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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Policy_transition_from_emigration_to_deportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy_transition_from_emigration_to_deportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Policy transition from emigration to deportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policy_transition_from_emigration_to_deportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wannsee_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wannsee_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Wannsee Conference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wannsee_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation_of_Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation_of_Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Occupation of Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation_of_Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>After World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capture_in_Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_in_Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Capture in Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_in_Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial_in_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial_in_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Trial in Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trial_in_Jerusalem-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Trial in Jerusalem subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Trial_in_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appeals_and_execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appeals_and_execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Appeals and execution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appeals_and_execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Informational_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informational_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Informational notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informational_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Adolf Eichmann</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="أدولف أيخمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدولف أيخمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D6%86_%D4%B1%D5%B5%D5%B7%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ատոլֆ Այշման – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ատոլֆ Այշման" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eyxman" title="Adolf Eyxman – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adolf Eyxman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="এডলফ আইখম্যান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এডলফ আইখম্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Адольф Эйхман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адольф Эйхман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Адолф Айхман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Адолф Айхман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%86_%CE%86%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Άντολφ Άιχμαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άντολφ Άιχμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86" title="آدولف آیشمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آدولف آیشمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8F%8C%ED%94%84_%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%ED%9E%88%EB%A7%8C" title="아돌프 아이히만 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아돌프 아이히만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D6%86_%D4%B1%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ադոլֆ Այքման – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ադոլֆ Այքման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="एडॉल्फ ऐशमान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एडॉल्फ ऐशमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A3_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="אדולף אייכמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדולף אייכמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ადოლფ აიხმანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადოლფ აიხმანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphus_Eichmann" title="Adolphus Eichmann – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Adolphus Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80dolfs_Eihmanis" title="Ādolfs Eihmanis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ādolfs Eihmanis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%90%D1%98%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Адолф Ајхман – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Адолф Ајхман" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="അഡോൾഫ് എയ്‌ക്‌മാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഡോൾഫ് എയ്‌ക്‌മാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="ॲडॉल्फ आइखमन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ॲडॉल्फ आइखमन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ادولف ايخمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادولف ايخمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86" title="آدولف آیشمن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آدولف آیشمن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B7%E1%80%96%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အဒေါ့ဖ် အိုက်ခမန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဒေါ့ဖ် အိုက်ခမန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%92%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="アドルフ・アイヒマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アドルフ・アイヒマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ایڈولف آئخمین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایڈولف آئخمین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%89%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اډولف ایچمان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اډولف ایچمان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Эйхман, Адольф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эйхман, Адольф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%90%D1%98%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Адолф Ајхман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Адолф Ајхман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="அடோல்வ் ஏச்மென் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அடோல்வ் ஏச்மென்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อาด็อล์ฟ ไอช์มัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาด็อล์ฟ ไอช์มัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Адольф Айхман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Адольф Айхман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اڈولف ایش مان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اڈولف ایش مان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Adolf Eichmann" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%B8%8C%E6%9B%BC" title="阿道夫·艾希曼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿道夫·艾希曼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A3_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9F" title="אדאלף אייכמאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אדאלף אייכמאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%B8%8C%E6%9B%BC" title="阿道夫·艾希曼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿道夫·艾希曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28085#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German Nazi official and war criminal (1906–1962)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Eichmann" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Eichmann_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Eichmann (disambiguation)">Eichmann (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Obersturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Obersturmbannführer">SS-Obersturmbannführer</a></i></div><div class="fn">Adolf Eichmann</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Eichmann,_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Adolf_Eichmann%2C_1942.jpg/220px-Adolf_Eichmann%2C_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Adolf_Eichmann%2C_1942.jpg/330px-Adolf_Eichmann%2C_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Adolf_Eichmann%2C_1942.jpg/440px-Adolf_Eichmann%2C_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Eichmann in 1942</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Otto Adolf Eichmann</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1906-03-19</span>)</span>19 March 1906<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhine Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 June 1962<span style="display:none">(1962-06-01)</span> (aged 56)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Ayalon_Prison" title="Ayalon Prison">Ayalon Prison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a>, Israel</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_hanging" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution by hanging">Execution by hanging</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>German</li><li>Austrian</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Ricardo Klement</li><li>Otto Eckmann</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organizations</th><td class="infobox-data org"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></span> (SS)</li><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geheime_Staatspolizei" class="mw-redirect" title="Geheime Staatspolizei">Geheime Staatspolizei</a></i></span> (Gestapo)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Veronika Liebl</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="21 March 1935">1935</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4, including <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Eichmann" title="Ricardo Eichmann">Ricardo Francisco</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Adolf Karl Eichmann</li><li>Maria (née Schefferling)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a>, Second Class</li><li><a href="/wiki/War_Merit_Cross" title="War Merit Cross">War Merit Cross</a>, First Class (With Swords)</li><li>War Merit Cross, Second Class (With Swords)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conviction" title="Conviction">Conviction(s)</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li>War crimes</li><li>Crimes against humanity</li><li>Crimes against the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish people</a></li><li>Membership in a <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">criminal organisation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Trial</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal penalty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Israel" title="Capital punishment in Israel">Death</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Date apprehended</div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 May 1960<br /><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Eichmann_(signature).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Adolf_Eichmann_%28signature%29.svg/150px-Adolf_Eichmann_%28signature%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Adolf_Eichmann_%28signature%29.svg/225px-Adolf_Eichmann_%28signature%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Adolf_Eichmann_%28signature%29.svg/300px-Adolf_Eichmann_%28signature%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Otto Adolf Eichmann</b><sup id="cite_ref-forenames_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forenames-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">EYEKH</span>-mən</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʔɔto<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʔaːdɔlf<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʔaɪçman]</a></span>; 19 March 1906 – 1 June 1962) was a German-Austrian<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeets2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeets2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> official of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, an officer of the <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> (SS), and one of the major organisers of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. He participated in the January 1942 <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a>, at which the implementation of the genocidal <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution_to_the_Jewish_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Solution to the Jewish Question">Final Solution to the Jewish Question</a> was planned. Following this, he was tasked by SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer">Obergruppenführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> with facilitating and managing the logistics involved in the mass deportation of millions of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Nazi ghettos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Nazi extermination camps</a> across <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a>. He was captured and detained by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> in 1945, but escaped and eventually settled in Argentina. In May 1960, he was tracked down and apprehended by Israel's <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a> intelligence agency, and put on trial before the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court of Israel</a>. The highly publicised <a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a> resulted in his conviction in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, following which he was executed by hanging in 1962. </p><p>After doing poorly in school, Eichmann briefly worked for his father's mining company in Austria, where the family had moved in 1914. He worked as a travelling oil salesman beginning in 1927, and joined both the Nazi Party and the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> in 1932. He returned to Germany in 1933, where he joined the <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i> (SD, "Security Service"); there he was appointed head of the department responsible for Jewish affairs – especially emigration, which the Nazis encouraged through violence and economic pressure. After the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> in September 1939, Eichmann and his staff arranged for Jews to be concentrated in ghettos in major cities with the expectation that they would be transported either farther east or overseas. He also drew up plans for a Jewish reservation, first <a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">at Nisko</a> in southeast Poland and later <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">in Madagascar</a>, but neither of these plans were ever carried out. </p><p>The Nazis began the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invasion of the Soviet Union</a> on 22 June 1941, and their Jewish policy changed from internment or coerced emigration to extermination. To coordinate planning for the genocide, Eichmann's superior <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> hosted the regime's administrative leaders at the <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a> on 20 January 1942. Eichmann collected information for him, attended the conference, and prepared the minutes. Eichmann and his staff became responsible for Jewish deportations to extermination camps, where the victims were <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gassed</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Operation_Margarethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Margarethe">Germany occupied Hungary</a> in March 1944, Eichmann oversaw the deportation of much of the Jewish population. Most of the victims were sent to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>, where about 75 per cent were murdered upon arrival. By the time the transports were stopped in July 1944, 437,000 of Hungary's 725,000 Jews had been killed. <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Wisliceny" title="Dieter Wisliceny">Dieter Wisliceny</a> testified at Nuremberg that Eichmann told him he would "leap laughing into the grave because the feeling that he had five million people<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on his conscience would be for him a source of extraordinary satisfaction."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStangneth2014297_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStangneth2014297-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Germany's defeat in 1945</a>, Eichmann was captured by US forces, but he escaped from a detention camp and moved around Germany to avoid recapture. He ended up in a small village in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, where he lived until 1950 when he <a href="/wiki/Ratlines_(World_War_II)" title="Ratlines (World War II)">moved to Argentina</a> using false papers he obtained with help from an organisation directed by Catholic bishop <a href="/wiki/Alois_Hudal" title="Alois Hudal">Alois Hudal</a>. Information collected by <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a>, Israel's intelligence agency, confirmed his location in 1960. A team of Mossad and <a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shin Bet</a> agents captured Eichmann and brought him to Israel to stand trial on 15 criminal charges, including <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, and crimes against the Jewish people. During the trial, he did not <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">deny the Holocaust</a> or his role in organising it, but said he was <a href="/wiki/Superior_orders" title="Superior orders">simply following orders</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></i> system. He was found guilty on all of the charges, and was executed by hanging on 1 June 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-1june_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1june-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial was widely followed in the media and was later the subject of several books, including <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_in_Jerusalem" title="Eichmann in Jerusalem">Eichmann in Jerusalem</a></i>, in which Arendt coined the phrase "the banality of evil" to describe Eichmann.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendt1994252_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendt1994252-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Otto Adolf Eichmann,<sup id="cite_ref-forenames_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forenames-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the eldest of five children, was born in 1906 to a <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200519,_26_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200519,_26-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents were Adolf Karl Eichmann, a bookkeeper, and Maria (<i>née</i> Schefferling), a housewife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200519_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200519-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEichmann1961_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEichmann1961-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Father's_name_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Father's_name-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elder Adolf moved to <a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a>, Austria, in 1913 to take a position as commercial manager for the <a href="/wiki/Linz_Tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Linz Tramway">Linz Tramway</a> and Electrical Company, and the rest of the family followed a year later. After the death of Maria in 1916, Eichmann's father married Maria Zawrzel, a devout Protestant with two sons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200519–20_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200519–20-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eichmann attended the Kaiser Franz Joseph <i><a href="/wiki/Realschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Realschule">Staatsoberrealschule</a></i> (state secondary school) in Linz, the same high school <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> had attended 17 years before.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipstadt201145_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipstadt201145-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He played the violin and participated in sports and clubs, including a <i><a href="/wiki/Wandervogel" title="Wandervogel">Wandervogel</a></i> woodcraft and scouting group that included some older boys who were members of various <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> militias.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200521_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200521-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His poor school performance resulted in his father's withdrawing him from the <i>Realschule</i> and enrolling him in the <i>Höhere Bundeslehranstalt für Elektrotechnik, Maschinenbau und Hochbau</i> vocational college.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200521–22_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200521–22-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left without attaining a degree and joined his father's new enterprise, the Untersberg Mining Company, where he worked for several months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200521–22_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200521–22-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1925 to 1927 he worked as a sales clerk for the <i>Oberösterreichische Elektrobau AG</i> radio company. Between 1927 and early 1933, Eichmann worked in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> as district agent for the <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_Oil_Company" title="Vacuum Oil Company">Vacuum Oil Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy200698_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200698-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200534_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200534-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, he joined the <i>Jungfrontkämpfervereinigung</i>, the youth section of <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hiltl" title="Hermann Hiltl">Hermann Hiltl</a>'s right-wing veterans' movement, and began reading newspapers published by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200528,_35_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200528,_35-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party platform included the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> in Germany, rejection of the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, radical <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, and anti-<a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen199685_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen199685-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They promised a strong central government, increased <i><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i> (living space) for <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>, formation of a national community based on race, and racial cleansing via the active suppression of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, who would be stripped of their citizenship and civil rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003179–180_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003179–180-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EichmannSSdoc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/EichmannSSdoc.jpg/220px-EichmannSSdoc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/EichmannSSdoc.jpg/330px-EichmannSSdoc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/EichmannSSdoc.jpg/440px-EichmannSSdoc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Adolf Eichmann's <i>Lebenslauf</i> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9" title="Résumé">résumé</a>) attached to his application for promotion from SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Hauptscharf%C3%BChrer" title="Hauptscharführer">Hauptscharführer</a></i> to SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Untersturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Untersturmführer">Untersturmführer</a></i> in 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>On the advice of family friend and local <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a>, Eichmann joined the Austrian branch of the Nazi Party on 1 April 1932, member number 889,895.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAilsby199740_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAilsby199740-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His membership in the SS was confirmed seven months later (SS member number 45,326).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200528_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200528-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His regiment was <i>SS-<a href="/wiki/Standarte_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Standarte (Nazi Germany)">Standarte</a></i> 37, responsible for guarding the party headquarters in Linz and protecting party speakers at rallies, which would often become violent. Eichmann pursued party activities in Linz at weekends while continuing in his position at Vacuum Oil in Salzburg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200534_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200534-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few months after the <a href="/wiki/Machtergreifung" class="mw-redirect" title="Machtergreifung">Nazi seizure of power</a> in Germany in January 1933, Eichmann lost his job due to staffing cutbacks at Vacuum Oil. The Nazi Party was banned in Austria around the same time. These events were factors in Eichmann's decision to return to Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200535_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200535-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like many other Nazis fleeing Austria in early 1933, Eichmann left for <a href="/wiki/Passau" title="Passau">Passau</a>, where he joined <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Bolek" title="Andreas Bolek">Andreas Bolek</a> at his headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosmus201583_f_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosmus201583_f-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After he attended a training programme at the SS depot in <a href="/wiki/Klosterlechfeld" title="Klosterlechfeld">Klosterlechfeld</a> in August, Eichmann returned to the Passau border in September, where he was assigned to lead an eight-man SS liaison team to guide <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian National Socialists</a> into Germany and smuggle propaganda material from there into Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosmus201584_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosmus201584-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late December, when this unit was dissolved, Eichmann was promoted to SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Scharf%C3%BChrer" title="Scharführer">Scharführer</a></i> (squad leader, equivalent to corporal).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200537_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200537-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eichmann's battalion of the Deutschland Regiment was quartered at barracks next to <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2006101_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2006101-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1934, Eichmann requested transfer to the <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i> (SD) of the SS, to escape the "monotony" of military training and service at Dachau. Eichmann was accepted into the SD and assigned to the sub-office on <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Freemasons</a>, organising seized ritual objects for a proposed museum and creating a card index of German Freemasons and Masonic organisations. He prepared an anti-Masonic exhibition, which proved to be extremely popular. Visitors included <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, Kaltenbrunner, and Baron <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Mildenstein" title="Leopold von Mildenstein">Leopold von Mildenstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper201183–85_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper201183–85-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mildenstein invited Eichmann to join his Jewish Department, Section II/112 of the SD, at its <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadfield2001198_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadfield2001198-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2006103–104_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2006103–104-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-renamed_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renamed-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eichmann's transfer was granted in November 1934. He later came to consider this as his big break.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter2007106_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter2007106-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was assigned to study and prepare reports on the <a href="/wiki/Zionist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist movement">Zionist movement</a> and various Jewish organisations. He even learned a smattering of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, gaining a reputation as a specialist in Zionist and Jewish matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200547–49_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200547–49-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 March 1935 Eichmann married Veronika (Vera) Liebl (1909–1997).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2006150_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2006150-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had four sons: Klaus (born 1936 in Berlin), Horst Adolf (born 1940 in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>), Dieter Helmut (born 1942 in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Eichmann" title="Ricardo Eichmann">Ricardo Francisco</a> (born 1955 in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200544,_69_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200544,_69-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlass1995_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlass1995-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eichmann was promoted to SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Hauptscharf%C3%BChrer" title="Hauptscharführer">Hauptscharführer</a></i> (head squad leader) in 1936 and was commissioned as an SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Untersturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Untersturmführer">Untersturmführer</a></i> (second lieutenant) the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200549,_60_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200549,_60-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eichmann left the church in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime1962_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETime1962-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> used violence and economic pressure to coerce Jews to leave Germany;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201067–69_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201067–69-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> around 250,000 of the country's 437,000 Jews emigrated between 1933 and 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010127_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010127-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005555–558_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005555–558-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eichmann travelled to British <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> with his superior <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hagen" title="Herbert Hagen">Herbert Hagen</a> in 1937 to assess the possibility of Germany's Jews voluntarily emigrating there, disembarking with forged press credentials at <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, whence they travelled to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> in Egypt. There they met Feival Polkes, an agent of the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>, with whom they were unable to strike a deal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2006105–106_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2006105–106-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polkes suggested that more Jews should be allowed to leave under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a>, each being allowed to take £1000 with them so that they would qualify for entry to Palestine under a less restricted form of immigration. The suggestion was dismissed, Hagen giving two reasons in his report: a strong Jewish presence in Palestine might lead to their founding an independent state, which would run contrary to Reich policy; it was also against Reich policy to allow the free transfer of "Jewish capital".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200555_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200555-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eichmann and Hagen attempted to return to Palestine a few days later, but were denied entry when the British authorities refused them the required visas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2006106_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2006106-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their report on their visit was published in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendelsohn1982_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendelsohn1982-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, Eichmann was posted to Vienna to help organise Jewish emigration from Austria, which had just been integrated into the Reich through the <i><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200562_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200562-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish community organisations were placed under supervision of the SD and tasked with encouraging and facilitating Jewish emigration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200565_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200565-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funding came from money seized from other Jewish people and organisations, as well as donations from overseas, which were placed under SD control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200567_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200567-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eichmann was promoted to SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Obersturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Obersturmführer">Obersturmführer</a></i> (first lieutenant) in July 1938, and appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Jewish_Emigration_in_Vienna" title="Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna">Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna</a>, created in August in a room in the former <a href="/wiki/Palais_Albert_Rothschild" title="Palais Albert Rothschild">Palais Albert Rothschild</a> at Prinz-Eugen-Straße 20–22.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200567,_69_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200567,_69-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time he left <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in May 1939, nearly 100,000 Jews had left Austria legally, and many more had been smuggled out to Palestine and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200571_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200571-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policy_transition_from_emigration_to_deportation">Policy transition from emigration to deportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Policy transition from emigration to deportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Government_for_the_occupied_Polish_territories.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/General_Government_for_the_occupied_Polish_territories.png/220px-General_Government_for_the_occupied_Polish_territories.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/General_Government_for_the_occupied_Polish_territories.png/330px-General_Government_for_the_occupied_Polish_territories.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/General_Government_for_the_occupied_Polish_territories.png/440px-General_Government_for_the_occupied_Polish_territories.png 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="1735" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the location of the <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a>, 1941–1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Within weeks of the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> on 1 September 1939, Nazi policy toward the Jews changed from voluntary emigration to forced <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010132_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010132-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After discussions with Hitler in the preceding weeks, on 21 September SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer">Obergruppenführer</a></i> Reinhard Heydrich, head of the SD, advised his staff that Jews were to be collected into cities in Poland with good rail links to facilitate their expulsion from territories controlled by Germany, starting with areas that had been incorporated into the Reich. He announced plans to create a reservation in the <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a> (the portion of Poland not incorporated into the Reich), where Jews and others deemed undesirable would await further deportation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010148–149_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010148–149-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 September 1939 the SD and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a></i> (SiPo, "Security Police") – the latter comprising the <i><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Geheime Staatspolizei</a></i> (Gestapo) and <i><a href="/wiki/Kriminalpolizei_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Kriminalpolizei (Nazi Germany)">Kriminalpolizei</a></i> (Kripo) police agencies – were combined into the new <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office"><i>Reichssicherheitshauptamt</i></a> (RSHA, "Reich Security Main Office"), which was placed under Heydrich's control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012469,_470_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012469,_470-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a posting in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> to assist in setting up an emigration office there, Eichmann was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> in October 1939 to command the <i><a href="/wiki/Central_Office_for_Jewish_Emigration" title="Central Office for Jewish Emigration">Reichszentrale für jüdische Auswanderung</a></i> ("Reich Central Office for Jewish Emigration") for the entire Reich under Heydrich and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Heinrich Müller</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200577_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200577-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was immediately assigned to organise the deportation of 70,000 to 80,000 Jews from <a href="/wiki/Ostrava" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a> district in <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> district in the recently annexed portion of Poland. On his own initiative, Eichmann also laid plans to deport Jews from Vienna. Under the <a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a>, Eichmann chose <a href="/wiki/Nisko" title="Nisko">Nisko</a> as the location for a new transit camp where Jews would be temporarily housed before being deported elsewhere. In the last week of October 1939, 4,700 Jews were sent to the area by train and were essentially left to fend for themselves in an open meadow with no water and little food. Barracks were planned but never completed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010151–152_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010151–152-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200577_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200577-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the deportees were driven by the SS into Soviet-occupied territory and others were eventually placed in a nearby labour camp. The operation soon was called off, partly because Hitler decided the required trains were better used for military purposes for the time being.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010153_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010153-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, as part of Hitler's long-range resettlement plans, hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans were being transported into the annexed territories, and ethnic Poles and Jews were being moved further east, particularly into the General Government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200581_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200581-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eichmann%27s_office_IVB4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eichmann%27s_office_IVB4.JPG/220px-Eichmann%27s_office_IVB4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eichmann%27s_office_IVB4.JPG/330px-Eichmann%27s_office_IVB4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eichmann%27s_office_IVB4.JPG/440px-Eichmann%27s_office_IVB4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to Holocaust victims at a bus stop near the site of Eichmann's office, <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office_Referat_IV_B4" title="Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4"><i>Referat</i> IV B4</a> (Office of Jewish Affairs) at Kurfürstenstraße 115/116, Berlin, now occupied by a hotel</figcaption></figure> <p>On 19 December 1939, Eichmann was assigned to head <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office_Referat_IV_B4" title="Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4">RSHA <i>Referat</i> IV B4</a> (RSHA Sub-Department IV-B4), tasked with overseeing Jewish affairs and evacuation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200581_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200581-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heydrich announced Eichmann to be his "special expert", in charge of arranging for all deportations into occupied Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010156_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010156-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The job entailed co-ordinating with police agencies for the physical removal of the Jews, dealing with their confiscated property, and arranging financing and transport.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200581_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200581-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a few days of his appointment, Eichmann formulated a plan to deport 600,000 Jews into the General Government. The plan was stymied by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a>, governor-general of the occupied territories, who was disinclined to accept the deportees as to do so would have a negative impact on economic development and his ultimate goal of <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200581_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200581-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his role as minister responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Four_Year_Plan" title="Four Year Plan">Four Year Plan</a>, on 24 March 1940 <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> forbade any further transports into the General Government unless cleared first by himself or Frank. Transports continued, but at a much slower pace than originally envisioned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010159_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010159-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the start of the war until April 1941, around 63,000 Jews were transported into the General Government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200857_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200857-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On many of the trains in this period, up to a third of the deportees died in transit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200857_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200857-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010157_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010157-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Eichmann claimed at his trial to be upset by the appalling conditions on the trains and in the transit camps, his correspondence and documents of the period show that his primary concern was to achieve the deportations economically and with minimal disruption to Germany's ongoing military operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200583–84_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200583–84-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jews were concentrated into <a href="/wiki/Ghettos_in_Nazi-occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe">ghettos</a> in major cities with the expectation that at some point they would be transported farther east or even overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010160_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010160-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008452–453_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008452–453-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horrendous conditions in the ghettos – severe overcrowding, poor sanitation, and a lack of food – resulted in a high death rate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010167_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010167-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 August 1940, Eichmann released a memorandum titled <i>Reichssicherheitshauptamt: Madagaskar Projekt</i> (Reich Security Main Office: <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Project</a>), calling for the resettlement to <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> of a million Jews per year for four years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning200487_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning200487-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Germany failed to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>, the invasion of Britain was postponed indefinitely. As Britain still controlled the Atlantic and her <a href="/wiki/Merchant_navy" title="Merchant navy">merchant fleet</a> would not be at Germany's disposal for use in evacuations, planning for the Madagascar proposal stalled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning200488_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning200488-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler continued to mention the Plan until February 1942, when the idea was permanently shelved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010164_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010164-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wannsee_Conference">Wannsee Conference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wannsee Conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile" style="width:250px"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:The_Holocaust" title="Category:The Holocaust">a series of articles</a> on<br /> <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Blood for goods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Auschwitz_entrance.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Auschwitz_entrance.JPG/200px-Auschwitz_entrance.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Auschwitz_entrance.JPG/300px-Auschwitz_entrance.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Auschwitz_entrance.JPG/400px-Auschwitz_entrance.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1184" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Budapest <a href="/wiki/Aid_and_Rescue_Committee" title="Aid and Rescue Committee">Aid and Rescue Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hansi_Brand" title="Hansi Brand">Hansi Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Brand" title="Joel Brand">Joel Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezs%C5%91_Kasztner" title="Rezső Kasztner">Rezső Kasztner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ott%C3%B3_Komoly" title="Ottó Komoly">Ottó Komoly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Becher" title="Kurt Becher">Kurt Becher</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Protocols" title="Auschwitz Protocols">Auschwitz Protocols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vrba%E2%80%93Wetzler_report" title="Vrba–Wetzler report">Vrba–Wetzler report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">History of the Jews in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastner_train" title="Kastner train">Kastner train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastner_trial" title="Kastner trial">Kastner trial</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Writers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malchiel_Gruenwald" title="Malchiel Gruenwald">Malchiel Gruenwald</a> (<i>Michtavim el haveray be'Mizrahi</i>, weekly pamphlet, 1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Hecht" title="Ben Hecht">Ben Hecht</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Perfidy_(book)" title="Perfidy (book)">Perfidy</a></i>, 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raul_Hilberg" title="Raul Hilberg">Raul Hilberg</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Destruction_of_the_European_Jews" title="The Destruction of the European Jews">The Destruction of the European Jews</a></i>, 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Vrba" title="Rudolf Vrba">Rudolf Vrba</a> (<i>I Cannot Forgive</i>, 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_L._Braham" title="Randolph L. Braham">Randolph L. Braham</a> (<i>The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary</i>, 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motti_Lerner" title="Motti Lerner">Motti Lerner</a> (<i>Kastner</i>, 1985; <i>The Kastner Trial</i>, 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Allen_(playwright)" title="Jim Allen (playwright)">Jim Allen</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Perdition_(play)" title="Perdition (play)">Perdition</a></i>, 1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Bauer" title="Yehuda Bauer">Yehuda Bauer</a> (<i>Jews for Sale?: Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933–1945</i>, 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvia_Friling" title="Tuvia Friling">Tuvia Friling</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Arrows_in_the_Dark" title="Arrows in the Dark">Arrows in the Dark</a></i>, 1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_L%C3%B6b" title="Ladislaus Löb">Ladislaus Löb</a> (<i>Rezső Kasztner</i>, 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Porter" title="Anna Porter">Anna Porter</a> (<i>Kasztner's Train</i>, 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylen_Ross" title="Gaylen Ross">Gaylen Ross</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Killing_Kasztner" title="Killing Kasztner">Killing Kasztner</a></i>, 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Davidson_(actor)" title="Jeremy Davidson (actor)">Jeremy Davidson</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tickling_Leo" title="Tickling Leo">Tickling Leo</a></i>, 2009)</li> <li>Paul Bogdanor (<i>Kasztner’s Crime</i>, 2016)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Kastner train passengers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastner_train" title="Kastner train">Kastner train</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Deutsch" title="Avraham Deutsch">Avraham Deutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezs%C5%91_Ernster" title="Dezső Ernster">Dezső Ernster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Jungreis" title="Esther Jungreis">Esther Jungreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_L%C3%B6b" title="Ladislaus Löb">Ladislaus Löb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Mayer_(sociologist)" title="Egon Mayer (sociologist)">Egon Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Munk" title="Peter Munk">Peter Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipa_Schmeltzer#Background" title="Lipa Schmeltzer">Reuven Schmeltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonasan_Steif" title="Yonasan Steif">Yonasan Steif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_Szondi" title="Léopold Szondi">Léopold Szondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Teitelbaum" title="Joel Teitelbaum">Joel Teitelbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Zsolt" title="Béla Zsolt">Béla Zsolt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava_Working_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Bratislava Working Group">Bratislava Working Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gisi_Fleischmann" title="Gisi Fleischmann">Gisi Fleischmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dov_Weissmandl" title="Michael Dov Weissmandl">Michael Dov Weissmandl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Plan">Europa Plan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94" class="extiw" title="he:תוכנית אירופה">he</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Slovakia" title="History of the Jews in Slovakia">History of the Jews in Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Joint_Distribution_Committee" title="American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee">Joint Distribution Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saly_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saly Mayer (page does not exist)">Saly Mayer</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saly_Mayer" class="extiw" title="de:Saly Mayer">de</a>; <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" class="extiw" title="he:סאלי מאייר">he</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Wisliceny" title="Dieter Wisliceny">Dieter Wisliceny</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Blood_for_goods" title="Template:Blood for goods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Blood_for_goods" title="Template talk:Blood for goods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Blood_for_goods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Blood for goods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From the start of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invasion of the Soviet Union</a> in June 1941, <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i> (task forces) followed the army into conquered areas and rounded up and killed Jews, <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> officials, and ranking members of the Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012523_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012523-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eichmann was one of the officials who received regular detailed reports of their activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200593_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200593-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 July, Göring gave Heydrich written authorisation to prepare and submit a plan for a "total solution of the Jewish question" in all territories under German control and to co-ordinate the participation of all involved government organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004315_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004315-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i> (General Plan for the East) called for deporting the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, for use as slave labour or to be murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder2010416_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2010416-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eichmann stated at his later interrogations that Heydrich told him in mid-September that Hitler had ordered that all Jews in German-controlled Europe were to be killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004362_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004362-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gerlach_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerlach-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "I never saw a written order," Eichmann said at his trial. "All I know is that Heydrich told me, 'the Führer ordered the physical extermination of the Jews.'"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2014142_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2014142-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No record has been found as to at what point Hitler may have issued a direct order for the extermination of the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich20002_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich20002-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial plan was to implement <i>Generalplan Ost</i> after the conquest of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder2010416_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2010416-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time, Eichmann was promoted to SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Obersturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Obersturmbannführer">Obersturmbannführer</a></i> (lieutenant colonel), the highest rank he achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200596_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200596-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To co-ordinate planning for the proposed genocide, Heydrich hosted the <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a>, which brought together administrative leaders of the Nazi regime on 20 January 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004410_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004410-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In preparation for the conference, Eichmann drafted for Heydrich a list of the numbers of Jews in various European countries and prepared statistics on emigration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005112_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005112-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eichmann attended the conference, oversaw the stenographer who took the minutes, and prepared the official distributed record of the meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005112–114_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005112–114-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his covering letter, Heydrich specified that Eichmann would act as his liaison with the departments involved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005118_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005118-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Eichmann's supervision, large-scale deportations began almost immediately to <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a> at <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82%C5%BCec_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bełżec extermination camp">Bełżec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treblinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Treblinka">Treblinka</a> and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010320_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010320-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genocide was code-named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a> in honour of Heydrich, who had died in Prague in early June from wounds suffered in an assassination attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010332_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010332-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaltenbrunner succeeded Heydrich as head of the RSHA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008512_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008512-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eichmann did not make policy, but acted in an operational capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005119_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005119-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific deportation orders came from his RSHA superior, Gestapo chief Müller, acting on Himmler's behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilberg1985169–170_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilberg1985169–170-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eichmann's office was responsible for collecting information on the Jews in each area, organising the seizure of their property, and arranging for and scheduling trains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005121,_122,_132_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005121,_122,_132-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His department was in constant contact with the <a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs">Foreign Office</a>, as Jews of conquered nations such as France could not as easily be stripped of their possessions and deported to their deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005124_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005124-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eichmann held regular meetings in his Berlin offices with his department members working in the field and travelled extensively to visit concentration camps and ghettos. His wife, who disliked Berlin, lived in Prague with the children. Eichmann initially visited them weekly, but as time went on, his visits tapered off to once a month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005131–132_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005131–132-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupation_of_Hungary">Occupation of Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Occupation of Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary in World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">History of the Jews in Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-74237-004,_KZ_Auschwitz-Birkenau,_alte_Frau_und_Kinder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-74237-004%2C_KZ_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_alte_Frau_und_Kinder.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-74237-004%2C_KZ_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_alte_Frau_und_Kinder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-74237-004%2C_KZ_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_alte_Frau_und_Kinder.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-74237-004%2C_KZ_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_alte_Frau_und_Kinder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-74237-004%2C_KZ_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_alte_Frau_und_Kinder.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-74237-004%2C_KZ_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_alte_Frau_und_Kinder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1163" /></a><figcaption>Hungarian woman and children arrive at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a>, May or June 1944 (photo from the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Album" title="Auschwitz Album">Auschwitz Album</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Germany <a href="/wiki/Operation_Margarethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Margarethe">invaded Hungary</a> on 19 March 1944. Eichmann arrived the same day, and was soon joined by top members of his staff and five or six hundred members of the SD, SS, and SiPo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008616_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008616-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005162_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005162-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler's appointment of a Hungarian government more amenable to the Nazis meant that the Hungarian Jews, who had remained essentially unharmed until that point, would now be deported to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a> to serve as forced labour or be gassed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008616_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008616-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005160–161_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005160–161-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eichmann toured northeastern Hungary in the last week of April and visited Auschwitz in May to assess the preparations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005170–171,_177_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005170–171,_177-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a>, commandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp, testified that Himmler had told Höss to receive all operational instructions for the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a> from Eichmann.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinder,_Rudolf_Höss_testimony_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinder,_Rudolf_Höss_testimony-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Round-ups began on 16 April, and from 14 May, four trains of 3,000 Jews per day left Hungary and travelled to the camp at Auschwitz II-Birkenau, arriving along a newly built spur line that terminated a few hundred metres away from the gas chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010408_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010408-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005168,_172_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005168,_172-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 10 and 25 per cent of the people on each train were chosen as forced labourers; the rest were killed within hours of arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010408_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010408-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005173_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005173-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under international pressure, the Hungarian government halted deportations on 6 July 1944, by which time over 437,000 of Hungary's 725,000 Jews had died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010408_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010408-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005160,_183_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005160,_183-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of the orders to stop, Eichmann personally made arrangements for additional trains of victims to be sent to Auschwitz on 17 and 19 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005183–184_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005183–184-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a series of meetings beginning on 25 April, Eichmann met with <a href="/wiki/Joel_Brand" title="Joel Brand">Joel Brand</a>, a Hungarian Jew and member of the <a href="/wiki/Aid_and_Rescue_Committee" title="Aid and Rescue Committee">Aid and Rescue Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005175_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005175-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eichmann later testified that Berlin had authorised him to allow emigration of a million Jews in exchange for 10,000 trucks equipped to handle the wintry conditions on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005180_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005180-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nothing came of the proposal, as the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a> refused to consider the offer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005175_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005175-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1944 Eichmann was involved in negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kasztner" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Kasztner">Rudolf Kasztner</a> that resulted in the rescue of 1,684 people, who were <a href="/wiki/Kasztner_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasztner train">sent by train</a> to safety in Switzerland in exchange for three suitcases full of diamonds, gold, cash, and securities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005178–179_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005178–179-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eichmann, resentful that <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Becher" title="Kurt Becher">Kurt Becher</a> and others were becoming involved in Jewish emigration matters, and angered by Himmler's suspension of deportations to the death camps, requested reassignment in July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005180,_183,_185_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005180,_183,_185-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of August he was assigned to head a commando squad to assist in the evacuation of 10,000 ethnic Germans trapped on the Hungarian border with Romania in the path of the advancing <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. The people they were sent to rescue refused to leave, so instead the soldiers helped evacuate members of a German field hospital trapped close to the front. For this Eichmann was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a>, Second Class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005188–189_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005188–189-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout October and November, Eichmann arranged for tens of thousands of Jewish victims to be forced to march, in appalling conditions, from Budapest to Vienna, a distance of 210 kilometres (130 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005190–191_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005190–191-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 December 1944, Eichmann fled Budapest just before the Soviets encircled the capital. He returned to Berlin, where he arranged for the incriminating records of Department IV-B4 to be burned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005195–196_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005195–196-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with many other SS officers who fled in the closing months of the war, Eichmann and his family were living in relative safety in Austria when the war in Europe ended on 8 May 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005201_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005201-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: After World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of the war, Eichmann was captured by US forces and spent time in several camps for SS officers using forged papers that identified him as <b>Otto Eckmann</b>. He escaped from a work detail at <a href="/wiki/Cham,_Germany" title="Cham, Germany">Cham, Germany</a>, when he realised that his identity had been discovered. He obtained new identity papers with the name of Otto Heninger and relocated frequently over the next several months, moving ultimately to the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg_Heath" title="Lüneburg Heath">Lüneburg Heath</a>. He initially found work in the forestry industry and later leased a small plot of land in <a href="/wiki/Altensalzkoth" title="Altensalzkoth">Altensalzkoth</a>, where he lived until 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2006129–130_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2006129–130-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, former commandant of Auschwitz <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a> and others gave damning evidence about Eichmann at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a> of major war criminals starting in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005205_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005205-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WP_Eichmann_Passport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/WP_Eichmann_Passport.jpg/170px-WP_Eichmann_Passport.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/WP_Eichmann_Passport.jpg/255px-WP_Eichmann_Passport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/WP_Eichmann_Passport.jpg/340px-WP_Eichmann_Passport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">Red Cross</a> passport for "Ricardo Klement", used by Eichmann to enter Argentina in 1950</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1948, Eichmann obtained a landing permit for Argentina and false identification under the name Ricardo Klement through an organisation directed by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Alois_Hudal" title="Alois Hudal">Alois Hudal</a>, an Austrian cleric and Nazi sympathiser then residing in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005207_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005207-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These documents enabled him to obtain an <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> humanitarian passport and the remaining entry permits in 1950 that would allow emigration to Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005207_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005207-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-passport_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-passport-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He travelled across Europe, staying in a series of monasteries that had been set up as <a href="/wiki/Safe_house" title="Safe house">safe houses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb200970–71_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb200970–71-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He departed from <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> by ship on 17 June 1950 and arrived in Buenos Aires on 14 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005209_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005209-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eichmann initially lived in <a href="/wiki/Tucum%C3%A1n_Province" title="Tucumán Province">Tucumán Province</a>, where he worked for a government contractor. He sent for his family in 1952, and they moved to Buenos Aires. He held a series of low-paying jobs until finding employment at <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a>, where he rose to department head.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2006144–146_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2006144–146-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family built a house at 14 Garibaldi Street (now 6061 Garibaldi Street) and moved in during 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005221_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005221-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon_Wiesenthal_Center2010_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon_Wiesenthal_Center2010-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eichmann was extensively interviewed for four months beginning in late 1956 by Nazi expatriate journalist <a href="/wiki/Willem_Sassen" title="Willem Sassen">Willem Sassen</a> with the intention of producing a biography. Eichmann produced tapes, transcripts, and handwritten notes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb200987–90_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb200987–90-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving audio recordings became public in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFatimer2022_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFatimer2022-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eichmann confessed that he knew that millions of Jews and others were being killed: "I didn't care about the Jews deported to Auschwitz, whether they lived or died. It was the Führer's order: Jews who were fit to work would work and those who weren't would be sent to the Final Solution."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderman2022_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderman2022-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sassen asked him: "When you say Final Solution, do you mean they should be eradicated?", to which Eichmann replied: "Yes."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershner2022_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershner2022-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The memoirs were used as the basis for a series of articles that appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Stern_(magazine)" title="Stern (magazine)">Stern</a></i> magazines in late 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009307_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009307-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sassen tapes form the basis of the documentary series <i>The Devil's Confession: The Lost Eichmann Tapes</i> screened on Israeli television in 2022. The documentary, directed by <a href="/wiki/Yariv_Mozer" title="Yariv Mozer">Yariv Mozer</a> and produced by Kobi Sitt, featured extracts of Eichmann speaking in German.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershner2022_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershner2022-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capture_in_Argentina">Capture in Argentina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Capture in Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Operation Eichmann" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Operation_Eichmann_(film)" title="Operation Eichmann (film)"><i>Operation Eichmann</i> (film)</a>.</div> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a> survivors, including the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Nazi_hunter" title="Nazi hunter">Nazi hunter</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal" title="Simon Wiesenthal">Simon Wiesenthal</a>, dedicated themselves to finding Eichmann and other Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy20064–5_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy20064–5-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1953, Wiesenthal learned from a letter shown to him that Eichmann had been seen in Buenos Aires, and he passed that information to the Israeli consulate in Vienna in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalters2009286_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalters2009286-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eichmann's father died in 1960, prompting Wiesenthal to make arrangements for private detectives to surreptitiously photograph members of the family. Eichmann's brother Otto was said to bear a strong family resemblance, and there were no current photos of Eichmann. Wiesenthal provided these photographs to Mossad agents on 18 February.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalters2009281–282_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalters2009281–282-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Hermann" title="Lothar Hermann">Lothar Hermann</a>, a Jewish German who had emigrated to Argentina in 1938, was also instrumental in exposing Eichmann's identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipstadt201111_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipstadt201111-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1956, Hermann's daughter, Sylvia, began dating a man named Klaus Eichmann who boasted about his father's Nazi exploits. Hermann alerted <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Bauer" title="Fritz Bauer">Fritz Bauer</a>, the prosecutor-general of the state of <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005221–222_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005221–222-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hermann then sent his daughter on a fact-finding mission; she was met at the door by Eichmann himself, who claimed to be Klaus's uncle. However, when Klaus arrived shortly after, he addressed Eichmann as "Father."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipstadt201112_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipstadt201112-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, Bauer personally conveyed this information to Mossad director <a href="/wiki/Isser_Harel" title="Isser Harel">Isser Harel</a>, who assigned operatives to undertake surveillance, but no concrete evidence was initially found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005223–224_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005223–224-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bauer, lacking trust in the German police or legal system and fearing they might tip off Eichmann if informed, decided to directly approach Israeli authorities. When Bauer requested that the German government extradite Eichmann from Argentina, they rejected the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWojak2011302_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWojak2011302-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of Israel paid a reward to Hermann in 1971, twelve years after he had provided the information.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times1971_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times1971-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German geologist <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Klammer" title="Gerhard Klammer">Gerhard Klammer</a>, who had worked with Eichmann in the early 1950s, supplied Bauer with Eichmann's address and photograph. Klammer's identity became known in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimes_of_Israel2021_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimes_of_Israel2021-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStangnethWinkler2021_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStangnethWinkler2021-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harel dispatched <a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shin Bet</a> chief interrogator <a href="/wiki/Zvi_Aharoni" title="Zvi Aharoni">Zvi Aharoni</a> to Buenos Aires on 1 March 1960,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009123_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009123-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after several weeks of investigation, he confirmed Eichmann's identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005225–228_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005225–228-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given Argentina's history of rejecting extradition requests for Nazi criminals, instead of filing a likely futile request, Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> decided that Eichmann should be captured and brought to Israel for trial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005225_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005225-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendt1994264_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendt1994264-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harel arrived in May 1960 to oversee the capture,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005228_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005228-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mossad operative <a href="/wiki/Rafi_Eitan" title="Rafi Eitan">Rafi Eitan</a> was appointed as the leader of the eight-man team, consisting mostly of Shin Bet agents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009153,_163_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009153,_163-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eichmann_teleprinter_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Eichmann_teleprinter_02.jpg/170px-Eichmann_teleprinter_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Eichmann_teleprinter_02.jpg/255px-Eichmann_teleprinter_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Eichmann_teleprinter_02.jpg/340px-Eichmann_teleprinter_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinter</a> that was used to send messages regarding the capture of Eichmann to Israel's diplomatic missions around the world</figcaption></figure> <p>The team captured Eichmann on 11 May 1960 near his home on Garibaldi Street in <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_Buenos_Aires" title="San Fernando, Buenos Aires">San Fernando, Buenos Aires</a>, an industrial community located 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of the centre of Buenos Aires.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009219–229_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009219–229-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agents had arrived in April<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009165–176_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009165–176-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and observed his routine for many days, noting that he arrived home from work by bus at about the same time every evening.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009179_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009179-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agents confirmed his identity by taking covert photographs of "Ricardo Klement" and comparing the shape of the ears to images in Eichmann's SS file. They concluded it was the same person.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherwood2012_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood2012-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffman2012_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman2012-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They planned to seize him when he was walking beside an open field from the bus stop to his house.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009179_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009179-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan was nearly abandoned on the designated day when Eichmann was not on the bus he usually took home,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009220_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009220-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he got off another bus about half an hour later. Mossad agent <a href="/wiki/Peter_Malkin" title="Peter Malkin">Peter Malkin</a> engaged him, asking in Spanish if he had a moment. Eichmann was frightened and tried to leave, but two more Mossad men came to Malkin's aid. The three wrestled Eichmann to the ground, and after a struggle, they moved him to a car where they concealed him on the floor under a blanket.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009225–227_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009225–227-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eichmann was taken to one of several Mossad safe houses that had been set up by the team.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009225–227_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009225–227-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was held there for nine days, during which time his identity was confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009231–233_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009231–233-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout these days, Harel tried to locate <a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a>, the notorious Nazi doctor from Auschwitz, as Mossad had information that he was also living in Buenos Aires. He hoped to bring Mengele back to Israel on the same flight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009254_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009254-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mengele had already left his last known residence in the city, and Harel had no further leads, so the plans for his capture were abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009258_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009258-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eitan told the <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i> newspaper in 2008 that the team decided not to pursue Mengele, as it might have jeopardised the Eichmann operation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Haaretz''2008_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Haaretz''2008-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near midnight on 20 May, Eichmann was sedated by Israeli anaesthetist <a href="/wiki/Yonah_Elian" title="Yonah Elian">Yonah Elian</a>, who was part of the Mossad team and dressed as a flight attendant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstrin2019_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstrin2019-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009274,_279_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009274,_279-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The team had earlier prepared a fake Israeli passport and <a href="/wiki/El_Al" title="El Al">El Al</a> identity card using Eichmann's photograph and the name "Zeev Zichroni".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffman2012_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman2012-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was smuggled out of Argentina aboard the same El Al <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Britannia" title="Bristol Britannia">Bristol Britannia</a> aircraft that had carried Israel's delegation a few days earlier to the official 150th-anniversary celebration of the <a href="/wiki/May_Revolution" title="May Revolution">May Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009262_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009262-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a tense delay at the airport while the flight plan was approved, then the plane took off for Israel, making a stop in <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, Senegal, to refuel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009288,_293_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009288,_293-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They arrived in Israel on 22 May, and Ben-Gurion announced his capture to the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> the following afternoon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009295–298_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009295–298-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Argentina, news of the abduction was met with a violent wave of antisemitism carried out by <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> elements, including the <a href="/wiki/Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement" title="Tacuara Nationalist Movement">Tacuara Nationalist Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2005_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2005-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Argentina requested an urgent meeting of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> in June 1960 after unsuccessful negotiations with Israel, as they regarded the capture as a violation of their sovereign rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippmann1982_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELippmann1982-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ensuing debate, Israeli representative (and later prime minister) <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a> claimed that the abductors were not Israeli agents but private individuals, meaning that the incident was only an "isolated violation of Argentine law."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippmann1982_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELippmann1982-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 June, the Council passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_138" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 138">Resolution 138</a>, which agreed that Argentine sovereignty had been violated and requested that Israel make reparations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009305_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009305-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israel and Argentina issued a joint statement on 3 August admitting the violation of Argentine sovereignty but agreeing to end the dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen1962_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen1962-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Israeli court ruled that the circumstances of Eichmann's capture had no bearing on the legality of his trial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005259_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005259-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>US <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) documents declassified in 2006 show that the capture of Eichmann caused alarm at the CIA and West German <i><a href="/wiki/Bundesnachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesnachrichtendienst">Bundesnachrichtendienst</a></i> (BND). Both organisations had known for at least two years that Eichmann was hiding in Argentina, but they did not act because it did not serve their interests in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Both were concerned about what Eichmann might say in his testimony about West German national security advisor <a href="/wiki/Hans_Globke" title="Hans Globke">Hans Globke</a>, who had co-authored several antisemitic Nazi laws, including the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a>. The documents also showed that both agencies had used some of Eichmann's former Nazi colleagues to spy on European communist countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorger2006_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorger2006-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The assertion that the CIA knew Eichmann's location and withheld that information from the Israelis has been challenged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenbaum2012394_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenbaum2012394-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Special investigator <a href="/wiki/Eli_Rosenbaum" title="Eli Rosenbaum">Eli Rosenbaum</a> cites an unreliable 1958 CIA source that said Eichmann was born in Israel, had lived in Argentina until 1952 under the (erroneous) alias "Clemens," and was living in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenbaum2012393–394_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenbaum2012393–394-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trial_in_Jerusalem">Trial in Jerusalem<span class="anchor" id="Trial_of_Adolf_Eichmann"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trial in Jerusalem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a></div> <p>Eichmann was taken to a fortified police station at <a href="/wiki/Yagur" title="Yagur">Yagur</a> in Israel, where he spent nine months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005237,_240_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005237,_240-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Israelis were unwilling to take him to trial based solely on the evidence in documents and witness testimony, so he was subject to daily interrogations, the transcripts of which totalled over 3,500 pages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005238,_242–243_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005238,_242–243-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interrogator was Chief Inspector <a href="/wiki/Avner_Less" title="Avner Less">Avner Less</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_National_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel National Police">national police</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005242_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005242-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using documents provided primarily by <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> and Nazi hunter <a href="/wiki/Tuviah_Friedman" title="Tuviah Friedman">Tuviah Friedman</a>, Less was often able to determine when Eichmann was lying or being evasive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005245_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005245-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When additional information was brought forward that forced Eichmann into admitting what he had done, Eichmann would insist he had no authority in the Nazi hierarchy and was only following orders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005245_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005245-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less noted that Eichmann did not seem to realise the enormity of his crimes and showed no remorse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005244_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005244-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His pardon plea, released in 2016, did not contradict this: "There is a need to draw a line between the leaders responsible and the people like me forced to serve as mere instruments in the hands of the leaders", Eichmann wrote. "I was not a responsible leader, and as such do not feel myself guilty."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershner2016_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershner2016-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli police interrogator Mickey Goldman, who had survived the Holocaust, deliberately wore a short sleeved shirt when questioning Eichmann so that his <a href="/wiki/Identification_of_inmates_in_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Identification of inmates in Nazi concentration camps">camp ID tattoo</a> was always visible, and remarked that Eichmann seemed disappointed that he had somehow managed to escape the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camp system</a> alive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAderet2012_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAderet2012-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Eichmann_at_Trial1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Adolf_Eichmann_at_Trial1961.jpg/170px-Adolf_Eichmann_at_Trial1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Adolf_Eichmann_at_Trial1961.jpg/255px-Adolf_Eichmann_at_Trial1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Adolf_Eichmann_at_Trial1961.jpg/340px-Adolf_Eichmann_at_Trial1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1753" data-file-height="2337" /></a><figcaption>Eichmann on trial in 1961</figcaption></figure> <p>Eichmann's trial before a special tribunal of the Jerusalem District Court began on 11 April 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendt1994244_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendt1994244-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legal basis of the charges against Eichmann was the 1950 Nazi and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005252_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005252-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-law_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under which he was indicted on 15 criminal charges, including crimes against humanity, war crimes, crimes against the Jewish people, and membership in a criminal organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendt1994244–246_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendt1994244–246-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-criminal_organisation_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-criminal_organisation-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial was presided over by three judges: <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Landau" title="Moshe Landau">Moshe Landau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Halevy" title="Benjamin Halevy">Benjamin Halevy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Raveh" title="Yitzhak Raveh">Yitzhak Raveh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005255_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005255-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief prosecutor was Israeli <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Israel" title="Attorney General of Israel">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Hausner" title="Gideon Hausner">Gideon Hausner</a>, assisted by Deputy Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bach" title="Gabriel Bach">Gabriel Bach</a> and Tel Aviv District Attorney <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Breuer" title="Jacob Breuer">Yaakov Bar-Or</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005249–251_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005249–251-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defence team consisted of German lawyer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Servatius" title="Robert Servatius">Robert Servatius</a>, legal assistant Dieter Wechtenbruch, and Eichmann himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005241,_246_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005241,_246-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As foreign lawyers had no right of audience before Israeli courts at the time of Eichmann's capture, Israeli law was modified to allow those facing capital charges to be represented by a non-Israeli lawyer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael_State_Archives_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael_State_Archives-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Israel" title="Cabinet of Israel">Israeli cabinet</a> meeting shortly after Eichmann's capture, Justice Minister <a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Rosen" title="Pinchas Rosen">Pinchas Rosen</a> stated, "I think that it will be impossible to find an Israeli lawyer, a Jew or an Arab, who will agree to defend him", and thus a foreign lawyer would be necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman2013_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2013-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Israeli government arranged for the trial to have prominent media coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirn2011445_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirn2011445-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Capital_Cities_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital Cities Communications">Capital Cities Broadcasting Corporation</a> of the United States obtained exclusive rights to <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotape</a> the proceedings for television broadcast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockSilvermann201363_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockSilvermann201363-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many major newspapers from all over the globe sent reporters and published front-page coverage of the story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005327_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005327-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial was held at <i>Beit Ha'am</i> (today known as the <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Behar_Center" title="Gerard Behar Center">Gerard Behar Center</a>), an auditorium in central Jerusalem. Eichmann sat inside a <a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_glass" title="Bulletproof glass">bulletproof glass</a> booth to protect him from assassination attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendt19944–5_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendt19944–5-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building was modified to allow journalists to watch the trial on closed-circuit television, and 750 seats were available in the auditorium. Videotape was flown daily to the United States for broadcast the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005254–255_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005254–255-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShandler199993_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShandler199993-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prosecution case was presented over the course of 56 days, involving hundreds of documents and 112 witnesses (many of them Holocaust survivors).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005262_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005262-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hausner ignored police recommendations to call only 30 witnesses; only 14 of the witnesses called had seen Eichmann during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorat2004624_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorat2004624-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hausner's intention was to demonstrate Eichmann's guilt and also to present material about the entire Holocaust, thus producing a comprehensive record.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005252_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005252-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hausner's opening address began, "It is not an individual that is in the dock at this historic trial and not the Nazi regime alone, but anti-Semitism throughout history."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole199958_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole199958-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defence attorney Servatius repeatedly tried to curb the presentation of material not directly related to Eichmann, and was mostly successful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005264_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005264-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to wartime documents, material presented as evidence included tapes and transcripts from Eichmann's interrogation and Sassen's interviews in Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005262_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005262-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of the Sassen interviews, only Eichmann's hand-written notes were admitted into evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005272_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005272-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eichman_Trial_judges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Eichman_Trial_judges.jpg/200px-Eichman_Trial_judges.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Eichman_Trial_judges.jpg/300px-Eichman_Trial_judges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Eichman_Trial_judges.jpg/400px-Eichman_Trial_judges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Eichmann's trial judges <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Halevy" title="Benjamin Halevy">Benjamin Halevy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Landau" title="Moshe Landau">Moshe Landau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Raveh" title="Yitzhak Raveh">Yitzhak Raveh</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv/200px--1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="141" data-durationhint="74" data-mwtitle="1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="392" data-height="276" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="392" data-height="276" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="204" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="340" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv&lang=fi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fi" label="suomi ‪(fi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv&lang=ro&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ro" label="română ‪(ro)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Newsreel" title="Universal Newsreel">Universal Newsreel</a> reports the verdict.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Some of the evidence submitted by the prosecution took the form of <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(law)" title="Deposition (law)">depositions</a> made by leading Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirn2011464_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirn2011464-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defence demanded that the men should be brought to Israel so that the defence's right to cross-examination would not be <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abrogate#Verb" class="extiw" title="wikt:abrogate">abrogated</a>. But Hausner, in his role as Attorney General, declared that he would be obliged to have any war criminals who entered Israel arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirn2011464_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirn2011464-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prosecution proved that Eichmann had visited places where exterminations had taken place, including <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno extermination camp</a>, Auschwitz, and <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> (where he witnessed a mass shooting of Jews),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200599_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200599-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore was aware that the deportees were being killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendt199487–89_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendt199487–89-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The defence next engaged in a lengthy <a href="/wiki/Direct_examination" title="Direct examination">direct examination</a> of Eichmann.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendt1994223_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendt1994223-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observers such as <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Pearlman" title="Moshe Pearlman">Moshe Pearlman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> have remarked on Eichmann's ordinariness in appearance and flat affect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005257_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005257-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his testimony throughout the trial, Eichmann insisted he had no choice but to follow orders, as he was bound by an <a href="/wiki/Hitler_oath" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler oath">oath of loyalty to Hitler</a> – the same <a href="/wiki/Superior_orders" title="Superior orders">superior orders</a> defence used by some defendants in the 1945–1946 Nuremberg trials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005284,_293_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005284,_293-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eichmann asserted that the decisions had been made not by him, but by Müller, Heydrich, Himmler, and ultimately Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005273,_276_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005273,_276-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Servatius also proposed that decisions of the Nazi government were <a href="/wiki/Act_of_state_doctrine" title="Act of state doctrine">acts of state</a> and therefore not subject to normal judicial proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendt199493_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendt199493-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding the <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a>, Eichmann stated that he felt a sense of satisfaction and relief at its conclusion. As a clear decision to exterminate had been made by his superiors, the matter was out of his hands; he felt absolved of any guilt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendt1994114_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendt1994114-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the last day of the examination, he stated that he was guilty of arranging the transports, but he did not feel guilty for the consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005281_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005281-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout his cross-examination, prosecutor Hausner attempted to get Eichmann to admit he was personally guilty, but no such confession was forthcoming.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005284_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005284-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eichmann admitted to not liking the Jews and viewing them as adversaries, but stated that he never thought their annihilation was justified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005285_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005285-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Hausner produced evidence that Eichmann had stated in 1945 that "I will leap into my grave laughing because the feeling that I have five million human beings on my conscience is for me a source of extraordinary satisfaction", Eichmann said he meant "enemies of the Reich" such as the Soviets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnappmann1997335_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnappmann1997335-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During later examination by the judges, he admitted he meant the Jews, and said the remark was an accurate reflection of his opinion at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005300_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005300-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trial adjourned on 14 August, and the verdict was read on 12 December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendt1994244_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendt1994244-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eichmann was convicted on 15 counts of crimes against humanity, war crimes, crimes against the Jewish people, and membership in a criminal organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Crimes_Database2013_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Crimes_Database2013-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The judges declared him not guilty of personally killing anyone and not guilty of overseeing and controlling the activities of the <i>Einsatzgruppen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005305–306_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005305–306-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was deemed responsible for the dreadful conditions on board the deportation trains and for obtaining Jews to fill those trains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005310–311_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005310–311-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to being found guilty of crimes against Jews, he was convicted for crimes against Poles, <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma people</a>. Eichmann was found guilty of membership in three organisations that had been declared criminal at the Nuremberg trials: the Gestapo, the SD, and the SS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Crimes_Database2013_207-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Crimes_Database2013-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendt1994245–246_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendt1994245–246-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When considering the sentence, the judges concluded that Eichmann had not merely been following orders, but believed in the Nazi cause wholeheartedly and had been a key perpetrator of the genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005312_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005312-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 December 1961, Eichmann was sentenced to death by hanging.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendt1994248_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendt1994248-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appeals_and_execution">Appeals and execution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Appeals and execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_Nazi_war_criminal_Adolf_Eichmann_walking_in_yard_of_his_cell_in_Ramle_prison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nazi_war_criminal_Adolf_Eichmann_walking_in_yard_of_his_cell_in_Ramle_prison.jpg/170px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nazi_war_criminal_Adolf_Eichmann_walking_in_yard_of_his_cell_in_Ramle_prison.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nazi_war_criminal_Adolf_Eichmann_walking_in_yard_of_his_cell_in_Ramle_prison.jpg/255px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nazi_war_criminal_Adolf_Eichmann_walking_in_yard_of_his_cell_in_Ramle_prison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nazi_war_criminal_Adolf_Eichmann_walking_in_yard_of_his_cell_in_Ramle_prison.jpg/340px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nazi_war_criminal_Adolf_Eichmann_walking_in_yard_of_his_cell_in_Ramle_prison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="2950" /></a><figcaption>Eichmann in the yard of <a href="/wiki/Ayalon_Prison" title="Ayalon Prison">Ayalon Prison</a> in Israel, 1961</figcaption></figure> <p>Eichmann's defence team appealed the verdict to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Israeli Supreme Court</a>. The appeal was heard by a five-judge Supreme Court panel consisting of Supreme Court President <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Olshan" title="Yitzhak Olshan">Yitzhak Olshan</a> and judges <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Agranat" title="Shimon Agranat">Shimon Agranat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Zilberg" title="Moshe Zilberg">Moshe Zilberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoel_Zussman" title="Yoel Zussman">Yoel Zussman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Witkon" title="Alfred Witkon">Alfred Witkon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJewish_Telegraphic_Agency1962_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewish_Telegraphic_Agency1962-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defence team mostly relied on legal arguments about Israel's jurisdiction and the legality of the laws under which Eichmann was charged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005315_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005315-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appeal hearings took place between 22 and 29 March 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendt1994248–249_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendt1994248–249-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eichmann's wife Vera flew to Israel and saw him for the last time at the end of April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005318_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005318-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 May, the Supreme Court rejected the appeal and upheld the District Court's judgment on all counts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005314,_319_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005314,_319-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eichmann immediately petitioned Israeli President <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Ben-Zvi" title="Yitzhak Ben-Zvi">Yitzhak Ben-Zvi</a> for <a href="/wiki/Clemency" class="mw-redirect" title="Clemency">clemency</a>. The content of his letter and other trial documents were made public on 27 January 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershner2016_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershner2016-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defence attorney Servatius submitted a request for clemency to Ben-Zvi and petitioned for a stay of execution pending his planned appeals for extradition to the West German government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEi24_News2016_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEi24_News2016-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eichmann's wife and brothers also wrote to Ben-Zvi requesting clemency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAderet2016_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAderet2016-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public figures such as <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Bergmann" title="Hugo Bergmann">Hugo Bergmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Simon" title="Ernst Simon">Ernst Simon</a> spoke against applying the death penalty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005319–320_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005319–320-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ben-Gurion called a special cabinet meeting to resolve the issue. The cabinet decided to recommend to President Ben-Zvi that Eichmann not be granted clemency,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeitz2007_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitz2007-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ben-Zvi rejected the clemency petition. At 8:00 p.m. on 31 May, Eichmann was informed that the appeal for presidential clemency had been denied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005320_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005320-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eichmann was <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanged</a> at a prison in <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a> hours later. The hanging, scheduled for midnight at the end of 31 May, was slightly delayed and took place a few minutes past midnight on 1 June 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHull1963160_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull1963160-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The execution was attended by a small group of officials, four journalists and the Canadian clergyman <a href="/wiki/William_Lovell_Hull" title="William Lovell Hull">William Lovell Hull</a>, who had been Eichmann's spiritual counsellor while in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallenstein1962_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallenstein1962-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eichmann's last words were reported to be: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Long live Germany. Long live Argentina. Long live Austria. These are the three countries with which I have been most connected and which I will not forget. I greet my wife, my family and my friends. I am ready. We'll meet again soon, as is the fate of all men. I die believing in God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005321_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005321-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Eitan" title="Rafi Eitan">Rafi Eitan</a>, who accompanied Eichmann to the hanging, claimed in 2014 to have heard him later mumble "I hope that all of you will follow me", making those his final words.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinsburg2014_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinsburg2014-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The execution was carried out by a prison guard named <a href="/wiki/Shalom_Nagar" title="Shalom Nagar">Shalom Nagar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenall2024_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenall2024-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within hours Eichmann's body was <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremated</a>, and his ashes scattered in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, outside Israeli territorial waters, by an <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Navy" title="Israeli Navy">Israeli Navy</a> patrol boat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005323_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005323-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The trial received widespread coverage by the press in West Germany, and many schools added material studying the issues to their curricula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005334_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005334-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Israel, the testimony of witnesses at the trial led to a deeper awareness of the impact of the Holocaust on survivors, especially among younger citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005331–332_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005331–332-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial reduced the previously popular idea that Jews had gone "<a href="/wiki/Like_sheep_to_the_slaughter" title="Like sheep to the slaughter">like sheep to the slaughter</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYablonka200317_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYablonka200317-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eichmann's youngest son <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Eichmann" title="Ricardo Eichmann">Ricardo Eichmann</a> has said he is not resentful toward Israel for executing his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlass1995_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlass1995-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedan1995_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedan1995-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He does not agree that his father's "following orders" argument excuses his actions and observes how his father's lack of remorse caused "difficult emotions" for the Eichmann family. Ricardo was a professor of archaeology at the <a href="/wiki/German_Archaeological_Institute" title="German Archaeological Institute">German Archaeological Institute</a> until 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlick2010_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlick2010-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of "Eichmann" as an archetype stems from <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>'s notion of the "<a href="/wiki/Banality_of_evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Banality of evil">banality of evil</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusk2015_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusk2015-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arendt, a political theorist who reported on Eichmann's trial for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, described Eichmann in her book <i><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_in_Jerusalem" title="Eichmann in Jerusalem">Eichmann in Jerusalem</a></i> as the embodiment of the "banality of evil", as she thought he appeared to have an ordinary personality, displaying neither guilt nor hatred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendt1994252_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendt1994252-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2006355_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2006355-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1988 book <i>Justice, Not Vengeance</i>, Wiesenthal said: "The world now understands the concept of '<a href="/wiki/Desk_murderer" title="Desk murderer">desk murderer</a>'. We know that one doesn't need to be fanatical, sadistic, or mentally ill to murder millions; that it is enough to be a loyal follower eager to do one's duty."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2006157–158_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2006157–158-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "<a href="/wiki/Little_Eichmanns" title="Little Eichmanns">little Eichmanns</a>" became a pejorative term for bureaucrats charged with indirectly and systematically harming others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2017_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2017-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her 2011 book <i><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_Before_Jerusalem" title="Eichmann Before Jerusalem">Eichmann Before Jerusalem</a></i>, based largely on the Sassen interviews and Eichmann's notes made while in exile, <a href="/wiki/Bettina_Stangneth" title="Bettina Stangneth">Bettina Stangneth</a> argues that Eichmann was an ideologically motivated antisemite and lifelong committed Nazi who intentionally built a persona as a faceless bureaucrat for presentation at the trial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAschheim2014_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAschheim2014-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians such as <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Christopher Browning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Lipstadt" title="Deborah Lipstadt">Deborah Lipstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaacov_Lozowick" title="Yaacov Lozowick">Yaacov Lozowick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Cesarani" title="David Cesarani">David Cesarani</a> reached a similar conclusion: that Eichmann was not the unthinking bureaucratic functionary that Arendt believed him to be.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolin2016_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolin2016-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Barbara_W._Tuchman" title="Barbara W. Tuchman">Barbara W. Tuchman</a> wrote of Eichmann, "The evidence shows him pursuing his job with initiative and enthusiasm that often outdistanced his orders. Such was his zeal that he learned Hebrew and Yiddish the better to deal with the victims."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchman1981120_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchman1981120-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerning the famous characterisation of his banality, Tuchman observed, "Eichmann was an extraordinary, not an ordinary man, whose record is hardly one of the 'banality' of evil. For the author of that ineffable phrase—as applied to the murder of six million—to have been so taken in by Eichmann's version of himself as just a routine civil servant obeying orders is one of the puzzles of modern journalism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchman1981121_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchman1981121-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">Command responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">List of Nazi Party leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">List of SS personnel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Informational_notes">Informational notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Informational notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-forenames-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forenames_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forenames_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> After the war, uncertainty over his forenames became apparent. His birth certificate as well as official Nazi-era documents confirm that "Otto Adolf" is correct. <a href="#CITEREFStangneth2014">Stangneth 2014</a>, p. 427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Between 5 and 6 million European Jews were murdered in the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerRozett19901797,_1799_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerRozett19901797,_1799-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1june-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1june_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The execution was prepared to take place at midnight on 31 May but was slightly delayed; Eichmann therefore died a few minutes into 1 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHull1963160_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull1963160-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Father's_name-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Father's_name_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Some authors maintain that his father's name was Karl Adolf, for example <a href="#CITEREFStangneth2014">Stangneth 2014</a>, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-renamed-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-renamed_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> In September 1939, this department was renamed Section IV B4 of the <i><a href="/wiki/SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt">SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt</a></i> (RSHA; Reich Security Main Office).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerlach-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gerlach_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> German historian <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gerlach" title="Christian Gerlach">Christian Gerlach</a> and others have claimed that Hitler did not approve the policy of extermination until mid-December 1941. <a href="#CITEREFGerlach1998">Gerlach 1998</a>, p. 785. This date is not universally accepted, but it seems likely that a decision was made at around this time. On 18 December, Himmler met with Hitler and noted in his appointment book "Jewish question – to be exterminated as partisans". <a href="#CITEREFBrowning2004">Browning 2004</a>, p. 410. On 19 December, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stuckart" title="Wilhelm Stuckart">Wilhelm Stuckart</a>, State Secretary at the Interior Ministry, told one of his officials: "The proceedings against the evacuated Jews are based on a decision from the highest authority. You must come to terms with it." <a href="#CITEREFBrowning2004">Browning 2004</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-passport-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-passport_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> In May 2007, a student doing research on Eichmann's capture discovered the passport in court archives in Argentina. <a href="#CITEREFBBC2007">BBC 2007</a>. The passport is now in the possession of the Argentina Holocaust Museum in Buenos Aires. See <a href="#CITEREFFundacion_Memoria_Del_Holocausto">Fundacion Memoria Del Holocausto</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-law-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-law_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> This law had previously been used to prosecute about 30 people, all but one of them Jewish Holocaust survivors, who were alleged to have been <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Nazi collaborators</a>. See <a href="#CITEREFBen-NaftaliTuval2006">Ben-Naftali & Tuval 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-criminal_organisation-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-criminal_organisation_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Eichmann was a member of three of the organisations that had been declared criminal at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a>: the SS, the SD, and the Gestapo. <a href="#CITEREFArendt1994">Arendt 1994</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/eichmann">"Eichmann"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeets2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeets2011_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeets2011">Geets 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerRozett19901797,_1799-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerRozett19901797,_1799_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauerRozett1990">Bauer & Rozett 1990</a>, pp. 1797, 1799.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStangneth2014297-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStangneth2014297_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStangneth2014">Stangneth 2014</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull1963160-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHull1963160_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHull1963160_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHull1963">Hull 1963</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendt1994252-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendt1994252_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendt1994252_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArendt1994">Arendt 1994</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200519,_26-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200519,_26_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 19, 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200519-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200519_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEichmann1961-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEichmann1961_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEichmann1961">Eichmann 1961</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200519–20-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200519–20_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipstadt201145-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipstadt201145_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipstadt2011">Lipstadt 2011</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200521-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200521_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200521–22-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200521–22_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200521–22_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200698-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy200698_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2006">Levy 2006</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200534-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200534_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200534_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200528,_35-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200528,_35_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 28, 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen199685-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen199685_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldhagen1996">Goldhagen 1996</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003179–180-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003179–180_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 179–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAilsby199740-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAilsby199740_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAilsby1997">Ailsby 1997</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200528-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200528_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200535-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200535_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosmus201583_f-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosmus201583_f_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosmus2015">Rosmus 2015</a>, p. 83 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosmus201584-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosmus201584_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosmus2015">Rosmus 2015</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200537-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200537_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2006101-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2006101_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2006">Levy 2006</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper201183–85-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper201183–85_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper2011">Cooper 2011</a>, pp. 83–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadfield2001198-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadfield2001198_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPadfield2001">Padfield 2001</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2006103–104-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2006103–104_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2006">Levy 2006</a>, pp. 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter2007106-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter2007106_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPorter2007">Porter 2007</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200547–49-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200547–49_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 47–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2006150-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2006150_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2006">Levy 2006</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200544,_69-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200544,_69_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 44, 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlass1995-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlass1995_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlass1995_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlass1995">Glass 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200549,_60-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200549,_60_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 49, 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETime1962-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime1962_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTime1962">Time 1962</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201067–69-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201067–69_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, pp. 67–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010127-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010127_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005555–558-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005555–558_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, pp. 555–558.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2006105–106-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2006105–106_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2006">Levy 2006</a>, pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200555-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200555_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2006106-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2006106_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2006">Levy 2006</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendelsohn1982-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendelsohn1982_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMendelsohn1982">Mendelsohn 1982</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200562-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200562_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200565-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200565_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200567-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200567_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200567,_69-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200567,_69_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 67, 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200571-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200571_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010132-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010132_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010148–149-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010148–149_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, pp. 148–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012469,_470-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012469,_470_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 469, 470.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200577-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200577_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200577_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010151–152-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010151–152_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, pp. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010153-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010153_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200581-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200581_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200581_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200581_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200581_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010156-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010156_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010159-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010159_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200857-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200857_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200857_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010157-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010157_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200583–84-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200583–84_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010160-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010160_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008452–453-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008452–453_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, pp. 452–453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010167-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010167_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning200487-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning200487_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning2004">Browning 2004</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning200488-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning200488_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning2004">Browning 2004</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010164-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010164_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012523-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012523_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, p. 523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200593-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200593_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004315-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004315_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning2004">Browning 2004</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2010416-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder2010416_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder2010416_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder2010">Snyder 2010</a>, p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004362-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004362_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning2004">Browning 2004</a>, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2014142-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2014142_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert2014">Gilbert 2014</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich20002-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich20002_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2000">Longerich 2000</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani200596-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani200596_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004410-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004410_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning2004">Browning 2004</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005112-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005112_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005112–114-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005112–114_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 112–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005118-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005118_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010320-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010320_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010332-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010332_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008512-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008512_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005119-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005119_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilberg1985169–170-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilberg1985169–170_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHilberg1985">Hilberg 1985</a>, pp. 169–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005121,_122,_132-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005121,_122,_132_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 121, 122, 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005124-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005124_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005131–132-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005131–132_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 131–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008616-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008616_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008616_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 616.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005162-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005162_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005160–161-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005160–161_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 160–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005170–171,_177-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005170–171,_177_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 170–171, 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinder,_Rudolf_Höss_testimony-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinder,_Rudolf_Höss_testimony_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinder,_Rudolf_Höss_testimony">Linder, Rudolf Höss testimony</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010408-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010408_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010408_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010408_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005168,_172-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005168,_172_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 168, 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005173-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005173_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005160,_183-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005160,_183_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 160, 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005183–184-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005183–184_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 183–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005175-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005175_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005175_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005180-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005180_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005178–179-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005178–179_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 178–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005180,_183,_185-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005180,_183,_185_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 180, 183, 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005188–189-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005188–189_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005190–191-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005190–191_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 190–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005195–196-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005195–196_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 195–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005201-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005201_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2006129–130-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2006129–130_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2006">Levy 2006</a>, pp. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005205-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005205_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005207-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005207_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005207_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb200970–71-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb200970–71_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBascomb2009">Bascomb 2009</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005209-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005209_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2006144–146-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2006144–146_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2006">Levy 2006</a>, pp. 144–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005221-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005221_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon_Wiesenthal_Center2010-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon_Wiesenthal_Center2010_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimon_Wiesenthal_Center2010">Simon Wiesenthal Center 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb200987–90-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb200987–90_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBascomb2009">Bascomb 2009</a>, pp. 87–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFatimer2022-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFatimer2022_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFatimer2022">Fatimer 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderman2022-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderman2022_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderman2022">Anderman 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershner2022-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershner2022_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershner2022_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershner2022">Kershner 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009307-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009307_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBascomb2009">Bascomb 2009</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy20064–5-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy20064–5_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2006">Levy 2006</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalters2009286-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalters2009286_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalters2009">Walters 2009</a>, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalters2009281–282-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalters2009281–282_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalters2009">Walters 2009</a>, pp. 281–282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipstadt201111-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipstadt201111_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipstadt2011">Lipstadt 2011</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005221–222-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005221–222_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2005">Cesarani 2005</a>, pp. 221–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipstadt201112-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipstadt201112_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipstadt2011">Lipstadt 2011</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2005223–224-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2005223–224_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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pp. 295–298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2005-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2005_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2005">Kiernan 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELippmann1982-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippmann1982_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippmann1982_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLippmann1982">Lippmann 1982</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009305-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009305_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBascomb2009">Bascomb 2009</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen1962-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen1962_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a 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.refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAderet2012" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Eichmann+Refused+to+Admit+Guilt+in+Last-ditch+Bid+for+Clemency&rft.date=2016-01-27&rft.aulast=Aderet&rft.aufirst=Ofer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F.premium-eichmann-refused-to-admit-guilt-in-last-ditch-bid-for-clemency-1.5396373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAilsby1997" class="citation book cs1">Ailsby, Christopher (1997). <i>SS: Roll of Infamy</i>. 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New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-018765-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-018765-6"><bdi>978-0-14-018765-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eichmann+in+Jerusalem%3A+A+Report+on+the+Banality+of+Evil&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-14-018765-6&rft.aulast=Arendt&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAschheim2014" class="citation web cs1">Aschheim, Steven (4 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/07/books/review/eichmann-before-jerusalem-by-bettina-stangneth.html">"SS-Obersturmbannführer (Retired): 'Eichmann Before Jerusalem,' by Bettina Stangneth"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=SS-Obersturmbannf%C3%BChrer+%28Retired%29%3A+%27Eichmann+Before+Jerusalem%2C%27+by+Bettina+Stangneth&rft.date=2014-09-04&rft.aulast=Aschheim&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F09%2F07%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Feichmann-before-jerusalem-by-bettina-stangneth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBascomb2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neal_Bascomb" title="Neal Bascomb">Bascomb, Neal</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/Hunting_Eichmann" title="Hunting Eichmann"><i>Hunting Eichmann: How a Band of Survivors and a Young Spy Agency Chased Down the World's Most Notorious Nazi</i></a>. Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-85867-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-85867-5"><bdi>978-0-618-85867-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunting+Eichmann%3A+How+a+Band+of+Survivors+and+a+Young+Spy+Agency+Chased+Down+the+World%27s+Most+Notorious+Nazi&rft.place=Boston%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-618-85867-5&rft.aulast=Bascomb&rft.aufirst=Neal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauerRozett1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Bauer" title="Yehuda Bauer">Bauer, Yehuda</a>; Rozett, Robert (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofho0000unse_l4l4/page/1797">"Appendix"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Israel_Gutman" title="Israel Gutman">Gutman, Israel</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</i>. New York: Macmillan Library Reference. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofho0000unse_l4l4/page/1797">1797–1802</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-896090-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-896090-6"><bdi>978-0-02-896090-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1797-1802&rft.pub=Macmillan+Library+Reference&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-02-896090-6&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Yehuda&rft.au=Rozett%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofho0000unse_l4l4%2Fpage%2F1797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-NaftaliTuval2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orna_Ben-Naftali" title="Orna Ben-Naftali">Ben-Naftali, Orna</a>; Tuval, Yogev (2006). "Punishing International Crimes Committed by the Persecuted: The <i>Kapo</i> Trials in Israel (1950s–1960s)". <i>Journal of International Criminal Justice</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 128–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjicj%2Fmqi022">10.1093/jicj/mqi022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Punishing+International+Crimes+Committed+by+the+Persecuted%3A+The+Kapo+Trials+in+Israel+%281950s%E2%80%931960s%29&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=128-178&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjicj%2Fmqi022&rft.aulast=Ben-Naftali&rft.aufirst=Orna&rft.au=Tuval%2C+Yogev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirn2011" class="citation journal cs1">Birn, Ruth Bettina (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021540/http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/%2821%29%20Birn_Darby.pdf">"Fifty Years After: A Critical Look at the Eichmann Trial"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law</i>. <b>44</b>: 443–473. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/(21)%20Birn_Darby.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Case+Western+Reserve+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Fifty+Years+After%3A+A+Critical+Look+at+the+Eichmann+Trial&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=443-473&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Birn&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Bettina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.case.edu%2Fjournals%2FJIL%2FDocuments%2F%2821%29%2520Birn_Darby.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorger2006" class="citation news cs1">Borger, Julian (8 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/08/secondworldwar.usa">"Why Israel's Capture of Eichmann Caused Panic at the CIA"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+Israel%27s+Capture+of+Eichmann+Caused+Panic+at+the+CIA&rft.date=2006-06-08&rft.aulast=Borger&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2006%2Fjun%2F08%2Fsecondworldwar.usa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Browning, Christopher R.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsoffinalso00brow"><i>The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942</i></a>. Comprehensive History of the Holocaust. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1327-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1327-2"><bdi>978-0-8032-1327-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Final+Solution%3A+The+Evolution+of+Nazi+Jewish+Policy%2C+September+1939+%E2%80%93+March+1942&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.series=Comprehensive+History+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1327-2&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsoffinalso00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusk2015" class="citation journal cs1">Busk, Larry (31 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.uoregon.edu/dist/d/3851/files/2014/05/Busk_PHILmatters_2014-1k7bbxr.pdf">"Sleepwalker: Arendt, Thoughtlessness, and the Question of Little Eichmanns"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Social Philosophy Today</i>. <b>31</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fsocphiltoday201573023">10.5840/socphiltoday201573023</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Philosophy+Today&rft.atitle=Sleepwalker%3A+Arendt%2C+Thoughtlessness%2C+and+the+Question+of+Little+Eichmanns&rft.volume=31&rft.date=2015-07-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fsocphiltoday201573023&rft.aulast=Busk&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com%2Fblogs.uoregon.edu%2Fdist%2Fd%2F3851%2Ffiles%2F2014%2F05%2FBusk_PHILmatters_2014-1k7bbxr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCesarani2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Cesarani" title="David Cesarani">Cesarani, David</a> (2005) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-buw-s1L5SQC"><i>Eichmann: His Life and Crimes</i></a>. London: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-944844-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-944844-0"><bdi>978-0-09-944844-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eichmann%3A+His+Life+and+Crimes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-09-944844-0&rft.aulast=Cesarani&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-buw-s1L5SQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1999" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Tim (1999). <i>Images of the Holocaust</i>. London: Duckworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-2865-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-2865-2"><bdi>978-0-7156-2865-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-2865-2&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2011" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Robert (2011). <i>The Red Triangle: A History of Anti-Masonry</i>. Hersham, Surrey: Lewis Masonic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85318-332-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85318-332-7"><bdi>978-0-85318-332-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Triangle%3A+A+History+of+Anti-Masonry&rft.place=Hersham%2C+Surrey&rft.pub=Lewis+Masonic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85318-332-7&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichmann1961" class="citation web cs1">Eichmann, Adolf (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/mss/mharendt_pub/03/031470/0011.jpg">"Police Interrogation in Israel"</a>. Library of Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+Interrogation+in+Israel&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Eichmann&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fmss%2Fmharendt_pub%2F03%2F031470%2F0011.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstrin2019" class="citation web cs1">Estrin, Daniel (16 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/07/16/740686212/the-doctor-who-helped-israeli-spies-catch-eichmann-but-refused-recognition-for-i">"The Doctor Who Helped Israeli Spies Catch Eichmann But Refused Recognition For It"</a>. NPR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Doctor+Who+Helped+Israeli+Spies+Catch+Eichmann+But+Refused+Recognition+For+It&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2019-07-16&rft.aulast=Estrin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F07%2F16%2F740686212%2Fthe-doctor-who-helped-israeli-spies-catch-eichmann-but-refused-recognition-for-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/The_Coming_of_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="The Coming of the Third Reich"><i>The Coming of the Third Reich</i></a>. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303469-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303469-8"><bdi>978-0-14-303469-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303469-8&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2005" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdreichinpowe00evan"><i>The Third Reich in Power</i></a></span>. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303790-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303790-3"><bdi>978-0-14-303790-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+in+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303790-3&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdreichinpowe00evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2008" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdreichatwar00evan_0"><i>The Third Reich at War</i></a></span>. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4"><bdi>978-0-14-311671-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+at+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311671-4&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdreichatwar00evan_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFatimer2022" class="citation web cs1">Fatimer, Dudi (17 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-709621">"The long-lost Adolf Eichmann recordings shown in new documentary"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=The+long-lost+Adolf+Eichmann+recordings+shown+in+new+documentary&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft.aulast=Fatimer&rft.aufirst=Dudi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fisrael-news%2Farticle-709621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matti_Friedman" title="Matti Friedman">Friedman, Matti</a> (8 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/ben-gurions-bombshell-weve-caught-eichmann/">"Ben-Gurion's bombshell: 'We've caught Eichmann'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Times of Israel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 759–812. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F235167">10.1086/235167</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143904500">143904500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+Wannsee+Conference%2C+the+Fate+of+German+Jews%2C+and+Hitler%27s+Decision+in+Principle+to+Exterminate+All+European+Jews&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=759-812&rft.date=1998-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F235167&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143904500%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gerlach&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fholocaust.umd.umich.edu%2Fnews%2Fuploads%2FGerlach_Wannsee.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (2014) [1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=92lsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP142"><i>The Holocaust: The Human Tragedy</i></a>. New York: Rosetta Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7953-3719-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7953-3719-2"><bdi>978-0-7953-3719-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+The+Human+Tragedy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Rosetta+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7953-3719-2&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D92lsDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsburg2014" class="citation web cs1">Ginsburg, Mitch (2 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/eichmanns-final-barb-i-hope-that-all-of-you-will-follow-me/">"Eichmann's final barb: 'I hope that all of you will follow me'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Times of Israel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Eichmann%27s+final+barb%3A+%27I+hope+that+all+of+you+will+follow+me%27&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft.aulast=Ginsburg&rft.aufirst=Mitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Feichmanns-final-barb-i-hope-that-all-of-you-will-follow-me%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlass1995" class="citation web cs1">Glass, Suzanne (7 August 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/adolf-eichmann-is-a-historical-figure-to-me-ricardo-eichmann-speaks-to-suzanne-glass-about-growing-1595146.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Adolf Eichmann is a historical figure to me.' Ricardo Eichmann speaks to Suzanne Glass about growing up the fatherless son of the Nazi war criminal hanged in Israel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. Independent Print Limited<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=%27Adolf+Eichmann+is+a+historical+figure+to+me.%27+Ricardo+Eichmann+speaks+to+Suzanne+Glass+about+growing+up+the+fatherless+son+of+the+Nazi+war+criminal+hanged+in+Israel&rft.date=1995-08-07&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fadolf-eichmann-is-a-historical-figure-to-me-ricardo-eichmann-speaks-to-suzanne-glass-about-growing-1595146.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlick2010" class="citation news cs1">Glick, Dor (6 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3916085,00.html">"Coffee with Eichmann"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ynetnews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynetnews">Ynetnews</a></i>. Yedioth Internet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Coffee+with+Eichmann&rft.date=2010-07-06&rft.aulast=Glick&rft.aufirst=Dor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3916085%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldhagen1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldhagen" title="Daniel Goldhagen">Goldhagen, Daniel</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Willing_Executioners" title="Hitler's Willing Executioners"><i>Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust</i></a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44695-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44695-8"><bdi>978-0-679-44695-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Willing+Executioners%3A+Ordinary+Germans+and+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-679-44695-8&rft.aulast=Goldhagen&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1962" class="citation journal cs1">Green, L.C. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tulr37&div=44">"Legal issues of the Eichmann trial"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tulane_Law_Review" title="Tulane Law Review">Tulane Law Review</a></i>. <b>37</b>: 641–683<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tulane+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Legal+issues+of+the+Eichmann+trial&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=641-683&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=L.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Ftulr37%26div%3D44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenall2024" class="citation web cs1">Greenall, Robert (28 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czd59lvrnn5o">"Shalom Nagar, hangman of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann, dies"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Shalom+Nagar%2C+hangman+of+Nazi+war+criminal+Adolf+Eichmann%2C+dies&rft.date=2024-11-28&rft.aulast=Greenall&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fczd59lvrnn5o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFundacion_Memoria_Del_Holocausto" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109111713/http://www.fmh.org.ar/holocausto/artinteres/pasaporteeichmann.html">"Hallaron pasaporte utilizado por Adolf Eichmann: será conservado en el Museo del Holocausto de Buenos Aires"</a> (in Spanish). Fundacion Memoria Del Holocausto. 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New York: Holmes & Meier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-0910-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-0910-6"><bdi>978-0-8419-0910-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Destruction+of+the+European+Jews&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holmes+%26+Meier&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8419-0910-6&rft.aulast=Hilberg&rft.aufirst=Raul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdestructionofeu00hilb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2012" class="citation news cs1">Hoffman, Carl (23 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/metro/features/how-we-captured-adolf-eichmann">"How we captured Adolf Eichmann"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=How+we+captured+Adolf+Eichmann&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fmetro%2Ffeatures%2Fhow-we-captured-adolf-eichmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHull1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Lovell_Hull" title="William Lovell Hull">Hull, William L.</a> (1963). <i>The Struggle for a Soul</i>. 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Fernando Sokolowicz<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=P%C3%A1gina%2F12&rft.atitle=Tacuara+sali%C3%B3+a+la+calle&rft.date=2005-05-15&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagina12.com.ar%2Fdiario%2Felpais%2F1-51068-2005-05-15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershner2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Kershner" title="Isabel Kershner">Kershner, Isabel</a> (27 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/28/world/middleeast/israel-adolf-eichmann-holocaust.html">"Pardon Plea by Adolf Eichmann, Nazi War Criminal, Is Made Public"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128004724/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/28/world/middleeast/israel-adolf-eichmann-holocaust.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pardon+Plea+by+Adolf+Eichmann%2C+Nazi+War+Criminal%2C+Is+Made+Public&rft.date=2016-01-27&rft.aulast=Kershner&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F01%2F28%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisrael-adolf-eichmann-holocaust.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershner2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kershner, Isabel (4 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/04/world/middleeast/adolf-eichmann-documentary-israel.html">"Nazi Tapes Provide a Chilling Sequel to the Eichmann Trial"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704172740/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/04/world/middleeast/adolf-eichmann-documentary-israel.html?smid=tw-share">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nazi+Tapes+Provide+a+Chilling+Sequel+to+the+Eichmann+Trial&rft.date=2022-07-04&rft.aulast=Kershner&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F07%2F04%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fadolf-eichmann-documentary-israel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnappmann1997" class="citation book cs1">Knappmann, Edward W. (1997). "The Adolf Eichmann Trial, 1961". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780787608057"><i>Great World Trials</i></a>. Detroit: Gale Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-0805-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-0805-7"><bdi>978-0-7876-0805-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Adolf+Eichmann+Trial%2C+1961&rft.btitle=Great+World+Trials&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Gale+Research&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-0805-7&rft.aulast=Knappmann&rft.aufirst=Edward+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780787608057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Levy" title="Alan Levy">Levy, Alan</a> (2006) [1993]. <i>Nazi Hunter: The Wiesenthal File</i> (Revised 2002 ed.). London: Constable & Robinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84119-607-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84119-607-7"><bdi>978-1-84119-607-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Hunter%3A+The+Wiesenthal+File&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised+2002&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Robinson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84119-607-7&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinder,_Rudolf_Höss_testimony" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doug_Linder" title="Doug Linder">Linder, Douglas O.</a> (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/hoesstest.html">"Testimony of Rudolf Höss testimony at the Nuremberg Trials, April 15, 1946"</a>. <i>Famous World Trials</i>. Kansas City, MO: University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44749652">44749652</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Famous+World+Trials&rft.atitle=Testimony+of+Rudolf+H%C3%B6ss+testimony+at+the+Nuremberg+Trials%2C+April+15%2C+1946&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44749652&rft.aulast=Linder&rft.aufirst=Douglas+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw2.umkc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fprojects%2Fftrials%2Fnuremberg%2Fhoesstest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippmann1982" class="citation journal cs1">Lippmann, Matthew (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/hujil5&div=6">"The trial of Adolf Eichmann and the protection of universal human rights under international law"</a>. <i>Houston Journal of International Law</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 1–34<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+trial+of+Adolf+Eichmann+and+the+protection+of+universal+human+rights+under+international+law&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-34&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Lippmann&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fhujil5%26div%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipstadt2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Lipstadt" title="Deborah Lipstadt">Lipstadt, Deborah E.</a> (2011). <i>The Eichmann Trial</i>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-4260-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-4260-7"><bdi>978-0-8052-4260-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eichmann+Trial&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-4260-7&rft.aulast=Lipstadt&rft.aufirst=Deborah+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Longerich" title="Peter Longerich">Longerich, Peter</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115820/http://www.ghwk.de/ghwk/engl/texts/wannsee-conference.pdf">"The Wannsee Conference in the Development of the 'Final Solution'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Holocaust Educational Trust Research Papers</i>. <b>1</b> (2). London: The Holocaust Educational Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9516166-5-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9516166-5-9"><bdi>978-0-9516166-5-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghwk.de/ghwk/engl/texts/wannsee-conference.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Educational+Trust+Research+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Wannsee+Conference+in+the+Development+of+the+%27Final+Solution%27&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-9516166-5-9&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghwk.de%2Fghwk%2Fengl%2Ftexts%2Fwannsee-conference.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich2010" class="citation book cs1">Longerich, Peter (2010). <i>Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280436-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust%3A+The+Nazi+Persecution+and+Murder+of+the+Jews&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280436-5&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich2012" class="citation book cs1">Longerich, Peter (2012). <i>Heinrich Himmler: A Life</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959232-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959232-6"><bdi>978-0-19-959232-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heinrich+Himmler%3A+A+Life&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-959232-6&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2017" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Barbara Alice (2017). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'And Then They Build Monuments to You'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In <a href="/wiki/Ward_Churchill" title="Ward Churchill">Churchill, Ward</a> (ed.). <i>Wielding Words Like Weapons: Selected Essays in Indigenism, 1995–2005</i>. Oakland, CA: PM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62963-311-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62963-311-4"><bdi>978-1-62963-311-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27And+Then+They+Build+Monuments+to+You%27&rft.btitle=Wielding+Words+Like+Weapons%3A+Selected+Essays+in+Indigenism%2C+1995%E2%80%932005&rft.place=Oakland%2C+CA&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-62963-311-4&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendelsohn1982" class="citation book cs1">Mendelsohn, John (1982). <i>Jewish Emigration from 1933 to the Evian Conference of 1938</i>. The Holocaust, in Eighteen Volumes. Vol. 5. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 68–121. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8033345">8033345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Emigration+from+1933+to+the+Evian+Conference+of+1938&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+Holocaust%2C+in+Eighteen+Volumes&rft.pages=68-121&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8033345&rft.aulast=Mendelsohn&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadfield2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Padfield" title="Peter Padfield">Padfield, Peter</a> (2001) [1990]. <i>Himmler: Reichsführer-SS</i>. London: Cassel & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35839-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35839-7"><bdi>978-0-304-35839-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himmler%3A+Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassel+%26+Co&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35839-7&rft.aulast=Padfield&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollockSilvermann2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Griselda_Pollock" title="Griselda Pollock">Pollock, Griselda</a>; Silvermann, Max (2013). <i>Concentrationary Memories: Totalitarian Terror and Cultural Resistance</i>. London: I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-896-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-896-0"><bdi>978-1-78076-896-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concentrationary+Memories%3A+Totalitarian+Terror+and+Cultural+Resistance&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-896-0&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Griselda&rft.au=Silvermann%2C+Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorat2004" class="citation journal cs1">Porat, Dan A. (1 October 2004). "From the Scandal to the Holocaust in Israeli Education". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 619–636. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009404046757">10.1177/0022009404046757</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/141413">141413</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143465966">143465966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=From+the+Scandal+to+the+Holocaust+in+Israeli+Education&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=619-636&rft.date=2004-10-01&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143465966%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F141413%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009404046757&rft.aulast=Porat&rft.aufirst=Dan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Porter" title="Anna Porter">Porter, Anna</a> (2007). <i>Kasztner's Train: The True Story of an Unknown Hero of the Holocaust</i>. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-222-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-222-9"><bdi>978-1-55365-222-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kasztner%27s+Train%3A+The+True+Story+of+an+Unknown+Hero+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-222-9&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbaum2012" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenbaum, Eli M. (1 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1683&context=ilr">"The Eichmann Case and the Distortion of History"</a>. <i>Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 387–400<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Loyola+of+Los+Angeles+International+and+Comparative+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Eichmann+Case+and+the+Distortion+of+History&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=387-400&rft.date=2012-04-01&rft.aulast=Rosenbaum&rft.aufirst=Eli+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.lmu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1683%26context%3Dilr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosmus2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rosmus, Anna (2015). <i>Hitlers Nibelungen: Niederbayern im Aufbruch zu Krieg und Untergang</i> (in German). Grafenau: Samples Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-938401-32-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-938401-32-3"><bdi>978-3-938401-32-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitlers+Nibelungen%3A+Niederbayern+im+Aufbruch+zu+Krieg+und+Untergang&rft.place=Grafenau&rft.pub=Samples+Verlag&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-938401-32-3&rft.aulast=Rosmus&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedan1995" class="citation news cs1">Sedan, Gil (9 June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/1154/eichmann-s-son-there-is-no-way-i-can-explain-deeds/">"Eichmann's son: 'There is no way I can explain' deeds"</a>. <i>Jewishsf.com</i>. San Francisco Jewish Community Publications<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewishsf.com&rft.atitle=Eichmann%27s+son%3A+%27There+is+no+way+I+can+explain%27+deeds&rft.date=1995-06-09&rft.aulast=Sedan&rft.aufirst=Gil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jweekly.com%2Farticle%2Ffull%2F1154%2Feichmann-s-son-there-is-no-way-i-can-explain-deeds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShandler1999" class="citation book cs1">Shandler, Jeffrey (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whileamericawatc00shan_0"><i>While America Watches: Televising the Holocaust</i></a>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511935-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511935-0"><bdi>978-0-19-511935-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=While+America+Watches%3A+Televising+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511935-0&rft.aulast=Shandler&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhileamericawatc00shan_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwood2012" class="citation news cs1">Sherwood, Harriet (15 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/15/adolf-eichmann-exhibition-tel-aviv">"Adolf Eichmann's capture, as told by the Mossad, in Israel exhibition"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Adolf+Eichmann%27s+capture%2C+as+told+by+the+Mossad%2C+in+Israel+exhibition&rft.date=2012-02-15&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Ffeb%2F15%2Fadolf-eichmann-exhibition-tel-aviv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Snyder, Timothy</a> (2010). <a href="/wiki/Bloodlands:_Europe_Between_Hitler_and_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin"><i>Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin</i></a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00239-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00239-9"><bdi>978-0-465-00239-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloodlands%3A+Europe+Between+Hitler+and+Stalin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00239-9&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC2007" class="citation news cs1">Staff (29 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6700861.stm">"Argentina uncovers Eichmann pass"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070606000825/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6700861.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Argentina+uncovers+Eichmann+pass&rft.date=2007-05-29&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F6700861.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Crimes_Database2013" class="citation web cs1">Staff (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/192/Eichmann/">"Attorney General v. Adolf Eichmann"</a>. International Crimes Database<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Attorney+General+v.+Adolf+Eichmann&rft.pub=International+Crimes+Database&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalcrimesdatabase.org%2FCase%2F192%2FEichmann%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimes_of_Israel2021" class="citation news cs1">Staff (25 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/eichmann-nabbed-by-mossad-after-tipoff-from-german-co-worker-report-reveals/">"Eichmann was nabbed by Mossad after tipoff from German co-worker, report reveals"</a>. <i>Times of Israel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Eichmann+was+nabbed+by+Mossad+after+tipoff+from+German+co-worker%2C+report+reveals&rft.date=2021-08-25&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Feichmann-nabbed-by-mossad-after-tipoff-from-german-co-worker-report-reveals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaaretz2008" class="citation web cs1">Staff (2 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/1.5020709">"Ex-Mossad Agent: We Let Nazi Doctor Mengele Get Away"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>. Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Ex-Mossad+Agent%3A+We+Let+Nazi+Doctor+Mengele+Get+Away&rft.date=2008-09-02&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F1.5020709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFi24_News2016" class="citation web cs1">Staff (27 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/society/100660-160127-eichmann-asked-israel-s-then-president-yitzhak-ben-zvi-for-clemency">"Holocaust organizer sought clemency, saying he was 'mere instrument'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. i24 News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holocaust+organizer+sought+clemency%2C+saying+he+was+%27mere+instrument%27&rft.pub=i24+News&rft.date=2016-01-27&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.i24news.tv%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fisrael%2Fsociety%2F100660-160127-eichmann-asked-israel-s-then-president-yitzhak-ben-zvi-for-clemency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJewish_Telegraphic_Agency1962" class="citation web cs1">Staff (1 June 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/archive/israel-supreme-court-names-justices-to-hear-eichmanns-appeal">"Israel Supreme Court Names Justices to Hear Eichmann's Appeal"</a>. Jewish Telegraphic Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+Supreme+Court+Names+Justices+to+Hear+Eichmann%27s+Appeal&rft.pub=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.date=1962-06-01&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2Farchive%2Fisrael-supreme-court-names-justices-to-hear-eichmanns-appeal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Times1971" class="citation news cs1">Staff (14 December 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/14/archives/israel-to-pay-reward-in-capture-of-eichmann.html">"Israel to Pay Reward In Capture of Eichmann"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Israel+to+Pay+Reward+In+Capture+of+Eichmann&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1971-12-14&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F12%2F14%2Farchives%2Fisrael-to-pay-reward-in-capture-of-eichmann.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTime1962" class="citation magazine cs1">Staff (18 May 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,896195-2,00.html">"Religion: Converting Eichmann"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Religion%3A+Converting+Eichmann&rft.date=1962-05-18&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C896195-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael_State_Archives" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.gov.il/en/chapter/behind-scenes-eichmann-trial/">"Special publication: Behind the scenes at the Eichmann Trial"</a>. Israel State Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+publication%3A+Behind+the+scenes+at+the+Eichmann+Trial&rft.pub=Israel+State+Archives&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov.il%2Fen%2Fchapter%2Fbehind-scenes-eichmann-trial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Wiesenthal_Center2010" class="citation web cs1">Staff (10 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171008180339/http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4441467&ct=8407623">"Wiesenthal Center Marks Eichmann Capture in Argentina Fifty Years Later"</a>. Simon Wiesenthal Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4441467&ct=8407623">the original</a> on 8 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wiesenthal+Center+Marks+Eichmann+Capture+in+Argentina+Fifty+Years+Later&rft.pub=Simon+Wiesenthal+Center&rft.date=2010-05-10&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiesenthal.com%2Fsite%2Fapps%2Fnlnet%2Fcontent2.aspx%3Fc%3DlsKWLbPJLnF%26b%3D4441467%26ct%3D8407623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStangneth2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bettina_Stangneth" title="Bettina Stangneth">Stangneth, Bettina</a> (2014). <i>Eichmann Before Jerusalem: The Unexamined Life of a Mass Murderer</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-95967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-95967-6"><bdi>978-0-307-95967-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eichmann+Before+Jerusalem%3A+The+Unexamined+Life+of+a+Mass+Murderer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-307-95967-6&rft.aulast=Stangneth&rft.aufirst=Bettina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStangnethWinkler2021" class="citation web cs1">Stangneth, Bettina; Winkler, Willi (20 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/projekte/artikel/gesellschaft/the-man-who-exposed-adolf-eichmann-e933572/">"The Man Who Exposed Adolf Eichmann"</a>. <i>Süddeutsche.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCddeutsche.de&rft.atitle=The+Man+Who+Exposed+Adolf+Eichmann&rft.date=2021-08-20&rft.aulast=Stangneth&rft.aufirst=Bettina&rft.au=Winkler%2C+Willi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fprojekte%2Fartikel%2Fgesellschaft%2Fthe-man-who-exposed-adolf-eichmann-e933572%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuchman1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_W._Tuchman" title="Barbara W. Tuchman">Tuchman, Barbara</a> (1981). <i>Practicing History: Selected Essays</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52086-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52086-5"><bdi>978-0-394-52086-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practicing+History%3A+Selected+Essays&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-394-52086-5&rft.aulast=Tuchman&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallenstein1962" class="citation journal cs1">Wallenstein, Arye (1 June 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2206&dat=19620601&id=QSwyAAAAIBAJ&pg=643,288305">"I watched Eichmann hang"</a>. <i>Miami Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=I+watched+Eichmann+hang&rft.date=1962-06-01&rft.aulast=Wallenstein&rft.aufirst=Arye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2206%26dat%3D19620601%26id%3DQSwyAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D643%2C288305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Walters" title="Guy Walters">Walters, Guy</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/Hunting_Evil" title="Hunting Evil"><i>Hunting Evil: The Nazi War Criminals Who Escaped and the Quest to Bring Them to Justice</i></a>. New York: Broadway Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-2873-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-2873-1"><bdi>978-0-7679-2873-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunting+Evil%3A+The+Nazi+War+Criminals+Who+Escaped+and+the+Quest+to+Bring+Them+to+Justice&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7679-2873-1&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitz2007" class="citation web cs1">Weitz, Yechiam (26 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/1.4955723">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We have to carry out the sentence'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=%27We+have+to+carry+out+the+sentence%27&rft.date=2007-07-26&rft.aulast=Weitz&rft.aufirst=Yechiam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F1.4955723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWojak2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wojak, Irmtrud (2011). <i>Fritz Bauer 1903–1968. Eine Biographie</i> (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-62392-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-62392-9"><bdi>978-3-406-62392-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fritz+Bauer+1903%E2%80%931968.+Eine+Biographie&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-406-62392-9&rft.aulast=Wojak&rft.aufirst=Irmtrud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolin2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wolin, Richard (2016). "Richard H. King. Arendt and America". <i>American Historical Review</i>. <b>121</b> (4): 1244–1246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fahr%2F121.4.1244">10.1093/ahr/121.4.1244</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Richard+H.+King.+Arendt+and+America&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1244-1246&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fahr%2F121.4.1244&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft.aulast=Wolin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYablonka2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Yablonka" title="Hanna Yablonka">Yablonka, Hanna</a> (2003). "The Development of Holocaust Consciousness in Israel: The Nuremberg, Kapos, Kastner, and Eichmann Trials". <i>Israel Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (3). Translated by Moshe, Tlamim: 1–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2FISR.2003.8.3.1">10.2979/ISR.2003.8.3.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1084-9513">1084-9513</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/0245616">0245616</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144360613">144360613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Holocaust+Consciousness+in+Israel%3A+The+Nuremberg%2C+Kapos%2C+Kastner%2C+and+Eichmann+Trials&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-24&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1084-9513&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144360613%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F0245616%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2FISR.2003.8.3.1&rft.aulast=Yablonka&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAharoniDietl1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Aharoni" title="Zvi Aharoni">Aharoni, Zvi</a>; Dietl, Wilhelm (1997). <i>Operation Eichmann: The Truth About the Pursuit, Capture and Trial</i>. London: Arms and Armour. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-410-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-410-0"><bdi>978-1-85409-410-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Eichmann%3A+The+Truth+About+the+Pursuit%2C+Capture+and+Trial&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85409-410-0&rft.aulast=Aharoni&rft.aufirst=Zvi&rft.au=Dietl%2C+Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tuviah_Friedman" title="Tuviah Friedman">Friedman, Tuviah</a> (1990). <i>My Role in Operation Eichmann: A Documentary Collection</i>. Haifa. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233910342">233910342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Role+in+Operation+Eichmann%3A+A+Documentary+Collection&rft.place=Haifa&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233910342&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Tuviah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarel1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isser_Harel" title="Isser Harel">Harel, Isser</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/houseongaribaldi00isse"><i>The House on Garibaldi Street: The First Full Account of the Capture of Adolf Eichmann</i></a>. New York: Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-38028-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-38028-2"><bdi>978-0-670-38028-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+on+Garibaldi+Street%3A+The+First+Full+Account+of+the+Capture+of+Adolf+Eichmann&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-670-38028-2&rft.aulast=Harel&rft.aufirst=Isser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhouseongaribaldi00isse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulisch2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Mulisch" title="Harry Mulisch">Mulisch, Harry</a> (2005). <i>Criminal Case 40/61, The Trial of Adolf Eichmann: An Eyewitness Account</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3861-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3861-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-3861-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Case+40%2F61%2C+The+Trial+of+Adolf+Eichmann%3A+An+Eyewitness+Account&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3861-7&rft.aulast=Mulisch&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearlman1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Pearlman" title="Moshe Pearlman">Pearlman, Moshe</a> (1961). <i>The Capture of Adolf Eichmann</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1070563">1070563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Capture+of+Adolf+Eichmann&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1070563&rft.aulast=Pearlman&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRassinier1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rassinier" title="Paul Rassinier">Rassinier, Paul</a> (1976). <i>The Real Eichmann Trial or The Incorrigible Victors</i>. Torrance: Institute for Historical Review. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911038-48-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911038-48-4"><bdi>978-0-911038-48-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+Eichmann+Trial+or+The+Incorrigible+Victors&rft.place=Torrance&rft.pub=Institute+for+Historical+Review&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-911038-48-4&rft.aulast=Rassinier&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogat1961" class="citation book cs1">Rogat, Yosal (1961). <i>The Eichmann Trial and the Rule of Law</i>. Santa Barbara, CA: Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015042766447">2027/mdp.39015042766447</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-258-11223-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-258-11223-3"><bdi>978-1-258-11223-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eichmann+Trial+and+the+Rule+of+Law&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=Center+for+the+Study+of+Democratic+Institutions&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015042766447&rft.isbn=978-1-258-11223-3&rft.aulast=Rogat&rft.aufirst=Yosal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinacher2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Steinacher" title="Gerald Steinacher">Steinacher, Gerald</a> (2011). <i>Nazis on the Run: How Hitler's Henchmen Fled Justice</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964245-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964245-8"><bdi>978-0-19-964245-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazis+on+the+Run%3A+How+Hitler%27s+Henchmen+Fled+Justice&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-964245-8&rft.aulast=Steinacher&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYablonka2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Yablonka" title="Hanna Yablonka">Yablonka, Hanna</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stateofisraelvsa0000yabl"><i>The State of Israel vs. Adolf Eichmann</i></a></span>. New York: Schocken. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-4187-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-4187-7"><bdi>978-0-8052-4187-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+Israel+vs.+Adolf+Eichmann&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Schocken&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-4187-7&rft.aulast=Yablonka&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstateofisraelvsa0000yabl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZweig2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Zweig" title="Ronald W. Zweig">Zweig, Ronald W</a> (2013). <i>David Ben-Gurion: Politics and Leadership in Israel</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18886-3"><bdi>978-1-135-18886-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Ben-Gurion%3A+Politics+and+Leadership+in+Israel&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-18886-3&rft.aulast=Zweig&rft.aufirst=Ronald+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" class="extiw" title="commons:Adolf Eichmann"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Adolf Eichmann</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Adolf_Eichmann" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007412">Adolf Eichmann</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a> website</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB150/index.htm">Uncovering the Architect of the Holocaust: The CIA Names File on Adolf Eichmann</a>" at the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509020948/http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/orgs/german/einsatzgruppen/esg/trials/profiles/confession.html">"Eichmann Tells His Own Damning Story"</a>. <i>LIFE Magazine</i>. <b>49</b> (22). The Nizkor Project. 28 November 1960. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/orgs/german/einsatzgruppen/esg/trials/profiles/confession.html">the original</a> on 9 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LIFE+Magazine&rft.atitle=Eichmann+Tells+His+Own+Damning+Story&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=22&rft.date=1960-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nizkor.org%2Fhweb%2Forgs%2Fgerman%2Feinsatzgruppen%2Fesg%2Ftrials%2Fprofiles%2Fconfession.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5E0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA133">"Eichmann Confesses (Series preview)"</a>. <i>LIFE Magazine</i>. <b>49</b> (21). 21 November 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LIFE+Magazine&rft.atitle=Eichmann+Confesses+%28Series+preview%29&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=21&rft.date=1960-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5E0EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0U0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA19">"Eichmann Tells His Own Damning Story (Part I)"</a>. <i>LIFE Magazine</i>. <b>49</b> (22). 28 November 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LIFE+Magazine&rft.atitle=Eichmann+Tells+His+Own+Damning+Story+%28Part+I%29&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=22&rft.date=1960-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0U0EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=900EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA146">"Eichmann's Own story (Part II)"</a>. <i>LIFE Magazine</i>. <b>49</b> (23). 5 December 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LIFE+Magazine&rft.atitle=Eichmann%27s+Own+story+%28Part+II%29&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=23&rft.date=1960-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D900EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson2006" class="citation news cs1">Benson, Pam (7 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2006/US/06/06/nazi.crimes/">"CIA papers: U.S. failed to pursue Nazi"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CIA+papers%3A+U.S.+failed+to+pursue+Nazi&rft.date=2006-06-07&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Pam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2006%2FUS%2F06%2F06%2Fnazi.crimes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCesarani2011" class="citation web cs1">Cesarani, David (17 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/eichmann_01.shtml">"Adolf Eichmann: The Mind of a War Criminal"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adolf+Eichmann%3A+The+Mind+of+a+War+Criminal&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.aulast=Cesarani&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fgenocide%2Feichmann_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Eichmann" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust" title="Template talk:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Sudetenland" title="The Holocaust in the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgarian-occupied_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece">Bulgarian-occupied Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a> and colonies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Evidence and documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Contemporary knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_children_during_the_Holocaust" title="Hidden children during the Holocaust">Hidden children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Holocaust" title="Timeline of the Holocaust">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_Holocaust" title="Japan and the Holocaust">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Holocaust" title="Philippines and the Holocaust">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_and_the_Holocaust" title="Portugal and the Holocaust">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_Holocaust" title="Spain and the Holocaust">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Holocaust" title="Sweden and the Holocaust">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_Holocaust" title="Turkey and the Holocaust">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust">by Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">by Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Camps_and_ghettos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span class="smallcaps">be</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France" title="Internment camps in France"><span class="smallcaps">fr</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps" title="List of Italian concentration camps"><span class="smallcaps">it</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risiera_di_San_Sabba" title="Risiera di San Sabba">Risiera di San Sabba</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">nl</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Schoorl" title="Kamp Schoorl">Schoorl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">sk</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">Death marches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-<i>Totenkopfverbände</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi ghettos">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ghetto_Police" title="Jewish Ghetto Police">Jewish Ghetto Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Association_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Reich Association of Jews in Germany">Reich Association of Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Astred%C5%88a_%C5%BDidov" title="Ústredňa Židov">Ústredňa Židov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Victims" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_eastern_Poland" title="1941 pogroms in eastern Poland">1941 pogroms in eastern Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_Lithuania" title="1941 pogroms in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mass executions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Harvest Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets" title="Maly Trostenets">Maly Trostenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_and_Rescue_Committee" title="Aid and Rescue Committee">Aid and Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_twentieth_convoy" title="Attack on the twentieth convoy">Attack on the twentieth convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastner_train" title="Kastner train">Kastner train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Danish underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_(resistance_organization)" title="Working Group (resistance organization)">Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Soviet urban residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_security_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi security warfare">Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Euthanasia in Nazi Germany">People with disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Polish leaders and intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Responsibility" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><i>Schutzstaffel</i> (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office_Referat_IV_B4" title="Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4">Referat IV B4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a> (Orpo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_Centre" title="Police Regiment Centre">Police Regiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Nederlandsche SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Early_elementsAftermathRemembrance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Early elements</li><li>Aftermath</li><li>Remembrance</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Early elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">Hitler's prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany">Jewish emigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia <span style="font-size:85%;">(Action T4)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust">Depopulated shtetls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46">Postwar violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazis_and_Nazi_Collaborators_(Punishment)_Law" title="Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law">Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust restitution">Holocaust restitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany">Reparations Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">trivialization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">History and memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of The Holocaust">Books and other resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_education" title="Holocaust education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_films" title="List of Holocaust films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_the_Holocaust" title="Lessons of the Holocaust">Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_humor" title="Holocaust humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor_books" title="Yizkor books">Yizkor books</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_again" title="Never again">Never again</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Template:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Template talk:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Holocaust in German-occupied Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Main article</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></dd> <dt>Related articles by country</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Camps" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Camps"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Camps" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Camps"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Camps" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Camps"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Camps,_ghettos,_execution_sites_and_attacks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_I" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potulice_concentration_camp" title="Potulice concentration camp">Potulice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldau_concentration_camp" title="Soldau concentration camp">Soldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szebnie_concentration_camp" title="Szebnie concentration camp">Szebnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danzig-Matzkau_concentration_camp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danzig-Matzkau concentration camp (page does not exist)">Danzig-Matzkau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mass shootings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1941_Bia%C5%82ystok_massacres" title="1941 Białystok massacres">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Ghetto#Bloody_Sunday_massacre" title="Stanisławów Ghetto">Bloody Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronna_G%C3%B3ra" title="Bronna Góra">Bronna Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Death_(Bydgoszcz)" title="Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_Dyn%C3%B3w" title="Massacre in Dynów">Dynów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Erntefest" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktion Erntefest">Erntefest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_cemetery_massacre" title="Kielce cemetery massacre">Kielce cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Operation Reinhard in Kraków">Aktion Krakau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiry_massacre" title="Palmiry massacre">Palmiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_Krakau" title="Sonderaktion Krakau">Sonderaktion Krakau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv pogroms">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczuczyn_pogrom" title="Szczuczyn pogrom">Szczuczyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tykocin_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tykocin pogrom">Tykocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%85sosz_pogrom" title="Wąsosz pogrom">Wąsosz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Ghettos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto" title="Będzin Ghetto">Będzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Ghetto" title="Brześć Ghetto">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto" title="Częstochowa Ghetto">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno_Ghetto" title="Grodno Ghetto">Grodno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_Ghetto" title="Kielce Ghetto">Kielce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv pogroms (1941)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubart%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lubartów Ghetto">Lubartów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Podlaski_Ghetto" title="Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto">Międzyrzec Podlaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizocz_Ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizocz Ghetto">Mizocz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz_Ghetto" title="Nowy Sącz Ghetto">Nowy Sącz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%84sk_Ghetto" title="Pińsk Ghetto">Pińsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siedlce_Ghetto" title="Siedlce Ghetto">Siedlce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambor_Ghetto" title="Sambor Ghetto">Sambor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82onim_Ghetto" title="Słonim Ghetto">Słonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec_Ghetto" title="Sosnowiec Ghetto">Sosnowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Stanisławów Ghetto">Stanisławów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnopol_Ghetto" title="Tarnopol Ghetto">Tarnopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Wilno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossaktion_Warsaw_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossaktion Warsaw (1942)">Grossaktion Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Truppen%C3%BCbungsplatz_Heidelager" title="SS-Truppenübungsplatz Heidelager">Heidelager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Template:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Template talk:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Perpetrators,_participants,_organizations,_and_collaborators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Brack" title="Viktor Brack">Viktor Brack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Josef Bühler</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Eicke" title="Theodor Eicke">Theodor Eicke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Fischer" title="Ludwig Fischer">Ludwig Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gl%C3%BCcks" title="Richard Glücks">Richard Glücks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Arthur Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6fle" title="Hermann Höfle">Hermann Höfle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Katzmann" title="Fritz Katzmann">Fritz Katzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Koppe" title="Wilhelm Koppe">Wilhelm Koppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich-Wilhelm_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger">Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kutschera" title="Franz Kutschera">Franz Kutschera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Lambert" title="Erwin Lambert">Erwin Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lerch" title="Ernst Lerch">Ernst Lerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Michalsen" title="Georg Michalsen">Georg Michalsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Pohl" title="Oswald Pohl">Oswald Pohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Reinefarth" title="Heinz Reinefarth">Heinz Reinefarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Scherner" title="Julian Scherner">Julian Scherner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Sporrenberg" title="Jakob Sporrenberg">Jakob Sporrenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Streckenbach" title="Bruno Streckenbach">Bruno Streckenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thomalla" title="Richard Thomalla">Richard Thomalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_W%C3%A4chter" title="Otto Wächter">Otto Wächter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Wisliceny" title="Dieter Wisliceny">Dieter Wisliceny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camp command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Aumeier" title="Hans Aumeier">Hans Aumeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baer" title="Richard Baer">Richard Baer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Boger" title="Wilhelm Boger">Wilhelm Boger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermine_Braunsteiner" title="Hermine Braunsteiner">Hermine Braunsteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irmfried_Eberl" title="Irmfried Eberl">Irmfried Eberl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_van_Eupen" title="Theodor van Eupen">Theodor van Eupen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Franz" title="Kurt Franz">Kurt Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Frenzel" title="Karl Frenzel">Karl Frenzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Fritzsch" title="Karl Fritzsch">Karl Fritzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amon_G%C3%B6th" title="Amon Göth">Amon Göth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Grabner" title="Maximilian Grabner">Maximilian Grabner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hantke" title="Otto Hantke">Otto Hantke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hartjenstein" title="Fritz Hartjenstein">Fritz Hartjenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Hering" title="Gottlieb Hering">Gottlieb Hering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_H%C3%B6ssler" title="Franz Hössler">Franz Hössler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Otto_Koch" title="Karl-Otto Koch">Karl-Otto Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kramer" title="Josef Kramer">Josef Kramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Liebehenschel" title="Arthur Liebehenschel">Arthur Liebehenschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mandl" title="Maria Mandl">Maria Mandl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Matthes" title="Heinrich Matthes">Heinrich Matthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Michel" title="Hermann Michel">Hermann Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_M%C3%B6ckel" title="Karl Möckel">Karl Möckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mulka" title="Robert Mulka">Robert Mulka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Niemann" title="Johann Niemann">Johann Niemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Oberhauser" title="Josef Oberhauser">Josef Oberhauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Reichleitner" title="Franz Reichleitner">Franz Reichleitner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schwarz" title="Heinrich Schwarz">Heinrich Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schwarzhuber" title="Johann Schwarzhuber">Johann Schwarzhuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Stangl" title="Franz Stangl">Franz Stangl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wagner" title="Gustav Wagner">Gustav Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wirth" title="Christian Wirth">Christian Wirth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gas chamber<br />executioners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Bauer" title="Erich Bauer">Erich Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Bolender" title="Kurt Bolender">Kurt Bolender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Hackenholt" title="Lorenz Hackenholt">Lorenz Hackenholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Klehr" title="Josef Klehr">Josef Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Koch_(SS_man)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Koch (SS man)">Hans Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lange" title="Herbert Lange">Herbert Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Moll" title="Otto Moll">Otto Moll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Plagge" title="Ludwig Plagge">Ludwig Plagge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Theuer" title="Adolf Theuer">Adolf Theuer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Physicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Bodmann" title="Franz von Bodmann">Franz von Bodmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Clauberg" title="Carl Clauberg">Carl Clauberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gebhardt" title="Karl Gebhardt">Karl Gebhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Fischer" title="Horst Fischer">Horst Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Klein" title="Fritz Klein">Fritz Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Schumann" title="Horst Schumann">Horst Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Trzebinski" title="Alfred Trzebinski">Alfred Trzebinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Wirths" title="Eduard Wirths">Eduard Wirths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghetto command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Auerswald" title="Heinz Auerswald">Heinz Auerswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Biebow" title="Hans Biebow">Hans Biebow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Bl%C3%B6sche" title="Josef Blösche">Josef Blösche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_B%C3%BCrkl" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Bürkl">Franz Bürkl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Klaustermeyer" title="Heinrich Klaustermeyer">Heinrich Klaustermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Konrad_(SS_officer)" title="Franz Konrad (SS officer)">Franz Konrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Palfinger" title="Alexander Palfinger">Alexander Palfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Sammern-Frankenegg" title="Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg">Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Stroop" title="Jürgen Stroop">Jürgen Stroop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Birkner" title="Wolfgang Birkner">Wolfgang Birkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Bischoff" title="Helmut Bischoff">Helmut Bischoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Beutel" title="Lothar Beutel">Lothar Beutel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Blobel" title="Paul Blobel">Paul Blobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Brunner_(SS_general)" title="Karl Brunner (SS general)">Karl Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Damzog" title="Ernst Damzog">Ernst Damzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Flesch" title="Gerhard Flesch">Gerhard Flesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Hahn" title="Ludwig Hahn">Ludwig Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Landau" title="Felix Landau">Felix Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albert_Meisinger" title="Josef Albert Meisinger">Josef Meisinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%BCller" title="Bruno Müller">Bruno Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Naumann" title="Erich Naumann">Erich Naumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Emanuel Schäfer">Emanuel Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schaper" title="Hermann Schaper">Hermann Schaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Eberhard_Sch%C3%B6ngarth" title="Karl Eberhard Schöngarth">Karl Eberhard Schöngarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udo_von_Woyrsch" title="Udo von Woyrsch">Udo von Woyrsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camp guards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Anhalt" title="Hans Anhalt">Hans Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny-Wanda_Barkmann" title="Jenny-Wanda Barkmann">Jenny-Wanda Barkmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_Bothe" title="Herta Bothe">Herta Bothe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juana_Bormann" title="Juana Bormann">Juana Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_B%C3%BClow" title="Alexander Bülow">Alexander Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Danz" title="Luise Danz">Luise Danz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Demjanjuk" title="John Demjanjuk">John Demjanjuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Dreschel" title="Margot Dreschel">Margot Dreschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Feodor Fedorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hoffmann" title="Hans Hoffmann">Hans Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Gerstein" title="Kurt Gerstein">Kurt Gerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G%C3%B6tze" title="Paul Götze">Paul Götze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irma_Grese" title="Irma Grese">Irma Grese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Friedrich_H%C3%B6cker" title="Karl-Friedrich Höcker">Karl-Friedrich Höcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jeschke" title="Karl Jeschke">Karl Jeschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Kaduk" title="Oswald Kaduk">Oswald Kaduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kollmer" title="Josef Kollmer">Josef Kollmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_L%C3%A4chert" title="Hildegard Lächert">Hildegard Lächert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Langefeld" title="Johanna Langefeld">Johanna Langefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Lechner" title="Anton Lechner">Anton Lechner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Lorenz" title="Eduard Lorenz">Eduard Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Muhsfeldt" title="Erich Muhsfeldt">Erich Muhsfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detlef_Nebbe" title="Detlef Nebbe">Detlef Nebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Orlowski" title="Alice Orlowski">Alice Orlowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Volkenrath" title="Elisabeth Volkenrath">Elisabeth Volkenrath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By camp</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sobib%C3%B3r_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sobibór extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Template:Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">WVHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Commissioner_for_the_Consolidation_of_German_Nationhood" title="Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood">RKFDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Mittelstelle" title="Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle">VoMi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Polski" title="Hotel Polski">Hotel Polski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Collaboration in German-occupied Poland">Collaboration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Belarusian Auxiliary Police">Belarusian Auxiliary Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Estonian Auxiliary Police">Estonian Auxiliary Police</a> / <a href="/wiki/36th_Estonian_Police_Battalion" title="36th Estonian Police Battalion">36th Estonian Police Battalion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian Auxiliary Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Auxiliary_Police_Battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions">Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a> / <a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft_Battalion_118" title="Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118">Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki men</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Resistance,_victims,_documentation_and_technical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Resistance, victims, documentation and technical</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Military_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Military Organisation">AOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland">Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">GL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Corps" title="National Security Corps">PKB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">ŻOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Military_Union" title="Jewish Military Union">ŻZW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uprisings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghetto uprising">Ghetto uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp#The_uprising" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Anielewicz" title="Mordechai Anielewicz">Mordechai Anielewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Zuckerman" title="Yitzhak Zuckerman">Icchak Cukierman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Tenenbaum" title="Mordechai Tenenbaum">Mordechai Tenenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marek_Edelman" title="Marek Edelman">Marek Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Feldhendler" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Feldhendler">Leon Feldhendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Frenkiel" title="Paweł Frenkiel">Paweł Frenkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Iwa%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Iwański">Henryk Iwański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Katzenelson" title="Itzhak Katzenelson">Itzhak Katzenelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Klepfisz" title="Michał Klepfisz">Michał Klepfisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Lerman" title="Miles Lerman">Miles Lerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pechersky" title="Alexander Pechersky">Alexander Pechersky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frumka_P%C5%82otnicka" title="Frumka Płotnicka">Frumka Płotnicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roza_Robota" title="Roza Robota">Roza Robota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szmul_Zygielbojm" title="Szmul Zygielbojm">Szmul Zygielbojm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victim lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghettos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Lwów Ghetto">Lviv (Lwów)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Belzec extermination camp">Bełżec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Izbica_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in Izbica Ghetto">Izbica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Soldau_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Soldau concentration camp">Soldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Trawniki concentration camp">Trawniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Documentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Album" title="Auschwitz Album">Auschwitz Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Frank_memorandum" title="August Frank memorandum">Frank memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6cker_Album" title="Höcker Album">Höcker Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6fle_telegram" title="Höfle telegram">Höfle telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzmann_Report" title="Katzmann Report">Katzmann Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korherr_Report" title="Korherr Report">Korherr Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen_speeches" title="Posen speeches">Posen speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_perpetrator_album" title="Sobibor perpetrator album">Sobibor perpetrator album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Prosecution_Book_%E2%80%93_Poland" title="Special Prosecution Book – Poland">Special Prosecution Book – Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroop_Report" title="Stroop Report">Stroop Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Witness accounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Friedrich_Graebe" title="Hermann Friedrich Graebe">Graebe affidavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerstein_Report" title="Gerstein Report">Gerstein Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrba%E2%80%93Wetzler_report" title="Vrba–Wetzler report">Vrba–Wetzler report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold%27s_Report" title="Witold's Report">Witold's Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_photographs" title="Sonderkommando photographs"><i>Sonderkommando</i> photographs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concealment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005">Sonderaktion 1005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical and logistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badge" title="Nazi concentration camp badge">Identification in camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber#Nazi_Germany" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">Holocaust train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aftermath,_trials_and_commemoration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath, trials and commemoration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Population transfers (1944–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Poland,_1944%E2%80%931946" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946">Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">Ministry of Public Security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_trials" title="Category:Holocaust trials">Trials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West German trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polish, East German, and Soviet trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_trial" title="Auschwitz trial">Auschwitz trial (Poland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_State_Commission" title="Extraordinary State Commission">Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Ghetto_Heroes" title="Monument to the Ghetto Heroes">Monument to the Ghetto Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum">Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_State_Museum" title="Majdanek State Museum">Majdanek State Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobib%C3%B3r_Museum" title="Sobibór Museum">Sobibór Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Youth_Meeting_Center_in_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim/Auschwitz" title="International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz">International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Living" title="March of the Living">March of the Living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Polish Righteous Among the Nations">Polish Righteous Among the Nations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_Righteous" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Polish Righteous">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_the_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations">Garden of the Righteous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post-war_flight_of_Axis_fugitives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-war_flight_of_Axis_fugitives" title="Template:Post-war flight of Axis fugitives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-war_flight_of_Axis_fugitives" title="Template talk:Post-war flight of Axis fugitives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-war_flight_of_Axis_fugitives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-war flight of Axis fugitives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post-war_flight_of_Axis_fugitives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post-war flight of Axis fugitives</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fugitives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">German / Austrian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Abromeit" title="Franz Abromeit">Franz Abromeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludolf_von_Alvensleben" title="Ludolf von Alvensleben">Ludolf von Alvensleben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie" title="Klaus Barbie">Klaus Barbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermine_Braunsteiner" title="Hermine Braunsteiner">Hermine Braunsteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Alois Brunner</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eisele_(physician)" title="Hans Eisele (physician)">Hans Eisele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aribert_Heim" title="Aribert Heim">Aribert Heim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kutschmann" title="Walter Kutschmann">Walter Kutschmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Leers" title="Johann von Leers">Johann von Leers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Michel" title="Hermann Michel">Hermann Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Priebke" title="Erich Priebke">Erich Priebke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rauff" title="Walter Rauff">Walter Rauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Roschmann" title="Eduard Roschmann">Eduard Roschmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Schreiber" title="Walter Schreiber">Walter Schreiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Schumann" title="Horst Schumann">Horst Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Schwammberger" title="Josef Schwammberger">Josef Schwammberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Stangl" title="Franz Stangl">Franz Stangl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wagner" title="Gustav Wagner">Gustav Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Croatian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milivoj_A%C5%A1ner" title="Milivoj Ašner">Milivoj Ašner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrija_Artukovi%C4%87" title="Andrija Artuković">Andrija Artuković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Geiser" title="Anton Geiser">Anton Geiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Luburi%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Luburić">Vjekoslav Luburić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Rojnica" title="Ivo Rojnica">Ivo Rojnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinko_%C5%A0aki%C4%87" title="Dinko Šakić">Dinko Šakić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Vran%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Vrančić">Vjekoslav Vrančić</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Belgian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daye" title="Pierre Daye">Pierre Daye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Léon Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lagrou" title="René Lagrou">René Lagrou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Ukrainian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Demjanjuk" title="John Demjanjuk">John Demjanjuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Feodor Fedorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lebed" title="Mykola Lebed">Mykola Lebed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Danish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kam" title="Søren Kam">Søren Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_V%C3%A6rnet" title="Carl Værnet">Carl Værnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Estonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Laak" title="Aleksander Laak">Aleksander Laak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Linnas" title="Karl Linnas">Karl Linnas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Latvian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktors_Ar%C4%81js" title="Viktors Arājs">Viktors Arājs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herberts_Cukurs" title="Herberts Cukurs">Herberts Cukurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other nationalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tscherim_Soobzokov" title="Tscherim Soobzokov">Tscherim Soobzokov</a> (Circassian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aarne_Kauhanen" title="Aarne Kauhanen">Aarne Kauhanen</a> (Finnish)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;;font-weight:normal;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratlines_(World_War_II)" title="Ratlines (World War II)">Ratlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;;font-weight:normal;">State involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Baviera" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Baviera">Colonia Dignidad (Chile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Videla (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip (USA)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_relocated_to_the_US_via_the_Operation_Paperclip" title="List of Germans relocated to the US via the Operation Paperclip">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Operation Osoaviakhim (USSR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_transported_to_the_USSR_via_the_Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="List of Germans transported to the USSR via the Operation Osoaviakhim">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Leiber" title="Robert Leiber">Robert Leiber (Holy See)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Banzer" title="Hugo Banzer">Banzer (Bolivia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner" title="Alfredo Stroessner">Stroessner (Paraguay)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;;font-weight:normal;">Other persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Freude" title="Rodolfo Freude">Rodolfo Freude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Hudal" title="Alois Hudal">Alois Hudal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lescat" title="Charles Lescat">Charles Lescat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Rudel" title="Hans-Ulrich Rudel">Hans-Ulrich Rudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Otto Skorzeny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hunters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Klarsfeld" title="Serge Klarsfeld">Serge Klarsfeld</a> & <a href="/wiki/Beate_Klarsfeld" title="Beate Klarsfeld">Beate Klarsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Rosenbaum" title="Eli Rosenbaum">Eli Rosenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal" title="Simon Wiesenthal">Simon Wiesenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Zuroff" title="Efraim Zuroff">Efraim Zuroff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputed / dubious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krunoslav_Draganovi%C4%87" title="Krunoslav Draganović">Krunoslav Draganović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODESSA" title="ODESSA">ODESSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stille_Hilfe" title="Stille Hilfe">Stille Hilfe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_people_suspected_of_participation_in_Nazi_war_crimes" title="List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes">List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazi_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NSDAP" title="Template:NSDAP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NSDAP" title="Template talk:NSDAP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NSDAP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NSDAP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazi_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Leader</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Anton Drexler</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1921–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Adolf Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_House,_Munich" title="Brown House, Munich">Brown House, Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party" title="German Workers' Party">German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6hm_scandal" title="Röhm scandal">Röhm scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_Society" title="Thule Society">Thule Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Party offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amt_Rosenberg" title="Amt Rosenberg">Amt Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Chancellery" title="Hitler's Chancellery">Hitler's Chancellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_Chancellery" title="Nazi Party Chancellery">Nazi Party Chancellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Colonial_Policy" title="NSDAP Office of Colonial Policy">Office of Colonial Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Military_Policy" title="NSDAP Office of Military Policy">Office of Military Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_Office_of_Racial_Policy" title="Nazi Party Office of Racial Policy">Office of Racial Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs">Office of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party/Foreign_Organization" title="Nazi Party/Foreign Organization">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Education_Office" title="SS Education Office">SS Education Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Innviertler_Heimatblatt" title="Innviertler Heimatblatt">Innviertler Heimatblatt</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Arbeitertum" title="Arbeitertum">Arbeitertum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%A4r" title="Panzerbär">Panzerbär</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kampfverlag" title="Kampfverlag">Kampfverlag</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Notable members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Axmann" title="Artur Axmann">Artur Axmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Kurt Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diels" title="Rudolf Diels">Rudolf Diels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Dietrich Eckart</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Freisler" title="Roland Freisler">Roland Freisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hanfstaengl" title="Ernst Hanfstaengl">Ernst Hanfstaengl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rust" title="Bernhard Rust">Bernhard Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">Baldur von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Gregor Strasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Otto Strasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front" title="Black Front">Black Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a>) / <a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler_Schools" title="Adolf Hitler Schools">Adolf Hitler Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Documentation_Centre_for_the_History_of_National_Socialism" title="Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism">Munich Documentation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Political_Institutes_of_Education" title="National Political Institutes of Education">National Political Institutes of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_songs" title="Nazi songs">Nazi songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Nazi_Party" title="Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party">Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_branch_of_the_Nazi_Party" title="Samoan branch of the Nazi Party">Samoan branch of the Nazi Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28085#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28085#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28085#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121251608">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27073567">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/12482/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbM7PMYWBV78XfPyG9bh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118529447">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Eichmann, Adolf, 1906-1962"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50036722">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11974316g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11974316g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00438717">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Eichmann, Adolf"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV048313">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35059415">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700473&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=278213">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbddcpj1ghzbsr">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810569388505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007260720105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515436506706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03589863?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/814805">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118529447.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118529447">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027772284">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582763">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6pz5j3j">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&oldid=1262279182">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&oldid=1262279182</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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