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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festung_San_Felipe_del_Morro" title="Festung San Felipe del Morro – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Festung San Felipe del Morro" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro" title="Castillo San Felipe del Morro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Castillo San Felipe del Morro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuorto_San_Felipe_del_Morro" title="Fuorto San Felipe del Morro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fuorto San Felipe del Morro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_San_Felipe_del_Morro" title="Fort San Felipe del Morro – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fort San Felipe del Morro" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forte_San_Felipe_del_Morro" title="Forte San Felipe del Morro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Forte San Felipe del Morro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="قلعة سان فيليبى ديل مورو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قلعة سان فيليبى ديل مورو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasteel_San_Felipe_del_Morro" title="Kasteel San Felipe del Morro – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kasteel San Felipe del Morro" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro" title="Castillo San Felipe del Morro – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Castillo San Felipe del Morro" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castillo_del_Morro_(Portoryko)" title="Castillo del Morro (Portoryko) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Castillo del Morro (Portoryko)" data-language-autonym="Polski" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro&params=18_28_15_N_66_7_27_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°28′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">66°7′27″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18.47083°N 66.12417°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">18.47083; -66.12417</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">16th-century fortress and citadel in Puerto Rico</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Castillo San Felipe del Morro</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><i>El Morro</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:307px;max-width:307px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:305px;max-width:305px"><div style="border:1;;height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_San_Felipe_Del_Morro_(16869927311).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Castillo_San_Felipe_Del_Morro_%2816869927311%29.jpg/303px-Castillo_San_Felipe_Del_Morro_%2816869927311%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="128" class="mw-file-element" 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decoding="async" width="303" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Panorama_Fortaleza_El_Morro_SJU_06_2019_6564.jpg/455px-Panorama_Fortaleza_El_Morro_SJU_06_2019_6564.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Panorama_Fortaleza_El_Morro_SJU_06_2019_6564.jpg/606px-Panorama_Fortaleza_El_Morro_SJU_06_2019_6564.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3531" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:305px;max-width:305px"><div style="border:1;;height:66px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Morro_Old_San_Juan_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/El_Morro_Old_San_Juan_Panorama.jpg/303px-El_Morro_Old_San_Juan_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/El_Morro_Old_San_Juan_Panorama.jpg/455px-El_Morro_Old_San_Juan_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/El_Morro_Old_San_Juan_Panorama.jpg/606px-El_Morro_Old_San_Juan_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11547" data-file-height="2523" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:305px;max-width:305px"><div style="border:1;;height:148px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_-_50815666247.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_-_50815666247.jpg/303px-Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_-_50815666247.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_-_50815666247.jpg/455px-Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_-_50815666247.jpg 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Castillo_del_Morro_in_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg/182px-Castillo_del_Morro_in_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div style="border:1;;height:68px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_from_air_-_Fuerte_San_Felipe_del_Morro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_from_air_-_Fuerte_San_Felipe_del_Morro.jpg/102px-Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_from_air_-_Fuerte_San_Felipe_del_Morro.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_from_air_-_Fuerte_San_Felipe_del_Morro.jpg/153px-Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_from_air_-_Fuerte_San_Felipe_del_Morro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_from_air_-_Fuerte_San_Felipe_del_Morro.jpg/204px-Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_from_air_-_Fuerte_San_Felipe_del_Morro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div style="border:1;;height:68px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_from_air.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_from_air.jpg/102px-Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_from_air.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_from_air.jpg/153px-Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_from_air.jpg 1.5x, 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inside view from fourth-level surrounding <a href="/wiki/Outer_bailey" title="Outer bailey">outer bailey</a> onto ramp to fifth-level <a href="/wiki/Inner_bailey" title="Inner bailey">inner bailey</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sentry_box" title="Sentry box">sentry boxes</a> visible; inside main courtyard or <a href="/wiki/Inner_bailey" title="Inner bailey">inner bailey</a> on fifth-level; entrance from <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">dry moat</a> onto <a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">curtain wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">drawbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hornwork" title="Hornwork">hornwork gate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Faro_del_Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro" title="Faro del Castillo San Felipe del Morro">lighthouse</a>; entrance from <i>Calle del Morro</i> esplanade onto <a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">glacis</a>; panorama from <i>El Morro</i> onto <a href="/wiki/Old_San_Juan" title="Old San Juan">Old San Juan</a> with <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Magdalena_de_Pazzis_Cemetery" title="Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery">Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Perla,_San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="La Perla, San Juan, Puerto Rico"><i>La Perla</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Shanty_town" title="Shanty town">historic shanty town</a> outside the northern section of the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Old_San_Juan" title="Walls of Old San Juan">Walls of Old San Juan</a>; profile from opening of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Bay" title="San Juan Bay">Bay</a> next to <a href="/wiki/Paseo_del_Morro" title="Paseo del Morro">Paseo del Morro</a>; entrance from middle of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Bay" title="San Juan Bay">Bay</a> onto western section of the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Old_San_Juan" title="Walls of Old San Juan">Walls of Old San Juan</a>; aerial from middle of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Bay" title="San Juan Bay">Bay</a>; and aerial from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_32249d3f8d305cd0d0332cafedfe4e55423fee00"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro&revid=1253220069&groups=_32249d3f8d305cd0d0332cafedfe4e55423fee00" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro&revid=1253220069&groups=_32249d3f8d305cd0d0332cafedfe4e55423fee00 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align: center">Interactive</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Medieval fortification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">Citadel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architectural style</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical architecture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Islet" title="San Juan Islet">San Juan Islet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_San_Juan" title="Old San Juan">Old San Juan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Address</th><td class="infobox-data">501 Calle Norzagaray, Old San Juan, San Juan, PR, 00901</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro&params=18_28_15_N_66_7_27_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°28′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">66°7′27″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18.47083°N 66.12417°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">18.47083; -66.12417</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction started</th><td class="infobox-data">1539</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completed</th><td class="infobox-data">1787</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">140 feet</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">18 to 20 feet thick walls</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Technical details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">Brick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">70 acres, including <i>Calle del Morro</i> esplanade</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Floor count</th><td class="infobox-data">6 levels</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Design and construction</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Engineer</th><td class="infobox-data">Juan de Tejada, <a href="/wiki/Battista_Antonelli" title="Battista Antonelli">Juan Bautista Antonelli</a> (1587); <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_O%27Reilly" title="Alejandro O'Reilly">Alejandro O'Reilly</a>, Thomas O’Daly (1765)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">Battle of San Juan (1595)</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1598)" title="Battle of San Juan (1598)">Battle of San Juan (1598)</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1625)" title="Battle of San Juan (1625)">Battle of San Juan (1625)</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">Battle of San Juan (1797)</a> <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_San_Juan" title="Bombardment of San Juan">Bombardment of San Juan (1898)</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1983 <small>(7th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/La_Fortaleza_and_San_Juan_National_Historic_Site_in_Puerto_Rico" title="La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site in Puerto Rico">La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site in Puerto Rico</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/266">266</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_North_America" title="List of World Heritage Sites in North America">The Americas</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #A8EDEF; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">October 15, 1966</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_National_Historic_Site" title="San Juan National Historic Site">San Juan National Historic Site</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">66000930<sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #87CEEB; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">U.S. National Historic Landmark</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">La Fortaleza</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">February 27, 2013</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">13000284<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Castillo San Felipe del Morro</b> (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: Promontory Castle of Saint Philip), most commonly known as <i><b>El Morro</b></i> <i>(</i>The Promontory<i>)</i>, is a large <a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">fortress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a> in the historic district of <a href="/wiki/Old_San_Juan" title="Old San Juan">Old San Juan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>. Commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">King Charles I of Spain</a> in 1539, it was first built as a <a href="/wiki/Fortified_tower" title="Fortified tower">fortified tower</a> in honor of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">King Philip II</a>, who oversaw its expansion into a <a href="/wiki/Hornwork" title="Hornwork">hornwork fort</a> by 1595. Over the next 200 years, especially in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">King Charles III</a>, <i>El Morro</i> continued to be developed to reach its current form in 1787. Rising 140 ft from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> shoreline with 18 to 25 ft thick walls, the six-leveled edifice stands on a steep, rocky <a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">headland</a> <a href="/wiki/Promontory" title="Promontory">promontory</a> on <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Islet" title="San Juan Islet">San Juan Islet</a> guarding the entry to <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Bay" title="San Juan Bay">San Juan Bay</a>, the harbor of <a href="/wiki/Old_San_Juan" title="Old San Juan">Old San Juan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>El Morro</i>, alongside <a href="/wiki/La_Fortaleza" title="La Fortaleza">La Fortaleza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castillo_San_Crist%C3%B3bal_(San_Juan)" title="Castillo San Cristóbal (San Juan)">San Cristóbal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort%C3%ADn_San_Juan_de_la_Cruz" title="Fortín San Juan de la Cruz">El Cañuelo</a>, and other forts part of the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Old_San_Juan" title="Walls of Old San Juan">Walls of Old San Juan</a>, protected <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Puerto_Rico#Strategic_geography" title="Geography of Puerto Rico">strategically and militarily</a> important <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, or <i>La Llave de las Indias</i> (The Key to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Indies</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from invasion by competing <a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers#Early_modern_powers" title="List of modern great powers">world powers</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nps.gov_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps.gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was designated a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 1983. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Juan,_castillo_del_Morro_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/San_Juan%2C_castillo_del_Morro_04.jpg/175px-San_Juan%2C_castillo_del_Morro_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/San_Juan%2C_castillo_del_Morro_04.jpg/263px-San_Juan%2C_castillo_del_Morro_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/San_Juan%2C_castillo_del_Morro_04.jpg/350px-San_Juan%2C_castillo_del_Morro_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2586" data-file-height="3966" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Burgundy" title="Cross of Burgundy">Cross of Burgundy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Flag of Puerto Rico">Monoestrellada</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Stars and Stripes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> fly continuously on <i>El Morro</i></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lying on the northwesternmost point of the islet of <a href="/wiki/Old_San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Old San Juan, Puerto Rico">Old San Juan</a>, Castillo San Felipe del Morro is named in honor of King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>. The fortification, also referred to as <i>el Morro</i> or 'the <a href="/wiki/Promontory" title="Promontory">promontory</a>,' was designed to guard the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Bay" title="San Juan Bay">San Juan Bay</a>, and defend the Spanish colonial port city of San Juan from seaborne enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_310_pgs_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_310_pgs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983, the citadel was declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_National_Historic_Site" title="San Juan National Historic Site">San Juan National Historic Site</a>. Over two million visitors a year explore the <i>castillo</i>, making it one of Puerto Rico's leading tourist attractions. Facing the structure, on the opposite side of the bay, a smaller fortification known as <i><a href="/wiki/El_Ca%C3%B1uelo" class="mw-redirect" title="El Cañuelo">El Cañuelo</a></i> complemented the castillo's defense of the entrance to the bay.<sup id="cite_ref-nps.gov_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps.gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPS_310_pgs_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_310_pgs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_for_deployment">Structure for deployment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure for deployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro,_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan,_San_Juan,_San_Juan_Municipio,_PR_HABS_PR,7-SAJU,6-_(sheet_14_of_14).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-_%28sheet_14_of_14%29.png/200px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-_%28sheet_14_of_14%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-_%28sheet_14_of_14%29.png/300px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-_%28sheet_14_of_14%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-_%28sheet_14_of_14%29.png/400px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-_%28sheet_14_of_14%29.png 2x" data-file-width="14472" data-file-height="9632" /></a><figcaption> Architectural drawings produced in the <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Documentation_Programs#Historic_American_Buildings_Survey" title="Heritage Documentation Programs">HABS</a> San Juan, Puerto Rico field office</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_park_marker_for_del_Morro,_1591.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/National_park_marker_for_del_Morro%2C_1591.jpg/220px-National_park_marker_for_del_Morro%2C_1591.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/National_park_marker_for_del_Morro%2C_1591.jpg/330px-National_park_marker_for_del_Morro%2C_1591.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/National_park_marker_for_del_Morro%2C_1591.jpg/440px-National_park_marker_for_del_Morro%2C_1591.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>El Morro in 1591</figcaption></figure> <p>The construction of the citadel and its surrounding walls began in 1539 on orders of King <a href="/wiki/Carlos_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original fortress was built under the direction of conquistador <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diego_Ramos_de_Orozco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diego Ramos de Orozco (page does not exist)">Diego Ramos de Orozco</a> and its main purpose was to defend the port of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a> by controlling the entry to its harbor. In order to have a viable defense while the rest of the fort was being completed, a small proto-fortress was erected during the first year of construction. It is estimated that this section comprises about 10% of the whole structure. </p><p>It was not till 1587, however, that Field Marshal Juan de Tejeda and the Italian engineer-architect <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Antonelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Bautista Antonelli">Juan Bautista Antonelli</a> drew the fort's final design. The plan, which was based on the then firmly established Spanish military fortification principles of the time, included fortifying nine other sites in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Marta" title="Santa Marta">Santa Marta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombre_de_Dios,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Nombre de Dios, Colón">Nombre de Dios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portobelo,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Portobelo, Colón">Portobelo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chagres_River" title="Chagres River">Chagres River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a>. San Juan construction began in March 1589 with skilled artisans, 12 <a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">stonecutters</a>, 18 masons, 2 smiths, a <a href="/wiki/Cooper_(profession)" title="Cooper (profession)">cooper</a>, metal founder, and an overseer assigned to the task, with the help of 150 slaves. <a href="/wiki/Captain_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain General">Captain General</a> Diego Menéndez de Valdés, who was the governor of Puerto Rico, took over construction after Tejeda and Antonelli left to start construction of Santo Domingo's fortifications. Capt. Pedro de Salazar took over construction in 1591.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29–31">: 29–31 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_morro_from_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/El_morro_from_front.jpg/250px-El_morro_from_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/El_morro_from_front.jpg/375px-El_morro_from_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/El_morro_from_front.jpg/500px-El_morro_from_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>View of El Morro's entrance</figcaption></figure> <p>The new fortifications consisted of a <a href="/wiki/Hornwork" title="Hornwork">hornwork</a>, crossing the <a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">headland</a>, to protect the landward side of the existing tower and water battery. Two half-<a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a>, one on the Atlantic side called "Tejeda", and another on the harbor side called "Austria", were connected by a <a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">curtain wall</a> fronted by a <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a>, and spanned by a <a href="/wiki/Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">drawbridge</a> in the center. The gate and drawbridge were protected by a <a href="/wiki/Ravelin" title="Ravelin">ravelin</a>, and just inside the gate was a guardhouse. A pair of <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">batteries</a> behind the hornwork overlooked the sea and harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30–31, 54–55">: 30–31, 54–55 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1634, construction of the city walls surrounding San Juan began. By 1650, the town was enclosed on the east, south and west, while natural <a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">battlements</a> protected the city along the Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52–55">: 52–55 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1765, <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_O%27Reilly" title="Alejandro O'Reilly">Alejandro O'Reilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inspector_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspector General">Inspector General</a> of Cuba, and Colonel Tomás O'Daly, San Juan Chief of Engineers, agreed on a plan to strengthen San Juan's defenses, which was approved by <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a>. San Juan became a Defense of the First Order, and one of the most powerful plazas in the Americas by 1790. El Morro's improvements included 3 <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cisterns</a> under the main plaza containing 216,000 gallons of water collected from times of rain. The walls were strengthened to be 18–40 feet thick. These walls consisted of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> blocks forming the exterior and interior, with <a href="/wiki/Rubble" title="Rubble">rubble</a> sandwiched in between. The Santa Bárbara battery became the main battery with 37 cannon, supported by <a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemate</a> guns at a lower level, and backed by a great wall with casemates at a higher level.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54–55, 59–61, 64–65">: 54–55, 59–61, 64–65 </span></sup> </p><p>The top of the <a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Castillo de San Felipe del Morro Lighthouse">Castillo de San Felipe del Morro Lighthouse</a> was destroyed during the 1898 bombardment of the city by the United States, and the American flag replaced the Spanish on 18 November 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 78">: 78 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPS_310_pgs_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_310_pgs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 163">: 163 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lighthouse_Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_SJU_06_2019_6697.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Lighthouse_Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_SJU_06_2019_6697.jpg/99px-Lighthouse_Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_SJU_06_2019_6697.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Lighthouse_Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_SJU_06_2019_6697.jpg/149px-Lighthouse_Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_SJU_06_2019_6697.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Lighthouse_Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_SJU_06_2019_6697.jpg/198px-Lighthouse_Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_SJU_06_2019_6697.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Castillo de San Felipe del Morro Lighthouse">lighthouse</a> in El Morro, level 6</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Rule_(1539–1898)"><span id="Spanish_Rule_.281539.E2.80.931898.29"></span>Spanish Rule (1539–1898)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spanish Rule (1539–1898)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_san_felipe_del_moro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Castillo_san_felipe_del_moro.jpg/175px-Castillo_san_felipe_del_moro.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Castillo_san_felipe_del_moro.jpg/263px-Castillo_san_felipe_del_moro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Castillo_san_felipe_del_moro.jpg/350px-Castillo_san_felipe_del_moro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1736" /></a><figcaption>El Morro</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon the advice of <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Oviedo_y_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés">Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés</a>, a battery was constructed on the rocky promontory called "the Morro", when the location of <a href="/wiki/La_Fortaleza" title="La Fortaleza">La Fortaleza</a> was deemed unsuitable. This battery consisted of a tower with 4 <a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">embrasures</a>, and a Water Battery at the foot of the slope for 3 guns. By 1555, Morro had 8 bronze cannons, as a defense against French <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPS_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Spanish government of the island, El Morro, also known as Castillo de San Felipe, survived several attacks from foreign powers on various occasions. </p><p>In 1593 Portuguese soldiers, sent from Lisbon by order of Phillip II, composed the first garrison of the San Felipe del Morro fortress in Puerto Rico. Some brought their wives, while others married Puerto Rican women, and today there are many Puerto Rican families with Portuguese last names. </p><p>In 1595, Englishman Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> unsuccessfully attacked <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a> with his fleet in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">Battle of San Juan (1595)</a>. </p><p>In 1598, the English attacked again, led by <a href="/wiki/George_Clifford,_3rd_Earl_of_Cumberland" title="George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland">George Clifford</a>, 3rd Earl of Cumberland. Clifford succeeded because he attacked San Juan over land instead of trying to enter through the San Juan Bay. However, an epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> forced him to flee the island after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1598)" title="Battle of San Juan (1598)">Battle of San Juan (1598)</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gate_El_Morro_SJU_06_2019_6612.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gate_El_Morro_SJU_06_2019_6612.jpg/220px-Gate_El_Morro_SJU_06_2019_6612.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gate_El_Morro_SJU_06_2019_6612.jpg/330px-Gate_El_Morro_SJU_06_2019_6612.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gate_El_Morro_SJU_06_2019_6612.jpg/440px-Gate_El_Morro_SJU_06_2019_6612.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Main gate of the castle</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1625, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Boudewijn_Hendricksz" title="Boudewijn Hendricksz">Boudewijn Hendricksz</a>, also attacked the island emulating George Clifford's overland invasion. To the amazement of the citizens, the invaders were able to pass in front of the castle's defenders and into the harbor, out of reach of the city's cannons. El Morro managed to resist the siege and eventually made the Dutch retire, although the attackers were able to sack and burn the city before leaving the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1625)" title="Battle of San Juan (1625)">Battle of San Juan (1625)</a>. </p><p>In 1797, British General Ralph Abercromby and Admiral Henry Harvey, with a force of 7,000–13,000 men, invaded the island of Puerto Rico. Captain General Don Ramón de Castro and his forces repelled the attack. Abercromby and Harvey were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">Battle of San Juan (1797)</a>. </p><p>El Morro's last active fight occurred during a naval bombardment by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> during the 1898 <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, ending the age of naval warfare in the Caribbean, at least in the classical sense. During the Spanish–American War, the castle was attacked at least three times by American naval forces, the largest being the <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_San_Juan" title="Bombardment of San Juan">Bombardment of San Juan</a> on May 12, 1898. The war ended with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a>, in which Spain ceded ownership of the islands of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_military_occupation_(1898–1961)"><span id="American_military_occupation_.281898.E2.80.931961.29"></span>American military occupation (1898–1961)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: American military occupation (1898–1961)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro,_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan,_San_Juan,_San_Juan_Municipio,_PR_HABS_PR,7-SAJU,6-114.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-114.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-114.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-114.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-114.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-114.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-114.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5110" data-file-height="3632" /></a><figcaption>Main gate and the lighthouse in 1933. (Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington).</figcaption></figure> <p>El Morro and many other Spanish government buildings in Old San Juan became part of a large U.S. Army post, called <a href="/wiki/Fort_Brooke,_Puerto_Rico" title="Fort Brooke, Puerto Rico">Fort Brooke</a>. In the early 20th century, the U.S. military filled up the <a href="/wiki/Esplanade" title="Esplanade">esplanade</a> (the green space in front of "El Morro") with baseball diamonds, hospitals, officers' quarters, an officers' club and even a <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a> course. </p><p>On March 21, 1915, Lt. <a href="/wiki/Te%C3%B3filo_Marxuach" title="Teófilo Marxuach">Teófilo Marxuach</a> was the officer of the day at the El Morro fortress. The <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_America_Line" title="Hamburg America Line">Hamburg America Line</a> <a href="/wiki/Cargo_liner" title="Cargo liner">cargo liner</a> <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Newport_News_(AK-3)" title="USS Newport News (AK-3)">Odenwald</a></i> tried to leave port without permission from the Customs Collector. Lt. Marxuach gave the order to open fire on her, which forced her to stop.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shots ordered by Lt. Marxuach are widely regarded to be the first shots fired by the United States in World War I, although the first actual wartime shot fired by the US came on the day war was declared, during the <a href="/wiki/Scuttling_of_SMS_Cormoran" title="Scuttling of SMS Cormoran">scuttling of SMS <i>Cormoran</i></a> off <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>. </p><p>During World War II the United States Army added a massive concrete bunker to the top of El Morro to serve as a Harbor Defense Fire Control Station to direct a network of coastal artillery sites, and to keep watch for German submarines which were ravaging shipping in the Caribbean. A lighthouse, rebuilt by the U.S. Army in 1906–08 is the tallest point on El Morro, standing 180 feet (55 m) above sea level. Flagpoles on El Morro today customarily fly the <a href="/wiki/United_States_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="United States flag">United States flag</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican flag">Puerto Rican flag</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Burgundy" title="Cross of Burgundy">Cross of Burgundy</a> flag, also known in Spanish as las Aspas de Borgoña, a standard which was widely used by Spanish armies around the world from 1506 to 1785. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Park_(1961–present)"><span id="National_Park_.281961.E2.80.93present.29"></span>National Park (1961–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: National Park (1961–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Morro_Old_San_Juan_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/El_Morro_Old_San_Juan_Panorama.jpg/750px-El_Morro_Old_San_Juan_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="750" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/El_Morro_Old_San_Juan_Panorama.jpg/1125px-El_Morro_Old_San_Juan_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/El_Morro_Old_San_Juan_Panorama.jpg/1500px-El_Morro_Old_San_Juan_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11547" data-file-height="2523" /></a><figcaption>Panorama view of the city from the castle</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1961, the United States Army officially retired from El Morro. The fort became a part of the National Park Service to be preserved as museums. In 1983, the Castillo and the city walls were declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. In honor of the Quincentennial of the voyages of Columbus in 1992 the exterior esplanade was cleared of palm trees that had been planted by the U.S. Army in the Fort Brooke era, and restored to the open appearance this "field-of-fire" for El Morro's cannon would have had in colonial Spanish times. Parking lots and paved roads were also removed, and the El Morro lighthouse repaired and restored to its original appearance. The 1963 film <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Island_(1963_film)" title="Thunder Island (1963 film)">Thunder Island</a> featured an extensive foot chase and shootout scene filmed at El Morro. El Morro was also used as a film set in the 1996 motion picture <i><a href="/wiki/Amistad_(1997_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amistad (1997 film)">Amistad</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> used it to represent a fort in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> where African slaves were auctioned in 1839. African slave labor was used in addition to local labor to help build the castillo. El Morro was a defensive military fortification and a major component of San Juan's harbor defense system. Puerto Rico as such was considered by the Spanish crown as the "Key to the Antilles"; no enemy ship could navigate its waters without fear of capture. </p><p>An annual artisans festival is held at the fort every July.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fort is home to a resident colony of around 200 stray cats that are believed to have been descended from cats introduced either during colonial times or in the mid-20th century as part of rat eradication programs. Following concerns over an increase in their population, in 2023 the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> announced it would contract an animal welfare organization to remove the cats and threatened to hire a pest control agency if it were to fail. However, the plan was suspended following a lawsuit by animal welfare groups in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_timeline">Historical timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElMorro2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/ElMorro2.JPG/250px-ElMorro2.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/ElMorro2.JPG/375px-ElMorro2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/ElMorro2.JPG/500px-ElMorro2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>One of many iconic <a href="/wiki/Bartizan" title="Bartizan">garitas</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_San_Felipe_del_Morro_-_IMG_0262.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fort_San_Felipe_del_Morro_-_IMG_0262.JPG/250px-Fort_San_Felipe_del_Morro_-_IMG_0262.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fort_San_Felipe_del_Morro_-_IMG_0262.JPG/375px-Fort_San_Felipe_del_Morro_-_IMG_0262.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fort_San_Felipe_del_Morro_-_IMG_0262.JPG/500px-Fort_San_Felipe_del_Morro_-_IMG_0262.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Cannon at Castillo San Felipe del Morro</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Morro_Castle,_San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/El_Morro_Castle%2C_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg/250px-El_Morro_Castle%2C_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/El_Morro_Castle%2C_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg/375px-El_Morro_Castle%2C_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/El_Morro_Castle%2C_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg/500px-El_Morro_Castle%2C_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>View of Castillo San Felipe del Morro from <a href="/wiki/Fort%C3%ADn_San_Juan_de_la_Cruz" title="Fortín San Juan de la Cruz">El Cañuelo</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1508 – Spanish colonized the area</li> <li>1509 – Spanish settlers from <a href="/wiki/Caparra_Archaeological_Site" title="Caparra Archaeological Site">Caparra</a> found San Juan.</li> <li>1539 – Construction of the first harbor defenses at El Morro and <a href="/wiki/La_Fortaleza" title="La Fortaleza">La Fortaleza</a> authorized by King <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>.</li> <li>1587 – Engineers <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_Tejada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan de Tejada (page does not exist)">Juan de Tejada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Antonelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Bautista Antonelli">Juan Bautista Antonelli</a> lay out the main design for El Morro still seen today.</li> <li>1589 – Governor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diego_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Vald%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diego Menéndez de Valdés (page does not exist)">Diego Menéndez de Valdés</a> begins new construction at El Morro.</li> <li>1595 – Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> attacks El Morro unsuccessfully by sea. Gunners from El Morro shoot a cannonball through the cabin of Drake's flagship. To impede Drake's ships from entering the bay, a metal chain was drawn across the entrance. Drake was defeated and many of his ships sunk.</li> <li>1598 – <a href="/wiki/George_Clifford,_3rd_Earl_of_Cumberland" title="George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland">George Clifford</a>, Duke of Cumberland, attacks from the land side in June of this year, the only time El Morro was taken in battle. English forces move into the fortress, however weakened by <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> they leave in November.</li> <li>1625 – The Dutch under the command of Captain Balduino Enrico (also known as Boudewijn Hendricksz/Bowdoin Henrick) attacked and invaded San Juan from the "La Puntilla". El Morro held out under the leadership of Spanish Governor De Haro and Captain <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Am%C3%A9zqueta" title="Juan de Amézqueta">Juan de Amézqueta</a> of the Puerto Rican militia, but the city was sacked and burned.</li> <li>1630 – Governor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrique_Enr%C3%ADquez_de_Sotomayor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrique Enríquez de Sotomayor (page does not exist)">Enrique Enríquez de Sotomayor</a> begins construction of the city walls. Work continues until 1678 to encircle the city completely.</li> <li>1765 – After the siege of Havana in 1762 by the British, King Charles III appoints Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_O%27Reilly" title="Alejandro O'Reilly">Alejandro O'Reilly</a> (Alexander O'Reilly) and Royal Engineer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_O%27Daly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomás O'Daly (page does not exist)">Tomás O'Daly</a> (Thomas O'Daly) to reform San Juan's fortifications and reorganize the garrison to make the city a "Defense of the First Order".</li> <li>1787 – An <a href="/wiki/1787_Boricua_earthquake" title="1787 Boricua earthquake">earthquake</a> damages the structure of both San Felipe del Morro and San Cristóbal.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1797 – General <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a> and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Henry_Harvey" title="Henry Harvey">Henry Harvey</a>, with a force of 7,000–13,000 men, invaded the island of Puerto Rico. Captain General Don Ramón de Castro and his forces repelled the attack. Abercromby and Harvey were defeated. This was to be one of the largest invasions to Spanish territories in the Americas.</li> <li>1825 – Well known <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a> <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresí</a> was jailed and later executed within the fort's walls.</li> <li>1843 – First <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouse</a> in Puerto Rico constructed atop the castle.</li> <li>1898 – On 12 May, US Navy warships <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_San_Juan" title="Bombardment of San Juan">shell</a> El Morro in a day-long bombardment, damaging the tip of the main battery. Six months later, Puerto Rico becomes U.S. territory by terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a> which ends the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>.</li> <li>1899 – The Department of the Navy rebuilds the lighthouse tower as an octagonal reinforced concrete structure using the iron structure as reinforcement. A new lenticular lens is installed. By 1906 a crack, through and around the top of the tower, directly under the lantern requires its demolition.</li> <li>1908 – Present <a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Castillo de San Felipe del Morro Lighthouse">lighthouse seen atop El Morro</a> built by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1915 – First shots of World War I fired by Lt. <a href="/wiki/Te%C3%B3filo_Marxuach" title="Teófilo Marxuach">Teófilo Marxuach</a> on behalf of the United States. Marxuach, a native of <a href="/wiki/Arroyo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Arroyo, Puerto Rico">Arroyo, Puerto Rico</a>, fired what is considered to be the first shot of World War I fired by the regular armed forces of the United States against any ship flying the colors of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USNI_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNI-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marxuach, who was a member of the "Porto Rico Regiment of Infantry" and Officer of the Day, on 25 March 1915, opened fire on the <i>Odenwald</i>, an unarmed German <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ship</a>, as it was trying leave San Juan bay without permission.</li> <li>1942 – El Morro was still an active military post during World War II. The US Army added concrete artillery observation posts and an underground bunker to El Morro to defend against possible German attacks.</li> <li>1949 – San Juan National Historic Site is established.</li> <li>1961 – The U.S. Army moves out of the forts of Old San Juan, and they become the jurisdiction of the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>, to be preserved solely as museums.</li> <li>1971 – Featured in the <i>Mission: Impossible</i> episode "The Field" (season 5th, episode 17th).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1983 – <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_National_Historic_Site" title="San Juan National Historic Site">San Juan National Historic Site</a> declared a World Heritage Site by the United Nations.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza_del_Quinto_Centenario_-_San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Plaza_del_Quinto_Centenario_-_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/220px-Plaza_del_Quinto_Centenario_-_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Plaza_del_Quinto_Centenario_-_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/330px-Plaza_del_Quinto_Centenario_-_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Plaza_del_Quinto_Centenario_-_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/440px-Plaza_del_Quinto_Centenario_-_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plaza_del_Quinto_Centenario" title="Plaza del Quinto Centenario">Plaza del Quinto Centenario</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1992 – El Morro's grounds are returned to their historic 18th-century appearance as part of quincentennial commemoration of the discovery of Puerto Rico by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> when modern roadways and parking lots are removed. El Morro now generates tourism revenue by being open to tours.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1992, <i><a href="/wiki/Plaza_del_Quinto_Centenario" title="Plaza del Quinto Centenario">Plaza del Quinto Centenario</a></i> is built across Castillo San Felipe del Morro.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2017 – Puerto Rico was struck by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Maria" title="Hurricane Maria">Hurricane Maria</a> on September 20, 2017 devastating the infrastructure of the island as well as the tourism industry. Tourism to the Castle of San Felipe or <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Castillo de San Felipe</i></span> had recovered by the summer of 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Amura_Yachts_&_Lifestyle_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amura_Yachts_&_Lifestyle-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FortElMorro_SanJuan_PuertoRico.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bird's-eye view of the castle from San Juan Bay"><img alt="Bird's-eye view of the castle from San Juan Bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FortElMorro_SanJuan_PuertoRico.jpg/120px-FortElMorro_SanJuan_PuertoRico.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FortElMorro_SanJuan_PuertoRico.jpg/180px-FortElMorro_SanJuan_PuertoRico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FortElMorro_SanJuan_PuertoRico.jpg/240px-FortElMorro_SanJuan_PuertoRico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bird's-eye view of the castle from San Juan Bay</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the castle from the north"><img alt="View of the castle from the north" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/View_of_Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro.jpg/120px-View_of_Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/View_of_Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro.jpg/180px-View_of_Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/View_of_Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro.jpg/240px-View_of_Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the castle from the north</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Juan,_castillo_del_Morro_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Garita (Sentry Box)"><img alt="Garita (Sentry Box)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/San_Juan%2C_castillo_del_Morro_14.jpg/120px-San_Juan%2C_castillo_del_Morro_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/San_Juan%2C_castillo_del_Morro_14.jpg/180px-San_Juan%2C_castillo_del_Morro_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/San_Juan%2C_castillo_del_Morro_14.jpg/240px-San_Juan%2C_castillo_del_Morro_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4020" data-file-height="2632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bartizan" title="Bartizan">Garita</a> (Sentry Box)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro_(fort_San_Felipe)_(5421532870).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exhibition inside the castle"><img alt="Exhibition inside the castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro_%28fort_San_Felipe%29_%285421532870%29.jpg/120px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro_%28fort_San_Felipe%29_%285421532870%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro_%28fort_San_Felipe%29_%285421532870%29.jpg/180px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro_%28fort_San_Felipe%29_%285421532870%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro_%28fort_San_Felipe%29_%285421532870%29.jpg/240px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro_%28fort_San_Felipe%29_%285421532870%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exhibition inside the castle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance view of castle at dusk from esplanade"><img alt="Entrance view of castle at dusk from esplanade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro3.jpg/120px-Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro3.jpg/180px-Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro3.jpg/240px-Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9537" data-file-height="5980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance view of castle at dusk from esplanade</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2009_PR_Proof.png" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. commemorative quarter, featuring Sentry Box"><img alt="U.S. commemorative quarter, featuring Sentry Box" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/2009_PR_Proof.png/120px-2009_PR_Proof.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/2009_PR_Proof.png/179px-2009_PR_Proof.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/2009_PR_Proof.png/239px-2009_PR_Proof.png 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1081" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_and_United_States_Territories_Quarters" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarters">U.S. commemorative quarter</a>, featuring Sentry Box</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garita_morro_s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sentry box La Garita at Castillo San Felipe del Morro"><img alt="Sentry box La Garita at Castillo San Felipe del Morro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Garita_morro_s.jpg/120px-Garita_morro_s.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Garita_morro_s.jpg/180px-Garita_morro_s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Garita_morro_s.jpg/240px-Garita_morro_s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="433" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sentry box <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">La Garita</i></span> at Castillo San Felipe del Morro</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro,_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan,_San_Juan,_San_Juan_Municipio,_PR_HABS_PR,7-SAJU,6-79.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Main gate in 1933."><img alt="Main gate in 1933." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-79.tif/lossy-page1-120px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-79.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-79.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-79.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-79.tif/lossy-page1-240px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-79.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5110" data-file-height="3669" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Main gate in 1933.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro,_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan,_San_Juan,_San_Juan_Municipio,_PR_HABS_PR,7-SAJU,6-102.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Lighthouse in a photo in 1933."><img alt="Lighthouse in a photo in 1933." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-102.tif/lossy-page1-86px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-102.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-102.tif/lossy-page1-129px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-102.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-102.tif/lossy-page1-172px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-102.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3702" data-file-height="5151" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lighthouse in a photo in 1933.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro,_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan,_San_Juan,_San_Juan_Municipio,_PR_HABS_PR,7-SAJU,6-91.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Photo of 1933"><img alt="Photo of 1933" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-91.tif/lossy-page1-120px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-91.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-91.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-91.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-91.tif/lossy-page1-240px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-91.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5124" data-file-height="3693" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photo of 1933</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_up_main_ramp_from_Santa_Barbara_Bastion_-_Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro,_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan,_San_Juan,_San_Juan_Municipio,_PR_HABS_PR,7-SAJU,6-27.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Main ramp from Santa Barbara Bastion in 1933."><img alt="Main ramp from Santa Barbara Bastion in 1933." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/View_up_main_ramp_from_Santa_Barbara_Bastion_-_Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-27.tif/lossy-page1-120px-thumbnail.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/View_up_main_ramp_from_Santa_Barbara_Bastion_-_Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-27.tif/lossy-page1-180px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/View_up_main_ramp_from_Santa_Barbara_Bastion_-_Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-27.tif/lossy-page1-240px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3564" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Main ramp from Santa Barbara Bastion in 1933.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro,_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan,_San_Juan,_San_Juan_Municipio,_PR_HABS_PR,7-SAJU,6-89.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="photo of 1933."><img alt="photo of 1933." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-89.tif/lossy-page1-87px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-89.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-89.tif/lossy-page1-130px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-89.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-89.tif/lossy-page1-174px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-89.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3716" data-file-height="5128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">photo of 1933.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro,_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan,_San_Juan,_San_Juan_Municipio,_PR_HABS_PR,7-SAJU,6-113.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Photo of 1933"><img alt="Photo of 1933" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-113.tif/lossy-page1-87px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-113.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-113.tif/lossy-page1-130px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-113.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-113.tif/lossy-page1-174px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-113.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="5129" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photo of 1933</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro,_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan,_San_Juan,_San_Juan_Municipio,_PR_HABS_PR,7-SAJU,6-5.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Photo of 1933."><img alt="Photo of 1933." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-5.tif/lossy-page1-120px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-5.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-5.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-5.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-5.tif/lossy-page1-240px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-5.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3162" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photo of 1933.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro,_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan,_San_Juan,_San_Juan_Municipio,_PR_HABS_PR,7-SAJU,6-107.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Photo of 1933."><img alt="Photo of 1933." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-107.tif/lossy-page1-87px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-107.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-107.tif/lossy-page1-131px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-107.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-107.tif/lossy-page1-175px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Northwest_end_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6-107.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3725" data-file-height="5119" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photo of 1933.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Historic_American_Buildings_Survey,_Frederik_C._Gjessing,_Photographer_January,_1956_ELEVATION_OF_CHAPEL_AND_SALLY_PORT_TOWARDS_THE_COURTYARD_PLAZA_DE_ARMAS,_SAN_FELIPE_DEL_MORRO._HABS_PR,7-SAJU,13-2.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Chapel of the courtyard of the castle in 1933."><img alt="Chapel of the courtyard of the castle in 1933." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey%2C_Frederik_C._Gjessing%2C_Photographer_January%2C_1956_ELEVATION_OF_CHAPEL_AND_SALLY_PORT_TOWARDS_THE_COURTYARD_PLAZA_DE_ARMAS%2C_SAN_FELIPE_DEL_MORRO._HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C13-2.tif/lossy-page1-120px-thumbnail.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey%2C_Frederik_C._Gjessing%2C_Photographer_January%2C_1956_ELEVATION_OF_CHAPEL_AND_SALLY_PORT_TOWARDS_THE_COURTYARD_PLAZA_DE_ARMAS%2C_SAN_FELIPE_DEL_MORRO._HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C13-2.tif/lossy-page1-180px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey%2C_Frederik_C._Gjessing%2C_Photographer_January%2C_1956_ELEVATION_OF_CHAPEL_AND_SALLY_PORT_TOWARDS_THE_COURTYARD_PLAZA_DE_ARMAS%2C_SAN_FELIPE_DEL_MORRO._HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C13-2.tif/lossy-page1-240px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3982" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chapel of the courtyard of the castle in 1933.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro,_Lighthouse,_Northwest_corner_of_San_Juan,_San_Juan,_San_Juan_Municipio,_PR_HABS_PR,7-SAJU,6A-_(sheet_5_of_5).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Architectural drawings of the Lighthouse produced in the HABS San Juan, Puerto Rico field office"><img alt="Architectural drawings of the Lighthouse produced in the HABS San Juan, Puerto Rico field office" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Lighthouse%2C_Northwest_corner_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6A-_%28sheet_5_of_5%29.png/120px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Lighthouse%2C_Northwest_corner_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6A-_%28sheet_5_of_5%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Lighthouse%2C_Northwest_corner_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6A-_%28sheet_5_of_5%29.png/180px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Lighthouse%2C_Northwest_corner_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6A-_%28sheet_5_of_5%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Lighthouse%2C_Northwest_corner_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6A-_%28sheet_5_of_5%29.png/240px-Castillo_de_San_Felipe_del_Morro%2C_Lighthouse%2C_Northwest_corner_of_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan%2C_San_Juan_Municipio%2C_PR_HABS_PR%2C7-SAJU%2C6A-_%28sheet_5_of_5%29.png 2x" data-file-width="9288" data-file-height="7584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Architectural drawings of the Lighthouse produced in the <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Documentation_Programs#Historic_American_Buildings_Survey" title="Heritage Documentation Programs">HABS</a> San Juan, Puerto Rico field office</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_Bell,_1969.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bell, 1969"><img alt="Bell, 1969" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_Bell%2C_1969.png/120px-Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_Bell%2C_1969.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_Bell%2C_1969.png/180px-Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_Bell%2C_1969.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_Bell%2C_1969.png/240px-Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_Bell%2C_1969.png 2x" data-file-width="1139" data-file-height="1139" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bell, 1969</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico" title="Portal:Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico portal</a></span></li></ul> <p>Some other forts in San Juan: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castillo_San_Crist%C3%B3bal_(San_Juan)" title="Castillo San Cristóbal (San Juan)">Castillo San Cristóbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort%C3%ADn_de_San_Ger%C3%B3nimo" title="Fortín de San Gerónimo">Fortín de San Gerónimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Escambr%C3%B3n_Beach" title="El Escambrón Beach">Escambrón Battery</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballaj%C3%A1_Barracks" title="Ballajá Barracks">Ballajá Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico Campaign">Puerto Rico Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_buildings_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of the oldest buildings in Puerto Rico">List of the oldest buildings in Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nris-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. July 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+San+Felipe+del+Morro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cite web <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npshistory.com/publications/saju/cli-el-morro-esplanade.pdf">"San Juan National Historic Site El Morro Esplanade Cultural Landscape"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>pr.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pr.gov&rft.atitle=San+Juan+National+Historic+Site+El+Morro+Esplanade+Cultural+Landscape&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpshistory.com%2Fpublications%2Fsaju%2Fcli-el-morro-esplanade.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+San+Felipe+del+Morro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuanUs" class="citation web cs1">Juan, Mailing Address: 501 Norzagaray Street San; Us, PR 00901 Phone: 787 729-6777 x223 San Juan NHS Headquarters Superintendent's Office Contact. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/saju/learn/historyculture/el-morro.htm">"Park Components - El Morro - San Juan National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=Park+Components+-+El+Morro+-+San+Juan+National+Historic+Site+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft.aulast=Juan&rft.aufirst=Mailing+Address%3A+501+Norzagaray+Street+San&rft.au=Us%2C+PR+00901+Phone%3A+787+729-6777+x223+San+Juan+NHS+Headquarters+Superintendent%27s+Office+Contact&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fsaju%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fel-morro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+San+Felipe+del+Morro" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academiaprhistoria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/1990-07-01-02.pdf">"Justificación para una historia militar de Puerto Rico"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Academia Puertorriqueña de la Historia</i> (in Spanish). April 4, 2023. pp. 250–51<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia+Puertorrique%C3%B1a+de+la+Historia&rft.atitle=Justificaci%C3%B3n+para+una+historia+militar+de+Puerto+Rico&rft.pages=250-51&rft.date=2023-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademiaprhistoria.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F11%2F1990-07-01-02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+San+Felipe+del+Morro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nps.gov-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nps.gov_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nps.gov_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/saju/index.htm">"San Juan National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=San+Juan+National+Historic+Site+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fsaju%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+San+Felipe+del+Morro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPS_310_pgs-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_310_pgs_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_310_pgs_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_310_pgs_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190411213703/https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/weekly_features/2012/PR_12000465.pdf">"Old San Juan Historic District"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NPS</i>. WBM: United States Department of the Interior. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/weekly_features/2012/PR_12000465.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 11, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPS&rft.atitle=Old+San+Juan+Historic+District&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnr%2Ffeature%2Fweekly_features%2F2012%2FPR_12000465.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+San+Felipe+del+Morro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummins" class="citation web cs1">Cummins, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vistas.ace.fordham.edu/themes/pre-columbian-images-03/">"El Morro, view of walls, late 16th c. Juan de Tejada and Juan Bautista Antonelli. San Juan, Puerto Rico"</a>. Visual Culture in Spanish America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Morro%2C+view+of+walls%2C+late+16th+c.+Juan+de+Tejada+and+Juan+Bautista+Antonelli.+San+Juan%2C+Puerto+Rico.&rft.pub=Visual+Culture+in+Spanish+America&rft.aulast=Cummins&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvistas.ace.fordham.edu%2Fthemes%2Fpre-columbian-images-03%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+San+Felipe+del+Morro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPS-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Forts of Old San Juan</i>. 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Concha Melendez Ramirez">Casa Dra. Concha Meléndez Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Fortaleza" title="La Fortaleza">La Fortaleza</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator-map-Puerto-Rico-San-Juan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="San Juan map"><img alt="San Juan map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Locator-map-Puerto-Rico-San-Juan.svg/90px-Locator-map-Puerto-Rico-San-Juan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Locator-map-Puerto-Rico-San-Juan.svg/135px-Locator-map-Puerto-Rico-San-Juan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Locator-map-Puerto-Rico-San-Juan.svg/180px-Locator-map-Puerto-Rico-San-Juan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark_District" title="National Historic Landmark District">National Historic<br />Landmark District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_San_Juan" title="Old San Juan">Distrito Histórico del Viejo San Juan – Old San Juan Historic District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castillo_San_Crist%C3%B3bal_(San_Juan)" title="Castillo San Cristóbal (San Juan)">Castillo San Cristóbal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Castillo San Felipe del Morro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Castillo San Felipe del Morro Lighthouse">Castillo San Felipe del Morro Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Wall_of_San_Juan" class="mw-redirect" title="City Wall of San Juan">City Wall of San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort%C3%ADn_San_Juan_de_la_Cruz" title="Fortín San Juan de la Cruz">Fortín San Juan de la Cruz</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types#Historic_districts" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Piedras_River_Aqueduct" title="Old Piedras River Aqueduct">Acueducto de San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Falansterio_de_Puerta_de_Tierra" title="El Falansterio de Puerta de Tierra">El Falansterio de Puerta de Tierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Loaiza_Cordero_para_Ni%C3%B1os_Ciegos_Historic_District" title="Instituto Loaiza Cordero para Niños Ciegos Historic District">Instituto Loaiza Cordero para Niños Ciegos Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADnea_Avanzada" title="Línea Avanzada">Línea Avanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerta_de_Tierra,_San_Juan" title="Puerta de Tierra, San Juan">Puerta de Tierra Historic District – Distrito Histórico de Puerta de Tierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_National_Historic_Site" title="San Juan National Historic Site">San Juan National Historic Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types#Buildings" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universidad_del_Sagrado_Coraz%C3%B3n" title="Universidad del Sagrado Corazón">Administration Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiguo_Casino_de_Puerto_Rico" title="Antiguo Casino de Puerto Rico">Antiguo Casino de Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Carnegie" title="Biblioteca Carnegie">Biblioteca Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Capitol of Puerto Rico">El Capitolio de Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_National_Library" title="Puerto Rico National Library">Carcel de Puerta de Tierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Casa de España">Casa de España</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Klumb_House" title="Henry Klumb House">Casa Klumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Vigil" title="Casa Vigil">Casa Vigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_High_School_(San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico)" title="Central High School (San Juan, Puerto Rico)">Central High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_San_Mateo_de_Cangrejos_of_Santurce" title="Church of San Mateo de Cangrejos of Santurce">Church of San Mateo de Cangrejos of Santurce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church,_School,_Convent_and_Parish_House_of_San_Agust%C3%ADn" title="Church, School, Convent and Parish House of San Agustín">Church, School, Convent and Parish House of San Agustín</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colegio_de_las_Madres_del_Sagrado_Coraz%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colegio de las Madres del Sagrado Corazón (page does not exist)">Colegio de las Madres del Sagrado Corazón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condado_Vanderbilt_Hotel" title="Condado Vanderbilt Hotel">Condado Vanderbilt Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Cordero_Graded_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Cordero Graded School (page does not exist)">Rafael Cordero Graded School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edificio_Aboy" title="Edificio Aboy">Edificio Aboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edificio_Comunidad_de_Orgullo_Gay_de_Puerto_Rico" title="Edificio Comunidad de Orgullo Gay de Puerto Rico">Edificio Comunidad de Orgullo Gay de Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edificio_del_Valle" title="Edificio del Valle">Edificio del Valle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edificio_Patio_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="Edificio Patio Español">Edificio Patio Español</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edificio_Victory_Garden" title="Edificio Victory Garden">Edificio Victory Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Brambaugh" title="Escuela Brambaugh">Escuela Brambaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escuela_Graduado_Jos%C3%A9_Celso_Barbosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escuela Graduado José Celso Barbosa (page does not exist)">Escuela Graduado José Celso Barbosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figueroa_Apartments" title="Figueroa Apartments">Figueroa Apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Logia_Espiritual_N%C3%BAmero_1" title="Gran Logia Espiritual Número 1">Gran Logia Espiritual Número 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandie_Hotel" title="Normandie Hotel">Hotel Normandie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_at_659_Concordia_Street" title="House at 659 Concordia Street">House at 659 Concordia Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_at_659_La_Paz_Street" title="House at 659 La Paz Street">House at 659 La Paz Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_at_663_La_Paz_Street" title="House at 663 La Paz Street">House at 663 La Paz Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_at_665_McKinley_Street" title="House at 665 McKinley Street">House at 665 McKinley Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Giralda_(San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico)" title="La Giralda (San Juan, Puerto Rico)">La Giralda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Building" title="Miami Building">Miami Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Lourdes_Chapel" title="Nuestra Señora de Lourdes Chapel">Nuestra Señora de Lourdes Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polvor%C3%ADn_de_Miraflores" title="Polvorín de Miraflores">Polvorín de Miraflores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Ilustrado_%E2%80%93_Edificio_El_Mundo" title="Puerto Rico Ilustrado – Edificio El Mundo">Puerto Rico Ilustrado – Edificio El Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Piedras_State_Penitentiary" title="Río Piedras State Penitentiary">Puerto Rico Island Penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art" title="Puerto Rico Museum of Contemporary Art">Rafael M. Labra High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residencia_Aboy-Lompr%C3%A9" title="Residencia Aboy-Lompré">Residencia Aboy–Lompre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Residencia_de_Se%C3%B1oritas_Universidad_de_Puerto_Rico;_R%C3%ADo_Piedras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Residencia de Señoritas Universidad de Puerto Rico; Río Piedras (page does not exist)">Residencia de Señoritas Universidad de Puerto Rico; Río Piedras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Residencia_Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Mar%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Residencia Luis Muñoz Marín (page does not exist)">Residencia Luis Muñoz Marín</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum_Pilot_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rum Pilot Plant (page does not exist)">Rum Pilot Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Tropical_Medicine_(Puerto_Rico)" title="School of Tropical Medicine (Puerto Rico)">School of Tropical Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Lighthouses%27_Dwelling" title="Superintendent of Lighthouses' Dwelling">Superintendent of Lighthouses' Dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Building_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Supreme Court Building (Puerto Rico)">Supreme Court Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templo_del_Maestro" title="Templo del Maestro">Templo del Maestro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Custom_House_(San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Custom House (San Juan, Puerto Rico)">U.S. Custom House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_V._Toledo_Federal_Building_and_United_States_Courthouse" title="Jose V. Toledo Federal Building and United States Courthouse">U.S. Post Office and Courthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Tower" title="Roosevelt Tower">University of Puerto Rico Tower and Quadrangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Victoria_(San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico)" title="Villa Victoria (San Juan, Puerto Rico)">Villa Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types#Site" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort%C3%ADn_de_San_Ger%C3%B3nimo" title="Fortín de San Gerónimo">Fortín de San Gerónimo de Boquerón</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types#Structure" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Structures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Bithorn_Stadium" title="Hiram Bithorn Stadium">Hiram Bithorn Municipal Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Castillo San Felipe del Morro Lighthouse">Faro del Morro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Rivera_Park" title="Luis Muñoz Rivera Park">Luis Muñoz Rivera Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural_%22La_Familia%22" title="Mural "La Familia"">Mural "La Familia"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Norzagaray_Bridge" title="General Norzagaray Bridge">General Norzagaray Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Pe%C3%B1a_Bridge" title="Martín Peña Bridge">Martín Peña Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Piedras_Bridge" title="Río Piedras Bridge">Río Piedras Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Antonio_Railroad_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Antonio Railroad Bridge (page does not exist)">San Antonio Railroad Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><div><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in San Juan, Puerto Rico">National Register of Historic Places listings in San Juan, Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Puerto Rico">List of National Historic Landmarks in Puerto Rico</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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