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(December 2022) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> Electoral fraud, sometimes referred to as election manipulation, voter fraud, or vote rigging, involves illegal interference with the process of an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Election">election</a>, either by increasing the vote share of a favored candidate, depressing the vote share of rival candidates, or both.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> It differs from but often goes hand-in-hand with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voter_suppression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voter suppression">voter suppression</a>. What exactly constitutes electoral fraud varies from country to country, though the goal is often <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Election_subversion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Election subversion">election subversion</a>. Electoral legislation outlaws many kinds of election fraud,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-jones-taxo-2">[2]</a> but other practices violate general laws, such as those banning <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assault?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assault">assault</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harassment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harassment">harassment</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a>. Although technically the term "electoral fraud" covers only those acts which are illegal, the term is sometimes used to describe <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Election_subversion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Election subversion">acts which are legal</a>, but considered morally unacceptable, outside the spirit of an election or in violation of the principles of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democracy">democracy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Myagkov-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Alvarez-4">[4]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Show_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Show election">Show elections</a>, featuring only one candidate, are sometimes classified[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] as electoral fraud, although they may comply with the law and are presented more as referendums/plebiscites. In national elections, successful electoral fraud on a sufficient scale can have the effect of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>,[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protest">protest</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corruption?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corruption">corruption</a> of democracy. In a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_narrow_elections?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of narrow elections">narrow election</a>, a small amount of fraud may suffice to change the result. Even if the outcome is not affected, the revelation of fraud can reduce voters' confidence in democracy. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Law">1 Law</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Electorate_manipulation">2 Electorate manipulation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Artificial_migration_or_party_membership">2.1 Artificial migration or party membership</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Disenfranchisement">2.2 Disenfranchisement</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Division_of_opposition_support">2.3 Division of opposition support</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Intimidation">2.4 Intimidation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Violence_or_threats_of_violence">2.4.1 Violence or threats of violence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Legal_threats">2.4.2 Legal threats</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Coercion">2.4.3 Coercion</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Disinformation">2.5 Disinformation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#False_claims_of_fraud">2.5.1 False claims of fraud</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vote_buying">3 Vote buying</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voting_process_and_results">4 Voting process and results</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Misleading_or_confusing_ballot_papers">4.1 Misleading or confusing ballot papers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ballot_stuffing">4.2 Ballot stuffing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Misrecording_of_votes">4.3 Misrecording of votes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Misuse_of_proxy_votes">4.4 Misuse of proxy votes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Destruction_of_ballots">4.5 Destruction of ballots</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Invalidation_of_ballots">4.6 Invalidation of ballots</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tampering_with_electronic_voting_systems">4.7 Tampering with electronic voting systems</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#General_tampering">4.7.1 General tampering</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#South_Africa">4.7.2 South Africa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ukraine">4.7.3 Ukraine</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voter_impersonation">4.8 Voter impersonation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_Kingdom">4.8.1 United Kingdom</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States">4.8.2 United States</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Artificial_results">4.9 Artificial results</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Postal_ballot_fraud">4.10 Postal ballot fraud</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Non-citizen_voting">4.11 Non-citizen voting</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Canada">4.11.1 Canada</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States_2">4.11.2 United States</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#In_legislature">5 In legislature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Detection_and_prevention">6 Detection and prevention</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Election_audits">6.1 Election audits</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Prosecution">6.2 Prosecution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Secret_ballot">6.3 Secret ballot</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Transparency">6.4 Transparency</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Statistical_indicators_and_election_forensics">6.5 Statistical indicators and election forensics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voting_machine_integrity">6.6 Voting machine integrity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Open_source">6.7 Open source</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">8 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#General">8.1 General</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Latin_America">8.2 Latin America</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Russia">8.3 Russia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_Kingdom_2">8.4 United Kingdom</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States_3">8.5 United States</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Law">Law</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Law" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Because U.S. states have primary responsibility for conducting elections, including federal elections, many forms of electoral fraud are prosecuted as state crimes. State election offenses include voter impersonation, double voting, ballot stuffing, tampering with voting machines, and fraudulent registration. Penalties vary widely by state and can include fines, imprisonment, loss of voting rights, and disqualification from holding public office. The U.S. federal government prosecutes electoral crimes including voter intimidation, conspiracy to commit election fraud, bribery, interference with the right to vote, and fraud related to absentee ballots in federal elections.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In France, someone guilty may be fined and/or imprisoned for not more than one year, or two years if the person is a public official.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-legifrance.gouv.fr-7">[7]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Electorate_manipulation">Electorate manipulation</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Electorate manipulation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> Electoral fraud can occur in advance of voting if the composition of the electorate is altered. The legality of this type of manipulation varies across jurisdictions. Deliberate manipulation of election outcomes is widely considered a violation of the principles of democracy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Artificial_migration_or_party_membership">Artificial migration or party membership</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Artificial migration or party membership" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In many cases, it is possible for authorities to artificially control the composition of an electorate in order to produce a foregone result. One way of doing this is to move a large number of voters into the electorate prior to an election, for example by temporarily assigning them land or lodging them in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flophouse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flophouse">flophouses</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Saltman-10">[10]</a> Many countries prevent this with rules stipulating that a voter must have lived in an electoral district for a minimum period (for example, six months) in order to be eligible to vote there. However, such laws can also be used for demographic manipulation as they tend to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Disenfranchise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchise">disenfranchise</a> those with no fixed address, such as the homeless, travelers, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romani_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romani people">Roma</a>, students (studying full-time away from home), and some casual workers. Another strategy is to permanently move people into an electoral district, usually through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_housing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public housing">public housing</a>. If people eligible for public housing are likely to vote for a particular party, then they can either be concentrated into one area, thus making their votes count for less, or moved into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marginal_seat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marginal seat">marginal seats</a>, where they may tip the balance towards their preferred party. One example of this was the 1986–1990 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homes_for_votes_scandal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homes for votes scandal">Homes for votes scandal</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_of_Westminster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a> in England under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shirley_Porter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shirley Porter">Shirley Porter</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Immigration law may also be used to manipulate electoral demography. For instance, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malaysia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> gave citizenship to immigrants from the neighboring <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indonesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, together with suffrage, in order for a political party to "dominate" the state of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sabah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>; this controversial process was known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Project_IC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Project IC">Project IC</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sadiq-12">[12]</a> A method of manipulating <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partisan_primary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary contests</a> and other elections of party leaders are related to this. People who support one party may temporarily join another party (or vote in a crossover way, when permitted) in order to elect a weak candidate for that party's leadership. The goal ultimately is to defeat the weak candidate in the general election by the leader of the party that the voter truly supports. There were claims that this method was being utilised in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2015_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">UK Labour Party leadership election in 2015</a>, where Conservative-leaning <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toby_Young?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toby Young">Toby Young</a> encouraged <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a> to join <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> and vote for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a> in order to "consign Labour to electoral oblivion".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rc-14">[14]</a> Shortly after, #ToriesForCorbyn <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trending_topics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trending topics">trended</a> on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twitter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rc-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Disenfranchisement">Disenfranchisement</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Disenfranchisement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voter_caging?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voter caging">Voter caging</a> </div> The composition of an electorate may also be altered by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Disenfranchising?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchising">disenfranchising</a> some classes of people, rendering them unable to vote. In some cases, states had passed provisions that raised general barriers to voter registration, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poll_tax?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poll tax">poll taxes</a>, literacy and comprehension tests, and record-keeping requirements, which in practice were applied against minority populations to discriminatory effect. From the turn of the century into the late 1960s, most African Americans in the southern states comprising the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern United States">former Confederacy</a> were disenfranchised by such measures. Corrupt election officials may misuse voting regulations such as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Literacy_test?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Literacy test">literacy test</a> or requirement for proof of identity or address in such a way as to make it difficult or impossible for their targets to cast a vote. If such practices discriminate against a religious or ethnic group, they may so distort the political process that the political order becomes grossly unrepresentative, as in the post-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a> era until the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">Felons have been disenfranchised</a> in many states as a strategy to prevent African Americans from voting.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Groups may also be disenfranchised by rules which make it impractical or impossible for them to cast a vote. For example, requiring people to vote within their electorate may disenfranchise serving military personnel, prison inmates, students, hospital patients or anyone else who cannot return to their homes. Polling can be set for inconvenient days, such as midweek or on holy days of religious groups: for example on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shabbat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shabbat">the Sabbath</a> or other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liturgical_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liturgical year">holy days</a> of a religious group whose teachings determine that voting is prohibited on such a day. Communities may also be effectively disenfranchised if polling places are situated in areas perceived by voters as unsafe, or are not provided within reasonable proximity (rural communities are especially vulnerable to this).[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE">example needed</a>] In some cases, voters may be invalidly disenfranchised, which is true electoral fraud. For example, a legitimate voter may be "accidentally" removed from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_roll?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electoral roll">electoral roll</a>, making it difficult or impossible for the person to vote.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the Canadian federal election of 1917, during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War I">Great War</a>, the Canadian government, led by the Union Party, passed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_Voters_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Military Voters Act">Military Voters Act</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wartime_Elections_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wartime Elections Act">Wartime Elections Act</a>. The Military Voters Act permitted any active military personnel to vote by party only and allowed that party to decide in which electoral district to place that vote. It also enfranchised those women who were directly related or married to an active soldier. These groups were believed to be disproportionately in favor of the Union government, as that party was campaigning in favor of conscription.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Wartime Elections Act, conversely, disenfranchised particular ethnic groups assumed to be disproportionately in favour of the opposition Liberal Party.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Division_of_opposition_support">Division of opposition support</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Division of opposition support" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Stanford University professor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beatriz_Magaloni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beatriz Magaloni">Beatriz Magaloni</a> described a model governing the behaviour of autocratic regimes. She proposed that ruling parties can maintain political control under a democratic system without actively manipulating votes or coercing the electorate. Under the right conditions, the democratic system is maneuvered into an equilibrium in which divided opposition parties act as unwitting accomplices to single-party rule. This permits the ruling regime to abstain from illegal electoral fraud.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Preferential voting systems such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Score_voting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Score voting">score voting</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Single_transferable_vote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a>, and in some cases, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a>, can reduce the impact of systemic electoral manipulation and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Two-party_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Two-party system">political duopoly</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Intimidation">Intimidation</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Intimidation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Voter intimidation involves putting undue pressure on a voter or group of voters so that they will vote a particular way, or not at all.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:15-19">[19]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Absentee_voting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Absentee voting">Absentee</a> and other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Postal_voting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Postal voting">remote voting</a> can be more open to some forms of intimidation as the voter does not have the protection and privacy of the polling location. Intimidation can take a range of forms including verbal, physical, or coercion. This was so common that in 1887, a Kansas Supreme Court in New Perspectives on Election Fraud in The Gilded Age said "[...] physical retaliation constituted only a slight disturbance and would not vitiate an election." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Violence_or_threats_of_violence">Violence or threats of violence</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Violence or threats of violence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In its simplest form, voters from a particular demographic or known to support a particular party or candidate are directly threatened by supporters of another party or candidate or by those hired by them. In other cases, supporters of a particular party make it known that if a particular village or neighborhood is found to have voted the 'wrong' way, reprisals will be made against that community. Another method is to make a general threat of violence, for example, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bomb_threat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bomb threat">bomb threat</a> which has the effect of closing a particular polling place, thus making it difficult for people in that area to vote.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a> One notable example of outright violence was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1984_Rajneeshee_bioterror_attack?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack">1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack</a>, where followers of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bhagwan_Shree_Rajneesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh">Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh</a> deliberately contaminated salad bars in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Dalles,_Oregon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Dalles, Oregon">The Dalles, Oregon</a>, in an attempt to weaken political opposition during county elections. Historically, this tactic included <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a> to terrorize potential African American voters in some areas.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Polling places in an area known to support a particular party or candidate may be targeted for vandalism, destruction or threats, thus making it difficult or impossible for people in that area to vote.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Legal_threats">Legal threats</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Legal threats" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In this case, voters will be made to believe, accurately or otherwise, that they are not legally entitled to vote, or that they are legally obliged to vote a particular way. Voters who are not confident about their entitlement to vote may also be intimidated by real or implied authority figures who suggest that those who vote when they are not entitled to will be imprisoned, deported or otherwise punished.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated2-22">[22]</a> For example, in 2004, in Wisconsin and elsewhere voters allegedly received flyers that said, "If you already voted in any election this year, you can't vote in the Presidential Election", implying that those who had voted in earlier primary elections were ineligible to vote. Also, "If anybody in your family has ever been found guilty of anything you can't vote in the Presidential Election." Finally, "If you violate any of these laws, you can get 10 years in prison and your children will be taken away from you."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Coercion">Coercion</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Coercion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Employers can coerce the voters' decision, through strategies such as explicit or implicit threats of job loss.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-z564-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Disinformation">Disinformation</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Disinformation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> People may distribute false or misleading information in order to affect the outcome of an election.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Myagkov-3">[3]</a> For example, in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1970_Chilean_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1970 Chilean presidential election">Chilean presidential election of 1970</a>, the U.S. government's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> used "black propaganda"—materials purporting to be from various political parties—to sow discord between members of a coalition between socialists and communists.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Another method, allegedly used in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cook County, Illinois">Cook County, Illinois</a>, in 2004, is to falsely tell particular people that they are not eligible to vote<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated2-22">[22]</a> In 1981 in New Jersey, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republican_National_Committee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> created the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ballot_Security_Task_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ballot Security Task Force">Ballot Security Task Force</a> to discourage voting among Latino and African-American citizens of New Jersey. The task force identified voters from an old registration list and challenged their credentials. It also paid off-duty police officers to patrol polling sites in Newark and Trenton, and posted signs saying that falsifying a ballot is a crime.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Another use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Disinformation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> is to give voters incorrect information about the time or place of polling, thus causing them to miss their chance to vote. As part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election_voter_suppression_scandal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2011 Canadian federal election voter suppression scandal">2011 Canadian federal election voter suppression scandal</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elections_Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elections Canada">Elections Canada</a> traced fraudulent phone calls, telling voters that their polling stations had been moved, to a telecommunications company that worked with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Similarly in the United States, right-wing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_campaign_staff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Political campaign staff">political operatives</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacob_Wohl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacob Wohl">Jacob Wohl</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jack_Burkman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jack Burkman">Jack Burkman</a> were indicted on several counts of bribery and election fraud in October 2020 regarding a voter disinformation scheme they undertook in the months prior to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The pair hired a firm to make nearly 85,000 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robocall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robocall">robocalls</a> that targeted minority neighborhoods in Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York, Michigan, and Illinois. Like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> constituencies in general that year, minorities voted overwhelmingly by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Absentee_ballot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Absentee ballot">absentee ballot</a>, many judging it a safer option during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> than in-person voting.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Baselessly, the call warned potential voters if they submitted their votes by mail that authorities could use their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personal_data?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personal data">personal information</a> against them, including threats of police arrest for outstanding warrants and forced debt collection by creditors.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a> On October 24, 2022, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacob_Wohl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacob Wohl">Wohl</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jack_Burkman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jack Burkman">Burkman</a> pleaded guilty in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuyahoga_County?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuyahoga County">Cuyahoga County, Ohio</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ohio_Courts_of_Common_Pleas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ohio Courts of Common Pleas">Common Pleas Court</a> to one count each of felony telecommunications fraud.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Commenting on the tactic of using disinformation to suppress voter turnout, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuyahoga_County?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuyahoga County">Cuyahoga County</a> Prosecutor Michael C. O’Malley said the two men had "infringed upon the right to vote", and that "by pleading guilty, they were held accountable for their un-American actions.”<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="False_claims_of_fraud">False claims of fraud</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: False claims of fraud" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:20240524_Trump_groundwork_for_election_denial.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/20240524_Trump_groundwork_for_election_denial.svg/220px-20240524_Trump_groundwork_for_election_denial.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/20240524_Trump_groundwork_for_election_denial.svg/220px-20240524_Trump_groundwork_for_election_denial.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/20240524_Trump_groundwork_for_election_denial.svg/330px-20240524_Trump_groundwork_for_election_denial.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/20240524_Trump_groundwork_for_election_denial.svg/440px-20240524_Trump_groundwork_for_election_denial.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> To sow election doubt, Donald Trump escalated use of "rigged election" and "election interference" statements in advance of the 2016, 2020 and 2024 elections.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NYTimes_20240524-34">[34]</a> </figcaption> </figure> False claims of electoral fraud can be used as a basis for attempting to overturn an election. During and after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 presidential election</a>, incumbent President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donald_Trump?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> made numerous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">baseless allegations</a> of electoral fraud by supporters of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> candidate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joe_Biden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>. The Trump campaign lost numerous legal challenges to the results.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_of_Brazil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President of Brazil">President of Brazil</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> also made numerous claims of electoral fraud without evidence during and after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2022_Brazilian_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Brazilian presidential election">2022 Brazilian presidential election</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-t008-39">[39]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Vote_buying">Vote buying</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Vote buying" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vote_buying?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vote buying">Vote buying</a> </div> Vote buying occurs when a political party or candidate seeks to buy the vote of a voter in an upcoming election. Vote buying can take various forms such as a monetary exchange, as well as an exchange for necessary goods or services.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rienner.com-40">[40]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Voting_process_and_results">Voting process and results</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Voting process and results" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> A list of threats to voting systems, or electoral fraud methods considered as sabotage are kept by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Misleading_or_confusing_ballot_papers">Misleading or confusing ballot papers</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Misleading or confusing ballot papers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ballot papers may be used to discourage votes for a particular party or candidate, using the design or other features which confuse voters into voting for a different candidate. For example, in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 U.S. presidential election</a>, Florida's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Butterfly_ballot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterfly ballot">butterfly ballot</a> paper was criticized as poorly designed, leading some voters to vote for the wrong candidate. While the ballot itself was designed by a Democrat, it was the Democratic candidate, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al_Gore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, who was most harmed by voter errors because of this design.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Poor or misleading design is usually not illegal and therefore not technically election fraud, but it can nevertheless subvert the principles of democracy.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sweden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> has a system with separate ballots used for each party, to reduce confusion among candidates. However, ballots from small parties such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pirate_Party_(Sweden)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pirate Party (Sweden)">Piratpartiet</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Junilistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Junilistan">Junilistan</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feministiskt_initiativ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Feministiskt initiativ">Feministiskt initiativ</a> have been omitted or placed on a separate table in the election to the EU parliament in 2009.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Ballots from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sweden_Democrats?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sweden Democrats">Sweden Democrats</a> have been mixed with ballots from the larger <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Swedish Social Democratic Party</a>, which used a very similar font for the party name written on the top of the ballot.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Another method of confusing people into voting for a different candidate from the one intended is to run candidates or create political parties with similar names or symbols to an existing candidate or party. The goal is to mislead voters into voting for the false candidate or party.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Such tactics may be particularly effective when many voters have limited literacy in the language used on the ballot. Again, such tactics are usually not illegal but they often work against the principles of democracy.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Another possible source of electoral confusion is multiple variations of voting by different <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electoral system">electoral systems</a>. This may cause ballots to be counted as invalid if the wrong system is used. For instance, if a voter puts a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First-past-the-post?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">first-past-the-post</a> cross in a numbered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Single_transferable_vote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> ballot paper, it is invalidated. For example, in Scotland and other parts of the United Kingdom, up to three different voting systems and types of ballots may be used, based on the jurisdictional level of the election. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Local government in Scotland">Local elections</a> are determined by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Single_transferable_vote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable votes</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Parliament general election">Scottish parliamentary elections</a> by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Additional_member_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">additional member system</a>; and UK Parliamentary elections by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First-past-the-post?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">first-past-the-post</a>.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ballot_stuffing">Ballot stuffing</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ballot stuffing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D1%96_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D1%96_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D1%96_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D1%96_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D1%96_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D1%96_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D1%96_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D1%96_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D1%96_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Transparent ballot box used in Ukraine to prevent election officials from pre-stuffing the box with fake ballots </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ballotstuffing.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ballotstuffing.jpg/220px-Ballotstuffing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 178px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ballotstuffing.jpg/220px-Ballotstuffing.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ballotstuffing.jpg/330px-Ballotstuffing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ballotstuffing.jpg/440px-Ballotstuffing.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A specialised ballot box used to assist ballot stuffing, featured in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frank_Leslie%27s_Weekly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Leslie's Weekly">Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper</a> in 1856 </figcaption> </figure> Ballot stuffing, or "ballot-box stuffing", is the illegal practice of one person submitting multiple <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ballot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ballot">ballots</a> during a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote">vote</a> in which only one ballot per person is permitted. <ul> <li>In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Cook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1883_election" title="Electoral district of Cook">1883 election for the district of Cook</a>, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Queensland,_Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland, Australia">Queensland, Australia</a>, arrests were made in connection with accusations of ballot stuffing, and the election committee subsequently changed the result of the election<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> <li>A 2006 version of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sequoia_Voting_Systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sequoia Voting Systems">Sequoia</a> touchscreen <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voting_machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voting machine">voting machine</a> had a yellow service "back" button on the back that could allow repeated voting under specific circumstances<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li> <li>During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2014_Afghan_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2014 Afghan presidential election">2014 Afghan presidential election</a>, Afghanistan's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Directorate_of_Security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Directorate of Security">National Directorate of Security</a> (NDS) recorded Ziaul Haq Amarkhel, the secretary of Afghanistan's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Independent_Election_Commission_(Afghanistan)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Independent Election Commission (Afghanistan)">Independent Election Commission</a>, telling local officials to "take sheep to the mountains, stuff them, and bring them back", in an apparent reference to ballot stuffing<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li> <li>During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2018_Russian_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2018 Russian presidential election">2018 Russian presidential election</a>, there were multiple instances, some caught on camera, throughout Russia of voters and polling staff alike stuffing multiple votes in the ballot box<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Major_League_Baseball?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Major League Baseball All-Star Game">All-Star Game</a> has had problems with ballot stuffing on occasion, such as in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1957_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cincinnati_voting_controversy" title="1957 Major League Baseball All-Star Game">1957</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cyber-stuffing_remains_threat-53">[53]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1999_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1999 Major League Baseball All-Star Game">1999</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cyber-stuffing_remains_threat-53">[53]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2015_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fan_balloting" title="2015 Major League Baseball All-Star Game">2015</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li> <li>Ballot stuffing was reported during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2024_Georgian_parliamentary_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2024 Georgian parliamentary election">2024 Georgian parliamentary election</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-a258-55">[55]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Misrecording_of_votes">Misrecording of votes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Misrecording of votes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Votes may be misrecorded at source, on a ballot paper or voting machine, or later in misrecording totals. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2019_Malawian_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Aftermath" title="2019 Malawian general election">2019 Malawian general election</a> was nullified by the Constitutional Court in 2020 because many results were changed by use of correction fluid, as well as duplicate, unverified and unsigned results forms.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[57]</a> California allows correction fluid and tape, so changes can be made after the ballot leaves the voter.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-fluid-58">[58]</a> Where votes are recorded through electronic or mechanical means, the voting machinery may be altered so that a vote intended for one candidate is recorded for another, or electronic results are duplicated or lost, and there is rarely evidence whether the cause was fraud or error.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-freed-59">[59]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-buell-60">[60]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-everest-61">[61]</a> Many elections feature multiple opportunities for unscrupulous officials or 'helpers' to record an elector's vote differently from their intentions. Voters who require assistance to cast their votes are particularly vulnerable to having their votes stolen in this way. For example, a blind or illiterate person may be told that they have voted for one party when in fact they have been led to vote for another.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Misuse_of_proxy_votes">Misuse of proxy votes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Misuse of proxy votes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxy_voting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proxy voting">Proxy voting</a> is particularly vulnerable to election fraud, due to the amount of trust placed in the person who casts the vote. In several countries, there have been allegations of retirement home residents being asked to fill out 'absentee voter' forms. When the forms are signed and gathered, they are secretly rewritten as applications for proxy votes, naming party activists or their friends and relatives as the proxies. These people, unknown to the voter, cast the vote for the party of their choice. In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, this is known as 'granny farming.'<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Destruction_of_ballots">Destruction of ballots</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Destruction of ballots" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> One of methods of electoral fraud is to destroy ballots for an opposing candidate or party. While mass destruction of ballots can be difficult to achieve without drawing attention to it, in a very close election it may be possible to destroy a small number of ballot papers without detection, thereby changing the overall result. Blatant destruction of ballot papers can render an election invalid and force it to be re-run. If a party can improve its vote on the re-run election, it can benefit from such destruction as long as it is not linked to it.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Restoration (Spain)">Bourbon Restoration</a> in late 19th century Spain, the organized “loss” of voting slips (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pucherazo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pucherazo">pucherazo</a>) was used to maintain the agreed alternation between the Liberals and the Conservatives. This system of local political domination, especially rooted in rural areas and small cities, was known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribal_chief?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tribal chief">caciquismo</a>.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Invalidation_of_ballots">Invalidation of ballots</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Invalidation of ballots" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Another method is to make it appear that the voter has spoiled his or her ballot, thus rendering it invalid. Typically this would be done by adding another mark to the paper, making it appear that the voter has voted for more candidates than entitled, for instance. It would be difficult to do this to a large number of paper ballots without detection in some locales, but altogether too simple in others, especially jurisdictions where legitimate ballot spoiling by voter would serve a clear and reasonable aim: for example emulating protest votes in jurisdictions that have recently had and since abolished a "none of the above" or "against all" voting option; civil disobedience where voting is mandatory; and attempts at discrediting or invalidating an election. An unusually large share of invalidated ballots may be attributed to loyal supporters of candidates that lost in primaries or previous rounds, did not run or did not qualify to do so, or some manner of protest movement or organized boycott.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2016, during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">EU membership referendum</a>, Leave-supporting voters in the UK <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voting pencil conspiracy theory">alleged without evidence that the pencils</a> supplied by voting stations would allow votes to be erased their votes from the ballot.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Etehad-63">[63]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dobreva-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tampering_with_electronic_voting_systems">Tampering with electronic voting systems</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Tampering with electronic voting systems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Election_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Election security">Election security</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="General_tampering">General tampering</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: General tampering" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vote_counting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Errors_in_optical_scans" title="Vote counting">Vote counting § Errors in optical scans</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vote_counting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Errors_in_direct-recording_electronic_voting" title="Vote counting">Vote counting § Errors in direct-recording electronic voting</a> </div> All <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voting_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting system">voting systems</a> face threats of some form of electoral fraud. The types of threats that affect <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voting_machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voting machine">voting machines</a> vary.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Research at Argonne National Laboratories revealed that a single individual with physical access to a machine, such as a Diebold Accuvote TS, can install inexpensive, readily available electronic components to manipulate its functions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Layton-67">[67]</a> Other approaches include: <ul> <li>Tampering with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Software?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Software">software</a> of a voting machine to add malicious code that alters vote totals or favors a candidate in any way. <ul> <li>Multiple groups have demonstrated this possibility<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wijvertrouwenstemcomputersniet1-69">[69]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li>Private companies manufacture these machines. Many companies will not allow public access or review of the machines' <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Source_code?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Source code">source code</a>, claiming fear of exposing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trade_secret?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trade secret">trade secrets</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bonsor-71">[71]</a></li> </ul></li> <li>Tampering with the hardware of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voting_machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voting machine">voting machine</a> to alter vote totals or favor any candidate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wijvertrouwenstemcomputersniet1-69">[69]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul> <li>Some of these machines require a smart card to activate the machine and vote. However, a fraudulent smart card could attempt to gain access to voting multiple times<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kohno-72">[72]</a> or be pre-loaded with negative votes to favor one candidate over another, as has been demonstrated</li> </ul></li> <li>Abusing the administrative access to the machine by election officials might also allow individuals to vote multiple times[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Election results that are sent directly over the internet from the polling place centre to the vote-counting authority can be vulnerable to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">man-in-the-middle attack</a>, where they are diverted to an intermediate website where the man in the middle flips the votes in favour of a certain candidate and then immediately forwards them on to the vote-counting authority. All votes sent over the internet violate the chain of custody and hence should be avoided by driving or flying memory cards in locked metal containers to the vote-counters. For purposes of getting quick preliminary total results on election night, encrypted votes can be sent over the internet, but final official results should be tabulated the next day only after the actual memory cards arrive in secure metal containers and are counted<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: South Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1994, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1994 South African general election">the election</a> which brought majority rule and put <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nelson_Mandela?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> in office, South Africa's election compilation system was hacked, so they re-tabulated by hand.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-birth-74">[74]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-umuzi-75">[75]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-laing-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ukraine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2014, Ukraine's central election system was hacked. Officials found and removed a virus and said the totals were correct.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-clayton-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Voter_impersonation">Voter impersonation</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Voter impersonation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voter_ID_laws?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter ID laws">Voter ID laws</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United Kingdom" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Academic research has generally found voter impersonation to be 'exceptionally rare' in the UK.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> government passed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elections_Act_2022?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elections Act 2022">Elections Act 2022</a>, which mandated photo identification.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-q344-79">[79]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="United_States">United States</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voter_impersonation" title="Electoral fraud in the United States">Electoral fraud in the United States § Voter impersonation</a> </div> Voter impersonation is considered extremely rare in the US by experts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Since 2013, several states have passed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voter_ID_laws?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter ID laws">voter ID laws</a> to counter voter impersonation. Voter ID requirements are generally popular among Americans <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-l527-82">[82]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-o528-83">[83]</a> and proponents have argued that it can be difficult to detect voter impersonation without them.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ahlquist2-84">[84]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-v612-85">[85]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-w819-86">[86]</a> Voter ID laws' effectiveness given the rarity of voter impersonation, and their potential to disenfranchise citizens without the right ID have created controversy. By August 2016, four federal court rulings (Texas, North Carolina, Wisconsin, and North Dakota) overturned laws or parts of such laws because they placed undue burdens on minorities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-post-87">[87]</a> Allegations of widespread voter impersonation often turn out to be false.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nh_once-88">[88]</a> The North Carolina Board of Elections reported in 2017 that out of 4,769,640 votes cast in the November 2016 election in North Carolina, only one illegal vote would potentially have been blocked by the voter ID law. The investigation found fewer than 500 incidences of invalid ballots cast, the vast majority of which were cast by individuals on probation for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Felony?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Felony">felony</a> who were likely not aware that this status disqualified them from voting, and the total number of invalid votes was far too small to have affected the outcome of any race in North Carolina in the 2016 election.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Artificial_results">Artificial results</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Artificial results" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Show_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Show election">Show election</a> </div> In particularly corrupt regimes, the voting process may be nothing more than a sham, to the point that officials simply announce whatever results they want, sometimes without even bothering to count the votes. While such practices tend to draw international condemnation, voters typically have little if any recourse, as there would seldom be any ways to remove the fraudulent winner from power, short of a revolution.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkmenistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, incumbent President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gurbanguly_Berdymukhamedov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov">Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov</a> received 97.69% of votes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2017_Turkmen_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Turkmen presidential election">in the 2017 election</a>, with his sole opponent, who was seen as pro-government, in fact being appointed by Berdymukhamedov. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georgia_(country)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a> received 96.2% of votes in the election following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rose_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a> while his ally <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nino_Burjanadze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nino Burjanadze">Nino Burjanadze</a> was an interim head of state.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Postal_ballot_fraud">Postal ballot fraud</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Postal ballot fraud" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Election_fraud_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mail-in_ballot_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Election fraud in the United States">Election fraud in the United States § Mail-in ballot fraud</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Postal_voting_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Reliability_of_postal_ballots" title="Postal voting in the United States">Postal voting in the United States § Reliability of postal ballots</a> </div> In both the United Kingdom and the United States, experts estimate that voting fraud by mail has affected only a few local elections, without likely any impact at the national level.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-news21-91">[91]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-inq-92">[92]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pickles-93">[93]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nprav-94">[94]</a> In April 2020, a 20-year voter fraud study by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> found the level of mail-in ballot fraud "exceedingly rare" in the United States, occurring only in "0.00006 percent" of instances nationally, and, with Oregon's mail-in-ballots, "0.000004 percent—about five times less likely than getting hit by lightning".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MIT-cite-95">[95]</a> Types of fraud have included pressure on voters from family or others, since the ballot is not always cast in secret;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pickles-93">[93]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wsj-snf-96">[96]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-phil-snf-97">[97]</a> collection of ballots by dishonest collectors who mark votes or fail to deliver ballots;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Judge_upholds_vote-rigging_claims-98">[98]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-tins-99">[99]</a> and insiders changing, challenging or destroying ballots after they arrive.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-miami-100">[100]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hawkins-101">[101]</a> A measure championed as a way to prevent some types of mail-in fraud has been to require the voter's signature on the outer envelope, which is compared to one or more signatures on file before taking the ballot out of the envelope and counting it.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pickles-93">[93]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-stan-102">[102]</a> Not all places have standards for signature review,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nvahi-50-103">[103]</a> and there have been calls to update signatures more often to improve this review.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pickles-93">[93]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-stan-102">[102]</a> While any level of strictness involves rejecting some valid votes and accepting some invalid votes,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sita-104">[104]</a> there have been concerns that signatures are improperly rejected from young and minority voters at higher rates than others, with no or limited ability of voters to appeal the rejection.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-aclu-105">[105]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-who-106">[106]</a> Some problems have inherently limited scope, such as family pressure, while others can affect several percent of the vote, such as dishonest collectors<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pickles-93">[93]</a> and overly strict signature verification.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-aclu-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Non-citizen_voting">Non-citizen voting</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Non-citizen voting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-citizen_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Non-citizen suffrage">Non-citizen suffrage</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-Undue_weight_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section may lend <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:STRUCTURE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:STRUCTURE">create a more balanced presentation</a>. Discuss and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">resolve</a> this issue before removing this message. (September 2024) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> In 2019, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elections_Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elections Canada">Elections Canada</a> identified 103,000 non-citizens who were illegally on Canada's federal voters register.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-u203-107">[107]</a> It subsequently identified roughly 3,500 cases of potential non-citizens who voted in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2019_Canadian_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Canadian general election">2019</a>, but noted that it was not a coordinated effort and did not affect the result in any <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Riding_(politics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Riding (politics)">riding</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-y444-108">[108]</a> "But almost a year after Canadians headed to the polls, the agency says it's still trying to determine how many of those cases — if any — involved non-Canadian citizens casting ballots."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-y444-108">[108]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="United_States_2">United States</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Non-citizen_voting" title="Electoral fraud in the United States">Electoral fraud in the United States § Non-citizen voting</a> </div> Illegal non-citizen voting is considered extremely rare in the United States by most experts due to the severe penalties associated with the practice including deportation, incarceration or fines in addition to jeopardizing their attempt to naturalize.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sherman_2020-109">[109]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Waldman_Karson_Waldman_Singh_2024-110">[110]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Parks_2024-111">[111]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kessler_2024-112">[112]</a> The federal form to register a voter does not require proof of citizenship,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sherman_2020-109">[109]</a> though non-citizens have been found to vote only in very small numbers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kessler_2024_1-113">[113]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wilgoren_1998-114">[114]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="In_legislature">In legislature</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: In legislature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Vote fraud can also take place in legislatures. Some of the forms used in national elections can also be used in parliaments, particularly intimidation and vote-buying. Because of the much smaller number of voters, however, election fraud in legislatures is qualitatively different in many ways. Fewer people are needed to 'swing' the election, and therefore specific people can be targeted in ways impractical on a larger scale. For example, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adolf_Hitler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> achieved his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dictator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dictator">dictatorial</a> powers due to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a>. He attempted to achieve the necessary two-thirds majority to pass the Act by arresting members of the opposition, though this turned out to be unnecessary to attain the needed majority. Later, the Reichstag was packed with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> party members who voted for the Act's renewal.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In many legislatures, voting is public, in contrast to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secret_ballot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a> used in most modern public elections. This may make their elections more vulnerable to some forms of fraud since a politician can be pressured by others who will know how the legislator voted. However, it may also protect against bribery and blackmail, since the public and media will be aware if a politician votes in an unexpected way. Since voters and parties are entitled to pressure politicians to vote a particular way, the line between legitimate and fraudulent pressure is not always clear.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As in public elections, proxy votes are particularly prone to fraud. In some systems, parties may vote on behalf of any member who is not present in parliament. This protects those members from missing out on voting if prevented from attending parliament, but it also allows their party to prevent them from voting against its wishes. In some legislatures, proxy voting is not allowed, but politicians may rig voting buttons or otherwise illegally cast "ghost votes" while absent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115">[115]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Detection_and_prevention">Detection and prevention</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Detection and prevention" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The three main strategies for the prevention of electoral fraud in society are: <ol> <li>Auditing the election process</li> <li>Deterrence through consistent and effective prosecution</li> <li>Cultivation of mores that discourage corruption</li> </ol> Some of the main fraud prevention tactics can be summarised as secrecy and openness. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secret_ballot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a> prevents many kinds of intimidation and vote selling, while transparency at all other levels of the electoral process prevents and allows detection of most interference. Electoral fraud is generally considered difficult to prove, as perpetrators are highly motivated to conceal their acts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-t796-116">[116]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-b560-117">[117]</a> Researchers must often rely on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statistical_inference?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Statistical inference">inferential methods</a> to uncover unusual patterns that could indicate election fraud, as fraud often cannot be observed directly.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-p142-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Election_audits">Election audits</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Election audits" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Election_audits?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Election audits">Election audits</a> </div> Election auditing refers to any review conducted after polls close for the purpose of determining whether the votes were counted accurately (a results audit) or whether proper procedures were followed (a process audit), or both.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Audits vary and can include checking that the number of voters signed in at the polls matches the number of ballots, seals on ballot boxes and storage rooms are intact, computer counts (if used) match hand counts, and counts are accurately totaled.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Election_recount?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Election recount">Election recounts</a> are a specific type of audit, with elements of both results and process audits.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Prosecution">Prosecution</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Prosecution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the United States the goal of prosecutions is not to stop fraud or keep fraudulent winners out of office; it is to deter and punish years later. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a> has published Federal Prosecution of Election Offenses in eight editions from 1976 to 2017, under Presidents <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerald_Ford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jimmy_Carter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ronald_Reagan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bill_Clinton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a>, Bush and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donald_Trump?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>. It says, "Department does not have authority to directly intercede in the election process itself. ... overt criminal investigative measures should not ordinarily be taken ... until the election in question has been concluded, its results certified, and all recounts and election contests concluded."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-fedpros2017-119">[119]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-fedpros-120">[120]</a> Sentencing guidelines provide a range of 0–21 months in prison for a first offender;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ussc-table-121">[121]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Offense_level?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Offense level">offense levels</a> range from 8 to 14.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ussc-122">[122]</a> Investigation, prosecution and appeals can take over 10 years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wkyt-123">[123]</a> In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> was arrested in 2011 following the filing of criminal charges against her for electoral sabotage, in connection with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2007_Philippine_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2007 Philippine general election">2007 Philippine general election</a>. She was accused of conspiring with election officials to ensure the victory of her party's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senate of the Philippines">senatorial</a> slate in the province of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maguindanao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a>, through the tampering of election returns.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Secret_ballot">Secret ballot</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Secret ballot" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secret_ballot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secret ballot">Secret ballot</a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secret_ballot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a>, in which only the voter knows how they have voted, is believed by many to be a crucial part of ensuring <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_and_fair_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free and fair election">free and fair elections</a> through preventing voter intimidation or retribution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Others argue that the secret ballot enables election fraud (because it makes it harder to verify that votes have been counted correctly)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127">[127]</a> and that it discourages voter participation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[128]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Although the secret ballot was sometimes practiced in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and was a part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution of the Year III">Constitution of the Year III</a> of 1795, it only became common in the nineteenth century. Secret balloting appears to have been first implemented in the former British <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colony?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colony">colony</a>—now an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australia">Australian</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="States and territories of Australia">state</a>—of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tasmania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> on 7 February 1856. By the turn of the century, the practice had spread to most Western democracies.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the United States, the popularity of the Australian ballot grew as reformers in the late 19th century sought to reduce the problems of election fraud. Groups such as the Greenbackers, Nationalist, and more fought for those who yearned to vote, but were exiled for their safety. George Walthew, Greenback, helped initiate one of the first secret ballots in America in Michigan in 1885. Even George Walthew had a predecessor in John Seitz, Greenback, who campaigned a bill to "preserve the purity of elections" in 1879 after the discovery of Ohio's electoral fraud in congressional elections.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The efforts of many helped accomplish this and led to the spread of other secret ballots all across the country. As mentioned on February 18, 1890, in the Galveston News "The Australian ballot has come to stay. It protects the independence of the voter and largely puts a stop to vote to buy." Before this, it was common for candidates to intimidate or bribe voters, as they would always know who had voted which way.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Transparency">Transparency</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Transparency" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Most methods of preventing electoral fraud involve making the election process completely transparent to all voters, from nomination of candidates through casting of the votes and tabulation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CB1-129">[129]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] A key feature in ensuring the integrity of any part of the electoral process is a strict <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chain_of_custody?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chain of custody">chain of custody</a>.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] To prevent fraud in central tabulation, there has to be a public list of the results from every single polling place. This is the only way for voters to prove that the results they witnessed in their election office are correctly incorporated into the totals.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/End-to-end_auditable_voting_systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="End-to-end auditable voting systems">End-to-end auditable voting systems</a> provide voters with a receipt to allow them to verify their vote was cast correctly, and an audit mechanism to verify that the results were tabulated correctly and all votes were cast by valid voters. However, the ballot receipt does not permit voters to prove to others how they voted, since this would open the door towards forced voting and blackmail. End-to-end systems include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Punchscan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Punchscan">Punchscan</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scantegrity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scantegrity">Scantegrity</a>, the latter being an add-on to optical scan systems instead of a replacement.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In many cases, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Election_observers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Election observers">election observers</a> are used to help prevent fraud and assure voters that the election is fair. International observers (bilateral and multilateral) may be invited to observe the elections (examples include election observation by the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), European Union election observation missions, observation missions of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), as well as international observation organised by NGOs, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CIS-EMO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CIS-EMO">CIS-EMO</a>, European Network of Election Monitoring Organizations (ENEMO), etc.). Some countries also invite foreign observers (i.e. bi-lateral observation, as opposed to multi-lateral observation by international observers).[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In addition, national legislatures of countries often permit domestic observation. Domestic election observers can be either partisan (i.e. representing interests of one or a group of election contestants) or non-partisan (usually done by civil society groups). Legislations of different countries permit various forms and extents of international and domestic election observation.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Election observation is also prescribed by various international legal instruments. For example, paragraph 8 of the 1990 Copenhagen Document states that "The [OSCE] participating States consider that the presence of observers, both foreign and domestic, can enhance the electoral process for States in which elections are taking place. They, therefore, invite observers from any other CSCE participating States and any appropriate private institutions and organisations who may wish to do so to observe the course of their national election proceedings, to the extent permitted by law. They will also endeavour to facilitate similar access for election proceedings held below the national level. Such observers will undertake not to interfere in the electoral proceedings".[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Critics note that observers cannot spot certain types of election fraud like targeted <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voter_suppression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voter suppression">voter suppression</a> or manipulated software of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voting_machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voting machine">voting machines</a>.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Statistical_indicators_and_election_forensics">Statistical indicators and election forensics</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Statistical indicators and election forensics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Various forms of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statistic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Statistic">statistics</a> can be indicators of election fraud—e.g., <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exit_poll?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exit poll">exit polls</a> which diverge from the final results. Well-conducted exit polls serve as a deterrent to electoral fraud. However, exit polls are still notoriously imprecise. For instance, in the Czech Republic, some voters are afraid or ashamed to admit that they voted for the Communist Party (exit polls in 2002 gave the Communist party 2–3 percentage points less than the actual result). Variations in willingness to participate in an exit poll may result in an unrepresentative sample compared to the overall voting population.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] When elections are marred by ballot-box stuffing (e.g., the Armenian presidential elections of 1996 and 1998), the affected polling stations will show abnormally high voter turnouts with results favouring a single candidate. By graphing the number of votes against turnout percentage (i.e., aggregating polling stations results within a given turnout range), the divergence from bell-curve distribution gives an indication of the extent of the fraud. Stuffing votes in favour of a single candidate affects votes vs. turnout distributions for that candidate and other candidates differently; this difference could be used to quantitatively assess the number of votes stuffed. Also, these distributions sometimes exhibit spikes at round-number turnout percentage values.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-132">[132]</a> High numbers of invalid ballots, overvoting or undervoting are other potential indicators. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Risk-limiting_audit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Risk-limiting audit">Risk-limiting audits</a> are methods to assess the validity of an election result statistically without the effort of a full <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Election_recount?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Election recount">election recount</a>. Though election <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forensic_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forensic science">forensics</a> can determine if election results are anomalous, the statistical results still need to be interpreted. Alan Hicken and Walter R. Mebane describe the results of election forensic analyses as not providing "definitive proof" of fraud. Election forensics can be combined with other fraud detection and prevention strategies, such as in-person monitoring.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hicken_Mebane_2017-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Voting_machine_integrity">Voting machine integrity</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Voting machine integrity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Certification_of_voting_machines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Certification of voting machines">Certification of voting machines</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Election_audits?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Election audits">Election audits</a> </div> One method for verifying <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voting_machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voting machine">voting machine</a> accuracy is 'parallel testing', the process of using an independent set of results compared to the original machine results. Parallel testing can be done prior to or during an election. During an election, one form of parallel testing is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voter-verified_paper_audit_trail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voter-verified paper audit trail">voter-verified paper audit trail</a> (VVPAT) or verified paper record (VPR). A VVPAT is intended as an independent verification system for voting machines designed to allow voters to verify that their vote was cast correctly, to detect possible election fraud or malfunction, and to provide a means to audit the stored electronic results. This method is only effective if <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statistical_significance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Statistical significance">statistically significant</a> numbers of voters verify that their intended vote matches both the electronic and paper votes.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On election day, a statistically significant number of voting machines can be randomly selected from polling locations and used for testing. This can be used to detect potential fraud or malfunction unless manipulated software would only start to cheat after a certain event like a voter pressing a special key combination (Or a machine might cheat only if someone does not perform the combination, which requires more insider access but fewer voters).[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Another form of testing is 'Logic & Accuracy Testing (L&A)', pre-election testing of voting machines using test votes to determine if they are functioning correctly.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Open_source">Open source</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=40&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Open source" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Another method to ensure the integrity of electronic voting machines is independent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Software_verification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Software verification">software verification</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Certification_of_voting_machines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Certification of voting machines">certification</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CB1-129">[129]</a> Once a software is certified, code signing can ensure the software certified is identical to that which is used on election day. Some argue certification would be more effective if voting machine software was publicly available or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open source">open source</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-134">[134]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:6-135">[135]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VotingWorks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VotingWorks">VotingWorks</a> has created an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open-source_voting_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open-source voting system">open-source voting system</a> in the United States.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:5-136">[136]</a> Certification and testing processes conducted publicly and with oversight from interested parties can promote transparency in the election process. The integrity of those conducting testing can be questioned.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Testing and certification can prevent voting machines from being a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_Box_Voting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Box Voting">black box</a> where voters cannot be sure that counting inside is done as intended.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CB1-129">[129]</a> One method that people have argued would help prevent these machines from being tampered with would be for the companies that produce the machines to share the source code, which displays and captures the ballots, with computer scientists. This would allow external sources to make sure that the machines are working correctly.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bonsor-71">[71]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=41&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Administrative_resource?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Administrative resource">Administrative resource</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Branch_stacking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Branch stacking">Branch stacking</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carousel_voting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carousel voting">Carousel voting</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cooping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cooping">Cooping</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Election_ink?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Election ink">Election ink</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electoral fraud in the United States">Electoral fraud in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_integrity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electoral integrity">Electoral integrity</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foreign_electoral_intervention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foreign electoral intervention">Foreign electoral intervention</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerrymandering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=42&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-Further_reading_cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Further reading</a>" section may need cleanup. Please read the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">editing guide</a> and help improve the section. (May 2024) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="General">General</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=43&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: General" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li>Simpser, Alberto. Why Governments and Parties Manipulate Elections: Theory, Practice, and Implications (Cambridge University Press, 2013)</li> <li>Schaffer, Frederic Charles. The hidden costs of clean election reform (Cornell University Press, 2008)</li> <li>Lehoucq, Fabrice. "Electoral fraud: Causes, types, and consequences". Annual review of political science (2003) 6#1 pp. 233–256.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=44&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Latin America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li>Posada-Carbó, Eduardo. "Electoral Juggling: A Comparative History of the Corruption of Suffrage in Latin America, 1830–1930". Journal of Latin American Studies (2000). pp. 611–644.</li> <li>Silva, Marcos Fernandes da. "The political economy of corruption in Brazil". Revista de Administração de Empresas (1999) 39#3 pp. 26–41.</li> <li>Molina, Iván and Fabrice Lehoucq. "Political Competition and Electoral Fraud: A Latin American Case Study", Journal of Interdisciplinary History (1999) 30#2 pp. 199–234<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=45&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Russia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li>Reuter, O., & Szakonyi, D. (2021). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/electoral-manipulation-and-regime-support/D01D30F0D7D2DA066AEC35E32CEA30CC">Electoral Manipulation and Regime Support: Survey Evidence from Russia</a>". World Politics.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_Kingdom_2">United Kingdom</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=46&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United Kingdom" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li>Harling, Philip. "Rethinking "Old Corruption", Past & Present (1995) No. 147 pp. 127–158<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li>O'Gorman, Frank. Voters, Patrons and Parties: The Unreformed Electoral System of Hanoverian England, 1734–1832 (Oxford, 1989).</li> <li>O'Leary, Cornelius. The elimination of corrupt practices in British elections, 1868–1911 (Clarendon Press, 1962)</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_States_3">United States</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=47&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2005" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Tracy (2005). Deliver the Vote: A History of Election Fraud, An American Political Tradition, 1742–2004. Basic Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-78-671591-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-78-671591-6"><bdi>978-0-78-671591-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deliver+the+Vote%3A+A+History+of+Election+Fraud%2C+An+American+Political+Tradition%2C+1742%E2%80%932004&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-78-671591-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFacklerLin1995" class="citation book cs1">Fackler, Tim; Lin, Tse-min (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131946/https://repositories2.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4115/jop1.pdf?sequence%3D2">Political Corruption and Presidential Elections, 1929–1992</a> (PDF). Vol. 57. Journal of Politics. pp. 971–973. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://repositories2.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4115/jop1.pdf?sequence%3D2">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Corruption+and+Presidential+Elections%2C+1929%E2%80%931992&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E971-%3C%2Fspan%3E973&rft.pub=Journal+of+Politics&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Fackler&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Lin%2C+Tse-min&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositories2.lib.utexas.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2152%2F4115%2Fjop1.pdf%3Fsequence%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1993" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Mark Wahlgren (1993). The Era of Good Stealings. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507503-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507503-8"><bdi>978-0-19-507503-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Era+of+Good+Stealings&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507503-8&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Mark+Wahlgren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArgersinger1986" class="citation journal cs1">Argersinger, Peter H. (1986). "New Perspectives on Election Fraud in the Gilded Age". Political Science Quarterly. 100 (4). The Academy of Political Science: 669–687. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F2151546">10.2307/2151546</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2151546">2151546</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156214317">156214317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=New+Perspectives+on+Election+Fraud+in+the+Gilded+Age&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E669-%3C%2Fspan%3E687&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156214317%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2151546%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2151546&rft.aulast=Argersinger&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=48&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.brennancenter.org/issues/ensure-every-american-can-vote/vote-suppression/myth-voter-fraud">"The Myth of Voter Fraud"</a>. Brennan Center for Justice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927160321/https://www.brennancenter.org/issues/voter-fraud">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Voter+Fraud&rft.pub=Brennan+Center+for+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brennancenter.org%2Fissues%2Fensure-every-american-can-vote%2Fvote-suppression%2Fmyth-voter-fraud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-jones-taxo-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-jones-taxo_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2005" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Douglas (7 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://homepage.divms.uiowa.edu/~jones/voting/nist2005.shtml">"Threats to Voting Systems"</a>. University of Iowa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930002622/http://homepage.divms.uiowa.edu/~jones/voting/nist2005.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Threats+to+Voting+Systems&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa&rft.date=2005-10-07&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.divms.uiowa.edu%2F~jones%2Fvoting%2Fnist2005.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"> <ul> <li>also at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2005" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Douglas (7 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nist.gov/document-13971">"An Expanded Threat Taxonomy"</a>. National Institute of Standards and Technology. pp. 178–179. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115180645/https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/itl/vote/threatworksummary.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Expanded+Threat+Taxonomy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft.date=2005-10-07&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fdocument-13971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> </ul></li> <li id="cite_note-Myagkov-3">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Myagkov_3-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Myagkov_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyagkovPeter_C._OrdeshookDimitri_Shakin2009" class="citation book cs1">Myagkov, Mikhail G.; Peter C. Ordeshook; Dimitri Shakin (2009). The Forensics of Election Fraud: Russia and Ukraine. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76470-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76470-4"><bdi>978-0-521-76470-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forensics+of+Election+Fraud%3A+Russia+and+Ukraine&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76470-4&rft.aulast=Myagkov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail+G.&rft.au=Peter+C.+Ordeshook&rft.au=Dimitri+Shakin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Alvarez-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Alvarez_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvarezHallHyde2008" class="citation book cs1">Alvarez, Michael; Hall, Thad; Hyde, Susan (2008). Election Fraud: Detecting and Deterring Electoral Manipulation. Brookings Institution Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81-570138-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81-570138-5"><bdi>978-0-81-570138-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Election+Fraud%3A+Detecting+and+Deterring+Electoral+Manipulation&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-81-570138-5&rft.aulast=Alvarez&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Hall%2C+Thad&rft.au=Hyde%2C+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrancati2016" class="citation book cs1">Brancati, Dawn (2016). Democracy Protests: Origins, Features, and Significance. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107137738?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107137738"><bdi>978-1107137738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+Protests%3A+Origins%2C+Features%2C+and+Significance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1107137738&rft.aulast=Brancati&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"> [<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2024" class="citation web cs1">Nicholson, Christie (23 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.findlaw.com/voting/how-u-s--elections-work/what-is-electoral-and-voter-fraud-.html">"What Is Electoral and Voter Fraud?"</a>. Findlaw. Retrieved 26 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Findlaw&rft.atitle=What+Is+Electoral+and+Voter+Fraud%3F&rft.date=2024-04-23&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Christie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.findlaw.com%2Fvoting%2Fhow-u-s--elections-work%2Fwhat-is-electoral-and-voter-fraud-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-legifrance.gouv.fr-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-legifrance.gouv.fr_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000032964814">"Article L113 - Code électoral"</a>. legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 7 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legifrance.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Article+L113+-+Code+%C3%A9lectoral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2Fcodes%2Farticle_lc%2FLEGIARTI000032964814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111172709/http://www.nvri.org/about/new_york_state_policies.shtml">"NVRI Files Amicus Brief in Federal Court Regarding Felon Disenfranchisement"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Voting Rights Institute">National Voting Rights Institute</a>. 31 January 2005. 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Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000FMPMK6">B000FMPMK6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Suffrage+from+Property+to+Democracy&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+U.+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000FMPMK6%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Chilton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Saltman-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Saltman_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaltman2006" class="citation book cs1">Saltman, Roy G. (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.palgrave-usa.com/catalog/product.aspx?isbn%3D1403963924">The History and Politics of Voting Technology</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-6392-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-6392-4"><bdi>1-4039-6392-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214075234/http://www.palgrave-usa.com/catalog/product.aspx?isbn%3D1403963924">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Politics+of+Voting+Technology&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006-01&rft.isbn=1-4039-6392-4&rft.aulast=Saltman&rft.aufirst=Roy+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palgrave-usa.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct.aspx%3Fisbn%3D1403963924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200102/ldjudgmt/jd011213/magill-2.htm">"Judgments - Magill v. Porter Magill v. Weeks"</a>. House of Lords. 13 December 2001. Retrieved 3 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judgments+-+Magill+v.+Porter+Magill+v.+Weeks&rft.pub=House+of+Lords&rft.date=2001-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld200102%2Fldjudgmt%2Fjd011213%2Fmagill-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Sadiq-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sadiq_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadiq2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sadiq, Kamal (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080614044317/http://www.cri.uci.edu/pdf/ISQ2005FinalCopy.pdf">"When States Prefer Non-Citizens Over Citizens: Conflict Over Illegal Immigration into Malaysia"</a> (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. 49: 101–22. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.0020-8833.2005.00336.x">10.1111/j.0020-8833.2005.00336.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cri.uci.edu/pdf/ISQ2005FinalCopy.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 June 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=When+States+Prefer+Non-Citizens+Over+Citizens%3A+Conflict+Over+Illegal+Immigration+into+Malaysia&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0020-8833.2005.00336.x&rft.aulast=Sadiq&rft.aufirst=Kamal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cri.uci.edu%2Fpdf%2FISQ2005FinalCopy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2015" class="citation news cs1">Young, Toby (17 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/general-election-2015/politics-blog/11680016/Why-Tories-should-join-Labour-and-back-Jeremy-Corbyn.html">"Why Tories should join Labour and back Jeremy Corbyn"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424083122/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/general-election-2015/politics-blog/11680016/Why-Tories-should-join-Labour-and-back-Jeremy-Corbyn.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Why+Tories+should+join+Labour+and+back+Jeremy+Corbyn&rft.date=2015-06-17&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgeneral-election-2015%2Fpolitics-blog%2F11680016%2FWhy-Tories-should-join-Labour-and-back-Jeremy-Corbyn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-rc-14">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rc_14-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rc_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell-Davidson2015" class="citation web cs1">O'Connell-Davidson, Michael (24 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/labour-s-response-to-toriesforcorbyn-shows-they-really-have-lost-the-plot/">"Labour's response to #ToriesForCorbyn shows they really have lost the plot"</a>. spectator.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828230208/https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2015/06/labours-response-to-toriesforcorbyn-shows-they-really-have-lost-the-plot/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spectator.co.uk&rft.atitle=Labour%27s+response+to+%23ToriesForCorbyn+shows+they+really+have+lost+the+plot&rft.date=2015-06-24&rft.aulast=O%27Connell-Davidson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Flabour-s-response-to-toriesforcorbyn-shows-they-really-have-lost-the-plot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazelon2018" class="citation news cs1">Bazelon, Emily (26 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/26/magazine/ex-felons-voting-rights-florida.html">"Will Florida's Ex-Felons Finally Regain the Right to Vote?"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104060802/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/26/magazine/ex-felons-voting-rights-florida.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Will+Florida%27s+Ex-Felons+Finally+Regain+the+Right+to+Vote%3F&rft.date=2018-09-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Bazelon&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F09%2F26%2Fmagazine%2Fex-felons-voting-rights-florida.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagaloni" class="citation web cs1">Magaloni, Beatriz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/ruleoflaw/papers/Magaloni.pdf">"Autocratic Elections, Voters, and the Game of Fraud"</a> (PDF). Yale Macmillan Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222144822/http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/ruleoflaw/papers/Magaloni.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Autocratic+Elections%2C+Voters%2C+and+the+Game+of+Fraud&rft.pub=Yale+Macmillan+Center&rft.aulast=Magaloni&rft.aufirst=Beatriz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fmacmillan%2Fruleoflaw%2Fpapers%2FMagaloni.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoundstone,_William2009" class="citation book cs1">Poundstone, William (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D_24bJHyBV6sC%26q%3DGaming%2520the%2520Vote%253A%2520Why%2520elections%2520Aren't%2520Fair%26pg%3DPA170">Gaming the Vote: Why Elections Aren't Fair (And What We Can Do About It)</a>. Macmillan. p. 170. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-4892-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-4892-2"><bdi>978-0-8090-4892-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115180652/https://books.google.com/books?id%3D_24bJHyBV6sC%26q%3DGaming%2Bthe%2BVote%253A%2BWhy%2Belections%2BAren%2527t%2BFair%26pg%3DPA170">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaming+the+Vote%3A+Why+Elections+Aren%27t+Fair+%28And+What+We+Can+Do+About+It%29&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-4892-2&rft.au=Poundstone%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_24bJHyBV6sC%26q%3DGaming%2520the%2520Vote%253A%2520Why%2520elections%2520Aren%27t%2520Fair%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBialik,_Carl2011" class="citation news cs1">Bialik, Carl (14 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703864204576321171406816538">"Latest Issue on the Ballot: How to Hold a Vote"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723083018/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703864204576321171406816538">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Latest+Issue+on+the+Ballot%3A+How+to+Hold+a+Vote&rft.date=2011-05-14&rft.au=Bialik%2C+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052748703864204576321171406816538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:15-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:15_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2022" class="citation news cs1">Davis, Wynne (4 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.npr.org/2022/11/04/1133988262/voter-intimidation-midterm-election-2022">"What is voter intimidation and how concerned should you be?"</a>. NPR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=What+is+voter+intimidation+and+how+concerned+should+you+be%3F&rft.date=2022-11-04&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Wynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F11%2F04%2F1133988262%2Fvoter-intimidation-midterm-election-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304173104/http://www.madison.com/tct/news/index.php?ntid%3D106590%26ntpid%3D12">"Did bomb threat stifle vote? (Capital Times)"</a>. Madison.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.madison.com/tct/news/index.php?ntid%3D106590%26ntpid%3D12">the original</a> on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+bomb+threat+stifle+vote%3F+%28Capital+Times%29&rft.pub=Madison.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madison.com%2Ftct%2Fnews%2Findex.php%3Fntid%3D106590%26ntpid%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1993" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Joseph F. (13 November 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res%3D9F0CE6D91638F932A25752C1A965958260">"Florio's Defeat Revives Memories of G.O.P. Activities in 1981"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307042105/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res%3D9F0CE6D91638F932A25752C1A965958260">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Florio%27s+Defeat+Revives+Memories+of+G.O.P.+Activities+in+1981&rft.date=1993-11-13&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9F0CE6D91638F932A25752C1A965958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-22">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-autogenerated2_22-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-autogenerated2_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026234525/http://www.ep365.org/site/c.fnKGIMNtEoG/b.2052599/k.6FF4/Intimidation_and_Deceptive_Practices.htm">"Intimidation and Deceptive Practices"</a>. Election Protection 365. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ep365.org/site/c.fnKGIMNtEoG/b.2052599/k.6FF4/Intimidation_and_Deceptive_Practices.htm">the original</a> on 26 October 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Election+Protection+365&rft.atitle=Intimidation+and+Deceptive+Practices&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ep365.org%2Fsite%2Fc.fnKGIMNtEoG%2Fb.2052599%2Fk.6FF4%2FIntimidation_and_Deceptive_Practices.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121190107/http://www.ep365.org/site/c.fnKGIMNtEoG/b.2052599/k.6FF4/Intimidation_and_Deceptive_Practices.htm">"Intimidation and Deceptive Practices EP365"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ep365.org/site/c.fnKGIMNtEoG/b.2052599/k.6FF4/Intimidation_and_Deceptive_Practices.htm">the original</a> on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intimidation+and+Deceptive+Practices+EP365&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ep365.org%2Fsite%2Fc.fnKGIMNtEoG%2Fb.2052599%2Fk.6FF4%2FIntimidation_and_Deceptive_Practices.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404073205/http://www.ac4vr.com/reports/072005/republicanincidents.html">"Incidents Of Voter Intimidation & Suppression"</a>. 8 November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ac4vr.com/reports/072005/republicanincidents.html">the original</a> on 4 April 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Incidents+Of+Voter+Intimidation+%26+Suppression&rft.date=2006-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ac4vr.com%2Freports%2F072005%2Frepublicanincidents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-z564-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-z564_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryeReuterSzakonyi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Frye, Timothy; Reuter, Ora John; Szakonyi, David (2019). "Hitting Them With Carrots: Voter Intimidation and Vote Buying in Russia". British Journal of Political Science. 49 (3): 857–881. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FS0007123416000752">10.1017/S0007123416000752</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1234">0007-1234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Hitting+Them+With+Carrots%3A+Voter+Intimidation+and+Vote+Buying+in+Russia&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E857-%3C%2Fspan%3E881&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007123416000752&rft.issn=0007-1234&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Reuter%2C+Ora+John&rft.au=Szakonyi%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911173014/http://foia.state.gov/Reports/ChurchReport.asp">"Church Report (Covert Action in Chile 1963–1973)"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_Committee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Senate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. 1975. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foia.state.gov/Reports/ChurchReport.asp">the original</a> on 11 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Church+Committee&rft.atitle=Church+Report+%28Covert+Action+in+Chile+1963%E2%80%931973%29&rft.date=1975&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffoia.state.gov%2FReports%2FChurchReport.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1993" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Joseph F. (13 November 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/11/nyregion/florio-s-defeat-revives-memories-of-gop-activities-in-1981.html">"Florio's Defeat Revives Memories of G.O.P. Activities in 1981"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006221017/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/11/nyregion/florio-s-defeat-revives-memories-of-gop-activities-in-1981.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Florio%27s+Defeat+Revives+Memories+of+G.O.P.+Activities+in+1981&rft.date=1993-11-13&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F11%2F11%2Fnyregion%2Fflorio-s-defeat-revives-memories-of-gop-activities-in-1981.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/02/22/racknine-inc-fraudulent-election-calls-traced/">"Fraudulent election calls traced to Racknine Inc., an Edmonton firm with Tory links"</a>. National Post. 23 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20200326163708/https://nationalpost.com/category/news/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Fraudulent+election+calls+traced+to+Racknine+Inc.%2C+an+Edmonton+firm+with+Tory+links&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2F2012%2F02%2F22%2Fracknine-inc-fraudulent-election-calls-traced%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://apnews.com/article/2022-midterm-elections-michigan-ohio-cleveland-california-9fd2a1c998ff26412fd53c83cb3efc09/">"2 conservatives accused in hoax robocall scheme plead guilty"</a>. Associated Press. 24 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029032524/https://apnews.com/article/2022-midterm-elections-michigan-ohio-cleveland-california-9fd2a1c998ff26412fd53c83cb3efc09">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=2+conservatives+accused+in+hoax+robocall+scheme+plead+guilty&rft.date=2022-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F2022-midterm-elections-michigan-ohio-cleveland-california-9fd2a1c998ff26412fd53c83cb3efc09%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/10/13/mail-in-voting-became-much-more-common-in-2020-primaries-as-covid-19-spread/">"Mail-in voting became much more common in 2020 primaries as COVID-19 spread"</a>. Pew Research Center study published. 24 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031202447/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/10/13/mail-in-voting-became-much-more-common-in-2020-primaries-as-covid-19-spread/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center+study+published&rft.atitle=Mail-in+voting+became+much+more+common+in+2020+primaries+as+COVID-19+spread&rft.date=2022-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2020%2F10%2F13%2Fmail-in-voting-became-much-more-common-in-2020-primaries-as-covid-19-spread%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/crime/wohl-election-robocalls-cleveland-court-b2209703.html">"Conspiracy theorist Jacob Wohl pleads guilty to felony over 2020 election robocalls"</a>. The Independent (US Edition). 25 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025144929/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/crime/wohl-election-robocalls-cleveland-court-b2209703.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent+%28US+Edition%29&rft.atitle=Conspiracy+theorist+Jacob+Wohl+pleads+guilty+to+felony+over+2020+election+robocalls&rft.date=2022-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fcrime%2Fwohl-election-robocalls-cleveland-court-b2209703.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-2913.05">"Section 2913.05 - Ohio Revised Code | Ohio Laws"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Section+2913.05+-+Ohio+Revised+Code+%26%23124%3B+Ohio+Laws&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcodes.ohio.gov%2Fohio-revised-code%2Fsection-2913.05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/25/politics/jacob-wohl-jack-burkman-robocall-guilty">"Conservative activists plead guilty in 2020 election robocall fraud"</a>. CNN. 25 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102215623/https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/25/politics/jacob-wohl-jack-burkman-robocall-guilty">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Conservative+activists+plead+guilty+in+2020+election+robocall+fraud&rft.date=2022-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F10%2F25%2Fpolitics%2Fjacob-wohl-jack-burkman-robocall-guilty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes_20240524-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NYTimes_20240524_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYourishSmart2024" class="citation news cs1">Yourish, Karen; Smart, Charlie (24 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/05/24/us/politics/trump-election-results-doubt.html">"Trump's Pattern of Sowing Election Doubt Intensifies in 2024"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20240524231457/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/05/24/us/politics/trump-election-results-doubt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+Pattern+of+Sowing+Election+Doubt+Intensifies+in+2024&rft.date=2024-05-24&rft.aulast=Yourish&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Smart%2C+Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2024%2F05%2F24%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-election-results-doubt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hindustantimes.com/us-presidential-election/trump-s-lawyer-alleges-voter-fraud-in-big-cities-says-loss-in-pennsylvania-statistically-impossible/story-gVvKtEvne61KxN7Dd7ZM9L.html">"Trump's lawyer alleges voter fraud in 'big cities', says loss in Pennsylvania 'statistically impossible'"</a>. Hindustan Times. 19 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119181223/https://www.hindustantimes.com/us-presidential-election/trump-s-lawyer-alleges-voter-fraud-in-big-cities-says-loss-in-pennsylvania-statistically-impossible/story-gVvKtEvne61KxN7Dd7ZM9L.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+lawyer+alleges+voter+fraud+in+%27big+cities%27%2C+says+loss+in+Pennsylvania+%27statistically+impossible%27&rft.date=2020-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fus-presidential-election%2Ftrump-s-lawyer-alleges-voter-fraud-in-big-cities-says-loss-in-pennsylvania-statistically-impossible%2Fstory-gVvKtEvne61KxN7Dd7ZM9L.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://news.yahoo.com/trump-claims-mail-voting-lead-230736725.html">"Trump claims without evidence that mail voting leads to cheating: A guide to facts on absentee ballots"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=Trump+claims+without+evidence+that+mail+voting+leads+to+cheating%3A+A+guide+to+facts+on+absentee+ballots&rft.date=2020-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Ftrump-claims-mail-voting-lead-230736725.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConradis2020" class="citation web cs1">Conradis, Brandon (1 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/528194-barr-says-doj-hasnt-uncovered-widespread-voter-fraud-in-2020-election">"Barr says DOJ hasn't uncovered widespread voter fraud in 2020 election"</a>. The Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201193802/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/528194-barr-says-doj-hasnt-uncovered-widespread-voter-fraud-in-2020-election">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Barr+says+DOJ+hasn%27t+uncovered+widespread+voter+fraud+in+2020+election&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft.aulast=Conradis&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fadministration%2F528194-barr-says-doj-hasnt-uncovered-widespread-voter-fraud-in-2020-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-54926084">"US election security officials reject Trump's fraud claims"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=US+election+security+officials+reject+Trump%27s+fraud+claims&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Felection-us-2020-54926084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-t008-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-t008_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavarese2022" class="citation web cs1">Savarese, Mauricio (25 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/brazilian-voters-bombarded-with-misinformation-days-before-vote">"Brazilian voters bombarded with misinformation days before vote"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rienner.com&rft.atitle=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers+%E2%80%93+Elections+for+Sale+The+Causes+and+Consequences+of+Vote+Buying&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rienner.com%2Ftitle%2FElections_for_Sale_The_Causes_and_Consequences_of_Vote_Buying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021021000/http://vote.nist.gov/threats/papers.htm">"Threat Analyses & Papers"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://vote.nist.gov/threats/papers.htm">the original</a> on 21 October 2006. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res%3D9901E7D9173DF937A15754C0A9629C8B63%26n%3DTop/Reference/Times%2520Topics/Organizations/B/Board%2520of%2520Elections">the original</a> on 4 March 2009. 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Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Bay+Times&rft.atitle=Button+on+e-voting+machine+allows+multiple+votes&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastbaytimes.com%2F2006%2F11%2F01%2Fbutton-on-e-voting-machine-allows-multiple-votes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickins2006" class="citation news cs1">Hickins, Michael (3 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.internetnews.com/bus-news/article.php/3641671">"A little yellow button on the back of Sequoia voting machines provides a manual override that lets a single person vote multiple times"</a>. InternetNews.com. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InternetNews.com&rft.atitle=A+little+yellow+button+on+the+back+of+Sequoia+voting+machines+provides+a+manual+override+that+lets+a+single+person+vote+multiple+times.&rft.date=2006-11-03&rft.aulast=Hickins&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetnews.com%2Fbus-news%2Farticle.php%2F3641671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColl2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steve_Coll?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steve Coll">Coll, Steve</a> (2019). Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penguin_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>. pp. 649–650. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143132509?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780143132509"><bdi>9780143132509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directorate+S%3A+The+C.I.A.+and+America%27s+Secret+Wars+in+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E649-%3C%2Fspan%3E650&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780143132509&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodner2018" class="citation news cs1">Bodner, Matthew (19 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/03/19/videos-online-show-blatant-ballot-stuffing-in-russia/">"Analysis | Videos online show blatant ballot-stuffing in Russia"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713010647/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/03/19/videos-online-show-blatant-ballot-stuffing-in-russia/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Analysis+%7C+Videos+online+show+blatant+ballot-stuffing+in+Russia&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft.aulast=Bodner&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2018%2F03%2F19%2Fvideos-online-show-blatant-ballot-stuffing-in-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Cyber-stuffing_remains_threat-53">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Cyber-stuffing_remains_threat_53-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Cyber-stuffing_remains_threat_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRovell2001" class="citation news cs1">Rovell, Darren (26 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.espn.com/mlb/s/2001/0624/1218244.html">"Cyber-stuffing remains threat to All-Star voting"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ESPN.com?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ESPN.com">ESPN.com</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ESPN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ESPN">ESPN</a>. Retrieved 7 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESPN.com&rft.atitle=Cyber-stuffing+remains+threat+to+All-Star+voting&rft.date=2001-06-26&rft.aulast=Rovell&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fmlb%2Fs%2F2001%2F0624%2F1218244.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025004153/http://www.sportingnews.com/mlb-news/4647665-mlb-cancels-65-million-all-star-ballots-royals-omar-infane-fraud-fake-votes">"MLB says it has canceled as many as 65 million All-Star ballots | MLB | Sporting News"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sportingnews.com/mlb-news/4647665-mlb-cancels-65-million-all-star-ballots-royals-omar-infane-fraud-fake-votes">the original</a> on 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MLB+says+it+has+canceled+as+many+as+65+million+All-Star+ballots+%7C+MLB+%7C+Sporting+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportingnews.com%2Fmlb-news%2F4647665-mlb-cancels-65-million-all-star-ballots-royals-omar-infane-fraud-fake-votes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-a258-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-a258_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.iri.org/news/iri-releases-final-report-on-georgias-parliamentary-elections/">"IRI Releases Final Report on Georgia's Parliamentary Elections"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Republican+Institute&rft.atitle=IRI+Releases+Final+Report+on+Georgia%E2%80%99s+Parliamentary+Elections&rft.date=2024-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iri.org%2Fnews%2Firi-releases-final-report-on-georgias-parliamentary-elections%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.rfi.fr/en/wires/20200203-malawi-anxiously-awaits-verdict-alleged-presidential-election-fraud">"Malawi anxiously awaits verdict on alleged presidential election fraud"</a>. Radio France Internationale. 3 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203201434/http://www.rfi.fr/en/wires/20200203-malawi-anxiously-awaits-verdict-alleged-presidential-election-fraud">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malawi+anxiously+awaits+verdict+on+alleged+presidential+election+fraud&rft.pub=Radio+France+Internationale&rft.date=2020-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fen%2Fwires%2F20200203-malawi-anxiously-awaits-verdict-alleged-presidential-election-fraud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/malawi-top-court-annuls-presidential-election-results-200203060112731.html">"Malawi top court annuls presidential election results"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204122939/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/malawi-top-court-annuls-presidential-election-results-200203060112731.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malawi+top+court+annuls+presidential+election+results&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F02%2Fmalawi-top-court-annuls-presidential-election-results-200203060112731.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-fluid-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-fluid_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/ccrov/pdf/2020/september/20226rb.pdf">"2 CCR 20983(c)(6)"</a> (PDF). California Secretary of State. 1 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009002428/https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/ccrov/pdf/2020/september/20226rb.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2+CCR+20983%28c%29%286%29&rft.pub=California+Secretary+of+State&rft.date=2020-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felections.cdn.sos.ca.gov%2Fccrov%2Fpdf%2F2020%2Fseptember%2F20226rb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-freed-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-freed_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreed2019" class="citation news cs1">Freed, Benjamin (7 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://statescoop.com/south-carolina-voting-machines-miscounted-hundreds-of-ballots-report-finds/">"South Carolina voting machines miscounted hundreds of ballots, report finds"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205230625/https://statescoop.com/south-carolina-voting-machines-miscounted-hundreds-of-ballots-report-finds/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2020. 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(7 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nordicinnovationlabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/everest.pdf">Everest: Evaluation and Validation of Election-Related Equipment, Standards and Testing</a> (PDF) (Report). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715183345/https://nordicinnovationlabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/everest.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Everest%3A+Evaluation+and+Validation+of+Election-Related+Equipment%2C+Standards+and+Testing&rft.date=2007-12-07&rft.au=McDaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnordicinnovationlabs.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F07%2Feverest.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419083742/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/vote_2005/england/4510971.stm">"Row over Alzheimer woman's proxy"</a>. BBC News. 4 May 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/vote_2005/england/4510971.stm">the original</a> on 19 April 2016. 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Retrieved 29 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Man+in+the+Middle%22+Attacks+to+Subvert+the+Vote&rft.pub=Electiondefensealliance.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felectiondefensealliance.org%2Fman_in_the_middle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-birth-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-birth_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://penguin.bookslive.co.za/blog/2010/10/25/excerpt-from-birth-the-conspiracy-to-stop-the-94-election-by-peter-harris/">"Excerpt from Birth: The Conspiracy to Stop the '94 Election by Peter Harris"</a>. Penguin SA @ Sunday Times Books. 25 October 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penguin+SA+%40+Sunday+Times+Books&rft.atitle=Excerpt+from+Birth%3A+The+Conspiracy+to+Stop+the+%2794+Election+by+Peter+Harris&rft.date=2010-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenguin.bookslive.co.za%2Fblog%2F2010%2F10%2F25%2Fexcerpt-from-birth-the-conspiracy-to-stop-the-94-election-by-peter-harris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-umuzi-75"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-umuzi_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2010" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Peter (2010). Birth: The Conspiracy to Stop the '94 Election (1st ed.). Cape Town: Umuzi. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4152-0102-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4152-0102-2"><bdi>978-1-4152-0102-2</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/683401576">683401576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birth%3A+The+Conspiracy+to+Stop+the+%2794+Election&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Umuzi&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F683401576&rft.isbn=978-1-4152-0102-2&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-laing-76"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-laing_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaing2010" class="citation news cs1">Laing, Aislinn (24 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/8084053/Election-won-by-Mandela-rigged-by-opposition.html">"Election won by Mandela 'rigged by opposition'"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203233046/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/8084053/Election-won-by-Mandela-rigged-by-opposition.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Election+won+by+Mandela+%27rigged+by+opposition%27&rft.date=2010-10-24&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Laing&rft.aufirst=Aislinn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Fsouthafrica%2F8084053%2FElection-won-by-Mandela-rigged-by-opposition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-clayton-77"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-clayton_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton2014" class="citation news cs1">Clayton, Mark (17 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Passcode/2014/0617/Ukraine-election-narrowly-avoided-wanton-destruction-from-hackers">"Ukraine election narrowly avoided 'wanton destruction' from hackers"</a>. The Christian Science Monitor. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729">0882-7729</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013043238/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Passcode/2014/0617/Ukraine-election-narrowly-avoided-wanton-destruction-from-hackers">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Ukraine+election+narrowly+avoided+%27wanton+destruction%27+from+hackers&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft.issn=0882-7729&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FPasscode%2F2014%2F0617%2FUkraine-election-narrowly-avoided-wanton-destruction-from-hackers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesClark2020" class="citation journal cs1">James, Toby S.; Clark, Alistair (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01442872.2019.1694656">"Electoral integrity, voter fraud and voter ID in polling stations: Lessons from English local elections"</a>. Policy Studies. 41 (2–3): 190–209. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1080%252F01442872.2019.1694656">10.1080/01442872.2019.1694656</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214322870">214322870</a>. <q>Attempted impersonation was exceptionally rare, however, and measures to introduce voter identification requirements therefore had little effect on the security of the electoral process.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Policy+Studies&rft.atitle=Electoral+integrity%2C+voter+fraud+and+voter+ID+in+polling+stations%3A+Lessons+from+English+local+elections&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01442872.2019.1694656&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214322870%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Toby+S.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F01442872.2019.1694656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-q344-79"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-q344_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2023" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Peter (3 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/apr/03/voter-photo-id-plan-attacked-as-uk-data-shows-no-cases-of-impersonation">"Voter photo ID plan attacked as UK data shows no cases of impersonation"</a>. the Guardian. Retrieved 7 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Voter+photo+ID+plan+attacked+as+UK+data+shows+no+cases+of+impersonation&rft.date=2023-04-03&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2023%2Fapr%2F03%2Fvoter-photo-id-plan-attacked-as-uk-data-shows-no-cases-of-impersonation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/voter-fraud-measures-announced-in-the-queens-speech">"Voter fraud measures announced in the Queen's speech"</a>. 14 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voter+fraud+measures+announced+in+the+Queen%27s+speech&rft.date=2021-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Fvoter-fraud-measures-announced-in-the-queens-speech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer,_Jane2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Mayer, Jane (29 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/29/the-voter-fraud-myth">"The Voter-Fraud Myth"</a>. The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106060127/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/29/the-voter-fraud-myth">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Voter-Fraud+Myth&rft.date=2012-10-29&rft.au=Mayer%2C+Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2012%2F10%2F29%2Fthe-voter-fraud-myth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-l527-82"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-l527_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCillizza2021" class="citation web cs1">Cillizza, Chris (25 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/25/politics/voter-id-election-law-voting-rights/index.html">"Analysis: Voter ID requirements are really popular. So why are they so divisive?"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 1 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Voter+ID+requirements+are+really+popular.+So+why+are+they+so+divisive%3F&rft.date=2021-06-25&rft.aulast=Cillizza&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F06%2F25%2Fpolitics%2Fvoter-id-election-law-voting-rights%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-o528-83"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-o528_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakich2021" class="citation web cs1">Rakich, Nathaniel (2 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/americans-oppose-many-voting-restrictions-but-not-voter-id-laws/">"Americans Oppose Many Voting Restrictions — But Not Voter ID Laws"</a>. FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 1 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FiveThirtyEight&rft.atitle=Americans+Oppose+Many+Voting+Restrictions+%E2%80%94+But+Not+Voter+ID+Laws&rft.date=2021-04-02&rft.aulast=Rakich&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffivethirtyeight.com%2Ffeatures%2Famericans-oppose-many-voting-restrictions-but-not-voter-id-laws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Ahlquist2-84"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ahlquist2_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhlquistMayerJackman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ahlquist, John S.; Mayer, Kenneth R.; Jackman, Simon (1 December 2014). "Alien Abduction and Voter Impersonation in the 2012 U.S. General Election: Evidence from a Survey List Experiment". Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy. 13 (4): 460–475. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1089%252Felj.2013.0231">10.1089/elj.2013.0231</a>. <q>Existing studies, relying mainly on documented criminal prosecutions and investigations of apparent irregularities, turn up very little evidence of fraud. Critics argue that this is unsurprising because casting fraudulent votes is easy and largely undetectable without strict photo ID requirements.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Election+Law+Journal%3A+Rules%2C+Politics%2C+and+Policy&rft.atitle=Alien+Abduction+and+Voter+Impersonation+in+the+2012+U.S.+General+Election%3A+Evidence+from+a+Survey+List+Experiment&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E460-%3C%2Fspan%3E475&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Felj.2013.0231&rft.aulast=Ahlquist&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft.au=Mayer%2C+Kenneth+R.&rft.au=Jackman%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-v612-85"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-v612_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatelain2021" class="citation web cs1">Chatelain, Ryan (15 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/politics/2021/07/14/debate-over-photo-voter-id-laws-enduring-and-complex">"Debate over photo voter ID laws is enduring – and complex"</a>. Spectrum News NY1. Retrieved 1 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spectrum+News+NY1&rft.atitle=Debate+over+photo+voter+ID+laws+is+enduring+%E2%80%93+and+complex&rft.date=2021-07-15&rft.aulast=Chatelain&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fny1.com%2Fnyc%2Fall-boroughs%2Fpolitics%2F2021%2F07%2F14%2Fdebate-over-photo-voter-id-laws-enduring-and-complex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-w819-86"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-w819_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRousu2014" class="citation web cs1">Rousu, Matthew (3 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/09/03/voter-id-would-protect-voters-rights-not-inhibit-them/">"Voter ID Would Protect Voter's Rights, Not Inhibit Them"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907085247/https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/09/03/voter-id-would-protect-voters-rights-not-inhibit-them/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Voter+ID+Would+Protect+Voter%27s+Rights%2C+Not+Inhibit+Them&rft.date=2014-09-03&rft.aulast=Rousu&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Frealspin%2F2014%2F09%2F03%2Fvoter-id-would-protect-voters-rights-not-inhibit-them%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-post-87"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-post_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRober_Barnes2016" class="citation news cs1">Rober Barnes (1 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/federal-judge-blocks-n-dakotas-voter-id-law-calling-it-unfair-to-native-americans/2016/08/01/47a903e0-582c-11e6-9767-f6c947fd0cb8_story.html">"Federal judge blocks N. Dakota's voter-ID law, calling it unfair to Native Americans"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Washington_Post?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802180358/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/federal-judge-blocks-n-dakotas-voter-id-law-calling-it-unfair-to-native-americans/2016/08/01/47a903e0-582c-11e6-9767-f6c947fd0cb8_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Federal+judge+blocks+N.+Dakota%27s+voter-ID+law%2C+calling+it+unfair+to+Native+Americans&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft.au=Rober+Barnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcourts_law%2Ffederal-judge-blocks-n-dakotas-voter-id-law-calling-it-unfair-to-native-americans%2F2016%2F08%2F01%2F47a903e0-582c-11e6-9767-f6c947fd0cb8_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-nh_once-88"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nh_once_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Pindell2018" class="citation news cs1">James Pindell (1 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026064758/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/06/01/says-once-and-for-all-that-one-was-bused-vote/bQxQPQxyrvEOUzXTirnwDP/story.html">"N.H. says once and for all that no one was bused in to vote"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Boston_Globe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/06/01/says-once-and-for-all-that-one-was-bused-vote/bQxQPQxyrvEOUzXTirnwDP/story.html">the original</a> on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=N.H.+says+once+and+for+all+that+no+one+was+bused+in+to+vote&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft.au=James+Pindell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fmetro%2F2018%2F06%2F01%2Fsays-once-and-for-all-that-one-was-bused-vote%2FbQxQPQxyrvEOUzXTirnwDP%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial_Board2017" class="citation web cs1">Editorial Board (25 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/opinion/editorials/article146486019.html">"Now we know how bad voter fraud is in North Carolina"</a>. Charlotte Observer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204936/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/opinion/editorials/article146486019.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charlotte+Observer&rft.atitle=Now+we+know+how+bad+voter+fraud+is+in+North+Carolina&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft.au=Editorial+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlotteobserver.com%2Fopinion%2Feditorials%2Farticle146486019.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425061254/https://s3.amazonaws.com/dl.ncsbe.gov/sboe/Post-Election%2520Audit%2520Report_2016%2520General%2520Election/Post-Election_Audit_Report.pdf">"North Carolina State Board of Elections"</a> (PDF) (Press release). 21 April 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://s3.amazonaws.com/dl.ncsbe.gov/sboe/Post-Election%2520Audit%2520Report_2016%2520General%2520Election/Post-Election_Audit_Report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Carolina+State+Board+of+Elections&rft.date=2017-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Fdl.ncsbe.gov%2Fsboe%2FPost-Election%2520Audit%2520Report_2016%2520General%2520Election%2FPost-Election_Audit_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-news21-91"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-news21_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://votingrights.news21.com/interactive/election-fraud-database/">"Who Can Vote?"</a>. A News21 2012 National Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605190855/https://votingrights.news21.com/interactive/election-fraud-database/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who+Can+Vote%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvotingrights.news21.com%2Finteractive%2Felection-fraud-database%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-inq-92"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-inq_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn" class="citation news cs1">Kahn, Natasha and Corbin Carson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/politics/presidential/20120811_Investigation__election_day_fraud_virtually_nonexistent.html">"Investigation: election day fraud 'virtually nonexistent'"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615230521/https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/politics/presidential/20120811_Investigation__election_day_fraud_virtually_nonexistent.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Investigation%3A+election+day+fraud+%27virtually+nonexistent%27&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Natasha+and+Corbin+Carson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inquirer.com%2Fphilly%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fpresidential%2F20120811_Investigation__election_day_fraud_virtually_nonexistent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-pickles-93">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pickles_93-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pickles_93-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pickles_93-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pickles_93-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pickles_93-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickles2016" class="citation web cs1">Pickles, Eric (11 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/545416/eric_pickles_report_electoral_fraud.pdf">"Securing the ballot, Report of Sir Eric Pickles' review into electoral fraud"</a> (PDF). United Kingdom Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817030054/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/545416/eric_pickles_report_electoral_fraud.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Securing+the+ballot%2C+Report+of+Sir+Eric+Pickles%27+review+into+electoral+fraud&rft.pub=United+Kingdom+Government&rft.date=2016-08-11&rft.aulast=Pickles&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F545416%2Feric_pickles_report_electoral_fraud.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-nprav-94"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nprav_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2016" class="citation news cs1">Young, Ashley (23 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.npr.org/2016/09/23/491999689/a-complete-guide-to-early-and-absentee-voting">"A Complete Guide To Early And Absentee Voting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201205733/https://www.npr.org/2016/09/23/491999689/a-complete-guide-to-early-and-absentee-voting">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Complete+Guide+To+Early+And+Absentee+Voting&rft.date=2016-09-23&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2016%2F09%2F23%2F491999689%2Fa-complete-guide-to-early-and-absentee-voting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-MIT-cite-95"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MIT-cite_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcReynoldsStewart_III2020" class="citation news cs1">McReynolds, Amber; Stewart III, Charles (28 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://thehill.com/opinion/campaign/494189-lets-put-the-vote-by-mail-fraud-myth-to-rest/">"Opinion: Let's put the vote-by-mail 'fraud' myth to rest"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+Let%27s+put+the+vote-by-mail+%27fraud%27+myth+to+rest&rft.date=2020-04-28&rft.aulast=McReynolds&rft.aufirst=Amber&rft.au=Stewart+III%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fopinion%2Fcampaign%2F494189-lets-put-the-vote-by-mail-fraud-myth-to-rest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-wsj-snf-96"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wsj-snf_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJournal2000" class="citation news cs1">Journal, Glenn R. Simpson and Evan Perez (19 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB97718372846852342">"'Brokers' Exploit Absentee Voters; Elderly Are Top Targets for Fraud"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612110500/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB97718372846852342">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=%27Brokers%27+Exploit+Absentee+Voters%3B+Elderly+Are+Top+Targets+for+Fraud&rft.date=2000-12-19&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Journal&rft.aufirst=Glenn+R.+Simpson+and+Evan+Perez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB97718372846852342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-phil-snf-97"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-phil-snf_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBender" class="citation news cs1">Bender, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/vote-fraud-election-seniors-pennsylvania-20171103.html">"Nursing home resident's son: 'That's voter fraud'"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613023058/https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/vote-fraud-election-seniors-pennsylvania-20171103.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nursing+home+resident%27s+son%3A+%27That%27s+voter+fraud%27&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inquirer.com%2Fphilly%2Fnews%2Fvote-fraud-election-seniors-pennsylvania-20171103.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Judge_upholds_vote-rigging_claims-98"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Judge_upholds_vote-rigging_claims_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/west_midlands/4406575.stm">"Judge upholds vote-rigging claims"</a>. 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Writ.lp.findlaw.com. 8 April 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315062034/http://writ.lp.findlaw.com/hamilton/20040408.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2012. 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Here's how you can tell"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved 25 October 2024. <q>Unfortunately, uncovering fraudulent elections is quite difficult. How do you prove or disprove possible wrongdoing? If votes were falsified, the wrongdoers have no motive to say so; if they were not, there's no proving a negative. Thus it is very difficult to establish a suspect election's legitimacy or illegitimacy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Was+Argentina%27s+election+stolen%3F+Here%27s+how+you+can+tell.&rft.date=2015-11-06&rft.aulast=Cant%C3%BA&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft.au=Saiegh%2C+Sebastian+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmonkey-cage%2Fwp%2F2015%2F11%2F06%2Fwas-argentinas-election-stolen-heres-how-you-can-tell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-b560-117"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-b560_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomeryOlivellaPotterCrisp2015" class="citation journal cs1">Montgomery, Jacob M.; Olivella, Santiago; Potter, Joshua D.; Crisp, Brian F. 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Retrieved 25 October 2024. <q>Unfortunately, it remains extremely difficult to detect instances of fraud. 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Retrieved 9 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=The+key+to+future+election+security+starts+with+a+roll+of+the+dice&rft.date=2020-12-16&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Howell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2F2020%2F12%2F16%2F1014657%2Felection-security-risk-limiting-audit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:5-136"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:5_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuseman2019" class="citation web cs1">Huseman, Jessica (12 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.propublica.org/article/the-way-america-votes-is-broken-in-one-rural-county-a-nonprofit-showed-a-way-forward">"The Way America Votes Is Broken. In One Rural County, a Nonprofit Showed a Way Forward"</a>. ProPublica. Retrieved 9 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ProPublica&rft.atitle=The+Way+America+Votes+Is+Broken.+In+One+Rural+County%2C+a+Nonprofit+Showed+a+Way+Forward.&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft.aulast=Huseman&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.propublica.org%2Farticle%2Fthe-way-america-votes-is-broken-in-one-rural-county-a-nonprofit-showed-a-way-forward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/F_Lehoucq_Political_1999.pdf">"Political Competition and Electoral Fraud: A Latin American Case Study"</a> (PDF). Libres.uncg.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221202413/http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/F_Lehoucq_Political_1999.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Political+Competition+and+Electoral+Fraud%3A+A+Latin+American+Case+Study&rft.pub=Libres.uncg.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibres.uncg.edu%2Fir%2Funcg%2Ff%2FF_Lehoucq_Political_1999.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Harling1995" class="citation journal cs1">Philip Harling (May 1995). "Rethinking 'Old Corruption'". Past & Present (147). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 127–158. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Fpast%252F147.1.127">10.1093/past/147.1.127</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/651042">651042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Rethinking+%27Old+Corruption%27&rft.issue=147&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.date=1995-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F147.1.127&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F651042%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Philip+Harling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+fraud" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Electoral_fraud&action=edit&section=49&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B2%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA" title="تزوير الانتخابات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تزوير الانتخابات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraude_eleutoral" title="Fraude eleutoral – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fraude eleutoral" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a 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title="Wahlfälschung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wahlfälschung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraude_electoral" title="Fraude electoral – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fraude electoral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balota_fra%25C5%25ADdo" title="Balota fraŭdo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Balota fraŭdo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li 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