United States Court of Appeals</a> Fifth Circuit rules the city's attempt to circumvent laws desegregating interstate transportation facilities by posting sidewalk signs outside <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Lines" title="Greyhound Lines">Greyhound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trailways" class="mw-redirect" title="Trailways">Trailways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Central">Illinois Central</a> terminals reading "Waiting Room for White Only — By Order Police Department" and "Waiting Room for Colored Only – By Order Police Department" to be unlawful.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May 24 – A group of Black leaders (assembled by <a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a>) <a href="/wiki/Baldwin%E2%80%93Kennedy_meeting" title="Baldwin–Kennedy meeting">meets</a> with <a href="/wiki/Attorney_general" title="Attorney general">Attorney General</a> Robert F. Kennedy to discuss race relations.</li> <li>May 29 – Violence escalates at NAACP picket of Philadelphia construction site.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May 30 – Police attack <a href="/wiki/Florida_A%26M_University" title="Florida A&M University">Florida A&M</a> anti-segregation demonstrators with tear gas; arrest 257, in <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallahassee">Tallahassee</a>, Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>June 9 – <a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a> is among several <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">SNCC</a> workers badly beaten by police in the <a href="/wiki/Winona,_Mississippi" title="Winona, Mississippi">Winona, Mississippi</a>, jail after their bus stops there.</li> <li>June 11 – "The <a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a>": <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> stands in front of a schoolhouse door at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a> in an attempt to stop <a href="/wiki/School_integration_in_the_United_States" title="School integration in the United States">desegregation</a> by the enrollment of two black students, <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivian Malone">Vivian Malone</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a>. Wallace stands aside after being confronted by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">federal marshals</a>, Deputy Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Katzenbach" title="Nicholas Katzenbach">Nicholas Katzenbach</a>, and the Alabama <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Guard">National Guard</a>. Later in life, he apologizes for his opposition to <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racial integration</a>.</li> <li>June 11 – President Kennedy makes his historic <a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">civil rights address</a>, promising a bill to Congress the next week. About civil rights for "Negroes", in his speech, he asks for "the kind of equality of treatment which we would want for ourselves."</li> <li>June 12 – <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> field secretary <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a> is assassinated in <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>. (His murderer is convicted in 1994.)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Summer – 80,000 blacks quickly register to vote in <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> by a test project to show their desire to participate in the political system.</li> <li>June 19 – President Kennedy sends Congress (H. Doc. 124, 88th Cong., 1st session.) his proposed Civil Rights Act.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White leaders in business and philanthropy gather at the <a href="/wiki/Carlyle_Hotel" title="Carlyle Hotel">Carlyle Hotel</a> to raise initial funds for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_United_Civil_Rights_Leadership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Council on United Civil Rights Leadership (page does not exist)">Council on United Civil Rights Leadership</a></li> <li>August 28 – <a href="/wiki/Gwynn_Oak_Park" title="Gwynn Oak Park">Gwynn Oak Amusement Park</a> in Northwest Baltimore County, Maryland is desegregated.</li> <li>August 28 – <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a> is held. Martin Luther King Jr. gives his "<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" speech.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>September 10 – <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Schools" title="Birmingham City Schools">Birmingham, Alabama City Schools</a> are integrated by National Guardsmen under orders from President Kennedy.</li> <li>September 15 – <a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">16th Street Baptist Church bombing</a> kills four young girls, <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Johnny_Robinson" title="Killing of Johnny Robinson">killing of Johnny Robinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Lamar_Ware" title="Virgil Lamar Ware">Virgil Lamar Ware</a> happened later that day in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a> . That same day, in response to the killings, <a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a> begin the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.civilrightsteaching.org/resource/the-alabama-project">Alabama Project</a>, which will later develop as the Selma Voting Rights Movement.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1964">1964</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1964"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>All year – The Alabama Voting Rights Project continues organizing led by <a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a>. Although Bevel is SCLC's Director of Direct Action and Nonviolent Education, the organization itself is not yet participating.</li> <li>All year – Throughout Mississippi approximately fifty Freedom Libraries are established and run by librarian volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>January 23 – <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a> abolishes the <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll tax</a> for Federal elections.</li> <li>March 30 – <i><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_v._Alabama_(1964)" title="Hamilton v. Alabama (1964)">Hamilton v. Alabama</a></i>, 376 U.S. 650 (1964), is a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> case in which the court held that an <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> woman, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Hamilton_(activist)" title="Mary Hamilton (activist)">Mary Hamilton</a>, was entitled to be greeted with the same courteous forms of address which were customarily and solely reserved for whites in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LSAT_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSAT-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that calling a black person by their first name in a formal context was "a form of racial discrimination".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>April – The <a href="/wiki/Chester_school_protests" title="Chester school protests">Chester school protests</a> culminate in violent clashes with police in <a href="/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester, Pennsylvania">Chester, Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Summer – <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a> – movement for voter education and registration in the Mississippi. The <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a> was founded and elected an alternative slate of delegates for the national convention, as blacks are still officially disenfranchised.</li> <li>June 9 – <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Tuesday_(1964)" title="Bloody Tuesday (1964)">Bloody Tuesday</a> – peaceful marchers beaten, arrested, and tear-gassed by <a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa, Alabama</a>, police on a peaceful march to the County Courthouse to protest whites-only restroom signs and drinking fountains</li> <li>June 21 – <a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner</a>, three civil rights workers disappear from Philadelphia, Mississippi, later to be found murdered and buried in an earthen dam.</li> <li>June 28 – <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Afro-American_Unity" title="Organization of Afro-American Unity">Organization of Afro-American Unity</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a>, lasts until his death.</li> <li>July 2 – <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a><sup id="cite_ref-cra64_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cra64-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> signed, banning discrimination based on "race, color, religion, sex or national origin" in employment practices and public accommodations.<sup id="cite_ref-PresidencyBloevy_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PresidencyBloevy-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>August – Congress passes the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Opportunity_Act_of_1964" title="Economic Opportunity Act of 1964">Economic Opportunity Act</a> which, among other things, provides federal funds for legal representation of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> in both civil and criminal suits. This allows the ACLU and the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> to represent Native Americans in cases that later win them additional civil rights.</li> <li>August – The <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a> delegates challenge the seating of all-white Mississippi representatives at the <a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">Democratic national convention</a>.</li> <li>December 10 – King is awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>, the youngest person so honored.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December 14 – In <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel_v._United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States</a></i>, the U.S. Supreme Court upholds the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cra64_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cra64-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloody_Sunday-officers_await_demonstrators.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bloody_Sunday-officers_await_demonstrators.jpeg/220px-Bloody_Sunday-officers_await_demonstrators.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Bloody_Sunday-officers_await_demonstrators.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>The Edmund Pettus Bridge on "<a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Bloody Sunday</a>" in 1965.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1965">1965</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1965"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>February 18 – After a peaceful nighttime protest march in <a href="/wiki/Marion,_Alabama" title="Marion, Alabama">Marion, Alabama</a>, state troopers turn off the streetlights, break up the march, and one trooper shoots <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a>. Jackson dies on February 26. His death helped inspire the Selma to Montgomery marches. Though not prosecuted at the time, <a href="/wiki/James_Bonard_Fowler" title="James Bonard Fowler">James Bonard Fowler</a> is indicted for Jackson's murder in 2007.</li> <li>February 21 – <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a> is assassinated in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, probably by three members of the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>.</li> <li>March 7 – <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1965)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloody Sunday (1965)">Bloody Sunday</a>: Civil rights workers in <a href="/wiki/Selma,_Alabama" title="Selma, Alabama">Selma, Alabama</a>, begin the <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_march" class="mw-redirect" title="Selma to Montgomery march">Selma to Montgomery march</a> but are attacked and stopped by a massive Alabama State trooper and police blockade as they cross the <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a> into <a href="/wiki/Dallas_County,_Alabama" title="Dallas County, Alabama">Dallas County</a>. Many marchers are seriously injured, including SNCC leader <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> and long-time major Selma activist <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton" class="mw-redirect" title="Amelia Boynton">Amelia Boynton</a>. This march, initiated and organized by <a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a>, becomes the visual symbol of the Selma Voting Rights Movement.</li> <li>March 9 –  Joined by clergy from all over the country who responded to his urgent appeals for reinforcements in Selma, King leads a second attempt to cross the Pettus Bridge. Although amassed law enforcement personnel are ordered to draw back when the protesters near the foot of the bridge on the other side, King responds by telling the marchers to turn around, and they return to Brown Chapel nearby. He thereby obeys a just-minted federal order prohibiting the group from walking the highway to Montgomery.<sup id="cite_ref-Branch_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branch-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>March 11 – Rev. James Reeb, a white Unitarian minister who had heeded King's call for clergy to come to Selma, is beaten by Klansmen. Reeb dies of his injuries. Reeb's murder shocks the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>March 15 – President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> uses the phrase "<a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">We Shall Overcome</a>" in a speech before Congress to urge passage of the voting rights bill.<sup id="cite_ref-LBJtoCongress_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LBJtoCongress-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>March 21 – Participants in the third and successful Selma to Montgomery march stepped off on a five-day 54-mile march to Montgomery, Alabama's capitol.</li> <li>March 25 – After the successful completion of the Selma to Montgomery March, and after King has delivered his "<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>" speech on the steps of the state capitol, a white volunteer, <a href="/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo" title="Viola Liuzzo">Viola Liuzzo</a>, is shot and killed by <a href="/wiki/KKK" class="mw-redirect" title="KKK">KKK</a> members in Alabama, one of whom was an <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> informant.</li> <li>June 2 – Black deputy sheriff <a href="/wiki/Oneal_Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="Oneal Moore">Oneal Moore</a> is murdered in <a href="/wiki/Varnado,_Louisiana" title="Varnado, Louisiana">Varnado, Louisiana</a>.</li> <li>July 2 – <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a> begins operations.</li> <li>August 6 – <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> is signed by President Johnson. It provides for federal oversight and enforcement of voter registration in states and individual voting districts with a history of discriminatory tests and underrepresented populations. It prohibits discriminatory practices preventing African Americans and other minorities from registering and voting, and electoral systems diluting their vote.<sup id="cite_ref-LBJtoCongress_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LBJtoCongress-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>August 11–15 – Following the accusations of mistreatment and <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department" title="Los Angeles Police Department">Los Angeles Police Department</a> towards the city's African-American community, <a href="/wiki/Watts_riots" title="Watts riots">Watts riots</a> erupt in <a href="/wiki/South_Central_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="South Central Los Angeles">South Central Los Angeles</a> which last over five days. Over 34 are killed, 1,032 injured, 3,438 arrested, and cost over $40 million in property damage.</li> <li>September – <a href="/wiki/Raylawni_Branch" title="Raylawni Branch">Raylawni Branch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Elaine_Armstrong" title="Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong">Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong</a> become the first African-American students to attend the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_Mississippi" title="University of Southern Mississippi">University of Southern Mississippi</a>.</li> <li>September 24 – President Johnson signs <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11246" title="Executive Order 11246">Executive Order 11246</a> requiring <a href="/wiki/Equal_employment_opportunity" title="Equal employment opportunity">Equal Employment Opportunity</a> by federal contractors.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1966">1966</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1966"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>January 10 – <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> local chapter president <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a> is injured by a bomb in <a href="/wiki/Hattiesburg,_Mississippi" title="Hattiesburg, Mississippi">Hattiesburg, Mississippi</a>. He dies the next day.</li> <li>June 5 – <a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a> begins a solitary <a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">March Against Fear</a> from <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>. Shortly after starting, he is shot with a birdshot and injured. Civil rights leaders and organizations rally and continue the march leading to, on June 16, <a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a> first using the slogan <i><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></i> in a speech. Twenty-five thousand marchers entered the capital.</li> <li>June 10 – The murder of <a href="/wiki/Ben_Chester_White" title="Ben Chester White">Ben Chester White</a> led to the KKK being legally held responsible for one of its member's action.</li> <li>Summer – The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Open_Housing_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Open Housing Movement">Chicago Open Housing Movement</a>, led by Martin Luther King Jr., <a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Raby" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Raby">Al Raby</a>, includes a large rally, marches, and demands to Mayor <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Daley" title="Richard J. Daley">Richard J. Daley</a> and the City of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> which are discussed in a movement-ending Summit Conference.</li> <li>October – <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1967">1967</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1967"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>April 4 – King delivers "<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam</a>" speech, calling for the defeat of "the giant triplets of racism, materialism, and militarism".</li> <li>June 12 – In <i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i>, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that prohibiting <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial marriage</a> is unconstitutional.</li> <li>In the trial of accused killers in the <a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner</a>, the jury convicts 7 of 18 accused men. Conspirator <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Ray_Killen" title="Edgar Ray Killen">Edgar Ray Killen</a> is later convicted in 2005.</li> <li>June – August – Over 150 communities burn during the <a href="/wiki/Long,_hot_summer_of_1967" title="Long, hot summer of 1967">Long, Hot Summer of 1967</a>. The largest and deadliest riots of the summer take place in <a href="/wiki/1967_Newark_riots" title="1967 Newark riots">Newark, New Jersey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1967_Detroit_riot" title="1967 Detroit riot">Detroit</a> with 26 fatalities reported in Newark and 43 people losing their lives in the Motor City.</li> <li>October 2 – <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> is sworn in as the first African-American justice of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1968">1968</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1968"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>February 1 – Two <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a> sanitation workers are killed in the line of duty, exacerbating labor tensions.</li> <li>February 8 – The <a href="/wiki/Orangeburg_Massacre" title="Orangeburg Massacre">Orangeburg Massacre</a> occurs on the campus of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="South Carolina State College">South Carolina State College</a> during a university protest in <a href="/wiki/Orangeburg,_South_Carolina" title="Orangeburg, South Carolina">Orangeburg, South Carolina</a>. This marked the first instance of police killing student protestors at an American university.</li> <li>February 12 – First day of the (<a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strike_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildcat strike action">wildcat</a>) <a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a>.</li> <li>April 3 – King returns to Memphis; delivers his "<a href="/wiki/I%27ve_Been_to_the_Mountaintop" title="I've Been to the Mountaintop">I've Been to the Mountaintop</a>" speech in support of the workers.</li> <li>April 4 – <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>.</li> <li>April 4–8 and one in May 1968 – Riots break out in <a href="/wiki/1968_Chicago_riots" title="1968 Chicago riots">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/1968_Washington,_D.C._riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Washington, D.C. riots">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1968" title="Baltimore riot of 1968">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisville_riots_of_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisville riots of 1968">Louisville</a>, <a href="/wiki/1968_Kansas_City_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Kansas City riot">Kansas City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">more than 100 U.S. cities</a> in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</li> <li>April 11 – <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a> is signed. The <a href="/wiki/Fair_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair housing">Fair Housing Act</a> is <a href="/wiki/Title_VIII_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964">Title VIII</a> of this <i>Civil Rights Act</i>, and bans discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing. The law is passed following a series of Open Housing campaigns throughout the urban North, the most significant being the 1966 <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Open_Housing_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Open Housing Movement">Chicago Open Housing Movement</a> and the organized events in <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a> during 1967–68. In both cities, angry white mobs had attacked nonviolent protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May 12 – <a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a> encamps on the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> in Washington, D.C., for six weeks</li> <li>October 16 – In <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, African-American athletes <a href="/wiki/Tommie_Smith" title="Tommie Smith">Tommie Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Carlos" title="John Carlos">John Carlos</a> raise their fists in a <a href="/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute" title="1968 Olympics Black Power salute">black power salute</a> after winning, respectively, the gold and bronze medals in the Olympic men's 200 meters.</li> <li>December 23 – In <i><a href="/wiki/Powe_v._Miles" title="Powe v. Miles">Powe v. Miles</a></i>, a federal court holds that the portions of private colleges that are funded by public money are subject to the Civil Rights Act.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline of African-American history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">History of civil rights in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_right_acts_in_the_United_States" title="Civil right acts in the United States">Civil right acts in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">Civil rights movement in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">Racism against African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allsup, V. Carl. [2010] 2019. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jrd01">Delgado v Bastrop I.S.D.</a>" <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas_online" class="mw-redirect" title="Handbook of Texas online">Handbook of Texas Online</a></i>. Austin: <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Historical_Association" title="Texas State Historical Association">Texas State Historical Association</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pbs_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/missamerica/peopleevents/e_inclusion.html">"Miss America, People & Events: Breaking the Color Line at the Pageant"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Miss+America%2C+People+%26+Events%3A+Breaking+the+Color+Line+at+the+Pageant&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fmissamerica%2Fpeopleevents%2Fe_inclusion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+civil+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lim-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lim_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirley_Jennifer_Lim2007" class="citation book cs1">Shirley Jennifer Lim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feelingofbelongi00lims/page/126"><i>A Feeling of Belonging: Asian-American Women's Popular Culture, 1930–1960</i></a>. NYU Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feelingofbelongi00lims/page/126">126–127</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814751930" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814751930"><bdi>978-0814751930</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Feeling+of+Belonging%3A+Asian-American+Women%27s+Popular+Culture%2C+1930%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=126-127&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0814751930&rft.au=Shirley+Jennifer+Lim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffeelingofbelongi00lims%2Fpage%2F126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+civil+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reginald-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reginald_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel2006" class="citation book cs1">Daniel, G. Reginald (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OKswV1U_M5QC&pg=PA204"><i>Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States: Converging Paths?</i></a>. Pennsylvania State University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0271045542" title="Special:BookSources/978-0271045542"><bdi>978-0271045542</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Multiraciality+in+Brazil+and+the+United+States%3A+Converging+Paths%3F&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0271045542&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=G.+Reginald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOKswV1U_M5QC%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+civil+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis51.htm#1951ssmh">Student Strike at Moton High</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement_Archive" title="Civil Rights Movement Archive">Civil Rights Movement Archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis51.htm#1951file">Students & Parents Challenge School Segregation</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement_Archive" title="Civil Rights Movement Archive">Civil Rights Movement Archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://starkvillecivilrights.msstate.edu/wordpress/backlash/">"Private Academy Backlash | A Shaky Truce : Starkville Civil Rights, 1960–1980"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Private+Academy+Backlash+%7C+A+Shaky+Truce+%3A+Starkville+Civil+Rights%2C+1960%E2%80%931980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstarkvillecivilrights.msstate.edu%2Fwordpress%2Fbacklash%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+civil+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beito_and_Beito-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beito_and_Beito_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito, <i>Black Maverick: T.R.M. Howard's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power</i>, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009, pp.154–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaffReports2005" class="citation news cs1">Staff, Times; Reports, Wire (April 28, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-apr-28-me-passings28.3-story.html">"J.B. Stoner, 81; White Supremacist Bombed Black Church"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=J.B.+Stoner%2C+81%3B+White+Supremacist+Bombed+Black+Church&rft.date=2005-04-28&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=Times&rft.au=Reports%2C+Wire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2005-apr-28-me-passings28.3-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+civil+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vcdh.virginia.edu/risingup/">"The Virginia Center for Digital History"</a>. <i>Vcdh.virginia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vcdh.virginia.edu&rft.atitle=The+Virginia+Center+for+Digital+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vcdh.virginia.edu%2Frisingup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+civil+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-king_auto-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-king_auto_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayborne_Carson1998" class="citation book cs1">Clayborne Carson (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GvuO5Yr1W_sC&pg=PA141"><i>The autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr</i></a>. Grand Central Publishing. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0446524124" title="Special:BookSources/978-0446524124"><bdi>978-0446524124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+autobiography+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Grand+Central+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0446524124&rft.au=Clayborne+Carson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGvuO5Yr1W_sC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+civil+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TKC1961-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TKC1961_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TKC1961_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TKC1961_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TKC1961_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_King_Center" class="citation web cs1">The King Center, The Chronology of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013062550/http://www.thekingcenter.org/mlk/chronology.html">"1961"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thekingcenter.org/mlk/chronology.html">the original</a> on October 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1961&rft.aulast=The+King+Center&rft.aufirst=The+Chronology+of+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekingcenter.org%2Fmlk%2Fchronology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+civil+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatsam2009" class="citation book cs1">Catsam, Derek Charles (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YdxFCAIkkicC"><i>Freedom's Main Line: The Journey of Reconciliation and the Freedom Rides</i></a>. Civil Rights and the Struggle for Black Equality in the Twentieth Century. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813138862" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813138862"><bdi>978-0813138862</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom%27s+Main+Line%3A+The+Journey+of+Reconciliation+and+the+Freedom+Rides&rft.series=Civil+Rights+and+the+Struggle+for+Black+Equality+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0813138862&rft.aulast=Catsam&rft.aufirst=Derek+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYdxFCAIkkicC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+civil+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArsenault2006" class="citation book cs1">Arsenault, Raymond (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomriders1960000arse"><i>Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice</i></a></span>. Oxford Univ. Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomriders1960000arse/page/439">439</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195136748" title="Special:BookSources/0195136748"><bdi>0195136748</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+Riders%3A+1961+and+the+Struggle+for+Racial+Justice&rft.pages=439&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0195136748&rft.aulast=Arsenault&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreedomriders1960000arse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+civil+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PTWAlbanyNov-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PTWAlbanyNov_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PTWAlbanyNov_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PTWAlbanyNov_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PTWAlbanyNov_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranch1988" class="citation book cs1">Branch, Taylor (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partingwatersame00bran_0"><i>Parting the Waters: America in the King Years</i></a>. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. pp. 527–530. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0671687427" title="Special:BookSources/978-0671687427"><bdi>978-0671687427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parting+the+Waters%3A+America+in+the+King+Years&rft.pages=527-530&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster+Paperbacks&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0671687427&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpartingwatersame00bran_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+civil+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Branch, pp.533–535</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Branch, pp. 555–556</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubin, R. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congresslink.org/print_basics_histmats_civilrights64_doc7.htm">the original</a> on August 23, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposed+Civil+Rights+Act&rft.au=The+Dirksen+Congressional+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.congresslink.org%2Fprint_basics_histmats_civilrights64_doc7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+civil+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012121716/http://www.abbeville.com/civilrights/washington.asp">"March on Washington"</a>. <i>Abbeville.com</i>. 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April 10, 1964. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,875740,00.html">the original</a> on July 19, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Call+Her+Miss&rft.date=1964-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C875740%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+civil+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=18021404763502537300">"Hamilton v. Alabama, 376 US 650 – Supreme Court 1964 – Google Scholar"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hamilton+v.+Alabama%2C+376+US+650+%E2%80%93+Supreme+Court+1964+%E2%80%93+Google+Scholar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar_case%3Fcase%3D18021404763502537300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+civil+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/26/archives/riots-mar-peace-in-chester-pa-negro-protests-continueschool-policy.html">"RIOTS MAR PEACE IN CHESTER, PA.; Negro Protests Continue – School Policy at Issue"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 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Johnson, "We Shall Overcome"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Historyplace.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historyplace.com&rft.atitle=The+History+Place%2C+Great+Speeches+Collection%2C+Lyndon+B.+Johnson%2C+%22We+Shall+Overcome%22&rft.aulast=Gavin&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyplace.com%2Fspeeches%2Fjohnson.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+civil+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"James L. Bevel The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement" by Randall Kryn, published in <a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a>'s 1989 book <i>We Shall Overcome, Volume II</i>, Carlson Publishing Company</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174523/http://cfm40.middlebury.edu/node/287">"Randy Kryn: Movement Revision Research Summary Regarding James Bevel – Chicago Freedom Movement"</a>. <i>Cfm40.middlebury.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cfm40.middlebury.edu/node/287">the original</a> on March 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cfm40.middlebury.edu&rft.atitle=Randy+Kryn%3A+Movement+Revision+Research+Summary+Regarding+James+Bevel+%E2%80%93+Chicago+Freedom+Movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcfm40.middlebury.edu%2Fnode%2F287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+civil+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James R. Ralph, Jr. <i>Northern Protest: Martin Luther King, Jr., Chicago, and the Civil Rights Movement</i> (1993) Harvard University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674626877" title="Special:BookSources/0674626877">0674626877</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_D._Jones2009" class="citation book cs1">Patrick D. Jones (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk2NylFxF4sC&pg=PA1"><i>The Selma of the North: Civil Rights Insurgency in Milwaukee</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 1–6, 169ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674031357" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674031357"><bdi>978-0674031357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Selma+of+the+North%3A+Civil+Rights+Insurgency+in+Milwaukee&rft.pages=1-6%2C+169ff&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0674031357&rft.au=Patrick+D.+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk2NylFxF4sC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+civil+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brown, Nikki L.M., and Barry M. Stentiford, eds. <i>The Jim Crow Encyclopedia</i> (Greenwood, 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6bnOEAAAQBAJ&dq=+%27%27The+Jim+Crow+Encyclopedia%27%27+&pg=PR5">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Finkelman, Paul. ed. <i>Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present</i> (5 vol. 2009).</li> <li>Hornsby, Jr., Alton, ed. <i>Chronology of African American History</i> (2nd Ed. 1997) 720pp.</li> <li>Hornsby, Jr., Alton, ed. <i>Black America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia</i> (2 vol 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Black-America-volumes-State---State/dp/0313341125/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Lowery, Charles D. and John F. Marszalek <i>Encyclopedia of African-American civil rights: from emancipation to the present</i> (Greenwood, 1992).</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsonLuker2014" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Christopher M.; Luker, Ralph E., eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CafcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR13"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Civil Rights Movement</i></a> (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810880375" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810880375"><bdi>978-0810880375</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Civil+Rights+Movement&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0810880375&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCafcAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+civil+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100807042447/http://www.usm.edu/crdp/html/interviewee.shtml">University of Southern Mississippi's Civil Rights Documentation Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070220092318/http://www.outreach.olemiss.edu/Freedom_Riders/Timeline.html">Freedom Riders website chronology</a>, extremely detailed</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhome.htm">Civil Rights Movement Archive movement timeline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanamericans.com/CivilRights.htm">Civil Rights Timeline</a>, sections on Martin Luther King Jr.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/22802/civil-rights-pivotal-events">Civil Rights: Pivotal Events</a> – slideshow by <i><a href="/wiki/Life_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Life magazine">Life magazine</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/advanced_browse/results/field_loc_country%3A%22United%20States%22%20taxonomy%3A9941">"Cases: U.S. Civil rights Movement"</a>. <i>Global Nonviolent Action Database</i>. Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Nonviolent+Action+Database&rft.atitle=Cases%3A+U.S.+Civil+rights+Movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnvdatabase.swarthmore.edu%2Fadvanced_browse%2Fresults%2Ffield_loc_country%253A%2522United%2520States%2522%2520taxonomy%253A9941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+civil+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template talk:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> (1954–1968)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Events<br />(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Prior to 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Harry_and_Harriette_Moore" title="Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore">Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLaurin_v._Oklahoma_State_Regents" title="McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents">McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge_bus_boycott" title="Baton Rouge bus boycott">Baton Rouge bus boycott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1954–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe" title="Bolling v. Sharpe">Bolling v. Sharpe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliott</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. Prince Edward County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gebhart_v._Belton" title="Gebhart v. Belton">Gebhart v. Belton</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co." title="Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.">Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee_bus_boycott" title="Tallahassee bus boycott">Tallahassee bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_school_desegregation_incident" title="Mansfield school desegregation incident">Mansfield school desegregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ice_Cream_sit-in" title="Royal Ice Cream sit-in">Royal Ice Cream sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Aaron" title="Cooper v. Aaron">Cooper v. Aaron</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers%27_Manifesto" title="Ministers' Manifesto">Ministers' Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Katz Drug Store sit-in">Katz Drug Store sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_Case" title="Kissing Case">Kissing Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_wade-ins" title="Biloxi wade-ins">Biloxi wade-ins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1960–1963</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_March" title="New Year's Day March">New Year's Day March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_Commission" title="Sibley Commission">Sibley Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Protest_Movement" title="Savannah Protest Movement">Savannah Protest Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville_Eight" title="Greenville Eight">Greenville Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ax_Handle_Saturday" title="Ax Handle Saturday">Ax Handle Saturday</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gomillion_v._Lightfoot" title="Gomillion v. Lightfoot">Gomillion v. Lightfoot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_desegregation_riot" title="University of Georgia desegregation riot">University of Georgia desegregation riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Nine" title="Friendship Nine">Rock Hill sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Rides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniston_bus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniston bus bombing">Anniston bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_bus_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham bus attack">Birmingham attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Louisiana" title="Garner v. Louisiana">Garner v. Louisiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_movement_(civil_rights)" title="Cambridge movement (civil rights)">Cambridge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962" title="Ole Miss riot of 1962">Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta%27s_Berlin_Wall" title="Atlanta's Berlin Wall">Atlanta's Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">"Segregation now, segregation forever"</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">1963 Birmingham campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade_(1963)" title="Children's Crusade (1963)">Children's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_riot_of_1963" title="Birmingham riot of 1963">Birmingham riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">16th Street Baptist Church bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Detroit Walk to Freedom">Detroit Walk to Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">"I Have a Dream"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1964–1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_school_protests" title="Chester school protests">Chester school protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Tuesday_(1964)" title="Bloody Tuesday (1964)">Bloody Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Monson_Motor_Lodge_protests" title="1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests">1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">workers' murders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._McClung" title="Katzenbach v. McClung">Katzenbach v. McClung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike" title="1964–1965 Scripto strike">1964–1965 Scripto strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">1965 Selma to Montgomery marches</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">March Against Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">King assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County" title="Green v. County School Board of New Kent County">Green v. County School Board of New Kent County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._Alfred_H._Mayer_Co." title="Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute" title="1968 Olympics Black Power salute">1968 Olympics Black Power salute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activist<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Christian_Movement_for_Human_Rights" title="Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights">Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Negro_Voters_League" title="Atlanta Negro Voters League">Atlanta Negro Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters" title="Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Freedom_Now" title="Committee for Freedom Now">Committee for Freedom Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="Committee on Appeal for Human Rights">Committee on Appeal for Human Rights</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="An Appeal for Human Rights">An Appeal for Human Rights</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_United_Civil_Rights_Leadership" title="Council for United Civil Rights Leadership">Council for United Civil Rights Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Federated_Organizations" title="Council of Federated Organizations">Council of Federated Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County_Voters_League" title="Dallas County Voters League">Dallas County Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Council_on_Human_Relations" title="Georgia Council on Human Relations">Georgia Council on Human Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlander_Research_and_Education_Center" title="Highlander Research and Education Center">Highlander Folk School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Conference_on_Civil_and_Human_Rights" title="Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights">Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County_Freedom_Organization" title="Lowndes County Freedom Organization">Lowndes County Freedom Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Youth_Council" title="NAACP Youth Council">Youth Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Student_Movement" title="Northern Student Movement">Northern Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Negro_Leadership" title="Regional Council of Negro Leadership">Regional Council of Negro Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Regional_Council" title="Southern Regional Council">Southern Regional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Singers" title="The Freedom Singers">The Freedom Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers (UAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesdays_in_Mississippi" title="Wednesdays in Mississippi">Wednesdays in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Political_Council" title="Women's Political Council">Women's Political Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gray_Adams" title="Victoria Gray Adams">Victoria Gray Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zev_Aelony" title="Zev Aelony">Zev Aelony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Ahmann" title="Mathew Ahmann">Mathew Ahmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Anderson" title="William G. Anderson">William G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Elaine_Armstrong" title="Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong">Gwendolyn Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Aronson" title="Arnold Aronson">Arnold Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Barry" title="Marion Barry">Marion Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Black_(minister)" title="Claude Black (minister)">Claude Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Blackwell" title="Gloria Blackwell">Gloria Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Blackwell" title="Randolph Blackwell">Randolph Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unita_Blackwell" title="Unita Blackwell">Unita Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Ezell Blair Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Bland" title="Joanne Bland">Joanne Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Boone" title="Joseph E. Boone">Joseph E. Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Holmes_Borders" title="William Holmes Borders">William Holmes Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Boynton" title="Bruce Boynton">Bruce Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raylawni_Branch" title="Raylawni Branch">Raylawni Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Branche" title="Stanley Branche">Stanley Branche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Browder" title="Aurelia Browder">Aurelia Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Calhoun" title="John H. Calhoun">John H. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carawan" title="Guy Carawan">Guy Carawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Carr" title="Johnnie Carr">Johnnie Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Chestnut,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Chestnut, Jr.">J. L. Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colia_Clark" title="Colia Clark">Colia Lafayette Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xernona_Clayton" title="Xernona Clayton">Xernona Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cleaver" title="Kathleen Cleaver">Kathleen Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Dobbs_Clement" title="Josephine Dobbs Clement">Josephine Dobbs Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cobb_Jr." title="Charles E. Cobb Jr.">Charles E. Cobb Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Lee_Cooper" title="Annie Lee Cooper">Annie Lee Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels" title="Jonathan Daniels">Jonathan Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Davis" title="Abraham Lincoln Davis">Abraham Lincoln Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_DeLaine" title="Joseph DeLaine">Joseph DeLaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Dennis_(activist)" title="Dave Dennis (activist)">Dave Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Bell_Robinson_Devine" title="Annie Bell Robinson Devine">Annie Bell Robinson Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Dobbs" title="John Wesley Dobbs">John Wesley Dobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Stephens_Due" title="Patricia Stephens Due">Patricia Stephens Due</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellwanger" title="Joseph Ellwanger">Joseph Ellwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evers" title="Charles Evers">Charles Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Foster" title="Marie Foster">Marie Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Frinks" title="Golden Frinks">Golden Frinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graetz" title="Robert Graetz">Robert Graetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Greenberg" title="Jack Greenberg">Jack Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Guyot" title="Lawrence Guyot">Lawrence Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathia_Hall" title="Prathia Hall">Prathia Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Harbour" title="William E. Harbour">William E. Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Faye_Hendricks" title="Audrey Faye Hendricks">Audrey Faye Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Hendricks" title="Lola Hendricks">Lola Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Henry_(politician)" title="Aaron Henry (politician)">Aaron Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Hollowell" title="Donald L. Hollowell">Donald L. Hollowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilphia_Horton" title="Zilphia Horton">Zilphia Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._M._Howard" title="T. R. M. Howard">T. R. M. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hurley" title="Ruby Hurley">Ruby Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Ivory" title="Cecil Ivory">Cecil Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Jean_Jackson" title="Richie Jean Jackson">Richie Jean Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jemison" title="T. J. Jemison">T. J. Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esau_Jenkins" title="Esau Jenkins">Esau Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Johns" title="Vernon Johns">Vernon Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Minis_Johnson" title="Frank Minis Johnson">Frank Minis Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_B._Jones" title="Clarence B. Jones">Clarence Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Charles_Jones" title="J. Charles Jones">J. Charles Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Jones_(activist)" title="Matthew Jones (activist)">Matthew Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kahn" title="Tom Kahn">Tom Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kennard" title="Clyde Kennard">Clyde Kennard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">A. D. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevene_Bowers_King" title="Chevene Bowers King">C.B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lee_(activist)" title="Bernard Lee (activist)">Bernard Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_R._Leigh" title="Sanford R. Leigh">Sanford R. Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Letherer" title="Jim Letherer">Jim Letherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo" title="Viola Liuzzo">Viola Liuzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._Alexander_Looby" title="Z. Alexander Looby">Z. Alexander Looby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Luper" title="Clara Luper">Clara Luper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Lyon" title="Danny Lyon">Danny Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Mallory" title="Mae Mallory">Mae Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones" title="Vivian Malone Jones">Vivian Malone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Mants" title="Bob Mants">Bob Mants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDew" title="Charles McDew">Charles McDew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_McGill" title="Ralph McGill">Ralph McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_McKissick" title="Floyd McKissick">Floyd McKissick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McNeil" title="Joseph McNeil">Joseph McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Ming" title="William Robert Ming">William Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Minnis" title="Jack Minnis">Jack Minnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amzie_Moore" title="Amzie Moore">Amzie Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._Moore" title="Cecil B. Moore">Cecil B. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Moore" title="Douglas E. Moore">Douglas E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriette_Moore" title="Harriette Moore">Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_Moore" title="Queen Mother Moore">Queen Mother Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Moore" title="William Lewis Moore">William Lewis Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Morgan" title="Irene Morgan">Irene Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moyer" title="William Moyer">William Moyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neblett" title="Charles Neblett">Charles Neblett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Nixon" title="E. D. Nixon">Edgar Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Dell" title="Jack O'Dell">Jack O'Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peck_(pacifist)" title="James Peck (pacifist)">James Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Person" title="Charles Person">Charles Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Plessy" title="Homer Plessy">Homer Plessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fay_Bellamy_Powell" title="Fay Bellamy Powell">Fay Bellamy Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_N._Powell" title="Rodney N. Powell">Rodney N. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Raby" title="Albert Raby">Al Raby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ragsdale" title="Lincoln Ragsdale">Lincoln Ragsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond" title="George Raymond">George Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond_Jr." title="George Raymond Jr.">George Raymond Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Johnson_Reagon" title="Bernice Johnson Reagon">Bernice Johnson Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Reagon" title="Cordell Reagon">Cordell Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Reese" title="Frederick D. Reese">Frederick D. Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Richardson" title="Gloria Richardson">Gloria Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Robinson" title="Bernice Robinson">Bernice Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Robinson" title="Jo Ann Robinson">Jo Ann Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Russell_(politician)" title="Angela Russell (politician)">Angela Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Sellers" title="Cleveland Sellers">Cleveland Sellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sherrod" title="Charles Sherrod">Charles Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Shimkin" title="Alexander D. Shimkin">Alexander D. Shimkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modjeska_Monteith_Simkins" title="Modjeska Monteith Simkins">Modjeska Monteith Simkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_E._Smiley" title="Glenn E. Smiley">Glenn E. Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Maceo_Smith" title="A. Maceo Smith">A. Maceo Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Miller_Smith" title="Kelly Miller Smith">Kelly Miller Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(activist)" title="Mary Louise Smith (activist)">Mary Louise Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Smith" title="Maxine Smith">Maxine Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Doris_Smith-Robinson" title="Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson">Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kenzie_Steele" title="Charles Kenzie Steele">Charles Kenzie Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Thomas" title="Hank Thomas">Hank Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tillman" title="Dorothy Tillman">Dorothy Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Tureaud" title="A. P. Tureaud">A. P. Tureaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartman_Turnbow" title="Hartman Turnbow">Hartman Turnbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Turner_(activist)" title="Albert Turner (activist)">Albert Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Walden" title="A. T. Walden">A. T. Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Tee Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollis_Watkins" title="Hollis Watkins">Hollis Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Kale Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Williams" title="Robert F. Williams">Robert F. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q._V._Williamson" title="Q. V. Williamson">Q. V. Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Younge_Jr." title="Sammy Younge Jr.">Sammy Younge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Zellner" title="Bob Zellner">Bob Zellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Zwerg" title="James Zwerg">James Zwerg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="South Carolina in the civil rights movement">South Carolina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Movement<br />songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Gonna_Let_Nobody_Turn_Me_%27Round" title="Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round">"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_You_Miss_Me_at_the_Back_of_the_Bus" title="If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus">"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaya" title="Kumbaya">"Kumbaya"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Your_Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Keep Your Eyes on the Prize">"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Freedom" title="Oh, Freedom">"Oh, Freedom"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Little_Light_of_Mine" title="This Little Light of Mine">"This Little Light of Mine"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Shall_Not_Be_Moved" title="I Shall Not Be Moved">"We Shall Not Be Moved"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">"We Shall Overcome"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woke_Up_This_Morning_(With_My_Mind_Stayed_On_Freedom)" title="Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)">"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_v._Warley" title="Buchanan v. Warley">Buchanan v. Warley</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hocutt_v._Wilson" title="Hocutt v. Wilson">Hocutt v. Wilson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="African-American women in the civil rights movement">African-American women in the movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Jews in the civil rights movement">Jews in the civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Circuit_Four" title="Fifth Circuit Four">Fifth Circuit Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park" title="Kelly Ingram Park">Kelly Ingram Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.G._Gaston_Motel" title="A.G. Gaston Motel">A.G. Gaston Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Baptist_Church_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Bethel Baptist Church (Birmingham, Alabama)">Bethel Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Holt Street Baptist Church">Holt Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_Movement" title="March on Washington Movement">March on Washington Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_African-American_churches#20th_Century" title="List of attacks against African-American churches">African-American churches attacked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">List of lynching victims in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Schools" title="Freedom Schools">Freedom Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom songs">Freedom songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">1960s counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Eyes on the Prize">Eyes on the Prize</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_Institute" title="Birmingham Civil Rights Institute">Birmingham Civil Rights Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_National_Monument" title="Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument">Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement_Archive" title="Civil Rights Movement Archive">Civil Rights Movement Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_and_Mamie_Till-Mobley_National_Monument" title="Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument">Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_and_Myrlie_Evers_Home_National_Monument" title="Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument">Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Rides_Museum" title="Freedom Rides Museum">Freedom Rides Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders_National_Monument" title="Freedom Riders National Monument">Freedom Riders National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change" title="King Center for Nonviolent Social Change">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">other King memorials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="Mississippi Civil Rights Museum">Mississippi Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Foot_Soldiers_Monument" title="St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument">St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Salute_(statue)" title="Victory Salute (statue)">Olympic Black Power Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Noted<br />historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Clayborne Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dittmer" title="John Dittmer">John Dittmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fairclough" title="Adam Fairclough">Adam Fairclough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Lawson" title="Steven F. Lawson">Steven F. Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_McAdam" title="Doug McAdam">Doug McAdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_McWhorter" title="Diane McWhorter">Diane McWhorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Payne" title="Charles M. Payne">Charles M. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Ricks_(journalist)" title="Thomas E. Ricks (journalist)">Thomas E. Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Tyson" title="Timothy Tyson">Timothy Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akinyele_Umoja" title="Akinyele Umoja">Akinyele Umoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="List of photographers of the civil rights movement">Movement photographers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/28px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/42px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/56px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martin_Luther_King_Jr." style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Template:Martin Luther King Jr."><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Template talk:Martin Luther King Jr."><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martin Luther King Jr."><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martin_Luther_King_Jr." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Speeches,_writings,_movements,_and_protests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Speeches, writings, movements, and protests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sermons_and_speeches_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr.">Speeches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>" (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>" (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>" (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/I%27ve_Been_to_the_Mountaintop" title="I've Been to the Mountaintop">I've Been to the Mountaintop</a>" (1968)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Stride_Toward_Freedom" title="Stride Toward Freedom">Stride Toward Freedom</a></i> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_Man%3F_(King_essay)" class="mw-redirect" title="What Is Man? (King essay)">What Is Man?</a>" (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Strength_to_Love" title="Strength to Love">Strength to Love</a></i> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a>" (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Can%27t_Wait" title="Why We Can't Wait">Why We Can't Wait</a></i> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Conscience_for_Change" title="Conscience for Change">Conscience for Change</a></i> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Where_Do_We_Go_from_Here:_Chaos_or_Community%3F" title="Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?">Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?</a></i> (1967)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Movements<br />and protests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> (1955–1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a> (1961–1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham campaign</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a> (1963–1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">Mississippi March Against Fear</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnam_War_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Vietnam War movement">Anti-Vietnam</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam#April_15,_1967_Anti-Vietnam_war_demonstrations" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">War movement</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a> (1968)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a> (wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yolanda_King" title="Yolanda King">Yolanda King</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_III" title="Martin Luther King III">Martin Luther King III</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dexter_King" title="Dexter King">Dexter King</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernice_King" title="Bernice King">Bernice King</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a> (father)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Williams_King" title="Alberta Williams King">Alberta Williams King</a> (mother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christine_King_Farris" title="Christine King Farris">Christine King Farris</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">A. D. King</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Albert_King" title="James Albert King">James Albert King</a> (grandfather)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alveda_King" title="Alveda King">Alveda King</a> (niece)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a> (mentor, colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a> (strategist / colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> (protégé)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a> (mentor)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a> (advisor)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Walker</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> (colleague)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Assassination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">Lorraine Motel</a> (now National Civil Rights Museum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King-assassination_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="King-assassination riots">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Ray" title="James Earl Ray">James Earl Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kershaw" title="Jack Kershaw">Jack Kershaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations" title="United States House Select Committee on Assassinations">U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations</a> (HSCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Records_Collection_Act" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act">Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyd_Jowers" title="Loyd Jowers">Loyd Jowers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyd_Jowers_trial" title="Loyd Jowers trial">Trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Martin Luther King Jr. assassination conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/King:_A_Filmed_Record..._Montgomery_to_Memphis" title="King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis">King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis</a></i> (1970 documentary)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Friend,_Martin" title="Our Friend, Martin">Our Friend, Martin</a></i> (1999 animated)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boycott_(2001_film)" title="Boycott (2001 film)"><i>Boycott</i></a> (2001 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Witness:_From_the_Balcony_of_Room_306" title="The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306">The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306</a></i> (2008 documentary)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)">Selma</a></i> (2014 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/All_the_Way_(2016_film)" title="All the Way (2016 film)"><i>All the Way</i></a> (2016 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/King_in_the_Wilderness" title="King in the Wilderness">King in the Wilderness</a></i> (2018 documentary)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/MLK/FBI" title="MLK/FBI">MLK/FBI</a></i> (2020 documentary)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rustin_(film)" title="Rustin (film)">Rustin</a></i> (2023 film)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/King_(miniseries)" title="King (miniseries)"><i>King</i></a> (1978 miniseries)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/The_First_Store" title="The First Store">The First Store</a>" (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Jeffersons" title="The Jeffersons">The Jeffersons</a></i>, 1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"Great X-Pectations" (<i><a href="/wiki/A_Different_World" title="A Different World">A Different World</a></i>, 1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Promised_Land_(New_York_Undercover)" title="The Promised Land (New York Undercover)">"The Promised Land"</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Undercover" title="New York Undercover">New York Undercover</a></i>, 1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Selma,_Lord,_Selma" title="Selma, Lord, Selma">Selma, Lord, Selma</a></i> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_King_(The_Boondocks)" title="Return of the King (The Boondocks)">"Return of the King"</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Boondocks_(TV_series)" title="The Boondocks (TV series)">The Boondocks</a></i>, 2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Man:_The_Brotherhood_of_MLK" title="Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK">Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK</a></i> (2011 documentary)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)" title="Genius (American TV series)">Genius</a></i> (<i>MLK/X</i>, 2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meeting_(play)" title="The Meeting (play)">The Meeting</a></i> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mountaintop" title="The Mountaintop">The Mountaintop</a></i> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/I_Dream_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="I Dream (opera)">I Dream</a></i> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Way_(play)" title="All the Way (play)">All the Way</a></i> (2012)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illustrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_and_the_Montgomery_Story" title="Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story">Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story</a></i> (1957 comic book)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Abraham,_Martin_and_John" title="Abraham, Martin and John">Abraham, Martin and John</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Dion_DiMucci" title="Dion DiMucci">Dion</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Princess_(album)#Track_listing" title="The Yellow Princess (album)">March! For Martin Luther King</a>" (<a href="/wiki/John_Fahey_(musician)" title="John Fahey (musician)">John Fahey</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Just_a_Collection_of_Antiques_and_Curios#Track_listing" title="Just a Collection of Antiques and Curios">Martin Luther King's Dream</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Strawbs" title="Strawbs">Strawbs</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Happy_Birthday_(Stevie_Wonder_song)" title="Happy Birthday (Stevie Wonder song)">Happy Birthday</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Pride_(In_the_Name_of_Love)" title="Pride (In the Name of Love)">Pride (In the Name of Love)</a>" (<a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/MLK_(song)" title="MLK (song)">MLK</a>" (U2)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/King_Holiday" title="King Holiday">King Holiday</a>" (<a href="/wiki/King_Dream_Chorus_and_Holiday_Crew" class="mw-redirect" title="King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew">King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"By the Time I Get to Arizona" (<a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Enemy (band)">Public Enemy</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/New_Moon_Shine" title="New Moon Shine">Shed a Little Light</a>" (<a href="/wiki/James_Taylor" title="James Taylor">James Taylor</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Up_to_the_Mountain_(MLK_Song)" title="Up to the Mountain (MLK Song)">Up to the Mountain</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Patti_Griffin" class="mw-redirect" title="Patti Griffin">Patti Griffin</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"Never Alone Martin" (<a href="/wiki/Jason_Upton" title="Jason Upton">Jason Upton</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"Symphony of Brotherhood" (<a href="/wiki/Miri_Ben-Ari" title="Miri Ben-Ari">Miri Ben-Ari</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schwantner:_New_Morning_for_the_World;_Nicolas_Flagello:_The_Passion_of_Martin_Luther_King" title="Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King">Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King</a></i> (1995 album)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/A_Dream_(Common_song)" title="A Dream (Common song)">A Dream</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Common_(rapper)" title="Common (rapper)">Common</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Will.i.am" title="Will.i.am">will.i.am</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glory_(Common_and_John_Legend_song)" title="Glory (Common and John Legend song)">"Glory"</a> (Common and <a href="/wiki/John_Legend" title="John Legend">John Legend</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">Civil rights movement in popular culture</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Estate_of_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.,_Inc._v._CBS,_Inc." title="Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc.">Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc.</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/King_v._Trustees_of_Boston_Univ." title="King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.">King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passage_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Passage of Martin Luther King Jr. Day">passage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historical_Park" title="Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park">National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_King_Center_(Atlanta)" class="mw-redirect" title="The King Center (Atlanta)">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._authorship_issues" title="Martin Luther King Jr. authorship issues">Authorship issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI%E2%80%93King_suicide_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI–King suicide letter">FBI–King suicide letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha" title="Alpha Phi Alpha">Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_for_Nonviolence" title="Season for Nonviolence">Season for Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(U.S._Capitol)" title="Bust of Martin Luther King Jr. (U.S. Capitol)">U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Alston)" title="Bust of Martin Luther King Jr. (Alston)">Oval Office bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homage_to_King" title="Homage to King"><i>Homage to King</i> sculpture, Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Moving_Forward" title="Hope Moving Forward"><i>Hope Moving Forward</i> statue, Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_House_Black_History_Museum" title="Safe House Black History Museum">Safe House Black History Museum</a></li> <li>Statues of Martin Luther King Jr. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Atlanta)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Atlanta)">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Embrace" title="The Embrace">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Denver)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Denver)">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Houston)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Houston)">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._Memorial_(Jersey_City)" title="Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial (Jersey City)">Jersey City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Milwaukee)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Milwaukee)">Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Mexico_City)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Mexico City)">Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Newark)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Newark)">Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Pueblo,_Colorado)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Pueblo, Colorado)">Pueblo, Colorado</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerba_Buena_Gardens#Public_art" title="Yerba Buena Gardens">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._Memorial_(Compton)" title="Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial (Compton)">Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial (Compton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmark_for_Peace_Memorial" title="Landmark for Peace Memorial"><i>Landmark for Peace Memorial</i>, Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_(sculpture)" title="The Dream (sculpture)"><i>The Dream</i> sculpture, Portland, Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy%E2%80%93King_College" title="Kennedy–King College">Kennedy–King College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial_Library" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Library" title="Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library">Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library, San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Clichy-Batignolles_%E2%80%93_Martin_Luther_King" title="Parc Clichy-Batignolles – Martin Luther King">Paris park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_County,_Washington" title="King County, Washington">King County, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_named_after_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="List of streets named after Martin Luther King Jr.">Eponymous streets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_in_the_King_Years" title="America in the King Years">America in the King Years</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">Civil rights movement in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Jackson%E2%80%93King_Day" title="Lee–Jackson–King Day">Lee–Jackson–King Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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