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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Activism and reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activism_and_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_the_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_the_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origins of the movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Becoming_a_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Becoming_a_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Becoming a movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Becoming_a_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Global impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions_and_radicalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_and_radicalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Divisions and radicalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions_and_radicalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-'Final'_March_of_Resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'Final'_March_of_Resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>'Final' March of Resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-'Final'_March_of_Resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_involvement_and_political_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_involvement_and_political_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Social involvement and political controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_involvement_and_political_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_and_motherhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_and_motherhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gender and motherhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_and_motherhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grandmothers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grandmothers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Grandmothers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grandmothers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_prizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_prizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Awards and prizes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_prizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_in_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_in_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Representation in other media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_in_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mothers of Plaza de Mayo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88" title="منظمة أمهات ميدان مايو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منظمة أمهات ميدان مايو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مایو مئیدان‌ین آنالاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مایو مئیدان‌ین آنالاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Маці з плошчы Мая – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маці з плошчы Мая" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Маці з плошчы Траўня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Маці з плошчы Траўня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Asociación Madres de Plaza de Mayo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Asociación Madres de Plaza de Mayo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matky_z_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Matky z Plaza de Mayo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Matky z Plaza de Mayo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Madres de Plaza de Mayo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Madres de Plaza de Mayo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%90%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Μητέρες της Πλατείας του Μαΐου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μητέρες της Πλατείας του Μαΐου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Madres de Plaza de Mayo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Madres de Plaza de Mayo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrinoj_de_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Patrinoj de Plaza de Mayo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Patrinoj de Plaza de Mayo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiatzaren_Plazako_Amak" title="Maiatzaren Plazako Amak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maiatzaren Plazako Amak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88" title="مادران میدان مایو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مادران میدان مایو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8res_de_la_place_de_Mai" title="Mères de la place de Mai – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mères de la place de Mai" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nais_de_Praza_de_Maio" title="Nais de Praza de Maio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nais de Praza de Maio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%EC%9B%94_%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%A5%EC%9D%98_%EC%96%B4%EB%A8%B8%EB%8B%88%ED%9A%8C" title="5월 광장의 어머니회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="5월 광장의 어머니회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մայիսյան հրապարակի մայրեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մայիսյան հրապարակի մայրեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matri_di_Placo_di_Mayo" title="Matri di Placo di Mayo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Matri di Placo di Mayo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagiti_Ina_ti_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Dagiti Ina ti Plaza de Mayo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dagiti Ina ti Plaza de Mayo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibu-Ibu_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Ibu-Ibu Plaza de Mayo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ibu-Ibu Plaza de Mayo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madri_di_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Madri di Plaza de Mayo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Madri di Plaza de Mayo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%96%27%D7%95" title="אמהות פלאסה דה מאז'ו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמהות פלאסה דה מאז'ו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gegu%C5%BE%C4%97s_Aik%C5%A1t%C4%97s_Motinos" title="Gegužės Aikštės Motinos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gegužės Aikštės Motinos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibu-Ibu_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Ibu-Ibu Plaza de Mayo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ibu-Ibu Plaza de Mayo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwaze_Moeders" title="Dwaze Moeders – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dwaze Moeders" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mairs_de_la_pla%C3%A7a_de_Mayo" title="Mairs de la plaça de Mayo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mairs de la plaça de Mayo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਈ ਪਾਰਕ ਦੀਆਂ ਮਾਂਵਾਂ ਦੀ ਐਸ਼ੋਸ਼ੀਏਸ਼ਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਈ ਪਾਰਕ ਦੀਆਂ ਮਾਂਵਾਂ ਦੀ ਐਸ਼ੋਸ਼ੀਏਸ਼ਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%86%D9%88%DA%A9_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="مئی چوک دیاں مانواں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مئی چوک دیاں مانواں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matki_z_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Matki z Plaza de Mayo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Matki z Plaza de Mayo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A3es_da_Pra%C3%A7a_de_Maio" title="Mães da Praça de Maio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mães da Praça de Maio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Матери площади Мая – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Матери площади Мая" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo">Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Argentine human rights group for "disappeared" children</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the documentary film, see <a href="/wiki/The_Mothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="The Mothers of Plaza de Mayo"><i>The Mothers of Plaza de Mayo</i></a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mothers of Plaza de Mayo</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="Spanish">Madres de Plaza de Mayo</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2%C2%AA_Marcha_de_la_Resistencia_9_y_10_diciembre_1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/2%C2%AA_Marcha_de_la_Resistencia_9_y_10_diciembre_1982.jpg/220px-2%C2%AA_Marcha_de_la_Resistencia_9_y_10_diciembre_1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/2%C2%AA_Marcha_de_la_Resistencia_9_y_10_diciembre_1982.jpg/330px-2%C2%AA_Marcha_de_la_Resistencia_9_y_10_diciembre_1982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/2%C2%AA_Marcha_de_la_Resistencia_9_y_10_diciembre_1982.jpg/440px-2%C2%AA_Marcha_de_la_Resistencia_9_y_10_diciembre_1982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="283" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Second "March of Resistance" held on 9 and 10 December 1982. The flag reads "Let the 30,000 who disappeared show up alive" (<i><a href="/wiki/Desaparecidos" class="mw-redirect" title="Desaparecidos">desaparecidos</a></i> in Spanish)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1977</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Azucena_Villaflor" title="Azucena Villaflor">Azucena Villaflor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esther_Ballestrino" title="Esther Ballestrino">Esther Ballestrino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Ponce_de_Bianco" title="María Ponce de Bianco">María Ponce de Bianco</a>, Josefina García de Noia, <a href="/wiki/Hebe_de_Bonafini" title="Hebe de Bonafini">Hebe de Bonafini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirta_Acu%C3%B1a_de_Baravalle" title="Mirta Acuña de Baravalle">Mirta Acuña de Baravalle</a>, and others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded at</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Domon" title="Alice Domon">Alice Domon</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onie_Duquet" title="Léonie Duquet">Léonie Duquet</a>, Haydeé Gastelú, <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Adela_Gard_de_Antokoletz" title="María Adela Gard de Antokoletz">María Adela Gard de Antokoletz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirta_Acu%C3%B1a_de_Baravalle" title="Mirta Acuña de Baravalle">Mirta Acuña de Baravalle</a>, Berta Braverman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://madres.org">madres.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Background histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentina" title="History of Argentina">Argentina</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 coup d'état</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia" title="History of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil" title="History of Brazil">Brazil</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">1960s</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chile" title="History of Chile">Chile</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 coup d'état</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Paraguay" title="History of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uruguay" title="History of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Colombo" title="Operation Colombo">Operation Colombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Charly" title="Operation Charly">Operation Charly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Pencils" title="Night of the Pencils">Night of the Pencils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operativo_Independencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Operativo Independencia">Operativo Independencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezeiza_massacre" title="Ezeiza massacre">Ezeiza massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Margarita_Bel%C3%A9n" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre of Margarita Belén">Margarita Belén massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_flights" title="Death flights">Death flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance"><i>Desaparecidos</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Government leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Anaya" title="Jorge Anaya">Jorge Anaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Banzer" title="Hugo Banzer">Hugo Banzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilio_Lami_Dozo" title="Basilio Lami Dozo">Basilio Lami Dozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Figueiredo" title="João Figueiredo">João Figueiredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Galtieri" title="Leopoldo Galtieri">Leopoldo Galtieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner" title="Alfredo Stroessner">Alfredo Stroessner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Targeted militias</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montoneros" title="Montoneros">Montoneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupamaros" title="Tupamaros">Tupamaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Army_(Argentina)" title="People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)">People's Revolutionary Army (ERP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Left_Movement_(Chile)" title="Revolutionary Left Movement (Chile)">Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Principal operatives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Astiz" title="Alfredo Astiz">Alfredo Astiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Bosch" title="Orlando Bosch">Orlando Bosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Campos_Hermida" title="Hugo Campos Hermida">Hugo Campos Hermida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Contreras" title="Manuel Contreras">Manuel Contreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Delle_Chiaie" title="Stefano Delle Chiaie">Stefano Delle Chiaie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Rega" title="José López Rega">José López Rega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgilio_Paz_Romero" title="Virgilio Paz Romero">Virgilio Paz Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Posada_Carriles" title="Luis Posada Carriles">Luis Posada Carriles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Paul Schäfer">Paul Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Townley" title="Michael Townley">Michael Townley</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations responsible</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia_Nacional" title="Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional">Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravan_of_Death" title="Caravan of Death">Caravan of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batall%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia_601" title="Batallón de Inteligencia 601">Batallón de Inteligencia 601</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Coordination_of_United_Revolutionary_Organizations" title="Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations">Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_Nacional_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es" class="mw-redirect" title="Serviço Nacional de Informações">Serviço Nacional de Informações</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Argentine Anticommunist Alliance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Locations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_(BE-43)" class="mw-redirect" title="Esmeralda (BE-43)"><i>Esmeralda</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Estadio Nacional de Chile">Estadio Nacional de Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Grimaldi" title="Villa Grimaldi">Villa Grimaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Baviera" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Baviera">Colonia Dignidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Petty-Officers_School_of_Mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Petty-Officers School of Mechanics">Navy Petty-Officers School of Mechanics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Laws</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_stop_law" title="Full stop law">Full stop law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Due_Obedience" title="Law of Due Obedience">Due obedience law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Archives and reports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archives_of_Terror" title="Archives of Terror">Archives of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettig_Report" title="Rettig Report">Rettig Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valech_Report" title="Valech Report">Valech Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Reactions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_the_Disappearance_of_Persons" title="National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons">National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Juntas" title="Trial of the Juntas">Trial of the Juntas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indictment_and_arrest_of_Augusto_Pinochet" title="Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet">Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo">Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Operation_Condor" title="Template:Operation Condor"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Operation_Condor" title="Template talk:Operation Condor"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Operation_Condor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Operation Condor"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mothers of Plaza de Mayo</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentine</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> association formed in response to the <a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a>, with the goal of finding the <i><a href="/wiki/Desaparecidos" class="mw-redirect" title="Desaparecidos">desaparecidos</a></i>, initially, and then determining the culprits of <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> to promote their trial and sentencing. </p><p>The Mothers began demonstrating in the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Plaza de Mayo">Plaza de Mayo</a>, the public square located in front of the <a href="/wiki/Casa_Rosada" title="Casa Rosada">Casa Rosada</a> presidential palace, in the city of <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, on 30 April 1977, to petition for the alive return of their disappeared children. Originally, they would remain there <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">seated</a>, but by declaring a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>, police expelled them from the public square. </p><p>In September 1977, in order to provide themselves with an opportunity to share their stories with other Argentinians, the mothers decided to join the annual pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Luj%C3%A1n" title="Our Lady of Luján">Our Lady of Luján</a>, located 30 miles (48 km) outside Buenos Aires. In order to stand out among the crowds, the mothers decided to wear their children's nappies (diapers) as headscarves. Following the pilgrimage, the mothers decided to continue wearing these headscarves during their meetings and weekly demonstrations at the Plaza. On them, they embroidered the names of their children and wrote their main demand: "Aparición con Vida" (Alive reappearance). </p><p>During the years of the <a href="/wiki/Dirty_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirty war">Dirty War</a>, the name used by the <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> in Argentina from 1976 to 1983 as a part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a>, military and security forces and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_squads" class="mw-redirect" title="Death squads">death squads</a> in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Argentine Anticommunist Alliance</a> (AAA, or Triple A) hunted down <a href="/wiki/Political_dissidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Political dissidents">political dissidents</a> and anyone believed to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Montoneros" title="Montoneros">Montoneros</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrillero</a></i> movement. The Mothers constantly opposed the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> government and suffered <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">persecution</a>, including kidnappings and <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearances" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearances">forced disappearances</a>, most notably in the cases of founders <a href="/wiki/Azucena_Villaflor" title="Azucena Villaflor">Azucena Villaflor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esther_Ballestrino" title="Esther Ballestrino">Esther Ballestrino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Ponce_de_Bianco" title="María Ponce de Bianco">María Ponce de Bianco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> nun supporters <a href="/wiki/Alice_Domon" title="Alice Domon">Alice Domon</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onie_Duquet" title="Léonie Duquet">Léonie Duquet</a>, perpetrated by a group led by <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Astiz" title="Alfredo Astiz">Alfredo Astiz</a>, a former commander, intelligence officer, and naval commando who served in the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Navy" title="Argentine Navy">Argentine Navy</a> during the military dictatorship. The <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Forensic_Anthropology_Team" title="Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team">Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team</a>, known for having found and identified the remains of <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>, would later find their bodies and determine that they had been killed via <a href="/wiki/Death_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Death flight">death flights</a> and their bodies disposed of in the sea. </p><p>On the first days of December 1980, the first "March of Resistance" was held, consisting of marching around the public square for 24 hours. </p><p>Despite democracy being re-established in the <a href="/wiki/1983_Argentine_general_election" title="1983 Argentine general election">1983 general election</a>, the movement continued to hold marches and demonstrations, demanding sentences for the military personnel that participated in the government that overthrew <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">Isabel Perón</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 coup d'état</a>. This would eventually culminate in the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Juntas" title="Trial of the Juntas">Trial of the Juntas</a> of 1985. </p><p>They have received widespread support and recognition from many international organizations, including being the first organization laureated by the <a href="/wiki/Sakharov_Prize_for_Freedom_of_Thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought">Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought</a>, and helping several <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> groups throughout their history. The 1980 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> recipient <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a> was an active supporter of the association, for which he was the subject of harassment by the dictatorship. </p><p>Since 1986 the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo have been divided into two factions, the majority group "<i>Mothers of Plaza de Mayo Association</i>" (presided by <a href="/wiki/Hebe_de_Bonafini" title="Hebe de Bonafini">Hebe de Bonafini</a>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo-Founding_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo-Founding Line (page does not exist)">"<i>Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo-Founding Line</i>"</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo_L%C3%ADnea_Fundadora" class="extiw" title="es:Madres de Plaza de Mayo Línea Fundadora">es</a>]</span>. Ceremonially, every Thursday at 3:30 p.m the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo march around the <a href="/wiki/May_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="May Pyramid">May Pyramid</a> at the central hub of Plaza de Mayo, and at 4:00 p.m they give speeches from the <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_monument_to_General_Manuel_Belgrano" title="Equestrian monument to General Manuel Belgrano">Equestrian monument to General Manuel Belgrano</a>, where they opine over the current national and global situation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women had organized to gather, holding a vigil, while also trying to learn what had happened to their adult children during the 1970s and 1980s. They began to gather for this every Thursday, from 1977 at Plaza de Mayo in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, in front of the <a href="/wiki/Casa_Rosada" title="Casa Rosada">Casa Rosada</a> presidential palace, in public defiance of the government's law against mass assemblies.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wearing white headscarves to symbolize the diapers (nappies) of their lost children, embroidered with the names and dates of birth of their offspring, now young adults, the mothers marched in twos in solidarity to protest the denials of their children's existence or their mistreatment by the military regime.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite personal risks, they wanted to hold the government accountable for the human rights violations which were committed in the <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activism_and_reaction">Activism and reaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Activism and reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo_%281%29.jpg/220px-Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo_%281%29.jpg/330px-Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo_%281%29.jpg/440px-Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>The white shawl of the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo, painted on the floor in Buenos Aires, Argentina</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mothers of Plaza de Mayo were the first major group to organize against the Argentina regime's <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations">human rights violations</a>. Together, the women created a dynamic and unexpected force, which existed in opposition to traditional constraints on women in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. These mothers came together to push for information on their own children and this highlighted the human rights violations and the scale of the protest drew press attention, raising awareness on a local and global scale. Their persistence to publicly remember and try to find their children, the sustained group organisation, the use of symbols and slogans, and the silent weekly protests attracted reactive measures from those in power.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The military government considered these women to be politically subversive; the founder of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, <a href="/wiki/Azucena_Villaflor" title="Azucena Villaflor">Azucena Villaflor</a> De Vincenti, placed the names of 'the missing' in a newspaper in December 1977 (on <a href="/wiki/International_Human_Rights_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="International Human Rights Day">International Human Rights Day</a>), and was <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapped</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">tortured</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murdered</a> (later found to have been killed on a 'death flight' and her body disposed of in the sea),<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with French nuns <a href="/wiki/Alice_Domon" title="Alice Domon">Alice Domon</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onie_Duquet" title="Léonie Duquet">Léonie Duquet</a> who also supported the movement. This was done at the command of <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Astiz" title="Alfredo Astiz">Alfredo Astiz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a> (who was a senior commander in the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Army" title="Argentine Army">Argentine Army</a> and dictator of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> from 1976 to 1981), both of whom were later sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life in prison</a> for their roles in the repression of dissidents during the <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koepsel-2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koepsel-2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Esther_Ballestrino" title="Esther Ballestrino">Esther Ballestrino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Ponce_de_Bianco" title="María Ponce de Bianco">María Ponce de Bianco</a>, two other founders of the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo, also "disappeared". </p><p>In 1983, former military officers began to reveal information about some of the regime's human rights violations. Eventually, the military has admitted that over 9,000 of those abducted are still unaccounted for, but the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo say that the number of missing is closer to 30,000. Most are presumed dead. Many of these prisoners were high school students, young professionals, and union workers who were suspected of having opposed the government. Those 'taken' were generally below the age of 35, as were the members of the regime who tortured and murdered them. There were a disproportionate number of Jewish "disappeared" as the military was anti-Semitic, as documented in <i>Prisoner Without a Name, Cell Without a Number</i>. This documented the testimony of <a href="/wiki/Jacobo_Timerman" title="Jacobo Timerman">Jacobo Timerman</a> and his experience being arrested and tortured during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It took until 2005 and DNA identification for many of the mass graves and human remains to be exhumed and cremated or buried; Azucena's ashes were interred in Plaza de Mayo itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the Mothers are engaged in the struggle for human, political, and civil rights in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Koepsel-2011_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koepsel-2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_the_movement">Origins of the movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins of the movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 30 April 1977, <a href="/wiki/Azucena_Villaflor_de_De_Vincenti" class="mw-redirect" title="Azucena Villaflor de De Vincenti">Azucena Villaflor de De Vincenti</a> and a dozen other mothers walked to the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Plaza de Mayo">Plaza de Mayo</a> in Argentina's capital city. </p><p>The original founders of the group were <a href="/wiki/Azucena_Villaflor" title="Azucena Villaflor">Azucena Villaflor de De Vincent</a>i, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berta_Braverman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berta Braverman (page does not exist)">Berta Braverman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayd%C3%A9e_Garc%C3%ADa_Buelas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haydée García Buelas (page does not exist)">Haydée García Buelas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Adela_Gard_de_Antokoletz" title="María Adela Gard de Antokoletz">María Adela Gard de Antokoletz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Gard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julia Gard (page does not exist)">Julia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%ADa_Gard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="María Gard (page does not exist)">María</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercedes_Gard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercedes Gard (page does not exist)">Mercedes</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1ndida_Gard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cándida Gard (page does not exist)">Cándida Gard</a> (four sisters); <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delicia_Gonz%C3%A1lez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delicia González (page does not exist)">Delicia González</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pepa_Noia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pepa Noia (page does not exist)">Pepa Noia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirta_Acu%C3%B1a_de_Baravalle" title="Mirta Acuña de Baravalle">Mirta Acuña de Baravalle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kety_Neuhaus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kety Neuhaus (page does not exist)">Kety Neuhaus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raquel_Arcushin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raquel Arcushin (page does not exist)">Raquel Arcushin</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senora_De_Caimi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senora De Caimi (page does not exist)">Senora De Caimi</a>. </p><p>When the disappearances began, each mother thought that their child's disappearance was a single unique case. Initially, the lack of media attention on the disappearances led the mothers to believe that they were alone in their plight. As each mother visited prisons, hospitals, and police stations searching for their children, they each began to notice other mothers who were also searching for their children. The women began to realize that these disappearances were systematic, organized, and planned. Most of the women came from traditional working-class backgrounds and had limited knowledge of political processes. These women banded together to confront the regime as a unified front of mothers seeking answers about their missing children.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These women shared the experience of each having had at least one child who had been 'taken' by the military government. The mothers declared that between 1970 and 1980, more than 8,500 individuals became "<i><a href="/wiki/Desaparecidos" class="mw-redirect" title="Desaparecidos">Desaparecidos</a></i>" or "the disappeared". These people were erased from public records with no government traces of arrests or evidence of charges against them.<sup id="cite_ref-Meade,_Teresa_A.-2016b_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meade,_Teresa_A.-2016b-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The women decided to risk a public protest, although gatherings of more than three people were banned, by linking arms in pairs, as if on a stroll<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just across the street from the presidential office building, the <a href="/wiki/Casa_Rosada" title="Casa Rosada">Casa Rosada</a> (the Pink House). The mothers chose this site for its high visibility, and they were hoping for information on their whereabouts to recover imprisoned or to properly bury their children. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Forcibly_disappeared" class="mw-redirect" title="Forcibly disappeared">"disappeared"</a> were believed to have been abducted by agents of the Argentine government during the years known as the <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a> (1976–1983). Those whose locations were found, often had been tortured and killed and their bodies disposed of in rural areas or unmarked graves.<sup id="cite_ref-Meade,_Teresa_A.-2016b_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meade,_Teresa_A.-2016b-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Becoming_a_movement">Becoming a movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Becoming a movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As growing numbers joined weekly marches on Thursdays, the day the first few met,<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Mothers also began an international campaign to defy the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> distributed by the military regime. This campaign brought the attention of the world to Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madre_plaza_policia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Madre_plaza_policia.jpg/180px-Madre_plaza_policia.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Madre_plaza_policia.jpg/270px-Madre_plaza_policia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Madre_plaza_policia.jpg/360px-Madre_plaza_policia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A policeman (Carlos Gallone<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and a Mother during an act of protest at Plaza de Mayo, October 1982</figcaption></figure> <p>One year after the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo was founded, hundreds of women were participating, gathering in Plaza for weekly demonstrations. They found strength in each other by marching in public, and attracting some press. They made signs with photos of their children and publicized their children's names. They wore white headscarves embroidered with the names and dates of births of their lost children.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government tried to trivialize their action calling them "<i>las locas</i>" (the madwomen).<sup id="cite_ref-kurtz_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurtz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the number of disappeared grew, the movement grew, and the Mothers were getting international attention. They began to try to build pressure from outside governments against the Argentine dictatorship, by sharing the many stories of the "disappeared". </p><p>On 10 December 1977, <a href="/wiki/International_Human_Rights_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="International Human Rights Day">International Human Rights Day</a>, the Mothers published a newspaper advertisement with the names of their missing children. That same night, Azucena Villaflor (one of the original founders) was kidnapped from her home in <a href="/wiki/Avellaneda" title="Avellaneda">Avellaneda</a> by a group of armed men. She is reported to have been taken to the infamous <a href="/wiki/Navy_Petty-Officers_School" title="Navy Petty-Officers School">ESMA</a> torture centre, and from there on a "death flight" over the ocean. In-flight, the abducted were drugged, stripped, and flung into the sea or killed and thrown overboard.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also an estimated 500 of the missing are the children who were born in concentration camps or prisons to pregnant '<a href="/wiki/Disappeared" class="mw-redirect" title="Disappeared">disappeared</a>' women; many of these babies were given in illegal adoptions to military families and others associated with the regime. Their birth mothers were generally believed to have been killed. The numbers are hard to determine due to the <a href="/wiki/Secrecy" title="Secrecy">secrecy</a> surrounding the abductions.<sup id="cite_ref-Meade,_Teresa_A.-2016a_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meade,_Teresa_A.-2016a-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_impact">Global impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Global impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madre_de_la_Plaza_de_Mayo_-_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Madre_de_la_Plaza_de_Mayo_-_2008.jpg/220px-Madre_de_la_Plaza_de_Mayo_-_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Madre_de_la_Plaza_de_Mayo_-_2008.jpg/330px-Madre_de_la_Plaza_de_Mayo_-_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Madre_de_la_Plaza_de_Mayo_-_2008.jpg/440px-Madre_de_la_Plaza_de_Mayo_-_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3025" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Col%C3%A1s_de_Mero%C3%B1o" title="Mercedes Colás de Meroño">Mercedes Colás de Meroño</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1978, when Argentina hosted the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">World Cup</a>, the Mothers' demonstrations at the Plaza were covered by the international press in town for the sporting event.<sup id="cite_ref-kurtz_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurtz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later when <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Scilingo" title="Adolfo Scilingo">Adolfo Scilingo</a> spoke at the National Commission on Disappeared People, he described how many prisoners were drugged and thrown out of planes to their deaths in the Atlantic Ocean. For years following the regime, from early 1978 onwards, residents who lived along the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> have found human remains of those abducted, murdered and dumped at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Meade,_Teresa_A.-2016a_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meade,_Teresa_A.-2016a-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the movement's most prominent supporters' bodies were never found, such as French national <a href="/wiki/Alice_Domon" title="Alice Domon">Alice Domon</a>. Domon and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onie_Duquet" title="Léonie Duquet">Léonie Duquet</a>, both French nuns, were taken during the Dirty War. Their disappearance attracted international attention and outrage, with demands for a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> investigation of human rights abuses in the country. France demanded information on the women, but the Argentine government denied all responsibility for them.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, forensic anthropologists dug up some remains of bodies that had been buried in an unmarked grave after washing ashore (in late December 1977) near the beach resort of Santa Teresita, south of Buenos Aires. <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> testing identified among them <a href="/wiki/Azucena_Villaflor" title="Azucena Villaflor">Azucena Villaflor</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther_Careaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esther Careaga (page does not exist)">Esther Careaga</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%ADa_Eugenia_Bianco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="María Eugenia Bianco (page does not exist)">María Eugenia Bianco</a>, three pioneer Mothers of Plaza who had "disappeared", as well as Léonie Duquet. In December 2005, Azucena Villaflor's ashes were buried in Plaza de Mayo itself.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions_and_radicalization">Divisions and radicalization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Divisions and radicalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madres_pza_de_mayo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Madres_pza_de_mayo.jpg/200px-Madres_pza_de_mayo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Madres_pza_de_mayo.jpg/300px-Madres_pza_de_mayo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Madres_pza_de_mayo.jpg/400px-Madres_pza_de_mayo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>The mothers with President Néstor Kirchner</figcaption></figure> <p>Never giving up their pressure on the regime, after the military gave up its authority to a civilian government in 1983, the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo rekindled hopes that they might learn the fates of their children, pushing again for the information.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1984, teams assisted by the American geneticist <a href="/wiki/Mary-Claire_King" title="Mary-Claire King">Mary-Claire King</a> began to use <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> testing to identify remains, when bodies of the "disappeared" were found. </p><p>The government then conducted a national commission to collect testimony about the "disappeared", hearing from hundreds of witnesses. In 1985, it began the prosecution of men indicted for crimes, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Juicio_a_las_Juntas" class="mw-redirect" title="Juicio a las Juntas">Trial of the Juntas</a>, in which several high-ranking military officers were convicted and sentenced. </p><p>The military threatened a coup to prevent a widening of prosecutions. In 1986, Congress passed <a href="/wiki/Ley_de_Punto_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="Ley de Punto Final">Ley de Punto Final</a>, which stopped the prosecutions for some years. </p><p>But in 2003, Congress repealed the Pardon Laws, and in 2005 the Argentine Supreme Court ruled them unconstitutional. During the Kirchner administration, the prosecution of war crimes was re-opened. Former high-ranking military and security officers have been convicted and sentenced in new cases. Among the charges is the stealing of babies of the disappeared. The first major figure, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Etchecolatz" title="Miguel Etchecolatz">Miguel Etchecolatz</a>, was convicted and sentenced in 2006. Most of the members of the Junta were imprisoned for <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Grandmothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo">Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo</a>, a group set up in 1977, the Mothers have identified 256 missing children who were adopted soon after being born to mothers in prison or camps who later "disappeared". Seven of the identified children have died. At the beginning of 2018, 137 of those children, now grown adults, were found and were offered to meet their biological families.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Some Mothers and Grandmothers suffered disappointments when the grandchildren, now adults, did not want to know their hidden history, or refused to be tested. Parents who were judged in court to be guilty of adopting – or "appropriating" – the children of the disappeared, while knowing the truth about their origins, were susceptible to imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, the Mothers split into two factions. One group, called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo-Founding_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo-Founding Line (page does not exist)">"<i>Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo-Founding Line</i>"</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo_L%C3%ADnea_Fundadora" class="extiw" title="es:Madres de Plaza de Mayo Línea Fundadora">es</a>]</span>, focused on <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a>, the recovery of the remains of their children, and bringing ex-officials to justice. <a href="/wiki/Hebe_de_Bonafini" title="Hebe de Bonafini">Hebe de Bonafini</a> continued to lead a more radical faction under the name Mothers of Plaza de Mayo Association. These mothers felt responsible for carrying on their children's political work and assumed the agenda that originally led to the disappearance of the dissidents. Unlike the Founding Line, the association refused government help or compensation. They pledged not to recognize the deaths of their children until the government would admit its fault.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A scholar of the movement, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marguerite_Guzman_Bouvard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marguerite Guzman Bouvard (page does not exist)">Marguerite Guzman Bouvard</a>, wrote that the association faction wanted "a complete transformation of Argentine political culture" and "envisions a socialist system free of the domination of special interests". The Mothers Association is now backed by younger militants who support socialism. </p><p>In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a> in the United States, Bonafini said "I was happy when I first heard the news, that for once they were the ones attacked, I'm not going to lie." and "being the U.S.A the most terrorist of all countries, throwing bombs everywhere around the world" but "felt bad for the innocent workers dead (because of the terrorist attack)." Her remarks led to some criticism in mainstream media.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speaking for the Mothers, she rejected the investigations of alleged Iranian involvement in the 1994 <a href="/wiki/AMIA_Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="AMIA Bombing">AMIA Bombing</a> (the terrorist attack on the AMIA <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_Center" title="Jewish Community Center">Jewish community center</a>), saying the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a> were misleading the investigation; making a statement that they repudiate "the tragic attack, but respect for the victims and their families requires to investigate and do justice," without being "politically manipulated in the service of US interests."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="'Final'_March_of_Resistance"><span id=".27Final.27_March_of_Resistance"></span>'Final' March of Resistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 'Final' March of Resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madres-Fundadora-Oct2006.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Madres-Fundadora-Oct2006.JPG/220px-Madres-Fundadora-Oct2006.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Madres-Fundadora-Oct2006.JPG/330px-Madres-Fundadora-Oct2006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Madres-Fundadora-Oct2006.JPG/440px-Madres-Fundadora-Oct2006.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The Madres de la Plaza de Mayo march in October 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>On 26 January 2006, members of the Madres de la Plaza de Mayo Association faction announced what they said was their final annual March of Resistance at Plaza de Mayo, saying "the enemy isn't in the <a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">Government House</a> anymore."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They acknowledged the significance of President <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Néstor Kirchner</a>'s success in having the <a href="/wiki/Full_Stop_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Full Stop Law">Full Stop Law</a> (<i>Ley de Punto Final</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Due_Obedience" title="Law of Due Obedience">Law of Due Obedience</a> repealed and declared unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They said they would continue weekly Thursday marches in pursuit of action on other social causes. </p><p>The Founding Line faction announced that it would continue both the Thursday marches and the annual marches to commemorate the long struggle of resistance to the dictatorship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_involvement_and_political_controversies">Social involvement and political controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social involvement and political controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The association faction remained close to <a href="/wiki/Kirchnerism" title="Kirchnerism">Kirchnerism</a>. They established a newspaper (<i>La Voz de las Madres</i>), a radio station, and a university (<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Popular_de_Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo" class="extiw" title="es:Universidad Popular de Madres de Plaza de Mayo">Popular University of the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Urgente24_2009_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urgente24_2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The association at one time managed a federally funded housing program, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011180621/http://www.reportedelasmadres.org.ar/accesos/compartidos/">Sueños Compartidos</a></i> ("Shared Dreams"), which it founded in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2011, Sueños Compartidos had completed 5,600 housing units earmarked for <a href="/wiki/Villa_miseria" title="Villa miseria">slum</a> residents, and numerous other facilities in six provinces and the city of Buenos Aires.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lan_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lan-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its growing budgets, which totaled around US$300 million allocated between 2008 and 2011 (of which $190 million had been spent), came under scrutiny. There was controversy when the chief financial officer of Sueños Compartidos, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergio_Schoklender&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergio Schoklender (page does not exist)">Sergio Schoklender</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Schoklender" class="extiw" title="es:Sergio Schoklender">es</a>]</span>, and his brother <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pablo_Schoklender&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pablo Schoklender (page does not exist)">Pablo</a> (the firm's attorney) were alleged to have embezzled funds.<sup id="cite_ref-lan_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lan-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Schoklender brothers had been convicted in 1981 for the murder of their parents and served 15 years in prison. After gaining Bonafini's confidence, they were managing the project's finances with little oversight from the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo or the program's licensor, the Secretary of Public Works. Their friendship with the association ended in June 2011 after Bonafini learned of irregularities in their handling of the group's finances.<sup id="cite_ref-scammers_traitors_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scammers_traitors-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following an investigation ordered by Federal Judge <a href="/wiki/Norberto_Mario_Oyarbide" title="Norberto Mario Oyarbide">Norberto Oyarbide</a>, the Secretary of Public Works canceled the Sueños Compartidos contract in August 2011. The outstanding projects were transferred to the Undersecretary of Housing and Urban Development.<sup id="cite_ref-scammers_traitors_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scammers_traitors-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_and_motherhood">Gender and motherhood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gender and motherhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Issues of gender and motherhood were embedded in this movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Bosco1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bosco1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From its inception, the Mothers has been a strictly women-only organization,<sup id="cite_ref-gendertextbook_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gendertextbook-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the mothers who lost their children were asserting their existence in the embroidery scarves, posters and demands for restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the later political movement, the women felt it had to be women-only partly to ensure their voices and actions would not be lost in a male-dominated movement, and partly out of a belief that men would insist on a lengthy bureaucratic process rather than immediate action.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also believed that women were more tireless and had more emotional strength than men.<sup id="cite_ref-HebeInterview_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HebeInterview-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gender separatism reaffirmed its status as a <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's movement">women's movement</a>, although it also raised the question among some scholars of whether the movement truly challenged the notion of female passivity, and whether or not it would have sent a more powerful message to have had male family members involved as well.<sup id="cite_ref-gendertextbook_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gendertextbook-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mothers movement also raised questions of women in political space and the boundaries surrounding that space.<sup id="cite_ref-gendertextbook_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gendertextbook-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The socially constructed <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender roles</a> prevalent in Argentine society restricted the arena of politics, <a href="/wiki/Political_mobilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Political mobilization">political mobilisation</a>, and confrontation to men.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellucci1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellucci1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Mothers entered Plaza de Mayo, a public space with historical significance, they politicised their role as mothers in society and redefined the values associated with both politics and <a href="/wiki/Motherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Motherhood">motherhood</a> itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Bosco1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bosco1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they did not challenge the patriarchal structure of Argentine society, by crossing boundaries into the masculinised political sphere, they expanded spaces of representation for Argentine women and opened the way for new forms of <a href="/wiki/Civic_participation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic participation">civic participation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellucci1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellucci1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mothers were committed to child-centred politics, symbolised by the white scarves they wore on their heads.<sup id="cite_ref-Krause1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krause1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scarves were originally nappies, or to represent diapers, and were embroidered with the names of their disappeared children or relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Krause1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krause1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These headscarves identified the Mothers and symbolised children, and thus life, as well as hope and maternal care.<sup id="cite_ref-Krause1_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krause1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colour white also symbolised their refusal to wear a black mantilla and go into mourning.<sup id="cite_ref-gendertextbook_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gendertextbook-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children were at the heart of the movement, as the Mothers fought for a system that would respect human life and honour its preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-Krause1_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krause1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acto_en_la_ciudad_de_Santa_Fe_en_conmemoraci%C3%B3n_de_las_2000_Rondas_de_Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo_-_2016_-_Niamfrifruli_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Acto_en_la_ciudad_de_Santa_Fe_en_conmemoraci%C3%B3n_de_las_2000_Rondas_de_Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo_-_2016_-_Niamfrifruli_-_01.jpg/220px-Acto_en_la_ciudad_de_Santa_Fe_en_conmemoraci%C3%B3n_de_las_2000_Rondas_de_Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo_-_2016_-_Niamfrifruli_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Acto_en_la_ciudad_de_Santa_Fe_en_conmemoraci%C3%B3n_de_las_2000_Rondas_de_Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo_-_2016_-_Niamfrifruli_-_01.jpg/330px-Acto_en_la_ciudad_de_Santa_Fe_en_conmemoraci%C3%B3n_de_las_2000_Rondas_de_Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo_-_2016_-_Niamfrifruli_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Acto_en_la_ciudad_de_Santa_Fe_en_conmemoraci%C3%B3n_de_las_2000_Rondas_de_Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo_-_2016_-_Niamfrifruli_-_01.jpg/440px-Acto_en_la_ciudad_de_Santa_Fe_en_conmemoraci%C3%B3n_de_las_2000_Rondas_de_Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo_-_2016_-_Niamfrifruli_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4243" data-file-height="2828" /></a><figcaption>Santa Fe commemoration of 2000 rounds of the Madres de Plaza de Mayo, 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mothers of Plaza de Mayo politicised and gave new value to the traditional role of mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellucci1_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellucci1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They used motherhood to frame their protest, demanding the rights inherent to their role: to conserve life.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellucci1_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellucci1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They protested not only what had been done to their children, but also to themselves as mothers by taking them away.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellucci1_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellucci1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heart of the movement was always "women's feelings, mother's feelings", according to Hebe de Bonafini.<sup id="cite_ref-HebeInterview_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HebeInterview-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She further stated that "it was the strength of women, of mothers, that kept us going."<sup id="cite_ref-HebeInterview_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HebeInterview-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The women's identity as mothers did not restrict them from participating or making an impact in a masculinised political space.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellucci1_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellucci1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their public protests contradicted the traditional, private domain of motherhood, and by mobilising themselves, they politicised their consciousness as women.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellucci1_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellucci1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They restricted themselves to a conservative representation of motherhood, which avoided controversy and attracted the support of international media.<sup id="cite_ref-gendertextbook_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gendertextbook-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They refuted the concept that to be taken seriously or to be successful, a movement either has to be gender-neutral, or masculine: femininity and motherhood was integral to the Mothers' protest.<sup id="cite_ref-Krause1_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krause1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grandmothers">Grandmothers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grandmothers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grandmothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo">Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo</a></div> <p>The Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo (Spanish: <i lang="es">Asociación Civil Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo</i>) is an organization which has the aim of finding the "stolen" babies, whose mothers were killed during the Junta's dictatorship in 1977. Its president is <a href="/wiki/Estela_Barnes_de_Carlotto" class="mw-redirect" title="Estela Barnes de Carlotto">Estela Barnes de Carlotto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of June 2019, their efforts have resulted in finding 130 grandchildren.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_prizes">Awards and prizes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Awards and prizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1992, all members of the Mothers' association were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Sakharov_Prize" title="Sakharov Prize">Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought</a>.</li> <li>In 1997, María Adela Gard de Antokoletz was awarded the Gleitsman International Activist Award<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the Gleitsman Foundation.</li> <li>In 1997, the organization was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Geuzenpenning" title="Geuzenpenning">Geuzenpenning</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vlaardingen" title="Vlaardingen">Vlaardingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li>In 1999, the organization was awarded the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Prize_for_Peace_Education" title="UNESCO Prize for Peace Education">United Nations Prize for Peace Education</a>.</li> <li>On 10 December 2003, the Grandmothers' president, <a href="/wiki/Estela_Barnes_de_Carlotto" class="mw-redirect" title="Estela Barnes de Carlotto">Estela Barnes de Carlotto</a>, was awarded the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation_in_other_media">Representation in other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Representation in other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Official_Story" title="The Official Story">The Official Story</a></i> is a film related to the "stolen babies" cases.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cautiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Cautiva">Cautiva</a></i> is another film related to the "stolen babies" cases.</li> <li>An opera entitled <i>Las Madres de la Plaza</i> (2008) premiered in Leffler Chapel at <a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown_College" title="Elizabethtown College">Elizabethtown College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. It was written in a collaboration of students, staff, and faculty of the school, headed up by James Haines and John Rohrkemper.</li> <li>In an episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Destinos" title="Destinos">Destinos</a></i> set in Argentina, protagonist Raquel is told about the Mothers of the Plaza and sees a portion of a march.</li> <li>On "Little Steven" Van Zandt's 1984 release, "Voice of America", he pays tribute to Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo with his song, "Los Desaparecidos".</li> <li>Rock band <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a> wrote a song, "<a href="/wiki/Mothers_of_the_Disappeared" title="Mothers of the Disappeared">Mothers of the Disappeared</a>", inspired by, and in tribute to, their cause. The song appeared on their 1987 album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Joshua_Tree" title="The Joshua Tree">The Joshua Tree</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="The Mothers of Plaza de Mayo">The Mothers of Plaza de Mayo</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i>Las Madres de la Plaza de Mayo</i>) is a 1985 Argentine <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Susana_Blaustein_Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Susana Blaustein Muñoz">Susana Blaustein Muñoz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lourdes_Portillo" title="Lourdes Portillo">Lourdes Portillo</a> about the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo. It was nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Documentary_Feature" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Documentary Feature">Best Documentary Feature</a>.</li> <li>The documentary <i>Los Desaparecidos</i> (The Disappeared, 2008) relives the horrors of Argentina's Dirty War. The film follows a child of the disappeared and his involvement in Los Madres is touched on throughout the documentary.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/32px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/48px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, 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Latin American military dictatorships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies_in_White" title="Ladies in White">Ladies in White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_Mothers" title="Mourning Mothers">Mourning Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Mothers" title="Saturday Mothers">Saturday Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Mothers" title="Tiananmen Mothers">Tiananmen Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Black" title="Women in Black">Women in Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Astiz" title="Alfredo Astiz">Alfredo Astiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Carlotto" title="Laura Carlotto">Laura Carlotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estela_de_Carlotto" title="Estela de Carlotto">Estela de Carlotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Domon" title="Alice Domon">Alice Domon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onie_Duquet" title="Léonie Duquet">Léonie Duquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Eugenia_Sampallo" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Eugenia Sampallo">Maria Eugenia Sampallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hunter-2019-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter-2019_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHunter2019" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Clare (2019). <i>Threads of life : a history of the world through the eye of a needle</i>. London: Sceptre (Hodder & Stoughton). pp. 157–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473687912" title="Special:BookSources/9781473687912"><bdi>9781473687912</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1079199690">1079199690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Threads+of+life+%3A+a+history+of+the+world+through+the+eye+of+a+needle&rft.place=London&rft.pages=157-159&rft.pub=Sceptre+%28Hodder+%26+Stoughton%29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1079199690&rft.isbn=9781473687912&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMothers+of+Plaza+de+Mayo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeade,_Teresa_A.2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Meade" title="Teresa Meade">Meade, Teresa A.</a> (19 January 2016). <i>A history of modern Latin America : 1800 to the present</i> (Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118772485" title="Special:BookSources/9781118772485"><bdi>9781118772485</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/915135785">915135785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+Latin+America+%3A+1800+to+the+present&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F915135785&rft.isbn=9781118772485&rft.au=Meade%2C+Teresa+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMothers+of+Plaza+de+Mayo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koepsel-2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koepsel-2011_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koepsel-2011_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoepsel2011" class="citation web cs1">Koepsel, Rachel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003232809/https://www.du.edu/korbel/criic/humanitarianbriefs/rachelkoepsel.pdf">"Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo: First Responders for Human Rights"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Denver" title="University of Denver">University of Denver</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.du.edu/korbel/crric/media/documents/rachelkoepsel.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Denver&rft.atitle=Mothers+of+the+Plaza+de+Mayo%3A+First+Responders+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Koepsel&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.du.edu%2Fkorbel%2Fcrric%2Fmedia%2Fdocuments%2Frachelkoepsel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMothers+of+Plaza+de+Mayo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoverTimermanTalbot1982" class="citation journal cs1">Stover, Eric; Timerman, Jacobo; Talbot, Tolby (1982). "Prisoner without a Name, Cell without a Number". <i>Human Rights Quarterly</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F762134">10.2307/762134</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-0392">0275-0392</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/762134">762134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Prisoner+without+a+Name%2C+Cell+without+a+Number&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=299&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0275-0392&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F762134%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F762134&rft.aulast=Stover&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Timerman%2C+Jacobo&rft.au=Talbot%2C+Tolby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMothers+of+Plaza+de+Mayo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeade,_Teresa_A.2016" class="citation book cs1">Meade, Teresa A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P%C3%A1gina%2F12+%3A%3A+El+pa%C3%ADs+%3A%3A+%22Se+escucha+s%C3%B3lo+a+una+parte%22&rft.pub=Pagina12.com.ar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagina12.com.ar%2Fdiario%2Felpais%2F1-76581-2006-11-22.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMothers+of+Plaza+de+Mayo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyN,_EFE_(news_agencies)2006" class="citation news cs1">DyN, EFE (news agencies) (26 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2006/01/26/um/m-01130827.htm">"Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo realizaron la última Marcha de la Resistencia"</a>. <i>Clarin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clarin&rft.atitle=Las+Madres+de+Plaza+de+Mayo+realizaron+la+%C3%BAltima+Marcha+de+la+Resistencia&rft.date=2006-01-26&rft.au=DyN%2C+EFE+%28news+agencies%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedant.clarin.com%2Fdiario%2F2006%2F01%2F26%2Fum%2Fm-01130827.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMothers+of+Plaza+de+Mayo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708163653/http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2006/01/14/elpais/p-02001.htm">"Bonafini anunció que las Madres harán la última Marcha de la Resistencia"</a> [Bonafini announced that the Mothers will carry out the last March of the Resistance]. <i>El Pais</i> (in Spanish). Edant. 14 January 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2006/01/14/elpais/p-02001.htm">the original</a> on 8 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Pais&rft.atitle=Bonafini+anunci%C3%B3+que+las+Madres+har%C3%A1n+la+%C3%BAltima+Marcha+de+la+Resistencia&rft.date=2006-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedant.clarin.com%2Fdiario%2F2006%2F01%2F14%2Felpais%2Fp-02001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMothers+of+Plaza+de+Mayo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urgente24_2009-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urgente24_2009_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patagonesnoticias.com.ar/secciones/informacion-general/hebe-de-bonafini-s-a-cuando-el-dolor-sirve-para-ganar-dinero-y-poder">"Hebe de Bonafini S.A.: Cuando el dolor sirve para ganar dinero y poder"</a>. 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Pagina12.com.ar<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P%C3%A1gina%2F12+-+Las+Madres+y+su+construcci%C3%B3n+de+sue%C3%B1os&rft.pub=Pagina12.com.ar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagina12.com.ar%2Fdiario%2Fsociedad%2F3-105631-2008-06-08.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMothers+of+Plaza+de+Mayo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elintransigente.com/notas/2011/5/29/podrian-denunciar-viviendas-madres-plaza-85303.asp">"Podrían denunciar plan de viviendas de Madres de Plaza de Mayo"</a>. <i>El Intransigente</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Intransigente&rft.atitle=Podr%C3%ADan+denunciar+plan+de+viviendas+de+Madres+de+Plaza+de+Mayo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elintransigente.com%2Fnotas%2F2011%2F5%2F29%2Fpodrian-denunciar-viviendas-madres-plaza-85303.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMothers+of+Plaza+de+Mayo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lan-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lan_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lan_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120922010906/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1391831-les-quitan-a-las-madres-el-manejo-del-plan-de-viviendas?sitio=desktop">"Les quitan a las madres el manejo del plan de viviendas"</a>. <i>La Nación</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/69432/bonafini-says-schoklenders-are-scammers-traitors">the original</a> on 3 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buenos+Aires+Herald&rft.atitle=Bonafini+says+Schoklenders+are+%27scammers%2C+traitors%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buenosairesherald.com%2Farticle%2F69432%2Fbonafini-says-schoklenders-are-scammers-traitors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMothers+of+Plaza+de+Mayo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bosco1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bosco1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bosco1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosco2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bosco, Fernando J. (2006). 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"The Role and Example of Chilean and Argentinian Mothers in Democratisation." Development in Practice, vol. 14, no. 3, 2004, pp. 366–380. JSTOR.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224140010/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/03/20123281047161699">"Facebook"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/03/20123281047161699">the original</a> on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2F2012%2F03%2F20123281047161699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMothers+of+Plaza+de+Mayo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/grandmothers-of-plaza-de-mayo-identify-130th-missing-grandchild-of-long-search.phtml">"Buenos Aires Times | Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo identify 130th missing grandchild of long search"</a>. <i>www.batimes.com.ar</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.batimes.com.ar&rft.atitle=Buenos+Aires+Times+%7C+Grandmothers+of+Plaza+de+Mayo+identify+130th+missing+grandchild+of+long+search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.batimes.com.ar%2Fnews%2Fargentina%2Fgrandmothers-of-plaza-de-mayo-identify-130th-missing-grandchild-of-long-search.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMothers+of+Plaza+de+Mayo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301215407/http://www.centerforpublicleadership.org/CPLsites/Leadership/index.php/programs/gleitsman-program/international-activist-award">"Gleitsman International Activist Award"</a>. Center for Public Leadership. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centerforpublicleadership.org/CPLsites/Leadership/index.php/programs/gleitsman-program/international-activist-award">the original</a> on 1 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gleitsman+International+Activist+Award&rft.pub=Center+for+Public+Leadership&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centerforpublicleadership.org%2FCPLsites%2FLeadership%2Findex.php%2Fprograms%2Fgleitsman-program%2Finternational-activist-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMothers+of+Plaza+de+Mayo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Mothers of the Disappeared</i>, by Jo Fisher (1989).</li> <li><i>Revolutionizing Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo</i>, by Marguerite Guzman Bouvard (1994).</li> <li><i>Circle of Love Over Death: Testimonies of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo</i>, by Matilde Mellibovsky, trans. by Maria & Matthew Proser (1997).</li> <li><i>Searching for Life: The Grandmothers of the Plaza De Mayo and the Disappeared Children of Argentina</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Rita_Arditti" title="Rita Arditti">Rita Arditti</a> (1999).</li> <li><i>A Lexicon of Terror: Argentina and the Legacies of Torture</i>, by Marguerite Feitlowitz (1998)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-60225-2005-12-09.html">"Las cenizas de Azucena, junto a la Pirámide"</a>, Página/12, 9 December 2005 <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span>.</li> <li>"Claiming the Public Space: The Mothers of Plaza de Mayo." by Susan Torre. In The Sex of Architecture, edited by Diana Agrest, Patricia Conway, and Lesile Weisman, 241–250. New York: Harry N. Adams, 1996.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sakharov_Prize" title="Template:Sakharov Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sakharov_Prize" title="Template talk:Sakharov Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sakharov_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sakharov Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sakharov_Prize_recipients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sakharov_Prize" title="Sakharov Prize">Sakharov Prize</a> recipients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Marchenko" title="Anatoly Marchenko">Marchenko</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Dubček</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adem_Dema%C3%A7i" title="Adem Demaçi">Demaçi</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo">Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslobo%C4%91enje" title="Oslobođenje">Oslobođenje</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taslima_Nasrin" title="Taslima Nasrin">Nasrin</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla_Zana" title="Leyla Zana">Zana</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Jingsheng" title="Wei Jingsheng">Wei Jingsheng</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salima_Ghezali" title="Salima Ghezali">Ghezali</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Rugova" title="Ibrahim Rugova">Rugova</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanana_Gusm%C3%A3o" title="Xanana Gusmão">Gusmão</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C2%A1Basta_Ya!" title="¡Basta Ya!">¡Basta Ya!</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurit_Peled-Elhanan" title="Nurit Peled-Elhanan">Peled-Elhanan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ghazzawi" title="Izzat Ghazzawi">Ghazzawi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Zacarias_Kamwenho" title="Zacarias Kamwenho">Kamwenho</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_Pay%C3%A1" title="Oswaldo Payá">Payá</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Annan</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Association_of_Journalists" title="Belarusian Association of Journalists">Belarusian Association of Journalists</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies_in_White" title="Ladies in White">Ladies in White</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hauwa_Ibrahim" title="Hauwa Ibrahim">Ibrahim</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaksandar_Milinkievi%C4%8D" title="Alaksandar Milinkievič">Milinkievič</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Mahmoud_Osman" title="Salih Mahmoud Osman">Osman</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jia_(activist)" title="Hu Jia (activist)">Hu Jia</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Fari%C3%B1as" title="Guillermo Fariñas">Fariñas</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmaa_Mahfouz" title="Asmaa Mahfouz">Mahfouz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Senussi" title="Ahmed al-Senussi">Senussi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Razan_Zaitouneh" title="Razan Zaitouneh"> Zaitouneh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ali_Farzat" title="Ali Farzat">Farzat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi" title="Mohamed Bouazizi">Bouazizi</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasrin_Sotoudeh" title="Nasrin Sotoudeh">Sotoudeh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jafar_Panahi" title="Jafar Panahi">Panahi</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Yousafzai</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Mukwege</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Murad</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lamiya_Aji_Bashar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamiya Aji Bashar">Bashar</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_constitutional_crisis" title="2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis">Democratic Opposition in Venezuela</a>: <a href="/wiki/Julio_Borges" title="Julio Borges">Julio Borges</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_L%C3%B3pez" title="Leopoldo López">Leopoldo López</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ledezma" title="Antonio Ledezma">Antonio Ledezma</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ceballos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Ceballos (page does not exist)">Daniel Ceballos</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ceballos" class="extiw" title="es:Daniel Ceballos">es</a>]</span> / <a href="/wiki/Yon_Goicoechea" title="Yon Goicoechea">Yon Goicoechea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lorent_Saleh" title="Lorent Saleh">Lorent Saleh</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Ramos_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfredo Ramos (politician) (page does not exist)">Alfredo Ramos</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Ramos" class="extiw" title="es:Alfredo Ramos">es</a>]</span> / Andrea González (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Sentsov" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleg Sentsov">Sentsov</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Tohti" title="Ilham Tohti">Tohti</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests" title="2020–2021 Belarusian protests">Democratic opposition in Belarus</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Coordination_Council_(Belarus)" title="Coordination Council (Belarus)">Coordination Council</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sviatlana_Tsikhanouskaya" title="Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya">Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Kalesnikava" title="Maria Kalesnikava">Maria Kalesnikava</a> / <a href="/wiki/Volha_Kavalkova" class="mw-redirect" title="Volha Kavalkova">Volha Kavalkova</a> / <a href="/wiki/Veronika_Tsepkalo" title="Veronika Tsepkalo">Veronika Tsepkalo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Siarhei_Tsikhanouski" class="mw-redirect" title="Siarhei Tsikhanouski">Siarhei Tsikhanouski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Dylevsky" title="Sergei Dylevsky">Sergei Dylevsky</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stsiapan_Putsila" title="Stsiapan Putsila">Stsiapan Putsila</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mikola_Statkevich" title="Mikola Statkevich">Mikola Statkevich</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Navalny" title="Alexei Navalny">Navalny</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian people</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahsa_Amini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahsa Amini">Mahsa Amini</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Woman,_Life,_Freedom" title="Woman, Life, Freedom">Woman, Life, Freedom</a> movement (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Corina_Machado" title="María Corina Machado">María Corina Machado</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edmundo_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Edmundo González">Edmundo González</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122268057">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/148619550">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/244645727">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6955154983555767860009">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/42145857083722922203">4</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5251563-1">Germany</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4258346-9">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85080805">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb160387652">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123263986">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb160387652">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123263986">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/97013498">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000347046">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810705394705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007397423305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Asociación Madres de Plaza de Mayo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/078846366">IdRef</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Madres de Plaza de Mayo (Argentine)"><a 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