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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Food energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry_and_physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry_and_physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Chemistry and physics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry_and_physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Calorie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="سعرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سعرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor%C3%ADa" title="Caloría – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Caloría" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalori" title="Kalori – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kalori" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="ক্যালরি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যালরি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khah-l%C5%8D%CD%98-l%C3%AD" title="Khah-lō͘-lí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khah-lō͘-lí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Калорыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калорыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Калёрыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Калёрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Калория – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калория" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁཱ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁཱ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorija" title="Kalorija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kalorija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloria" title="Caloria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caloria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorie" title="Kalorie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kalorie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calori" title="Calori – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Calori" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorie" title="Kalorie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kalorie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorie" title="Kalorie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kalorie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalor" title="Kalor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kalor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Θερμίδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θερμίδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor%C3%ADa" title="Caloría – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caloría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorio" title="Kalorio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kalorio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaloria" title="Kaloria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaloria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کالری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کالری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calorie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calra" title="Calra – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Calra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloree" title="Caloree – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Caloree" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor%C3%ADa" title="Caloría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Caloría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EB%A1%9C%EB%A6%AC" title="칼로리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칼로리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Կալորիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալորիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="कैलोरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैलोरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorija" title="Kalorija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kalorija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorio" title="Kalorio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kalorio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalori" title="Kalori – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalori" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitaeining" title="Hitaeining – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hitaeining" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloria" title="Caloria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caloria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="קלוריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלוריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕೆಲೊರಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೆಲೊರಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Калория – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Калория" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalori" title="Kalori – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kalori" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Калория – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Калория" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorija" title="Kalorija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kalorija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorie" title="Kalorie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kalorie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorija" title="Kalorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloria" title="Caloria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Caloria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C3%B3ria" title="Kalória – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kalória" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Калорија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Калорија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalori" title="Kalori – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kalori" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%83-l%C3%B4-l%C4%AB" title="Gă-lô-lī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gă-lô-lī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE" title="ကယ်လိုရီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကယ်လိုရီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Calorie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="カロリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カロリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorii" title="Kalorii – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kalorii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalori" title="Kalori – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kalori" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalori" title="Kalori – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kalori" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloria" title="Caloria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Caloria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoo%27illaa" title="Hoo'illaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Hoo'illaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaloriya" title="Kaloriya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kaloriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੈਲੋਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਲੋਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE" title="ခယ်လိုရီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ခယ်လိုရီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor%C3%ACa" title="Calorìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Calorìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaloria" title="Kaloria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kaloria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloria" title="Caloria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caloria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Calorie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Калория – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Калория" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaloria" title="Kaloria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kaloria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caluria" title="Caluria – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Caluria" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Calorie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C3%B3ria" title="Kalória – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kalória" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorija" title="Kalorija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kalorija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کالۆری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کالۆری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Калорија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Калорија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorija" title="Kalorija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kalorija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalori" title="Kalori – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kalori" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalori" title="Kalori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalori" title="Kalori – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kalori" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaloriya" title="Kaloriya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaloriya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="கலோரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலோரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF" title="కెలోరి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కెలోరి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="แคลอรี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคลอรี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalori" title="Kalori – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kalori" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Калорія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Калорія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca-lo" title="Ca-lo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ca-lo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calories&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Calories">Calories</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unit of energy used in nutrition</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"kcal" redirects here; this article is about the unit of energy. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/KCAL_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="KCAL (disambiguation)">KCAL (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calorie_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Calorie (disambiguation)">Calorie (disambiguation)</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-unit"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">calorie</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">cal</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Conversions </th></tr><tr class="nowrap"><td>1 cal <i>in ...</i></td><td><i>... is equal to ...</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/SI_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="SI unit">SI units</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span>4.184 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><p> The <b>calorie</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit of energy">unit of energy</a> that originated from the <a href="/wiki/Caloric_theory" title="Caloric theory">caloric theory</a> of heat.<sup id="cite_ref-morris1992_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morris1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marsh2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <b>large calorie</b>, <b>food calorie</b>, <b>dietary calorie</b>, or <b>kilogram calorie</b> is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> of one <a href="/wiki/Liter" class="mw-redirect" title="Liter">liter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> by one degree <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a> (or one <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-morris1992_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morris1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Webster_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webster-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <b>small calorie</b> or <b>gram calorie</b> is defined as the amount of heat needed to cause the same increase in one <a href="/wiki/Milliliter" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliliter">milliliter</a> of water.<sup id="cite_ref-Webster_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webster-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-morris1992_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morris1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, 1 large calorie is equal to 1000 small calories. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energy_drink_and_fast_food_cheeseburger_calorie_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Energy_drink_and_fast_food_cheeseburger_calorie_comparison.jpg/260px-Energy_drink_and_fast_food_cheeseburger_calorie_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Energy_drink_and_fast_food_cheeseburger_calorie_comparison.jpg/390px-Energy_drink_and_fast_food_cheeseburger_calorie_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Energy_drink_and_fast_food_cheeseburger_calorie_comparison.jpg/520px-Energy_drink_and_fast_food_cheeseburger_calorie_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3918" data-file-height="2601" /></a><figcaption>A 710-millilitre (24 US fl oz) <a href="/wiki/Monster_Energy" title="Monster Energy">Monster</a> <a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">energy drink</a> with 330 <i>large</i> calories</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_science" title="Food science">food science</a>, the term <i>calorie</i> and the symbol <i>cal</i> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Nutrition">may refer to the large unit or to the small unit in different regions of the world</a>. It is generally used in publications and package labels to express the <a href="/wiki/Nutritional_value" title="Nutritional value">energy value</a> of foods in per serving or per weight, recommended <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">dietary caloric intake</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FDA2019_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHS2019_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic rate">metabolic rates</a>, etc. Some authors recommend the spelling <i>Calorie</i> and the symbol <i>Cal</i> (both with a capital C) if the large calorie is meant, to avoid confusion;<sup id="cite_ref-conn2019_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conn2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, this convention is often ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA2019_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHS2019_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-conn2019_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conn2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, the word <i>calorie</i> and its symbol usually refer to the small unit, the large one being called <i>kilocalorie</i> (kcal). However, the kcal is not officially part of the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI), and is regarded as obsolete,<sup id="cite_ref-marsh2020_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having been replaced in many uses by the <a href="/wiki/SI_derived_unit" title="SI derived unit">SI derived unit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a> (J),<sup id="cite_ref-BIPM9th_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIPM9th-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the kilojoule (kJ) for 1000 joules. </p><p>The precise equivalence between calories and joules has varied over the years, but in <a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">thermochemistry</a> and nutrition it is now generally assumed that one (small) calorie (<b>thermochemical calorie</b>) is equal to exactly 4.184 J, and therefore one kilocalorie (one large calorie) is 4184 J or 4.184 kJ.<sup id="cite_ref-BIPM7th_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIPM7th-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAO2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calorie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "calorie" comes from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> calor</i> 'heat'.<sup id="cite_ref-MW_calorie_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW_calorie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first introduced by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Cl%C3%A9ment" title="Nicolas Clément">Nicolas Clément</a>, as a unit of <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> energy, in lectures on experimental <a href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">calorimetry</a> during the years 1819–1824. This was the "large" calorie.<sup id="cite_ref-marsh2020_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harg2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harg2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harg2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harg2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term (written with lowercase "c") entered French and English dictionaries between 1841 and 1867. </p><p>The same term was used for the "small" unit by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Antoine_Favre" title="Pierre Antoine Favre">Pierre Antoine Favre</a> (chemist) and Johann T. Silbermann (physicist) in 1852. </p><p>In 1879, <a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Marcellin Berthelot</a> distinguished between gram-calorie and kilogram-calorie, and proposed using "Calorie", with capital "C", for the large unit.<sup id="cite_ref-marsh2020_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This usage was adopted by <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Olin_Atwater" title="Wilbur Olin Atwater">Wilbur Olin Atwater</a>, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University" title="Wesleyan University">Wesleyan University</a>, in 1887, in an influential article on the energy content of food.<sup id="cite_ref-marsh2020_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harg2007_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harg2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The smaller unit was used by U.S. physician <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Howard_Raymond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Howard Raymond (page does not exist)">Joseph Howard Raymond</a>, in his classic 1894 textbook <i>A Manual of Human Physiology</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-raym1894_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raym1894-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposed calling the "large" unit "kilocalorie", but the term did not catch on until some years later. </p><p>The small calorie (cal) was recognized as a unit of the <a href="/wiki/CGS_system" class="mw-redirect" title="CGS system">CGS system</a> in 1896,<sup id="cite_ref-marsh2020_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harg2006_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harg2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alongside the already-existing CGS unit of energy, the <a href="/wiki/Erg" title="Erg">erg</a> (first suggested by Clausius in 1864, under the name <i>ergon</i>, and officially adopted in 1882). </p><p>In 1928, there were already serious complaints about the possible confusion arising from the two main definitions of the calorie and whether the notion of using the capital letter to distinguish them was sound.<sup id="cite_ref-marks1928_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marks1928-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The joule was the officially adopted SI unit of energy at the ninth <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-CIPM1948_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIPM1948-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BIPM9th_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIPM9th-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The calorie was mentioned in the 7th edition of the SI brochure as an example of a non-SI unit.<sup id="cite_ref-BIPM7th_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIPM7th-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The alternate spelling <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/calory" class="extiw" title="wikt:calory">calory</a> is a less-common, non-standard variant.<sup id="cite_ref-MW_calorie_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW_calorie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calorie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "small" calorie is broadly defined as the amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 °C (or 1 K, which is the same increment, a gradation of one percent of the interval between the melting point and the boiling point of water).<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual amount of energy required to accomplish this temperature increase depends on the atmospheric pressure and the starting temperature; different choices of these parameters have resulted in several different precise definitions of the unit. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Symbol</th> <th>Conversions</th> <th>Definition and notes </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemical</a> calorie</td> <td>cal<sub>th</sub> </td> <td>≡ <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000418400000000000♠"></span>4.184 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a></span> <p>≈ <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000418224139978567♠"></span>0.003<span style="margin-left:.25em;">964</span> <a href="/wiki/British_thermal_unit" title="British thermal unit">BTU</a></span> ≈ <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000418319999999999♠"></span>1.162<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup> <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt hour">kW⋅h</a></span> ≈ <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000418328280755700♠"></span>2.611<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>19</sup> <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">eV</a></span> </p> </td> <td>The amount of energy equal to exactly <b>4.184 J</b> (<a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joules</a>) and 1 kJ ≈ 0.239 kcal.<sup id="cite_ref-iso31-4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso31-4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rossini_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossini-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lynch1974_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lynch1974-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAO2003_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thermochemical_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thermochemical-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>4 °C calorie</td> <td>cal<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>≈ 4.204 J <p>≈ <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000420439757269069♠"></span>0.003<span style="margin-left:.25em;">985</span> BTU</span> ≈ 1.168<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup> kW⋅h ≈ 2.624<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>19</sup> eV </p> </td> <td>The amount of energy required to warm one gram of air-free water from 3.5 to 4.5 °C at standard atmospheric pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-pressure_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pressure-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>15 °C calorie</td> <td>cal<sub>15</sub> </td> <td>≈ 4.1855 J <p>≈ <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000418551207292880♠"></span>0.003<span style="margin-left:.25em;">9671</span> BTU</span> ≈ 1.1626<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup> kW⋅h ≈ 2.6124<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>19</sup> eV </p> </td> <td>The amount of energy required to warm one gram of air-free water from 14.5 to 15.5 °C at standard atmospheric pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-pressure_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pressure-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experimental values of this calorie ranged from 4.1852 to 4.1858 J. The <a href="/wiki/CIPM" class="mw-redirect" title="CIPM">CIPM</a> in 1950 published a mean experimental value of 4.1855 J, noting an uncertainty of 0.0005 J.<sup id="cite_ref-iso31-4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso31-4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>20 °C calorie</td> <td>cal<sub>20</sub> </td> <td>≈ 4.182 J <p>≈ <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000418224139978567♠"></span>0.003<span style="margin-left:.25em;">964</span> BTU</span> ≈ 1.162<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup> kW⋅h ≈ 2.610<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>19</sup> eV </p> </td> <td>The amount of energy required to warm one gram of air-free water from 19.5 to 20.5 °C at standard atmospheric pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-pressure_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pressure-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Mean calorie</td> <td>cal<sub>mean</sub> </td> <td>≈ 4.190 J <p>≈ <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000418962679075402♠"></span>0.003<span style="margin-left:.25em;">971</span> BTU</span> ≈ 1.164<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup> kW⋅h ≈ 2.615<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>19</sup> eV </p> </td> <td>Defined as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> of the amount of energy required to warm one gram of air-free water from 0 to 100 °C at standard atmospheric pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-pressure_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pressure-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>International <a href="/wiki/Steam_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam table">Steam Table</a> calorie (1929)</td> <td> </td> <td>≈ 4.1868 J <p>≈ <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000418677813995194♠"></span>0.003<span style="margin-left:.25em;">9683</span> BTU</span> ≈ 1.1630<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup> kW⋅h ≈ 2.6132<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>19</sup> eV </p> </td> <td>Defined as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">860</span></span> "international" watt hours = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">180</span>⁄<span class="den">43</span></span> "international" joules exactly.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>International Steam Table calorie (1956)</td> <td>cal<sub>IT</sub> </td> <td>≡ 4.1868 J <p>≈ <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000418677813995194♠"></span>0.003<span style="margin-left:.25em;">9683</span> BTU</span> = 1.1630<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup> kW⋅h ≈ 2.6132<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>19</sup> eV </p> </td> <td>Defined as 1.163 mW⋅h = 4.1868 J exactly. This definition was adopted by the Fifth International Conference on Properties of Steam (London, July 1956).<sup id="cite_ref-iso31-4_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso31-4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-thermochemical-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thermochemical_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 'Thermochemical calorie' was defined by Rossini simply as 4.1833 international joules in order to avoid the difficulties associated with uncertainties about the heat capacity of water. It was later redefined as 4.1840 J exactly.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO1971_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO1971-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pressure-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pressure_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pressure_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pressure_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pressure_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Standard_atmospheric_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard atmospheric pressure">standard atmospheric pressure</a> can be taken to be <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005101325000000000♠"></span>101.325 kPa</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The figure depends on the conversion factor between "international joules" and "absolute" (modern, SI) joules. Using the mean international ohm and volt (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100049000000000♠"></span>1.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">49</span> Ω</span>, <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100034000000000♠"></span>1.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">34</span> V</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-iupac_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iupac-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "international joule" is about <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100018999999999♠"></span>1.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">19</span> J</span>, using the US international ohm and volt (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100049499999999♠"></span>1.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">495</span> Ω</span>, <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100033000000000♠"></span>1.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">330</span> V</span>) it is about <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100016500000000♠"></span>1.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">165</span> J</span>, giving <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000418684000000000♠"></span>4.186<span style="margin-left:.25em;">84</span></span> and <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000418674000000000♠"></span>4.186<span style="margin-left:.25em;">74</span> J</span>, respectively.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>The two definitions most common in older literature appear to be the <i>15 °C calorie</i> and the <i>thermochemical calorie</i>. Until 1948, the latter was defined as 4.1833 international joules; the current standard of 4.184 J was chosen to have the new thermochemical calorie represent the same quantity of energy as before.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossini_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossini-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calorie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calorie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, in a nutritional context, the "large" unit is used almost exclusively.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally written "calorie" with lowercase "c" and symbol "cal", even in government publications.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA2019_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHS2019_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SI unit <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule">kilojoule</a> (kJ) may be used instead, in legal or scientific contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-ukmetric2012_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukmetric2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPL2016_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPL2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most American nutritionists prefer the unit kilocalorie to the unit kilojoules, whereas most physiologists prefer to use kilojoules. In the majority of other countries, nutritionists prefer the kilojoule to the kilocalorie.<sup id="cite_ref-patt2017_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patt2017-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Nutrition_facts_label" title="Nutrition facts label">nutrition facts labels</a>, energy is expressed in both kilojoules and kilocalories, abbreviated as "kJ" and "kcal" respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, only kilojoules are given.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_energy">Food energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calorie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Food energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unit is most commonly used to express <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a>, namely the <a href="/wiki/Specific_energy" title="Specific energy">specific energy</a> (energy per mass) of metabolizing different types of food. For example, <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> (triglyceride lipids) contains 9 kilocalories per gram (kcal/g), while <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> (sugar and starch) and <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a> contain approximately 4 kcal/g.<sup id="cite_ref-SciAm_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciAm-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcohol in food contains 7 kcal/g.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "large" unit is also used to express recommended nutritional intake or consumption, as in "calories per day". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">Dieting</a> is the practice of <a href="/wiki/Eating" title="Eating">eating</a> food in a regulated way to decrease, maintain, or increase <a href="/wiki/Body_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Body weight">body weight</a>, or to prevent and treat diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>. As weight loss depends on reducing caloric intake, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diets" title="List of diets">different kinds</a> of <a href="/wiki/Calorie_restriction" title="Calorie restriction">calorie-reduced</a> diets have been shown to be generally effective.<sup id="cite_ref-Strychar_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strychar-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemistry_and_physics">Chemistry and physics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calorie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chemistry and physics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In other scientific contexts, the term "calorie" and the symbol "cal" almost always refers to the small unit; the "large" unit being generally called "kilocalorie" with symbol "kcal". It is mostly used to express the amount of energy released in a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase change</a>, typically per <a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mole</a> of substance, as in <a href="/wiki/Kilocalorie_per_mole" title="Kilocalorie per mole">kilocalories per mole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rappo2007_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rappo2007-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also occasionally used to specify other energy quantities that relate to reaction energy, such as <a href="/wiki/Bond_energy" title="Bond energy">enthalpy of formation</a> and the size of <a href="/wiki/Activation_energy" title="Activation energy">activation barriers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bhag2002_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhag2002-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is increasingly being superseded by the SI unit, the joule (J); and metric multiples thereof, such as the kilojoule (kJ).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The lingering use in chemistry is largely due to the fact that the energy released by a reaction in <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solution</a>, expressed in kilocalories per mole of reagent, is numerically close to the concentration of the reagent in moles per <a href="/wiki/Liter" class="mw-redirect" title="Liter">liter</a> multiplied by the change in the temperature of the solution in kelvins or degrees Celsius. However, this estimate assumes that the <a href="/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacity" title="Volumetric heat capacity">volumetric heat capacity</a> of the solution is 1 kcal/(<a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">L</a>⋅<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>), which is not exact even for pure water.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calorie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate" title="Basal metabolic rate">Basal metabolic rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloric_theory" title="Caloric theory">Caloric theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_units_of_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion of units of energy">Conversion of units of energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_calorie" class="mw-redirect" title="Empty calorie">Empty calorie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Food energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_calorie_is_a_calorie" title="A calorie is a calorie">A calorie is a calorie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_facts_label" title="Nutrition facts label">Nutrition facts label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_thermal_unit" title="British thermal unit">British thermal unit</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calorie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-morris1992-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-morris1992_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morris1992_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morris1992_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher W. Morris (1992) <i>Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology</i>. 2432 pages. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780122004001" title="Special:BookSources/9780122004001">9780122004001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marsh2020-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marsh2020_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsh2020_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsh2020_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsh2020_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsh2020_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsh2020_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Allison Marsh (2020): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/how-counting-calories-became-a-science">How Counting Calories Became a Science: Calorimeters defined the nutritional value of food and the output of steam generators</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121000718/https://spectrum.ieee.org/how-counting-calories-became-a-science">Archived</a> 2022-01-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" Online article on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org">IEEE Spectrum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120232140/https://spectrum.ieee.org/">Archived</a> 2022-01-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> website, dated 29 December 2020. Accessed on 2022-01-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webster-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Webster_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webster_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/calorie">"Definition of Calorie"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. 1 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Calorie&rft.date=2017-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcalorie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalorie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/calorie">"Cambridge Dictionary: calorie"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Dictionary%3A+calorie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fcalorie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalorie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/calorie">"Definition of calorie noun from the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+calorie+noun+from+the+Oxford+Advanced+American+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fcalorie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalorie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDA2019-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FDA2019_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA2019_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA2019_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">U. S. Food and Drug Administration (2019): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-education-resources-materials/calories-menu">Calories on the Menu - Information for </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120213703/http://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-education-resources-materials/calories-menu">Archived</a> 2022-01-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Online document at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov">FDA Website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130915112715/https://www.fda.gov/">Archived</a> 2013-09-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, dated 5 August 2019. Accessed on 2022-01-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHS2019-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHS2019_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHS2019_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHS2019_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">U. K. National Health Service (2019): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/food-and-diet/what-should-my-daily-intake-of-calories-be/">What should my daily intake of calories be?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121092208/https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/food-and-diet/what-should-my-daily-intake-of-calories-be/">Archived</a> 2022-01-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Online document at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhs.uk/">NHS website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200502074502/http://www.wales.nhs.uk/">Archived</a> 2020-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, dated 24 October 2019. Accessed on 2022-01-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-conn2019-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-conn2019_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-conn2019_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnLen_Kravitz" class="citation web cs1">Conn, Carole; Len Kravitz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/remarkablecalorie.html">"Remarkable Calorie"</a>. University of New Mexico<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarkable+Calorie&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico&rft.aulast=Conn&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft.au=Len+Kravitz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unm.edu%2F~lkravitz%2FArticle%2520folder%2Fremarkablecalorie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalorie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BIPM9th-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BIPM9th_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BIPM9th_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (2019): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf/2d2b50bf-f2b4-9661-f402-5f9d66e4b507?version=1.10">The International System of Units (SI)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120160044/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf/2d2b50bf-f2b4-9661-f402-5f9d66e4b507?version=1.10">Archived</a> 2022-01-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, 9th edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BIPM7th-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BIPM7th_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BIPM7th_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (1998): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_7.pdf/36560ee5-8292-a297-ffe6-cbdf729c22a6?version=1.5">The International System of Units (SI)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120160044/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_7.pdf/36560ee5-8292-a297-ffe6-cbdf729c22a6?version=1.5">Archived</a> 2022-01-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, 7th edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO2003-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAO2003_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO2003_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (2003): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5022E/y5022e04.htm">FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 77: Food energy - methods of analysis and conversion factors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524003622/http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/Y5022E/y5022e04.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Accessed on 21 January 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MW_calorie-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MW_calorie_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MW_calorie_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/calorie">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Calorie."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Marks"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>121</b> (3037): 58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F121058d0">10.1038/121058d0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4068300">4068300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Two+Calories%2C+Percy+L.+Marks&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=3037&rft.pages=58&rft.date=1928-01-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F121058d0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4068300%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Percy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F121058d0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalorie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIPM1948-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIPM1948_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cg/cgpm/9-1948/resolution-3">Resolution 3 of the 9th CGPM (1948): Triple point of water; thermodynamic scale with a single fixed point; unit of quantity of heat (joule)</a>", BIPM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614063830/https://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cg/cgpm/9-1948/resolution-3">Archived</a> 2021-06-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iso31-4-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iso31-4_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso31-4_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso31-4_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">International Standard <a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">ISO 31-4</a>: Quantities and units, Part 4: Heat. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2013</span>. <q>both the IT calorie and the thermochemical calorie are completely independent of the heat capacity of water.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Excursion+in+Chemical+Thermodynamics%2C+from+the+Past+into+the+Future&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fpac196408020095&rft.aulast=Rossini&rft.aufirst=Fredrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fpac%2F8%2F2%2F0095%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalorie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lynch1974-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lynch1974_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch1974" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Charles T. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Biochemistry&rft.pages=76-77&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780120954407&rft.aulast=Bhagavan&rft.aufirst=N.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db7Dc9bOs9uAC%26q%3Dcalorie%2B%2522activation%2Bbarrier%2522%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalorie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calorie&oldid=1262103152">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calorie&oldid=1262103152</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Units_of_energy" title="Category:Units of energy">Units of energy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heat_transfer" title="Category:Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Non-SI_metric_units" title="Category:Non-SI metric units">Non-SI metric units</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 December 2024, at 16:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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