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data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikutsi" title="Bikutsi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bikutsi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikutsi" title="Bikutsi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bikutsi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikutsi" title="Bikutsi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bikutsi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Bikutsi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Transes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Transes.jpg/220px-Transes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Transes.jpg/330px-Transes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Transes.jpg/440px-Transes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="571" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Dance group</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">1940s <a href="/wiki/Beti-Pahuin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beti-Pahuin">Beti</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bikutsi</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Musical_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical genre">musical genre</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>. It developed from the traditional styles of the <a href="/wiki/Beti_people" title="Beti people">Beti</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bible_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bible-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Ewondo, people, who live around the city of <a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a>. It was popular in the middle of the 20th century in West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-bible_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bible-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is primarily <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bible_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bible-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bikutsi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word 'bikutsi' literally means 'beat the earth' or 'let's beat the earth' (<i>bi</i>- indicates a plural, -<i>kut</i>- means 'to beat' and -<i>chi</i> means 'earth'.) The name indicates a dance that is accompanied by stomping the feet on the ground. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bikutsi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transe_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Transe_2.jpg/220px-Transe_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Transe_2.jpg/330px-Transe_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Transe_2.jpg/440px-Transe_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Dance group</figcaption></figure> <p>Bikutsi is characterised by an intense <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>6</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span> rhythm (3+3, with a strong "two" feel), though it is occasionally <a href="/wiki/9/8" class="mw-redirect" title="9/8"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>9</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span></a><sup id="cite_ref-bible_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bible-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its tempo is usually <a href="/wiki/Quarternote" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarternote">quarternote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bible_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bible-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is played at all sorts of Beti gatherings, including parties, funerals and weddings. </p><p>Beti gatherings fall into two major categories: </p> <ul><li>Ekang phase: the time when imaginary, mythological and spiritual issues are discussed</li> <li>Bikutsi phase: when real-life issues are discussed</li></ul> <p>A double sided harp with <a href="/wiki/Calabash" title="Calabash">calabash</a> amplification called the <i>mvet</i> is used during these ceremonies, by Beti storytellers, who are viewed as using the <i>mvet</i> as an instrument of God to educate the people. The Ekang phase is intensely musical, and usually lasts all night. There are poetic recitations accompanied by clapping and dancing, with interludes for improvised and sometimes obscene performances on the <a href="/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon">balafon</a> (a type of xylophone). These interludes signal the shift to the bikutsi phase, which is much less strictly structured than Ekang. During bikutsi, women dance and sing along with the balafon, and lyrics focus on relationships, sexuality and the lives of famous people.<sup id="cite_ref-entertaining_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entertaining-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These female choruses are an integral part of bikutsi, and their intense dancing and screams are characteristic of the genre. Traditional bikutsi was often ironic in its content, as many modern bikutsi songs still are. </p><p>In its modern form, bikutsi is very popular, and rivals <a href="/wiki/Makossa" title="Makossa">makossa</a> as the country's most renowned style.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bikutsi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cameroon_folk_dance.webm/220px--Cameroon_folk_dance.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="400" data-durationhint="488" data-mwtitle="Cameroon_folk_dance.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Cameroon_folk_dance.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Cameroon_folk_dance.webm/Cameroon_folk_dance.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="264" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Cameroon_folk_dance.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="352" data-height="640" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Cameroon_folk_dance.webm/Cameroon_folk_dance.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="80" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Cameroon_folk_dance.webm/Cameroon_folk_dance.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="132" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Cameroon_folk_dance.webm/Cameroon_folk_dance.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="198" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Cameroon_folk_dance.webm/Cameroon_folk_dance.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="198" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Cameroon folk dance</figcaption></figure> <p>Popular bikutsi first appeared in the 1940s with the recording of <a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Nzi%C3%A9" title="Anne-Marie Nzié">Anne-Marie Nzié</a>. Some twenty years later, the style was electrified with the addition of <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitars</a>. The most popular performer of this period was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Messi_Me_Nkonda_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Messi Me Nkonda Martin (page does not exist)">Messi Me Nkonda Martin</a>, frontman for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Los_Camaroes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Los Camaroes (page does not exist)">Los Camaroes</a> and known as "the father of modern bikutsi music".<sup id="cite_ref-entertaining_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entertaining-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an effort to translate the sound and spirit of traditional bikutsi music to more modern terms, Messi incorporated the sound of a balafon into the electric guitar by linking together the guitar strings with lengths of cotton cord. Played in this way, the electric guitar sounded similar to the balafon. The music itself, then, was only slightly altered, while the image and outside perception of bikutsi music was changed enormously. Other bands during this time, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_V%C3%A9t%C3%A9rans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Vétérans (page does not exist)">Les Vétérans</a>, were also popular. </p><p>International acclaim began in 1987 with the formation of <a href="/wiki/Les_T%C3%AAtes_Br%C3%BBl%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Têtes Brûlées">Les Têtes Brûlées</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Marie_Ahanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Marie Ahanda (page does not exist)">Jean Marie Ahanda</a>. The late guitarist of Les Têtes Brulées, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanzibar_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zanzibar (musician) (page does not exist)">Zanzibar</a>, invented the trick of damping the strings of his guitar with a strip of foam rubber to produce the music's characteristic balafon-like thunk. (The <a href="/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon">balafon</a> is a marimba-like instrument that is widely used in African folk music.) More modern performers include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jimmy_Mvondo_Mvel%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jimmy Mvondo Mvelé (page does not exist)">Jimmy Mvondo Mvelé</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbarga_Soukous&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mbarga Soukous (page does not exist)">Mbarga Soukous</a>. </p><p>Present-day bikutsi as performed by artists like <a href="/wiki/Lady_Ponce" title="Lady Ponce">Lady Ponce</a>, <a href="/wiki/K-Tino" title="K-Tino">K-Tino</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Racine_Sagath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racine Sagath (page does not exist)">Racine Sagath</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natascha_Bizo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natascha Bizo (page does not exist)">Natascha Bizo</a> is sometimes regarded as controversial. It has been criticised for the perceived sexual content of its lyrics and dancing style. In this respect bikutsi resembles <a href="/wiki/Mapouka" title="Mapouka">mapouka</a> from <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>, which is also considered indecent by many Africans. The main difference is that present day bikutsi is still often performed by female artists who use it as a means of self-expression in a traditionally male-dominated society. </p><p>Thus a singer like K-Tino, self-styled <i>femme du peuple</i> (<i>woman of the people</i>) sees herself as having an important part to play in the emancipation and liberation of the women of Cameroon. </p><p>Among the current crop of artists are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patou_Bass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patou Bass (page does not exist)">Patou Bass</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovasho_Bens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ovasho Bens (page does not exist)">Ovasho Bens</a>, the promoter of a dance and philosophy called "<a href="/wiki/Zig_zag" class="mw-redirect" title="Zig zag">zig zag</a>". His first album is composed not only of Cameroonian traditional rhythms but also West Indian <a href="/wiki/Zouk_(musical_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zouk (musical movement)">zouk</a> and Jamaican-style <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>. </p><p>Bikutsi has influenced Western musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a> on his 1990 album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rhythm_of_the_Saints" title="The Rhythm of the Saints">The Rhythm of the Saints</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bible_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bible-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bikutsi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bible-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bible_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bible_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bible_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bible_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bible_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bible_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMick_BerryJason_Gianni2003" class="citation book cs1">Mick Berry; Jason Gianni (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?accessdate=2010-05-29"><i>The Drummer's Bible: How to Play Every Drum Style from Afro-Cuban to Zydeco</i></a>. See Sharp Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884365-32-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884365-32-4"><bdi>978-1-884365-32-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Drummer%27s+Bible%3A+How+to+Play+Every+Drum+Style+from+Afro-Cuban+to+Zydeco&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=See+Sharp+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-884365-32-4&rft.au=Mick+Berry&rft.au=Jason+Gianni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Faccessdate%3D2010-05-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABikutsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-entertaining-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-entertaining_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-entertaining_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNYAMNJOHFOKWANG2005" class="citation journal cs1">NYAMNJOH, FRANCIS B.; FOKWANG, JUDE (2005). "ENTERTAINING REPRESSION:MUSIC AND POLITICS IN POSTCOLONIAL CAMEROON". <i>African Affairs</i>. <b>104</b> (415). Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal African Society: 251–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fafraf%2Fadi007">10.1093/afraf/adi007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Affairs&rft.atitle=ENTERTAINING+REPRESSION%3AMUSIC+AND+POLITICS+IN+POSTCOLONIAL+CAMEROON&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=415&rft.pages=251-274&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fafraf%2Fadi007&rft.aulast=NYAMNJOH&rft.aufirst=FRANCIS+B.&rft.au=FOKWANG%2C+JUDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABikutsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/curriculum/unit-four/module-eighteen/module-eighteen-activity-three/">"Exploring Africa"</a>. Michigan State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exploring+Africa&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu%2Fcurriculum%2Funit-four%2Fmodule-eighteen%2Fmodule-eighteen-activity-three%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABikutsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreg_Kot1992" class="citation web cs1">Greg Kot (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1992-07-30-9203080472-story.html">"A Different Beat"</a>. Chicago Tribune<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Different+Beat&rft.pub=Chicago+Tribune&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Greg+Kot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-1992-07-30-9203080472-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABikutsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genres_of_African_popular_music" title="Template:Genres of African popular music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genres_of_African_popular_music" title="Template talk:Genres of African popular music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genres_of_African_popular_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genres of African popular music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genres_of_African_popular_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Genres of <a href="/wiki/African_popular_music" title="African popular music">African popular music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_blues" title="African blues">African blues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_blues" title="Desert blues">desert blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_hip_hop" title="African hip hop">African hip hop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_hip_hop" title="Algerian hip hop">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_hip_hop" title="Gambian hip hop">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_hiphop" class="mw-redirect" title="Gh hiphop">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_hip_hop" title="Ivorian hip hop">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_hip_hop" title="Kenyan hip hop">Kenyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boomba_music" title="Boomba music">Boomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genge" title="Genge">Genge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_hip_hop" title="Malawian hip hop">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_hip_hop" title="Moroccan hip hop">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian hip hop">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_rap" title="Igbo rap">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerien_hip_hop" title="Nigerien hip hop">Nigerien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_hip_hop" title="Senegalese hip hop">Senegalese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_galsen" title="Hip hop galsen">Hip hop galsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_hip_hop" title="Tanzanian hip hop">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_Flava" title="Bongo Flava">Bongo Flava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenji_flava" title="Zenji flava">Zenji flava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_hip_hop" title="Togolese hip hop">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_hip_hop" title="Zimbabwean hip hop">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_reggae" title="African reggae">African reggae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_reggae" title="Nigerian reggae">Nigerian reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seggae" title="Seggae">Seggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimdancehall" title="Zimdancehall">Zimdancehall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">Afrobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeats" title="Afrobeats">Afrobeats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-rock">Afro-rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_heavy_metal" title="African heavy metal">African heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamrock" title="Zamrock">Zamrock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-soul" title="Afro-soul">Afro-soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt%C3%A9" title="Alté">Alté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amapiano" title="Amapiano">Amapiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambasse_bey" title="Ambasse bey">Ambasse bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apala" title="Apala">Apala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiko" title="Assiko">Assiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azonto" title="Azonto">Azonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajourou" title="Bajourou">Bajourou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantowbol" title="Bantowbol">Bantowbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batuque_(music_and_dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batuque (music and dance)">Batuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bend-skin" title="Bend-skin">Bend-skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benga_music" title="Benga music">Benga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bikutsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_jazz" title="Cape jazz">Cape jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaabi (music)">Chaabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Algeria)" title="Chaabi (Algeria)">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Morocco)" title="Chaabi (Morocco)">Moroccan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimurenga_music" title="Chimurenga music">Chimurenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col%C3%A1" title="Colá">Colá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coladeira" title="Coladeira">Coladeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_rumba" title="Congolese rumba">Congolese rumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9-d%C3%A9cal%C3%A9" title="Coupé-décalé">Coupé-décalé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_Funk" title="Edo Funk">Edo Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_music" title="Fuji music">Fuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funan%C3%A1" title="Funaná">Funaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnawa_music" title="Gnawa music">Gnawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gqom" title="Gqom">Gqom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife">Highlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burger-highlife" title="Burger-highlife">Burger-highlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_highlife" title="Igbo highlife">Igbo highlife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipco" title="Hipco">Hipco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiplife" title="Hiplife">Hiplife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isicathamiya" title="Isicathamiya">Isicathamiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaiva" title="Jaiva">Jaiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jit" title="Jit">Jit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music" title="Jùjú music">Jùjú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadongo_Kamu" title="Kadongo Kamu">Kadongo Kamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidandali" title="Kidandali">Kidandali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizomba" title="Kizomba">Kizomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuduro" title="Kuduro">Kuduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaito" title="Kwaito">Kwaito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwela" title="Kwela">Kwela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logobi" title="Logobi">Logobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiaba" title="Madiaba">Madiaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahraganat" title="Mahraganat">Mahraganat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makossa" title="Makossa">Makossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabi" title="Marabi">Marabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrabenta" title="Marrabenta">Marrabenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maloya" title="Maloya">Maloya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbalax" title="Mbalax">Mbalax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbaqanga" title="Mbaqanga">Mbaqanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbube_(genre)" title="Mbube (genre)">Mbube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morna_(music)" title="Morna (music)">Morna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_pop" title="Moroccan pop">Moroccan pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motswako" title="Motswako">Motswako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziki_wa_dansi" title="Muziki wa dansi">Muziki wa dansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndombolo" title="Ndombolo">Ndombolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njuup" title="Njuup">Njuup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odi_Pop" title="Odi Pop">Odi Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm-wine_music" title="Palm-wine music">Palm-wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Raï</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF%27n%27B" title="Raï'n'B">Raï'n'B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakara_music" title="Sakara music">Sakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salegy" title="Salegy">Salegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%C3%A9_engag%C3%A9" title="Santé engagé">Santé engagé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_(genre)" title="Sega (genre)">Sega</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seggae" title="Seggae">Seggae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semba" title="Semba">Semba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaabi" title="Shaabi">Shaabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangaan_electro" title="Shangaan electro">Shangaan Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singeli" title="Singeli">Singeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soukous" title="Soukous">Soukous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sudan#The_1930s_up_to_the_1950s_–_Rise_of_popular_music_through_records,_radio_and_music_halls" title="Music of Sudan">Sudanese popular music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taarab" title="Taarab">Taarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabanka" title="Tabanka">Tabanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarraxinha" title="Tarraxinha">Tarraxinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_music" title="Wassoulou music">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaley" title="Zaley">Zaley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziglibithy" title="Ziglibithy">Ziglibithy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_jazz" title="Zimbabwean jazz">Zimbabwean jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoblazo" title="Zoblazo">Zoblazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zouglou" title="Zouglou">Zouglou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" 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