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aria-expanded="false">Entomology (Agri, Homecare)<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18221' id='mega-menu-item-18221'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Laboratory tests<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18222' id='mega-menu-item-18222'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/arm-in-cage-test/">Arm In Cage Room Test</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18223' id='mega-menu-item-18223'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/room-test/">Room Test</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18416' id='mega-menu-item-18416'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://microbe-investigations.com/entomology-testing-services/#test-section/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18228' id='mega-menu-item-18228'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/textile-testing/" aria-expanded="false">Textile<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18229' id='mega-menu-item-18229'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Antibacterial<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18233' id='mega-menu-item-18233'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/iso-20743/">ISO 20743</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18231' id='mega-menu-item-18231'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/aatcc-100/">AATCC-100</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18235' id='mega-menu-item-18235'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/textile-testing/#test-section">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18236' id='mega-menu-item-18236'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Antiviral<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18238' id='mega-menu-item-18238'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/jis-l-1922/">JIS L 1922</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18239' id='mega-menu-item-18239'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/textile-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18240' id='mega-menu-item-18240'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Fungicidal & Yeasticidal<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18241' id='mega-menu-item-18241'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/aatcc-30/">AATCC 30</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18242' id='mega-menu-item-18242'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/textile-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18243' id='mega-menu-item-18243'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Odor Testing<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18244' id='mega-menu-item-18244'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/iso-17299-3/">ISO 17299-3</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18245' id='mega-menu-item-18245'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/textile-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18246' id='mega-menu-item-18246'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/disinfectant-testing/" aria-expanded="false">Disinfectant & Sanitizer<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18247' id='mega-menu-item-18247'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Antibacterial<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18248' id='mega-menu-item-18248'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/en-1276/">EN 1276</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18253' id='mega-menu-item-18253'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/disinfectant-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18254' id='mega-menu-item-18254'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Antiviral<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18255' id='mega-menu-item-18255'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/en-14476/">EN 14476</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18260' id='mega-menu-item-18260'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/disinfectant-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18261' id='mega-menu-item-18261'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Fungicidal & Yeasticidal<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18262' id='mega-menu-item-18262'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/en-13624/">EN 13624</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18267' id='mega-menu-item-18267'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/disinfectant-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18268' id='mega-menu-item-18268'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/plastic-testing/" aria-expanded="false">Plastic<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18269' id='mega-menu-item-18269'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Antibacterial<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18270' id='mega-menu-item-18270'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/iso-22196/">ISO 22196</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18271' id='mega-menu-item-18271'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/iso846/">ISO 846</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18275' id='mega-menu-item-18275'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/plastic-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18276' id='mega-menu-item-18276'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Antiviral<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18277' id='mega-menu-item-18277'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/iso21702/">ISO 21702</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18278' id='mega-menu-item-18278'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/plastic-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18279' id='mega-menu-item-18279'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Fungicidal & Yeasticidal<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18280' id='mega-menu-item-18280'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/astm-d3273-test/">ASTM D3273</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18281' id='mega-menu-item-18281'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/iso846/">ISO 846</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18285' id='mega-menu-item-18285'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/plastic-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18289' id='mega-menu-item-18289'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/cosmetic-testing/" aria-expanded="false">Cosmetics<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18290' id='mega-menu-item-18290'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Enumeration tests<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18291' id='mega-menu-item-18291'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://microbe-investigations.com/aerobic-plate-count-test/">Aerobic Plate Count</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18296' id='mega-menu-item-18296'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/cosmetic-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18297' id='mega-menu-item-18297'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Detection tests<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18298' id='mega-menu-item-18298'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/usp-60-test-for-burkholderia-cepacia-complex/">USP 60</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18303' id='mega-menu-item-18303'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/cosmetic-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18304' id='mega-menu-item-18304'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Preservative Efficacy Tests<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18305' id='mega-menu-item-18305'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/iso-11930/">ISO 11930</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18308' id='mega-menu-item-18308'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/cosmetic-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18309' id='mega-menu-item-18309'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/coating-testing/" aria-expanded="false">Paint<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18310' id='mega-menu-item-18310'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Antibacterial<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18311' id='mega-menu-item-18311'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/astm-d4783/">ASTM D4783</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18313' id='mega-menu-item-18313'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/coating-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18314' id='mega-menu-item-18314'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Antiviral<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18315' id='mega-menu-item-18315'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/iso21702/">ISO 21702</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18316' id='mega-menu-item-18316'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/coating-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18317' id='mega-menu-item-18317'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Fungicidal & Yeasticidal<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18318' id='mega-menu-item-18318'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/astm-d4783/">ASTM D4783</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18323' id='mega-menu-item-18323'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/coating-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18324' id='mega-menu-item-18324'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Antialgal<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18325' id='mega-menu-item-18325'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/astm-d5589/">ASTM D5589</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18326' id='mega-menu-item-18326'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/coating-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-22147' id='mega-menu-item-22147'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">R&D<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-22148' id='mega-menu-item-22148'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/minimum-bactericidal-concentration-mbc-test/">Minimum Bactericidal Concentration</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-22149' id='mega-menu-item-22149'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/zone-of-inhibition-test/">Zone of Inhibition Test</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-22150' id='mega-menu-item-22150'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/minimum-inhibitory-concentration-test/">Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Assay</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18327' id='mega-menu-item-18327'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/more-test/">More</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-megamenu mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-grid mega-menu-item-18333' id='mega-menu-item-18333'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">STRAINS<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-row' id='mega-menu-18333-0'> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-column mega-menu-columns-12-of-12' id='mega-menu-18333-0-0'> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-widget widget_elementor-library mega-menu-item-elementor-library-4' id='mega-menu-item-elementor-library-4'> <div data-elementor-type="section" data-elementor-id="18336" class="elementor elementor-18336" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6679b94b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="6679b94b" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6edfcc0e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="6edfcc0e" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-70b412fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="70b412fe" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Strains</h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3c4b4b92 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="3c4b4b92" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-divider"> <span class="elementor-divider-separator"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-53b17943 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="53b17943" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5754d821 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="5754d821" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3d1be2dd e-con-full e-grid e-con e-child" data-id="3d1be2dd" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5484dec8 e-con-full cards-menu e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="5484dec8" data-element_type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-345eb8ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="345eb8ef" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="/insects-strains/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-arrow-alt-circle-right"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-button-text">Insects</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2d01edcd e-con-full cards-menu e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="2d01edcd" data-element_type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-78db4abb elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="78db4abb" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="/antibacterial-strains/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-arrow-alt-circle-right"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-button-text">Bacteria</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6acf999e e-con-full cards-menu e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="6acf999e" data-element_type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-19b2284c elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="19b2284c" 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class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18221' id='mega-menu-item-18221'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Laboratory tests<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18222' id='mega-menu-item-18222'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/arm-in-cage-test/">Arm In Cage Room Test</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18223' id='mega-menu-item-18223'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/room-test/">Room Test</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18416' id='mega-menu-item-18416'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://microbe-investigations.com/entomology-testing-services/#test-section/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18228' id='mega-menu-item-18228'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/textile-testing/" aria-expanded="false">Textile<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18229' id='mega-menu-item-18229'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Antibacterial<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18233' id='mega-menu-item-18233'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/iso-20743/">ISO 20743</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18231' id='mega-menu-item-18231'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/aatcc-100/">AATCC-100</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18235' id='mega-menu-item-18235'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/textile-testing/#test-section">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18236' id='mega-menu-item-18236'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Antiviral<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18238' id='mega-menu-item-18238'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/jis-l-1922/">JIS L 1922</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18239' id='mega-menu-item-18239'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/textile-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18240' id='mega-menu-item-18240'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Fungicidal & Yeasticidal<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18241' id='mega-menu-item-18241'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/aatcc-30/">AATCC 30</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18242' id='mega-menu-item-18242'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/textile-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18243' id='mega-menu-item-18243'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Odor Testing<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18244' id='mega-menu-item-18244'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/iso-17299-3/">ISO 17299-3</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18245' id='mega-menu-item-18245'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/textile-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18246' id='mega-menu-item-18246'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/disinfectant-testing/" aria-expanded="false">Disinfectant & Sanitizer<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18247' id='mega-menu-item-18247'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Antibacterial<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18248' id='mega-menu-item-18248'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/en-1276/">EN 1276</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18253' id='mega-menu-item-18253'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/disinfectant-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18254' id='mega-menu-item-18254'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Antiviral<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18255' id='mega-menu-item-18255'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/en-14476/">EN 14476</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18260' id='mega-menu-item-18260'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/disinfectant-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18261' id='mega-menu-item-18261'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Fungicidal & Yeasticidal<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18262' id='mega-menu-item-18262'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/en-13624/">EN 13624</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18267' id='mega-menu-item-18267'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/disinfectant-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18268' id='mega-menu-item-18268'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/plastic-testing/" aria-expanded="false">Plastic<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18269' id='mega-menu-item-18269'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Antibacterial<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18270' id='mega-menu-item-18270'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/iso-22196/">ISO 22196</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18271' id='mega-menu-item-18271'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/iso846/">ISO 846</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18275' id='mega-menu-item-18275'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/plastic-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18276' id='mega-menu-item-18276'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Antiviral<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18277' id='mega-menu-item-18277'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/iso21702/">ISO 21702</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18278' id='mega-menu-item-18278'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/plastic-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18279' id='mega-menu-item-18279'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Fungicidal & Yeasticidal<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18280' id='mega-menu-item-18280'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/astm-d3273-test/">ASTM D3273</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18281' id='mega-menu-item-18281'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/iso846/">ISO 846</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18285' id='mega-menu-item-18285'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/plastic-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18289' id='mega-menu-item-18289'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/cosmetic-testing/" aria-expanded="false">Cosmetics<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18290' id='mega-menu-item-18290'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Enumeration tests<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18291' id='mega-menu-item-18291'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://microbe-investigations.com/aerobic-plate-count-test/">Aerobic Plate Count</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18296' id='mega-menu-item-18296'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/cosmetic-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18297' id='mega-menu-item-18297'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Detection tests<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18298' id='mega-menu-item-18298'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/usp-60-test-for-burkholderia-cepacia-complex/">USP 60</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18303' id='mega-menu-item-18303'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/cosmetic-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18304' id='mega-menu-item-18304'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Preservative Efficacy Tests<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18305' id='mega-menu-item-18305'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/iso-11930/">ISO 11930</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18308' id='mega-menu-item-18308'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/cosmetic-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18309' id='mega-menu-item-18309'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/coating-testing/" aria-expanded="false">Paint<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18310' id='mega-menu-item-18310'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Antibacterial<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18311' id='mega-menu-item-18311'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/astm-d4783/">ASTM D4783</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18313' id='mega-menu-item-18313'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/coating-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18314' id='mega-menu-item-18314'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Antiviral<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18315' id='mega-menu-item-18315'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/iso21702/">ISO 21702</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18316' id='mega-menu-item-18316'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/coating-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18317' id='mega-menu-item-18317'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Fungicidal & Yeasticidal<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18318' id='mega-menu-item-18318'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/astm-d4783/">ASTM D4783</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18323' id='mega-menu-item-18323'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/coating-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-18324' id='mega-menu-item-18324'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">Antialgal<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18325' id='mega-menu-item-18325'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/astm-d5589/">ASTM D5589</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18326' id='mega-menu-item-18326'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/coating-testing/">View More</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-22147' id='mega-menu-item-22147'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false">R&D<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-22148' id='mega-menu-item-22148'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/minimum-bactericidal-concentration-mbc-test/">Minimum Bactericidal Concentration</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-22149' id='mega-menu-item-22149'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/zone-of-inhibition-test/">Zone of Inhibition Test</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-22150' id='mega-menu-item-22150'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/minimum-inhibitory-concentration-test/">Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Assay</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-18327' id='mega-menu-item-18327'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/more-test/">More</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-megamenu mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-grid mega-menu-item-18333' id='mega-menu-item-18333'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">STRAINS<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-row' id='mega-menu-18333-0'> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-column mega-menu-columns-12-of-12' id='mega-menu-18333-0-0'> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-widget widget_elementor-library mega-menu-item-elementor-library-4' id='mega-menu-item-elementor-library-4'> <div data-elementor-type="section" data-elementor-id="18336" class="elementor elementor-18336" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6679b94b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="6679b94b" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6edfcc0e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="6edfcc0e" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-70b412fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="70b412fe" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Strains</h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3c4b4b92 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="3c4b4b92" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-divider"> <span class="elementor-divider-separator"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-53b17943 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="53b17943" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5754d821 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="5754d821" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3d1be2dd e-con-full e-grid e-con e-child" data-id="3d1be2dd" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5484dec8 e-con-full cards-menu e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="5484dec8" data-element_type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-345eb8ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="345eb8ef" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="/insects-strains/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-arrow-alt-circle-right"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-button-text">Insects</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2d01edcd e-con-full cards-menu e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="2d01edcd" data-element_type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-78db4abb elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="78db4abb" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="/antibacterial-strains/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-arrow-alt-circle-right"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-button-text">Bacteria</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6acf999e e-con-full cards-menu e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="6acf999e" data-element_type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-19b2284c elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="19b2284c" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="/antiviral-strains/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-arrow-alt-circle-right"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-button-text">Virus</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7ed2b6d5 e-con-full cards-menu e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="7ed2b6d5" data-element_type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-58bc0b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="58bc0b6" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="/antifungal-strains/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-arrow-alt-circle-right"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-button-text">Fungi / Algae</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5ee921cd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="5ee921cd" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-16611e78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="16611e78" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Related Blogs</h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e7fb937 elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-grid" data-id="e7fb937" data-element_type="widget" 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post-20391 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-disinfectant ast-article-single" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5995b8f7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="5995b8f7" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-13bb838e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="13bb838e" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-781e6e08 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="781e6e08" data-element_type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6920f35d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="6920f35d" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6d2f8c88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="6d2f8c88" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <span>Disinfectant</span> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5abab8bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="5abab8bb" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://microbe-investigations.com/hmpv-virus-symptoms-infections-risks-treatment-explained/">HMPV Virus (Human Metapneumovirus): Symptoms, Risks, and Effective Treatments Explained</a></h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-50fd7ed1 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon" data-id="50fd7ed1" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-icon" 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e-loop-item e-loop-item-17555 post-17555 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-disinfectant ast-article-single" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5995b8f7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="5995b8f7" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-13bb838e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="13bb838e" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-781e6e08 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="781e6e08" data-element_type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6920f35d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="6920f35d" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6d2f8c88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="6d2f8c88" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <span>Disinfectant</span> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5abab8bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="5abab8bb" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://microbe-investigations.com/disinfectant-validation/">Disinfectant Validation: Ensuring Effective Infection Control</a></h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-50fd7ed1 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon" data-id="50fd7ed1" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-icon" href="https://microbe-investigations.com/disinfectant-validation/"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" 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8.88686 18.1145 8.93143 18.2489 9.03358C18.3833 9.13573 18.4716 9.28707 18.4944 9.45433C18.5172 9.62158 18.4726 9.79104 18.3705 9.92543L11.1811 19.384C11.0777 19.5165 10.9265 19.6034 10.7599 19.6261C10.5933 19.6488 10.4245 19.6056 10.2893 19.5056Z" fill="#EE1938"></path></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-18335' id='mega-menu-item-18335'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/blog/" tabindex="0">LEARNING CENTER</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-18334' id='mega-menu-item-18334'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="/about/" tabindex="0">ABOUT US</a></li></ul></div></section> </aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div class="ast-container"> <div id="primary" class="content-area primary"> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <article class="post-361 page type-page status-publish ast-article-single" id="post-361" > <header class="entry-header ast-header-without-markup"> <h1 class="entry-title" >Antibacterial Strains</h1> </header>  <div class="entry-content clear" > <div data-elementor-type="wp-page" data-elementor-id="361" class="elementor elementor-361" data-elementor-post-type="page"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7421a369 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="7421a369" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2ccc9b9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="2ccc9b9d" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Bacteria</h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5f1f7539 e-con-full strains_chart e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="5f1f7539" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-48feb516 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="48feb516" data-element_type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-239457d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="239457d0" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-59c319 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="59c319" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6d418a64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="6d418a64" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4>Bacterial strain names</h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-152312eb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="152312eb" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-71ae19a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="71ae19a" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Gram stain</h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-10f90190 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="10f90190" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6ca2a89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="6ca2a89" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Common Habitat</h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-36009b8d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="36009b8d" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-eada274 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="eada274" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Diseases Caused</h4> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-73180174 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="73180174" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-33b64011 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="33b64011" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-d7c4aee elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="d7c4aee" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Staphylococcus aureus</h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7ebb9229 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="7ebb9229" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-283bd356 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="283bd356" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Positive </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7a06f274 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="7a06f274" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-539d5b11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="539d5b11" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Skin, respiratory tract, and nasal passages of humans. </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8b606c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="8b606c1" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-787e3063 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="787e3063" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Skin infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, food poisoning, and toxic shock syndrome. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-558ca2e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="558ca2e" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-14ad15e1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="14ad15e1" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7846c6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="7846c6c" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Escherichia coli</h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3eaf002f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="3eaf002f" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-13812afe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="13812afe" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Negative </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1c1f8544 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="1c1f8544" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3af7c985 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="3af7c985" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Intestinal tract of humans and animals. </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2e42c0d2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="2e42c0d2" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3cf30f74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="3cf30f74" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Diarrhea, urinary tract infections, respiratory illness, pneumonia, and other illnesses. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-66d5428b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="66d5428b" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5f3ec28e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="5f3ec28e" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a449dee elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="a449dee" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Salmonella enterica</h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2ff041c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="2ff041c1" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1c472106 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="1c472106" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Negative </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-55efd6c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="55efd6c5" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4238f7d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="4238f7d1" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Intestinal tract of humans and animals. </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-25f31e56 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="25f31e56" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3c257d64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="3c257d64" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and gastroenteritis (salmonellosis). </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-245655db e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="245655db" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-351311d5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="351311d5" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9a1acd0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="9a1acd0" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-153d1721 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="153d1721" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7ad164a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="7ad164a9" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Negative </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-121dfb44 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="121dfb44" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4d34f93e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="4d34f93e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Soil, water, and environments like hot tubs. </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-250e508 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="250e508" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-54d15d3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="54d15d3e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Folliculitis, urinary tract infections, respiratory system infections, dermatitis, bone and joint infections, gastrointestinal infections, and a variety of systemic infections, particularly in people with weakened immune systems. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1a3e335f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="1a3e335f" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5d3f25d2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="5d3f25d2" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9931c49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="9931c49" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Klebsiella pneumoniae</h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-60828c1f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="60828c1f" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4c0c69a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="4c0c69a4" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Negative </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-10133a2d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="10133a2d" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6b8237a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="6b8237a" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Mouth, skin, and intestines of humans and animals. </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-63a51925 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="63a51925" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7c823d0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="7c823d0e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Pneumonia, bloodstream infections, wound or surgical site infections, and meningitis. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1a23ec88 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="1a23ec88" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3f3f89f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="3f3f89f3" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c1d2c20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="c1d2c20" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Enterococcus hirae</h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2eadc51 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="2eadc51" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-32b5bb60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="32b5bb60" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Positive </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6ad90f8d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="6ad90f8d" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5154f04a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="5154f04a" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3173b325 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="3173b325" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-949205 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="949205" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Urinary tract infections, bacteremia, bacterial endocarditis, and diverticulitis. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6d43b256 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="6d43b256" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1e07c09b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="1e07c09b" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5296838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="5296838" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) spp</h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3be7501d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="3be7501d" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-10d3311e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="10d3311e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Positive </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5802664a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="5802664a" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3dcf0f11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="3dcf0f11" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Skin and nasal passages. </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7d38440f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="7d38440f" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5e9f50f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="5e9f50f0" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Skin and soft tissue infections, severe respiratory tract infections, and bloodstream infections. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5d78acf4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="5d78acf4" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-419b6b9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="419b6b9c" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-96e5b7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="96e5b7a" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Legionella spp</h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-166e6695 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="166e6695" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3c523d45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="3c523d45" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Negative <span style="font-size: 12px!important;">(though it is poorly staining and sometimes not visible with Gram stain)</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2c7d7c6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="2c7d7c6" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7053121f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="7053121f" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Freshwater environments, water systems like cooling towers, domestic hot-water systems. </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4e3f4cc7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="4e3f4cc7" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3d27fb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="3d27fb49" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Legionnaires’ disease, Pontiac fever. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-65be627d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="65be627d" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1ab8bcc2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="1ab8bcc2" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-824479b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="824479b" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Mycoplasma pneumoniae</h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-43587adb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="43587adb" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-71da983 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="71da983" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Not applicable (lacks a cell wall) </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-250002ed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="250002ed" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-305b9f04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="305b9f04" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Respiratory tract. </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3f869806 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="3f869806" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-afd97c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="afd97c1" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Atypical pneumonia (also known as “walking pneumonia”). </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-270ebef1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="270ebef1" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-38324036 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="38324036" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-44f1088 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="44f1088" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Clostridioides difficile (Clostridium difficile)</h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3e393d3b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="3e393d3b" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4ec86585 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="4ec86585" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Positive </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-49bba62b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="49bba62b" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-48581db2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="48581db2" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Human and animal intestines, and the environment. </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2e3d34cd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="2e3d34cd" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a3811b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="a3811b3" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Antibiotic-associated diarrhea, colitis, pseudomembranous colitis. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-72bdd76c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="72bdd76c" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-55a8d81e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="55a8d81e" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-508505ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="508505ec" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Bacterial Strains</h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-648792ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="648792ae" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Explore our extensive collection of bacterial strains routinely employed in testing </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-21a41766 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="21a41766" data-element_type="container"> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-76909d28 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="76909d28" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6d12cc80 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="6d12cc80" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-863569c e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs" data-id="863569c" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="nested-tabs.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="e-n-tabs" data-widget-number="140727964" aria-label="Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys."> <div class="e-n-tabs-heading" role="tablist"> <button id="e-n-tab-title-1407279641" class="e-n-tab-title" aria-selected="true" data-tab-index="1" role="tab" tabindex="0" aria-controls="e-n-tab-content-1407279641" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 1;"> <span class="e-n-tab-title-text"> Staphylococcus aureus </span> </button> <button id="e-n-tab-title-1407279642" class="e-n-tab-title" aria-selected="false" data-tab-index="2" role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-controls="e-n-tab-content-1407279642" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 2;"> <span class="e-n-tab-title-text"> Escherichia coli </span> </button> <button id="e-n-tab-title-1407279643" class="e-n-tab-title" aria-selected="false" data-tab-index="3" role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-controls="e-n-tab-content-1407279643" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 3;"> <span class="e-n-tab-title-text"> Salmonella enterica </span> </button> <button id="e-n-tab-title-1407279644" class="e-n-tab-title" aria-selected="false" data-tab-index="4" role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-controls="e-n-tab-content-1407279644" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 4;"> <span class="e-n-tab-title-text"> Pseudomonas aeruginosa </span> </button> <button id="e-n-tab-title-1407279645" class="e-n-tab-title" aria-selected="false" data-tab-index="5" role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-controls="e-n-tab-content-1407279645" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 5;"> <span class="e-n-tab-title-text"> Klebsiella pneumoniae </span> </button> <button id="e-n-tab-title-1407279646" class="e-n-tab-title" aria-selected="false" data-tab-index="6" role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-controls="e-n-tab-content-1407279646" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 6;"> <span class="e-n-tab-title-text"> Enterococcus hirae </span> </button> <button id="e-n-tab-title-1407279647" class="e-n-tab-title" aria-selected="false" data-tab-index="7" role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-controls="e-n-tab-content-1407279647" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 7;"> <span class="e-n-tab-title-text"> Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) spp </span> </button> <button id="e-n-tab-title-1407279648" class="e-n-tab-title" aria-selected="false" data-tab-index="8" role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-controls="e-n-tab-content-1407279648" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 8;"> <span class="e-n-tab-title-text"> Legionella spp </span> </button> <button id="e-n-tab-title-1407279649" class="e-n-tab-title" aria-selected="false" data-tab-index="9" role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-controls="e-n-tab-content-1407279649" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 9;"> <span class="e-n-tab-title-text"> Mycoplasma pneumoniae </span> </button> <button id="e-n-tab-title-14072796410" class="e-n-tab-title" aria-selected="false" data-tab-index="10" role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-controls="e-n-tab-content-14072796410" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 10;"> <span class="e-n-tab-title-text"> Clostridioides difficile (Clostridium difficile) </span> </button> </div> <div class="e-n-tabs-content"> <div id="e-n-tab-content-1407279641" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="e-n-tab-title-1407279641" data-tab-index="1" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 1;" class="e-active elementor-element elementor-element-438bd974 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="438bd974" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-30732ef5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="30732ef5" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4b695fc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="4b695fc1" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538P)</h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-48b78129 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="48b78129" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-divider"> <span class="elementor-divider-separator"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-52c409bf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="52c409bf" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5dd017b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="5dd017b0" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-26e06e89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="26e06e89" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1536" height="1536" src="https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Staphylococcus-aureus-1.webp" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-18122" alt="" srcset="https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Staphylococcus-aureus-1.webp 1536w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Staphylococcus-aureus-1-300x300.webp 300w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Staphylococcus-aureus-1-1024x1024.webp 1024w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Staphylococcus-aureus-1-150x150.webp 150w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Staphylococcus-aureus-1-768x768.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px" /> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-14240936 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="14240936" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Staphylococcus aureus</h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-67c0abc6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="67c0abc6" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-54618c4 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="54618c4" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Overview </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> <strong><i>Staphylococcus aureus</strong></i> is the most dangerous of all staphylococcal bacterial strains. <strong><i>Staphylococcus aureus</strong></i> is a Gram positive, round-shaped bacterium, and often causes skin infections, pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5285b15 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="5285b15" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Mode of Transmission </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> These bacteria are spread by direct contact with an infected person, by touching the contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. Skin infections are common, but the bacteria can spread through the bloodstream and infect distant organs. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-10d4065d elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="10d4065d" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Important facts </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> An estimated 20% to 30% of the human population are long-term carriers of <strong><i>S. aureus</strong></i> which can be found as part of the normal skin flora, in the nostrils, and as a normal inhabitant of the lower reproductive tract of women. It is one of the five most common causes of hospital-acquired infections making it an ideal choice for antibacterial testing. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="e-n-tab-content-1407279642" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="e-n-tab-title-1407279642" data-tab-index="2" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 2;" class=" elementor-element elementor-element-646560d5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="646560d5" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-396df110 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="396df110" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-370bd6d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="370bd6d3" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Escherichia coli </h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7bbfdd84 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="7bbfdd84" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-divider"> <span class="elementor-divider-separator"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1f531050 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="1f531050" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-62158f0e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="62158f0e" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7cdc7154 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="7cdc7154" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <img decoding="async" width="2560" height="2560" src="https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/e.coli-1-scaled-1.webp" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-18123" alt="" srcset="https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/e.coli-1-scaled-1.webp 2560w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/e.coli-1-scaled-1-300x300.webp 300w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/e.coli-1-scaled-1-1024x1024.webp 1024w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/e.coli-1-scaled-1-150x150.webp 150w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/e.coli-1-scaled-1-768x768.webp 768w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/e.coli-1-scaled-1-1536x1536.webp 1536w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/e.coli-1-scaled-1-2048x2048.webp 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px" /> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-17ef50a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="17ef50a9" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Escherichia coli </h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-63353651 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="63353651" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7fc9c788 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="7fc9c788" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Overview </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> <strong><i>Escherichia coli (E. coli)</strong></i> are a group of gram-negative bacteria that normally reside in the intestine of healthy people, but some strains can cause infection in the digestive tract, urinary tract, or many other parts of the body. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7e4868cf elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="7e4868cf" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Mode of Transmission </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> People develop intestinal <strong><i>E. coli.</strong></i> infections by eating contaminated food, touching infected animals, or swallowing contaminated water in a pool. Intestinal infections can cause diarrhea, sometimes severe or bloody, and abdominal pain. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3c29bd4e elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="3c29bd4e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Important facts </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> 75% to 95% of urinary tract infections are caused by <strong><i>E. coli.</strong></i> <strong><i>E. coli.</strong></i> outbreaks occur every few years making it an ideal choice for antibacterial testing. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="e-n-tab-content-1407279643" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="e-n-tab-title-1407279643" data-tab-index="3" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 3;" class=" elementor-element elementor-element-6269520a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="6269520a" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6956fbce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="6956fbce" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2bfc82cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="2bfc82cb" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Salmonella enterica</h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4781b10c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="4781b10c" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-divider"> <span class="elementor-divider-separator"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-511c8430 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="511c8430" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-611bb3fc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="611bb3fc" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5572f95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="5572f95" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="2560" height="2560" src="https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/salmonella-enterica-1-scaled-1.webp" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-18124" alt="" srcset="https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/salmonella-enterica-1-scaled-1.webp 2560w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/salmonella-enterica-1-scaled-1-300x300.webp 300w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/salmonella-enterica-1-scaled-1-1024x1024.webp 1024w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/salmonella-enterica-1-scaled-1-150x150.webp 150w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/salmonella-enterica-1-scaled-1-768x768.webp 768w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/salmonella-enterica-1-scaled-1-1536x1536.webp 1536w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/salmonella-enterica-1-scaled-1-2048x2048.webp 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px" /> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3dc54d43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="3dc54d43" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Salmonella enterica </h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-161e87e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="161e87e9" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3b2f5283 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="3b2f5283" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Overview </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> <strong><i>Salmonella enterica</strong></i> is a gram-negative, rod-shaped, flagellated bacterium. It belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Its genome consists of a single circular chromosome. Most strains contain plasmids which contribute to the virulence and antibiotic resistance of the organism. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-78485267 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="78485267" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Mode of Transmission </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> The transmission of the pathogen occurs through contaminated food or water and direct or indirect contact with infected animals can also spread infection. The pathogenicity of the organism varies depending on the serovar. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4290b3a5 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="4290b3a5" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Important facts </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> Identified as one of the major causes of food-borne diseases. It is known to cause diseases such as typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and non-typhoidal salmonellosis. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="e-n-tab-content-1407279644" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="e-n-tab-title-1407279644" data-tab-index="4" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 4;" class=" elementor-element elementor-element-4f5db5f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="4f5db5f1" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4794111 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="4794111" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-40309bd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="40309bd8" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Pseudomonas aeruginosa </h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-67648925 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="67648925" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-divider"> <span class="elementor-divider-separator"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-54063e1b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="54063e1b" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2cc55b3f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="2cc55b3f" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-486933e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="486933e7" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="1024" src="https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pseudomonas-aeruginosa-1-scaled-1-1024x1024.webp" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18125" alt="" srcset="https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pseudomonas-aeruginosa-1-scaled-1-1024x1024.webp 1024w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pseudomonas-aeruginosa-1-scaled-1-300x300.webp 300w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pseudomonas-aeruginosa-1-scaled-1-150x150.webp 150w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pseudomonas-aeruginosa-1-scaled-1-768x768.webp 768w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pseudomonas-aeruginosa-1-scaled-1-1536x1536.webp 1536w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pseudomonas-aeruginosa-1-scaled-1-2048x2048.webp 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-eb41c0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="eb41c0e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Pseudomonas aeruginosa </h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-47d7aa80 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="47d7aa80" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5e2db86f elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="5e2db86f" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Overview </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> <strong><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</strong></i> is a versatile, <strong>gram-negative bacterium.</strong> It belongs to the family Pseudomonadaceae. It is a <strong>rod-shaped, opportunistic pathogen.</strong> It contains a large and complex genome, typically around 6.3 million base pairs. This complex genome is responsible for the adaptability and resistance of the bacterium to many antibiotics. <strong><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</strong></i> was first identified in the late 19th century by Walter Migula </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7910a3de elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="7910a3de" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Mode of Transmission </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> Transmission can occur through contact with contaminated water, or medical equipment, rarely from person to person. Its pathogenicity is due to the presence of several virulence factors such as exotoxins, enzymes, and <strong>biofilm-forming</strong> capabilities. These factors allow it to invade host tissues and evade immune responses and develop resistance to antibiotics which makes infections difficult to treat and control. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6a28f6cd elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="6a28f6cd" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Important facts </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> It is known to cause <strong>hospital-acquired infections,</strong> particularly affecting patients with compromised immune systems. Responsible for causing a range of infections, including <strong>pneumonia, UTI, and dermatitis.</strong> It is also a common cause of chronic lung infections in people with cystic fibrosis. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="e-n-tab-content-1407279645" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="e-n-tab-title-1407279645" data-tab-index="5" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 5;" class=" elementor-element elementor-element-66afcc9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="66afcc9c" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-22df2f0f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="22df2f0f" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2b0cbd00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="2b0cbd00" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Klebsiella pneumoniae </h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-315f301c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="315f301c" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-divider"> <span class="elementor-divider-separator"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-68db7d7f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="68db7d7f" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1b0ff525 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="1b0ff525" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1b3e31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="1b3e31" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="1024" src="https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/klebsiella-pneumoniae-1-scaled-1-1024x1024.webp" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18126" alt="" srcset="https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/klebsiella-pneumoniae-1-scaled-1-1024x1024.webp 1024w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/klebsiella-pneumoniae-1-scaled-1-300x300.webp 300w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/klebsiella-pneumoniae-1-scaled-1-150x150.webp 150w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/klebsiella-pneumoniae-1-scaled-1-768x768.webp 768w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/klebsiella-pneumoniae-1-scaled-1-1536x1536.webp 1536w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/klebsiella-pneumoniae-1-scaled-1-2048x2048.webp 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4a6dbf0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="4a6dbf0e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Klebsiella pneumoniae </h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3b32083f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="3b32083f" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-766d76bd elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="766d76bd" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Overview </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> <strong><i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</strong></i> is a Gram-negative, non-motile, encapsulated, lactose-fermenting,facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. That can cause different types of healthcare associated infections, including pneumonia, bloodstream infections, wound or surgical site infections, and meningitis. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-79820de9 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="79820de9" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Mode of Transmission </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> Klebsiella bacteria spreads through person-to-person contact or, less commonly, by contamination of the environment. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-d5e6e8f elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="d5e6e8f" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Important facts </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> In the general community, 5% to 38% of individuals carry the organism in their stool and 1% to 6% in the nasopharynx. Hypervirulent strains of <strong><i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</strong></i> (Hv-Kp) are responsible for causing both community-acquired and hospital-acquired infections. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="e-n-tab-content-1407279646" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="e-n-tab-title-1407279646" data-tab-index="6" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 6;" class=" elementor-element elementor-element-8ad4e67 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="8ad4e67" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7404ac78 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="7404ac78" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-18e8a7c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="18e8a7c9" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Enterococcus hirae</h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-54ddb3ba elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="54ddb3ba" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-divider"> <span class="elementor-divider-separator"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-70af5f31 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="70af5f31" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-594bba29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="594bba29" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2f9656c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="2f9656c8" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="1024" src="https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/enterococcus-hirae-1-scaled-1-1024x1024.webp" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18127" alt="" srcset="https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/enterococcus-hirae-1-scaled-1-1024x1024.webp 1024w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/enterococcus-hirae-1-scaled-1-300x300.webp 300w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/enterococcus-hirae-1-scaled-1-150x150.webp 150w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/enterococcus-hirae-1-scaled-1-768x768.webp 768w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/enterococcus-hirae-1-scaled-1-1536x1536.webp 1536w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/enterococcus-hirae-1-scaled-1-2048x2048.webp 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-853cb59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="853cb59" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Enterococcus hirae </h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-f472f24 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="f472f24" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-577a77ca elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="577a77ca" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Overview </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> <strong><i>Enterococcus hirae</i></strong> belongs to the Enterococcaceae family. It is a gram-positive cocci-shaped bacteria. It has a low GC-content genome. This allows the organism to adapt to the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. First identified in the 1980s the organism was differentiated from the other enterococci based on biochemical characteristics and genetic studies. The genome of <strong><i>Enterococcus hirae</i></strong> consists of a single circular chromosome. It encodes factors contributing to the organism's resilience and the ability to colonize a wide range of environments. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-18a5cbf6 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="18a5cbf6" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Mode of Transmission </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> <strong><i>Enterococcus hirae</i></strong> infections are transmitted through the consumption of contaminated food and water, close contact with infected animals, and hospital environment. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-350ea8e5 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="350ea8e5" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Important facts </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> Known to cause infections in animals but human infections are mainly confined to nosocomial infections, especially affecting individuals with underlying health conditions. The pathogenicity of <strong><i>Enterococcus hirae</i></strong> is mainly linked to its ability to <strong>form biofilms</strong> and its <strong>resistance to antibiotics</strong> leading to complications in treatment strategies. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="e-n-tab-content-1407279647" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="e-n-tab-title-1407279647" data-tab-index="7" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 7;" class=" elementor-element elementor-element-13e3ebd5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="13e3ebd5" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9edc18e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="9edc18e" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-72d57d76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="72d57d76" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)</h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1e2208b4 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="1e2208b4" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-divider"> <span class="elementor-divider-separator"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4948ef8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="4948ef8" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7bd78660 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="7bd78660" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-61fb662e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="61fb662e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="1024" src="https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Methicillin-resistant-Staphylococcus-aureus-MRSA-spp-1-1024x1024.webp" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18128" alt="" srcset="https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Methicillin-resistant-Staphylococcus-aureus-MRSA-spp-1-1024x1024.webp 1024w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Methicillin-resistant-Staphylococcus-aureus-MRSA-spp-1-300x300.webp 300w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Methicillin-resistant-Staphylococcus-aureus-MRSA-spp-1-150x150.webp 150w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Methicillin-resistant-Staphylococcus-aureus-MRSA-spp-1-768x768.webp 768w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Methicillin-resistant-Staphylococcus-aureus-MRSA-spp-1.webp 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-16b25c6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="16b25c6a" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) spp </h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-ba95697 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="ba95697" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-14d87226 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="14d87226" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Overview </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> Methicillin-Resistant <strong><i>Staphylococcus aureus</strong></i> (MRSA) belongs to the family Staphylococcaceae and is a strain of <strong><i>Staphylococcus aureus</strong></i> The bacteria was discovered in 1961, a year after the introduction of methicillin, an antibiotic for treating S. aureus infections. It has proven resistant to most beta-lactam ring-containing antibiotics including methicillin. Hence, the name is Methicillin-resistant <strong><i>Staphylococcus aureus.</strong></i> The resistance to methicillin is conferred by penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), encoded by the gene <strong><i>mec</strong></i>A</strong>, which has negligible affinity for β-lactam antibiotics. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9224d17 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="9224d17" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Mode of Transmission </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> Infection with MRSA is usually spread through direct contact with infected wounds, contaminated surfaces, and respiratory droplets from infected individuals. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-37ab7065 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="37ab7065" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Important facts </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> Mainly causes skin and soft tissue infection but also causes severe conditions such as bloodstream infection, pneumonia, and surgical site infection. MRSA bacteria also possess the ability to attack the immune system of the host making infections severe and difficult to control and treat. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="e-n-tab-content-1407279648" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="e-n-tab-title-1407279648" data-tab-index="8" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 8;" class=" elementor-element elementor-element-4f6f913e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="4f6f913e" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-26a399b6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="26a399b6" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5d116278 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="5d116278" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Legionella spp. </h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7f28da39 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="7f28da39" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-divider"> <span class="elementor-divider-separator"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5ef85d47 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="5ef85d47" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7a9b331b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="7a9b331b" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-15177b4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="15177b4d" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="1024" src="https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/leginoella-sp.-1-scaled-1-1024x1024.webp" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18129" alt="" srcset="https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/leginoella-sp.-1-scaled-1-1024x1024.webp 1024w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/leginoella-sp.-1-scaled-1-300x300.webp 300w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/leginoella-sp.-1-scaled-1-150x150.webp 150w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/leginoella-sp.-1-scaled-1-768x768.webp 768w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/leginoella-sp.-1-scaled-1-1536x1536.webp 1536w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/leginoella-sp.-1-scaled-1-2048x2048.webp 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-18096d6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="18096d6f" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Legionella spp </h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3098a318 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="3098a318" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-63019a65 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="63019a65" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Overview </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> <strong><i>Legionella</strong></i> species are gram-negative bacteria from the family <strong><i>Legionellaceae.</strong></i> During an American Legion convention in 1976, an outbreak of pneumonia occurred where it was first discovere.. Despite its natural habitat being natural freshwater systems, <strong><i>Legionella</strong></i> has also been found to be thriving inside amoeba and also in man-made water systems like sanitaryware and cooling towers where they are able to form biofilms. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e389657 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="e389657" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Mode of Transmission </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> The transmission of <strong><i>Legionella pneumophila</strong></i> is typically due to inhalation of contaminated water droplets by individuals and its pathogenicity arises from its ability to invade and replicate within macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells in the lungs. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6e501913 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="6e501913" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Important facts </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> <strong><i>Legionella pneumophila</strong></i> is the most well-known species and it adapts to multiple environments because of its highly diverse genome. The bacteria primarily cause two types of infections viz. ‘Pontiac fever’ which is a mild flu-like illness and ‘Legionnaires' disease’ which is a severe form of pneumonia. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="e-n-tab-content-1407279649" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="e-n-tab-title-1407279649" data-tab-index="9" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 9;" class=" elementor-element elementor-element-68825852 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="68825852" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5a5faf5e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="5a5faf5e" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1851a2c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="1851a2c5" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"> Mycoplasma pneumoniae</h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-555c400b elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="555c400b" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-divider"> <span class="elementor-divider-separator"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-39c09fa8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="39c09fa8" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-35a3f78e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="35a3f78e" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3b655f2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="3b655f2f" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="1024" src="https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/mycoplasma-1-scaled-1-1024x1024.webp" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18130" alt="" srcset="https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/mycoplasma-1-scaled-1-1024x1024.webp 1024w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/mycoplasma-1-scaled-1-300x300.webp 300w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/mycoplasma-1-scaled-1-150x150.webp 150w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/mycoplasma-1-scaled-1-768x768.webp 768w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/mycoplasma-1-scaled-1-1536x1536.webp 1536w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/mycoplasma-1-scaled-1-2048x2048.webp 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-438e67b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="438e67b3" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Mycoplasma pneumoniae </h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1550106c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="1550106c" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6cdfe8a5 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="6cdfe8a5" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Overview </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> <strong><i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</strong></i> belongs to the family Mycoplasmataceae. It has a comparatively small genome size of around 816 kb. The organism lacks a cell wall, and due to this property, it is resistant to many common beta-lactam antibiotics. The attachment of the organism to the respiratory epithelium cells and its subsequent damage while evading immune detection are critical features of its pathogenicity. Because of its slow symptom presentation and the lack of a cell wall, <strong><i>M. pneumoniae</strong></i> infections become difficult to diagnose and treat. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-77bf038e elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="77bf038e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Mode of Transmission </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> Infection with <strong><i>M. pneumoniae</strong></i> is transmitted through droplet inhalation by a healthy individual during coughing or sneezing of the infected host. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-30000e8 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="30000e8" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Important facts </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> Initially isolated in the 1940s, <strong><i>M. pneumoniae</strong></i> is a notable respiratory pathogen, especially causing atypical pneumonia, also referred to as "walking pneumonia." The bacterium has been reported to cause bronchitis and rarely encephalitis or hemolytic anemia. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="e-n-tab-content-14072796410" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="e-n-tab-title-14072796410" data-tab-index="10" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 10;" class=" elementor-element elementor-element-21186979 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="21186979" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2b379d37 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="2b379d37" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6c861125 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="6c861125" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Clostridioides difficile</h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4d63b2e elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="4d63b2e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-divider"> <span class="elementor-divider-separator"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4a042209 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="4a042209" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5849522a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="5849522a" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-60c0d2c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="60c0d2c1" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="1024" src="https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/clostridium-difficile-1-scaled-1-1024x1024.webp" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18131" alt="" srcset="https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/clostridium-difficile-1-scaled-1-1024x1024.webp 1024w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/clostridium-difficile-1-scaled-1-300x300.webp 300w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/clostridium-difficile-1-scaled-1-150x150.webp 150w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/clostridium-difficile-1-scaled-1-768x768.webp 768w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/clostridium-difficile-1-scaled-1-1536x1536.webp 1536w, https://microbe-investigations.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/clostridium-difficile-1-scaled-1-2048x2048.webp 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7f30c7ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="7f30c7ec" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Clostridioides difficile (Clostridium difficile) </h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-65505cfa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="65505cfa" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-361197a7 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="361197a7" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Overview </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> <strong><i>Clostridioides difficile</strong></i> was formerly known as<strong><i> Clostridium difficile.</strong></i> It is a <strong>gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria</strong> and belongs to the family Clostridiaceae. Its genome includes a single circular chromosome. It is about 4 to 5 million base pairs in length. It contains genes that contribute to its <strong>ability to form spores, produce toxins, and resist antibiotics.</strong> <strong><i>Clostridioides difficile</i></strong> was first identified in 1935 but its role as a nosocomial pathogen was not recognized until the 1970s. <strong><i>Clostridium difficile</i></strong> produces two toxins, namely toxin A and B. These toxins are primarily responsible for its pathogenicity. They damage intestinal cells and cause inflammation. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6448c1d4 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="6448c1d4" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Mode of Transmission </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> <strong><i>Clostridium difficile</i></strong> is mainly transmitted through the <strong>fecal-oral route,</strong> especially in healthcare settings where spores can remain on surfaces for long periods. It causes infections ranging from mild diarrhea to fatal conditions such as severe colitis and toxic megacolon. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6e0965b7 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box" data-id="6e0965b7" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon-box-icon"> <span class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon-right-mark"></i> </span> </div> <div class="elementor-icon-box-content"> <h3 class="elementor-icon-box-title"> <span > Important facts </span> </h3> <p class="elementor-icon-box-description"> This bacteria is a leading cause of <strong>antibiotic-associated diarrhea</strong> and more severe intestinal conditions like pseudomembranous colitis, particularly in hospitals or among those receiving long-term antibiotic therapy. The spore-forming ability of <strong><i>Clostridium difficile</strong></i> allows it to survive in harsh environments for longer periods thus contributing to its transmission and recurrent infections. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-75626061 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="75626061" data-element_type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-74b453e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="74b453e" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7e037e38 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="7e037e38" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-38ff4140 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget-tablet__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" 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elementor-size-default">STRAINS</p> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-513a74e2 footer-btns elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="513a74e2" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="/insects/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-arrow-right"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-button-text">Insects</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-64351df2 footer-btns elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="64351df2" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="/bacteria/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-arrow-right"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-button-text">Bacteria</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-31b91bf8 footer-btns elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="31b91bf8" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="/virus-strain/%20"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-arrow-right"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-button-text">Virus</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-cb003e8 footer-btns elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="cb003e8" data-element_type="widget" 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elementor-widget-button" data-id="3c0ad7a7" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="/antibacterial/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-arrow-right"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-button-text">Antibacterial testing</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2421d46e footer-btns elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="2421d46e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="/antiviral/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-arrow-right"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-button-text">Antiviral testing</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-602b1c55 footer-btns elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="602b1c55" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="#"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-arrow-right"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-button-text">odor testing</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-45b3cfe0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="45b3cfe0" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-526b9a17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="526b9a17" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Industry tests</p> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-75337ffb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="75337ffb" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-40a80243 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="40a80243" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-733e5d56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="733e5d56" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> entomology </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2e6ed731 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="2e6ed731" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-divider"> <span class="elementor-divider-separator"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6e55d5e8 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="6e55d5e8" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <a href="/arm-in-cage-test/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Arm in cage Test</span> </a> </li> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <a href="/room-test/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Room test</span> </a> </li> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <a href="/olfactometer-test/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Olfactometer test</span> </a> </li> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <a href="/tick-repellent-testing/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Tick repellent testing</span> </a> </li> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <a href="/bed-bug-repellency-test/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Bed bug repellency test</span> </a> </li> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <a href="/peet-grady-chamber-test/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Peet-Grady Chamber Test</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-610a1a81 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="610a1a81" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-613177fc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="613177fc" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-625dd390 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="625dd390" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> Textiles </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3964b572 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="3964b572" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-divider"> <span class="elementor-divider-separator"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7279c68f elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="7279c68f" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <a href="/aatcc-100/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">AATCC 100</span> </a> </li> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <a href="/jisl1902/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">JIS L 1902</span> </a> </li> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <a href="/iso-20743/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">ISO 20743</span> </a> </li> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <a href="/astm-e2149/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">ASTM E2149</span> </a> </li> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <a href="/aatcc-147/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">AATCC 147</span> </a> </li> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <a href="/iso18184/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">ISO 18184</span> </a> </li> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <a href="/jis-l-1922/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">JIS L 1922</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-31f2c0aa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="31f2c0aa" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2b1a9619 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="2b1a9619" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2098b14a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="2098b14a" data-element_type="widget" 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