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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restored_copyrights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restored_copyrights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Restored copyrights</span> </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_of_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Date of restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_of_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_protection_in_the_source_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_protection_in_the_source_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Copyright protection in the source country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_protection_in_the_source_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wartime_copyrights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime_copyrights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Wartime copyrights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wartime_copyrights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duration_of_restored_copyright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duration_of_restored_copyright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Duration of restored copyright</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duration_of_restored_copyright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_first_published_after_the_date_of_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_first_published_after_the_date_of_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Works first published after the date of restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_first_published_after_the_date_of_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-restored_copyrights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-restored_copyrights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Non-restored copyrights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-restored_copyrights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-restored copyrights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-restored_copyrights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Three-point_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three-point_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Three-point test</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three-point_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsisting_copyrights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsisting_copyrights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subsisting copyrights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subsisting_copyrights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subsisting copyrights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subsisting_copyrights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Three-point_test_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three-point_test_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Three-point test</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three-point_test_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countries_with_copyright_relations_with_the_United_States_on_January_1,_1929" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries_with_copyright_relations_with_the_United_States_on_January_1,_1929"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Countries with copyright relations with the United States on January 1, 1929</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countries_with_copyright_relations_with_the_United_States_on_January_1,_1929-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relevant_copyright_relations_concluded_after_1929" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relevant_copyright_relations_concluded_after_1929"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Relevant copyright relations concluded after 1929</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relevant_copyright_relations_concluded_after_1929-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_copyrights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_copyrights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Chinese copyrights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_copyrights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unpublished_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unpublished_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Unpublished works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unpublished_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_country_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_country_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Specific country information</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specific_country_information-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specific country information subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specific_country_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Countries_without_copyright_relations_with_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries_without_copyright_relations_with_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Countries without copyright relations with the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countries_without_copyright_relations_with_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates_of_restoration_and_terms_of_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_restoration_and_terms_of_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Dates of restoration and terms of protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_restoration_and_terms_of_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Table_notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Table notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_national_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_national_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Specific national regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_national_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Algeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Algeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UK_Copyright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_Copyright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>UK Copyright</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_Copyright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes and References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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#b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Blue tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/30px-Blue_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/45px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/60px-Blue_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This page documents an English Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_content_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia content guidelines">content guideline</a>.</b><br/><div style="font-size: 90%;">Editors should generally follow it, though <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">exceptions</a> may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PGCHANGE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PGCHANGE">consensus</a>. When in doubt, discuss first on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Non-US_copyrights" title="Wikipedia talk:Non-US copyrights">this guideline's talk page</a>.</div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NUSC"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NUSC&redirect=no">WP:NUSC</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice nutshell" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/30px-Walnut.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/45px-Walnut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/60px-Walnut.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This page in a nutshell:</b> Copyright status of a work in its home country is often important in evaluating its copyright status in the United States. Nevertheless, a work that is in the public domain in its home country can sometimes be under <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/United_States_non-acceptance_of_the_rule_of_the_shorter_term" class="extiw" title="m:United States non-acceptance of the rule of the shorter term">copyright in the United States</a> and so can not be used on Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia allows works to be hosted here which are public domain in the United States, but not their source country.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-heading{background:#082849}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks help-box noprint plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Wikipedia copyright</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Policy</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Copyright policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violations" title="Wikipedia:Copyright violations">Copyright violation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reusing_Wikipedia_content" title="Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content">Reusing Wikipedia content</a></li> <li>License text (<div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">CC BY-SA 4.0</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>)</li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Guidelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content">Non-free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">Copying within Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Public_domain" title="Wikipedia:Public domain">Public domain content</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Non-US copyrights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Advice</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright">Frequently asked questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Donating_copyrighted_materials" title="Wikipedia:Donating copyrighted materials">Donating copyrighted material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_text_from_other_sources" title="Wikipedia:Copying text from other sources">Copying text from other sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission" title="Wikipedia:Requesting copyright permission">Requesting copyright permission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing" title="Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing">Close paraphrasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_copyright_violations_101" title="Wikipedia:Text copyright violations 101">Guidance for text copyright problems</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Processes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_problems" title="Wikipedia:Copyright problems">Copyright problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Files_for_discussion" title="Wikipedia:Files for discussion">Files for discussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributor_copyright_investigations" title="Wikipedia:Contributor copyright investigations">Contributor copyright investigations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Resources</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Copyright_problems" title="Wikipedia talk:Copyright problems">General help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_assistance" title="Wikipedia:Copyright assistance">Copyright assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_copyright_questions" title="Wikipedia:Media copyright questions">Media copyright questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_copyright_tags" title="Wikipedia:File copyright tags">File copyright tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries" title="Wikipedia:Declaration of consent for all enquiries">Declaration of consent</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_copyright" title="Template:Wikipedia copyright"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_copyright" title="Template talk:Wikipedia copyright"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_copyright" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia copyright"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Wikimedia Foundation that supports Wikipedia is located in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and the servers that host Wikipedia are located in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, so Wikipedia is bound to comply with <a href="/wiki/United_States_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States copyright law">United States copyright law</a>. However, it is an international project, and many of our users and contributors are outside the United States. The project's aim is to produce and maintain a <i><b><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free</a></b></i> encyclopedia, which can be used in any way that doesn't reduce that freedom. Most of Wikipedia's material is original, licensed by contributors under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CC_BY-SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CC BY-SA">Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike</a> (CC BY-SA) and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FDL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FDL">GNU Free Documentation</a> (GFDL) licenses; some of Wikipedia's material, especially images, comes from third-party sources, and some of those third-party sources are outside the United States. </p><p>While Wikipedia prefers content that is free anywhere in the world, it accepts content that is free in the United States even if it may be under copyright in some other countries. For example works of the US federal government are in the public domain in the United States and widely used on Wikipedia, but they may not be in the public domain outside the United States. For example, we accept content that is public domain in the US because it was published before 1929 with <a href="/wiki/Template:PD-US-expired-abroad" title="Template:PD-US-expired-abroad">Template:PD-US-expired-abroad</a> even if it is not public domain anywhere else in the world. </p><p>It is not always simple to determine the copyright status of a work first published outside of the United States. To determine the copyright status of a work in its country of origin (and there are at least 192 different national copyright régimes) it is typically necessary to know the date of death of the author, while to determine the copyright status in the United States it is typically necessary to know its publication history and its copyright status in the country of origin, <b>not on the date of uploading</b> but on January 1, 1996. </p><p>What follows is by necessity a summary, our interpretation of US copyright law as it affects "works" (images, texts, sound recordings, etc.) that were produced outside of the United States. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Legal_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:Legal disclaimer">Wikipedia does not offer legal advice</a> on US copyright law, let alone copyright laws in the other 190 <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a> in the world. It is the responsibility of contributors to determine that content they wish to contribute is free of copyright constraints in the United States and to supply as much copyright information as possible so that users can judge for themselves whether they can reuse our material outside the United States. It is the responsibility of reusers to ensure that their use of Wikipedia material is legal in the country in which they use it. </p><p><b>This page does not apply to works first published in the United States.</b> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="General" data-mw-thread-id="h-General"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-General"></span>General<span data-mw-comment-end="h-General"></span></h2></div> <p>A work can be in the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PD" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PD">public domain</a> in the United States but still under copyright protection in its "<a href="#Source_country">source country</a>": this is the case, for example, for <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein's</a> paper describing the theory of <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a>, first published in Germany in 1905. Any work published before 1929 is in the public domain in the United States, regardless of its source country, but German copyright protection lasts for seventy years after the death of the author (<i>post mortem auctoris</i> or "pma"), until December 31, 2025 in this case.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_enddate"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_enddate">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>A work can equally be in the public domain in its source country <b>but still under copyright</b> in the United States: any non-posthumous work published after 1928 by a British or German author who died between January 1, 1926 and December 31, 1953 falls into this category. The copyright term of 70 years after the author's death (which applies to all <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> countries) has expired, but its US copyright was restored on January 1, 1996 by Act of Congress and will run until at least December 31, 2024 (95 years after publication, rounded up to the end of the year).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (December 2019)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Works first published outside the United States may be protected under US copyright either through <a href="#Restored_copyrights">restoration of the copyright</a> or through a copyright that subsists from the time of publication. The case of restored copyrights will be examined first, as it also determines the copyright status of most contemporary works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Restored_copyrights" data-mw-thread-id="h-Restored_copyrights"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Restored_copyrights"></span>Restored copyrights<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Restored_copyrights"></span></h2></div> <p>A large number of non-US works were given copyright protection in the United States by the <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round_Agreements_Act_of_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994">Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994</a> (URAA)<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_URAA"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_URAA">[2]</a></sup> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights">Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a> (TRIPS).<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_19_3511"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_19_3511">[3]</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_NAFTA"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_NAFTA">[4]</a></sup> These copyrights are known as "restored copyrights", even though some of the works had never previously been protected in the United States. The countries concerned by this measure are (in practice) either: </p> <ul><li>members of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO); or</li> <li>parties to the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works">Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works</a> (Berne Convention); or both.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_104A_h_3"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_104A_h_3">[5]</a></sup></li></ul> <p>Restored copyrights are governed solely by US copyright law: the United States does not require <a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_obligation" title="Reciprocal obligation">reciprocality</a> over and above what is required by the relevant treaties. Restoration is automatic and does not usually require registration.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_regist"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_regist">[6]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Five-point_test" data-mw-thread-id="h-Five-point_test-Restored_copyrights"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Five-point_test-Restored_copyrights"></span>Five-point test<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Five-point_test-Restored_copyrights"></span></h3></div> <p>The answers to questions on this page help determine the copyright status. Answering these questions in order will lead to a conclusion in <b>bold</b>. </p> <ol><li>Is the source country a WTO member or a party to the Berne Convention? (use this <a href="#Dates_of_restoration_and_terms_of_protection">table</a>) <ul><li>YES: Continue to question #2.</li> <li>NO: Apply the test at "<a href="#Non-restored_copyrights">Non-restored copyrights</a>".</li></ul></li> <li>Is the work copyrightable in the United States? Architectural works (i.e. buildings) constructed before December 1, 1990, are not copyrightable in the US.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_arch"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_arch">[7]</a></sup> Fashion designs (although copyrightable in France) are not copyrightable in the US. <ul><li>YES: Continue to question #3.</li> <li>NO: <b>The work is in the public domain in the United States, but may still be under copyright in the source country and in other countries.</b></li></ul></li> <li>Was the work published on or after January 1, 1929? <ul><li>YES: Continue to question #4.</li> <li>NO: <b>The work is in the public domain in the United States, but may still be under copyright in the source country and in other countries.</b></li></ul></li> <li>Was the work published in the United States within 30 days after its first publication in the source country? <ul><li>YES: The work is not eligible for copyright restoration.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_104A_h_6_D"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_104A_h_6_D">[8]</a></sup> Apply the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Public_domain#Copyright_term_table" title="Wikipedia:Public domain">rules for US works</a> to determine if it is in the public domain in the United States.</li> <li>NO: Continue to question #5.</li></ul></li> <li>Had the copyright expired in the source country on the date of restoration? (see <a href="#Dates_of_restoration_and_terms_of_protection">table</a>) <ul><li>YES: <b>The work is probably in the public domain in the United States, but see "<a href="#Subsisting_copyrights">Subsisting copyrights</a>".</b></li> <li>NO: <b>The work is under copyright in the United States, and will remain so until at least 2025.</b> See "<a href="#Wartime_copyrights">Wartime copyrights</a>" for a limited exception.</li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Source_country" data-mw-thread-id="h-Source_country-Restored_copyrights"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Source_country-Restored_copyrights"></span>Source country<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Source_country-Restored_copyrights"></span></h3></div> <p>The source country of a work is the country in which it was first published. If the work was published on the same day in more than one country, it is the "country which has the most significant contacts with the work".<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_104A_h_8"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_104A_h_8">[9]</a></sup> If the work is unpublished the source country is "the eligible country in which the author or rightholder is a national or domiciliary".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_of_restoration" data-mw-thread-id="h-Date_of_restoration-Restored_copyrights"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Date_of_restoration-Restored_copyrights"></span>Date of restoration<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Date_of_restoration-Restored_copyrights"></span></h3></div> <p>The date of restoration is January 1, 1996 if the source country was a member of the WTO or a party to the Berne Convention on that date. Otherwise, it is the earliest date on which a country becomes eligible for the restoration of copyrights.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_104A_h_2"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_104A_h_2">[10]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright_protection_in_the_source_country" data-mw-thread-id="h-Copyright_protection_in_the_source_country-Restored_copyrights"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Copyright_protection_in_the_source_country-Restored_copyrights"></span>Copyright protection in the source country<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Copyright_protection_in_the_source_country-Restored_copyrights"></span></h3></div> <p>If the work was in the public domain in the source country "<i>through expiration of term of protection</i>" on the URAA date (January 1, 1996 in most cases) the US copyright is <i>not</i> restored.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_104A_h_6"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_104A_h_6">[11]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wartime_copyrights" data-mw-thread-id="h-Wartime_copyrights-Restored_copyrights"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Wartime_copyrights-Restored_copyrights"></span>Wartime copyrights<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Wartime_copyrights-Restored_copyrights"></span></h3></div> <p>Any copyrights that were "ever owned or administered by the <a href="/wiki/Alien_Property_Custodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Alien Property Custodian">Alien Property Custodian</a>" were <b>not restored <i>if</i></b> the restored copyright would be held by "a government or an instrumentality thereof".<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_104A_a_2"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_104A_a_2">[12]</a></sup> Hence the US copyright in <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> was not restored, as it would have been held by the government of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. However there are several important limitations to this exception. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany" data-mw-thread-id="h-Germany-Wartime_copyrights"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Germany-Wartime_copyrights"></span>Germany<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Germany-Wartime_copyrights"></span></h4></div> <p>A number of German cases indicate that the copyright in images or graphic works remains with the author, even if the works were produced for official use.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_DEauthorship"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_DEauthorship">[13]</a></sup> All of these German copyrights were extended in period to 70 years pma before the date of restoration,<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_DEextension"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_DEextension">[14]</a></sup> and so the US copyrights have been restored.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_104A_b"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_104A_b">[15]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan" data-mw-thread-id="h-Japan-Wartime_copyrights"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Japan-Wartime_copyrights"></span>Japan<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Japan-Wartime_copyrights"></span></h4></div> <p>The presidential proclamation instituting copyright relations between the United States and Japan, effective May 10, 1906, is considered to have been abrogated.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Circ38a"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_Circ38a">[16]</a></sup> However, the two countries maintained copyright relations throughout the war and aftermath, so government-owned works that were administered by the Alien Property Custodian should not have been restored. The abrogation occurred on April 28, 1952 per the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of Peace with Japan</a>, but same peace treaty included a four-year interim copyright agreement where the US and Japan gave each other's works national treatment, and that also applied retroactively. Japan timed their ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Copyright_Convention" title="Universal Copyright Convention">Universal Copyright Convention</a> so it would enter into effect on the date that the interim agreement expired, April 28, 1956, meaning there was no lapse in copyright relations between the two countries. Works that were at the time protected under the previous law were thereafter protected under the terms of the UCC, not the terms of the earlier treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-JapanRelations_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JapanRelations-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duration_of_restored_copyright" data-mw-thread-id="h-Duration_of_restored_copyright-Restored_copyrights"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Duration_of_restored_copyright-Restored_copyrights"></span>Duration of restored copyright<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Duration_of_restored_copyright-Restored_copyrights"></span></h3></div> <p>The duration of the restored copyright is "the remainder of the term of copyright that the work would have otherwise been granted in the United States if the work never entered the public domain":<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_104A_a_1"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_104A_a_1">[17]</a></sup> 95 years from the date of publication for works published between 1929 and 1977, and 70 years from the death of the author for works published in 1978 or later.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_302_304"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_302_304">[18]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_first_published_after_the_date_of_restoration" data-mw-thread-id="h-Works_first_published_after_the_date_of_restoration-Restored_copyrights"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Works_first_published_after_the_date_of_restoration-Restored_copyrights"></span>Works first published after the date of restoration<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Works_first_published_after_the_date_of_restoration-Restored_copyrights"></span></h3></div> <p>These works are automatically granted US copyright protection for the lifetime of the author plus seventy years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Non-restored_copyrights" data-mw-thread-id="h-Non-restored_copyrights"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Non-restored_copyrights"></span>Non-restored copyrights<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Non-restored_copyrights"></span></h2></div> <p>For countries that are not yet eligible for copyright restoration, the main criterion used by Wikipedia is the copyright status in the source country. These countries fall into three groups: </p> <ul><li>Laos and Turkmenistan, which are parties to the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Copyright_Convention" title="Universal Copyright Convention">Universal Copyright Convention</a> (UCC);</li> <li>Countries that have never had copyright relations with the United States;</li> <li>Countries whose status is "unclear" even to the US Copyright Office (all of them former colonies).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three-point_test" data-mw-thread-id="h-Three-point_test-Non-restored_copyrights"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Three-point_test-Non-restored_copyrights"></span>Three-point test<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Three-point_test-Non-restored_copyrights"></span></h3></div> <ol><li>Is the work still under copyright in the source country? <ul><li>YES: <b>The work can only be used on Wikipedia under the doctrine of fair use.</b></li></ul></li> <li>Was the work first published in Laos on or after January 1, 1964, or in Turkmenistan on or after May 27, 1973? <ul><li>YES: <b>The work is under copyright in the United States, and will remain so until at least 2060.</b> This is true regardless of registration or the presence or absence of a copyright notice.</li></ul></li> <li>Was the work first published in Laos between September 16, 1955 and December 31, 1963? <ul><li>YES: <b>The work is under copyright in the United States provided that its copyright was renewed at the end of the first 28-year term.</b> Wikipedia assumes that copyrights were renewed unless we have evidence to the contrary.</li> <li>NO: <b>The work is in the public domain.</b></li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Subsisting_copyrights" data-mw-thread-id="h-Subsisting_copyrights"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Subsisting_copyrights"></span>Subsisting copyrights<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Subsisting_copyrights"></span></h2></div> <p>In a small number of cases, the application of the test for restored copyright will indicate that the work is in the public domain in the United States when in fact there is a subsisting US copyright that dates from the time of its publication. This situation can arise when </p> <ol><li>the other country has long-standing copyright relations with the United States; and</li> <li>the minimum copyright term in the other country is shorter than the period between 1929 and the date of restoration (66 years or fewer, in most cases).</li></ol> <p><i>Example</i>: The photographs of a Canadian photographer who died in 1943 entered the public domain in Canada fifty years after their publication. As they were in the public domain through expiration of their copyright term on January 1, 1996, their copyrights were not restored by the <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round_Agreements_Act_of_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994">Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994</a>. However, the photographs could have been registered for US copyright under a Presidential Declaration effective January 1, 1924 if they were first published on or after this date: if their US copyrights had been renewed at the appropriate time, they will still be under US copyright until 95 years after their first publication (January 1, 2025 at the earliest). This is believed to be the case for some photographs by <a href="/wiki/Yousuf_Karsh" title="Yousuf Karsh">Yousuf Karsh</a> (died 2002).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources.">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The relevant US law is Section 9(b) of the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1909" title="Copyright Act of 1909">Copyright Act of 1909</a>,<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_1909s9"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_1909s9">[19]</a></sup> which authorizes the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">US President</a> to grant by <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Proclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Proclamation">proclamation</a> the right for non-US citizens to have US copyright for their works under the same conditions as US citizens. The section explicitly provides for "works first produced or published abroad". It also implicitly provides for a retroactive effect of the presidential proclamation, though there is no indication from the US Copyright Office<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_circ38a"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_circ38a">[20]</a></sup> that any of the proclamations actually had any such retroactive effect that is relevant to Wikipedia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three-point_test_2" data-mw-thread-id="h-Three-point_test_2-Subsisting_copyrights"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Three-point_test_2-Subsisting_copyrights"></span>Three-point test<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Three-point_test_2-Subsisting_copyrights"></span></h3></div> <p>Check for <a href="#Restored_copyrights">restored copyrights</a> <i>before</i> applying this test. </p> <ol><li>Do you have evidence (e.g. a letter from the agents for the author's estate) that the work is not protected by US copyright? <ul><li>YES: <b>The work is in the public domain in the United States.</b> Please provide the evidence, if necessary by following the procedure at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Permissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Permissions">Wikipedia:Permissions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Did the source country have copyright relations with the United States on January 1, 1929? <ul><li>YES: <b>The work should be assumed to be protected by US copyright.</b> It should only be used on Wikipedia if it falls within the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fair_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Fair use">fair use policy</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Was the work published on or after January 1, 1929 but before the effective date of copyright relations between the source country and the United States? <ul><li>YES: <b>The work is in the public domain in the United States.</b></li> <li>NO: <b>The work should be assumed to be protected by US copyright.</b> It should only be used on Wikipedia if it falls within the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fair_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Fair use">fair use policy</a>.</li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countries_with_copyright_relations_with_the_United_States_on_January_1,_1929" data-mw-thread-id="h-Countries_with_copyright_relations_with_the_United_States_on_January_1,_1929-Subsisting_copyrights"><span id="Countries_with_copyright_relations_with_the_United_States_on_January_1.2C_1929"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Countries_with_copyright_relations_with_the_United_States_on_January_1,_1929-Subsisting_copyrights"></span>Countries with copyright relations with the United States on January 1, 1929<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Countries_with_copyright_relations_with_the_United_States_on_January_1,_1929-Subsisting_copyrights"></span></h3></div> <p>Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia*, Brazil*, Canada, Chile, China (PRC), Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, the Dominican Republic*, Ecuador*, El Salvador, France, Germany, Guatemala*, Haiti*, Honduras*, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua*, Norway, Panama*, Paraguay*, Peru*, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan (ROC), Thailand, the United Kingdom and Uruguay*. </p><p>Countries marked with an asterisk (*) had copyright relations as parties to the <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Convention" title="Buenos Aires Convention">Buenos Aires Convention</a>. El Salvador had copyright relations as a party to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico_City_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mexico City Convention (page does not exist)">Mexico City Convention</a>. For Japan, see "<a href="#Wartime_copyrights">Wartime copyrights</a>", for China and Taiwan, see "<a href="#Chinese_copyrights">Chinese copyrights</a>" below. Mexico and Guatemala had copyright relations with the United States on January 1, 1929 but these are not relevant here as their minimum copyright terms are 100 and 75 years respectively and so all copyrights were restored for the appropriate US term on January 1, 1996 by the URAA. Despite the name, Argentina did not join the Buenos Aires Convention until April 19, 1950. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relevant_copyright_relations_concluded_after_1929" data-mw-thread-id="h-Relevant_copyright_relations_concluded_after_1929-Subsisting_copyrights"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Relevant_copyright_relations_concluded_after_1929-Subsisting_copyrights"></span>Relevant copyright relations concluded after 1929<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Relevant_copyright_relations_concluded_after_1929-Subsisting_copyrights"></span></h3></div> <ul><li>Laos, effective September 16, 1955 by virtue of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Copyright_Convention" title="Universal Copyright Convention">Universal Copyright Convention</a>. Laos also joined the Berne Convention on March 14, 2012.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Circ38a"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_Circ38a">[21]</a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_copyrights" data-mw-thread-id="h-Chinese_copyrights-Subsisting_copyrights"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Chinese_copyrights-Subsisting_copyrights"></span>Chinese copyrights<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Chinese_copyrights-Subsisting_copyrights"></span></h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_copyright_agreements_of_the_United_States" title="Bilateral copyright agreements of the United States">Bilateral copyright agreements of the United States</a></div> <p>Both the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (the Republic of China, ROC) are eligible for the restoration of copyrights. The dates of restoration are January 1, 1996 and January 2002, respectively. Previously, the United States had copyright relations with China, which dated from a bilateral treaty effective from January 13, 1904. The PRC does not consider this treaty to be binding, but the ROC considers it still to be in force. Neither Chinese government signed the treaty with the United States; both are considered successors of the government of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a>, which signed the treaty. Older works, which were ineligible for restoration because their Chinese copyright had expired before the date of restoration, may be covered by a copyright in the United States granted at the time of publication under the provisions of this treaty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Unpublished_works" data-mw-thread-id="h-Unpublished_works"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Unpublished_works"></span>Unpublished works<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Unpublished_works"></span></h2></div> <p>All unpublished works are protected by US copyright, <i>regardless of the source country</i>, for seventy years after the death of the author.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Unpublished"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#endnote_Unpublished">[22]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Specific_country_information" data-mw-thread-id="h-Specific_country_information"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Specific_country_information"></span>Specific country information<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Specific_country_information"></span></h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countries_without_copyright_relations_with_the_United_States" data-mw-thread-id="h-Countries_without_copyright_relations_with_the_United_States-Specific_country_information"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Countries_without_copyright_relations_with_the_United_States-Specific_country_information"></span>Countries without copyright relations with the United States<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Countries_without_copyright_relations_with_the_United_States-Specific_country_information"></span></h3></div> <p>According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38a.pdf">Circular 38a</a> of the US Copyright Office, as of June 2024, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> have no copyright relations with the US other than the <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh_VIP_Treaty" title="Marrakesh VIP Treaty">Marrakesh VIP Treaty</a> for the visually impaired .<sup id="cite_ref-no_copyr_relations_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-no_copyr_relations-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Published works originating in one of these countries thus are not copyrighted in the United States, regardless of the local copyright laws of these countries. See 17 U.S.C. § 104(b), quoted in the Circular.</li> <li>Unpublished works, on the other hand, are copyrighted regardless of their origin or of the nationality of the works' authors, as long as they remain unpublished. See 17 U.S.C. § 104(a).</li></ul> <p><b>However</b>, it is longstanding Wikipedia policy to respect the copyright law of other nations, even if these do not have official copyright relations with the United States. What this means in practice is determined case by case, bearing in mind the goal of being able to freely distribute Wikipedia in the country an incorporated work originates from.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dates_of_restoration_and_terms_of_protection" data-mw-thread-id="h-Dates_of_restoration_and_terms_of_protection-Specific_country_information"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Dates_of_restoration_and_terms_of_protection-Specific_country_information"></span>Dates of restoration and terms of protection<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Dates_of_restoration_and_terms_of_protection-Specific_country_information"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:URAA"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:URAA&redirect=no">WP:URAA</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><b><i>Abbreviations used: pma= after death of the author; pd= after publication; pr= after creation.</i></b> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:10}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable),.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi:not(.wikitable){background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>*,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi:not(.wikitable)>thead,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{background-color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.wikitable,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;border-width:0 1px 1px 0}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.wikitable td,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.wikitable th,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable td,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable th{border-width:1px 0 0 1px}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header.wikitable,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{border-bottom-width:0.2em;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-left-width:1px}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.static-row-numbers.wikitable>thead>tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.static-row-numbers.wikitable>caption+tbody>tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.static-row-numbers.wikitable>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable>thead>tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable>caption+tbody>tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.static-row-numbers.wikitable .sortbottom::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable .sortbottom::before{border-top-width:1px}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.static-row-numbers.wikitable .sortbottom~.sortbottom::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable .sortbottom~.sortbottom::before{border-top-width:0}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.static-row-numbers.wikitable>tbody>tr:not(.static-row-header)::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable>tbody>tr:not(.static-row-header)::before{border-bottom-width:0!important;border-right-width:0!important}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .content-table-scrollbar,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .overflowed,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .overflowed .content-table{overflow:visible}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .scroll-right.overflowed .content-table-right{box-shadow:none;border-left:none}}@media screen and (min-width:1120px){body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{top:3.125rem}}@media screen and (min-width:851px){body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{top:3.51em}}@media screen and (max-width:639px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>caption{display:table-caption}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Date of restoration </th> <th>Term of protection<br/>[Term on URAA date] </th> <th>Reference </th></tr> <tr> <td>Afghanistan </td> <td>July 29, 2016 </td> <td>50 pma<br/>innovative photos 50 pd<br/>paintings 50 pd<br/>audiovisual 50 pd </td> <td>Art 16, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=10197">Law Supporting the Rights of Authors, Composers, Artists and Researchers</a>, 2008 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Albania </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>Art. 21, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9435">Law No. 9380 of April 28, 2005 on Copyright & Related Rights</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Algeria </td> <td>April 19, 1998 </td> <td>50 pma;<br/>photographs 50 pr<br/>25 pma (death before 1972)<br/>10 pd (photos before 1987)<br/>25 pd (films before 1972)<br/>[photos published 1987 or later 50 pd]<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_algeria"><a href="#endnote_tab_algeria">(y)</a></sup> </td> <td>Arts. 54 & 59, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=1194">Ordinance No. 03-05 of 19 Joumada El Oula 1424 corresponding to July 19, 2003 on Copyright and Related Rights</a><br/>Arts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1997/013/FP9.pdf">55-61</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1997/013/FP3.pdf">Ordonnance n° 10 du 27 Chaual 1417 correspondant au 6 mars 1997</a><br/>Arts <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joradp.dz/Jo6283/1973/029/FP346.pdf">60, 64, 65</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joradp.dz/Jo6283/1973/029/FP342.pdf">Ordonnance n° 73-14 du 3 avril 1973 relative au droit d'auteur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Andorra </td> <td>June 2, 2004 </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>Art. 18, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/ad_copyright_1999_en.pdf?URL_ID=30323&filename=11422451413ad_copyright_1999_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=93023&name=ad_copyright_1999_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Law on Copright and Related Rights of 1999</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Angola </td> <td>November 23, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Antigua and Barbuda </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma;<br/>computer 50 pr </td> <td>s. 10, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/ag_copyright_2002_en.pdf?URL_ID=30468&filename=11428561303ag_copyright_2002_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=1272593&name=ag_copyright_2002_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Copyright Act, 2002</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Argentina </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>25 pd (photos)<br/>50 pma (movies)<br/>50 pd (anonymous works belonging to an institution)<br/>70 pma (everything else)<br/>[50 pma]<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_argentina"><a href="#endnote_tab_argentina">(x)</a></sup> </td> <td>Art. 5, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoleg.mecon.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/45000-49999/45758/norma.htm">Ley 11.723 del 28 de septiembre de 1933, as modified by Ley 24.870 del 11 de septiembre de 1997</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Armenia </td> <td>October 19, 2000 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma] </td> <td>Art. 37, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=63">Law on Copyright and Related Rights of June 15, 2006</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian copyright law">Australia</a> </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>70 pma;<br/>50 pma (death before 1955)<br/>photographs 50 pr (creation before 1955) </td> <td>s. 33, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca1968133/">Copyright Act 1968</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Austria </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[70pma<br/>20 pd (photographs published prior to 1932)<br/>20 pr (unpublished photographs created prior to 1932)]<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_austria"><a href="#endnote_tab_austria">(g)</a></sup> </td> <td>§ 60-61, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=135">Federal Law amending the Copyright Act and the Copyright Amendment Act 1980 (Copyright Amendment Act 1996)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9748">Federal Law on Copyrights on Literary and Artistic Works and Related Rights (Copyright Act) (as last amended by Federal Law Gazette (BGBl) I No. 58/2010)</a>;<br/>[§ 1(2), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=127">Federal Law amending the Copyright Act (Copyright Amendment Act 1972)</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Azerbaijan </td> <td>June 4, 1999 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Art. 25, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/az_copyright_1996_en.pdf?URL_ID=30319&filename=11422428463az_copyright_1996_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=421208&name=az_copyright_1996_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Law on Copyright and Related Rights of 5 June 1996</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bahamas </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>Berne </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bahrain </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma] </td> <td>Art. 37, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/564099">Law No. 22 of 2006 on the Protection of Copyright and Neighboring Rights</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bangladesh </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>60 pma<br/> Photos, cinema 60 pd<br/>[50 pma] </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204080012/http://www.thedailystar.net/law/2006/01/03/education.htm">Copyright law of 2000, Sec. 18-23</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Barbados </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>s. 10, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/191403">Copyright Act, 1998 (Cap. 300) (as revised up to 2006)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belarus </td> <td>December 12, 1997 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Art. 20, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/437921">Law of the Republic of Belarus No. 262-Z of May 17, 2011, on Copyright and Related Rights</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>January 1, 1996*<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_chase_1891"><a href="#endnote_tab_chase_1891">(a)</a></sup> </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>Art. 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/doc/rech_f.htm">Loi relative au droit d’auteur et aux droits voisins du 30 juin 1994</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belize </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>s. 10, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=125463">Copyright Act Ch. 252 (2000)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benin </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bhutan </td> <td>November 25, 2004 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>s. 18, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/bh_copyright_2001_en.pdf?URL_ID=30260&filename=11417457243bh_copyright_2001_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=276334&name=bh_copyright_2001_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Copyright Act of the Kingdom of Bhutan, 2001</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Art. 18, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/225957">Ley No 1322 de 13 de abril de 1992</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bosnia and Herzegovina </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>Art. 84, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/ba_copyright_2002_en.pdf?URL_ID=30314&filename=11420064663ba_copyright_2002_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=590098&name=ba_copyright_2002_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Law on Copyright and Related Rights (7/02)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Botswana </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50pma<br/>Berne, TRIPS, WCT </td> <td>Sec. 10, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/505430">Copyright and Neighboring Rights Act, 2000 (Chapter 68:02, as amended by Act No. 6 of 2006)</a><br/>[Cap 68:01, apparently a reproduction of the UK <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1956/74/contents/enacted">Copyright Act of 1956</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_ukdep"><a href="#endnote_tab_ukdep">(v)</a></sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/abpr/15/3/article-p171.xml">[23]</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brazil </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[60 pma; artistic photos 60 pr] </td> <td>Art. 41, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=514">Law no 9610 of 19 February 1998</a><br/>[Art. 42, 44, 45, 102 of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/L5988impressao.htm">Law no 5988 of 14 December 1973</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brunei </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>s. 14, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/bn_copyright_1999_en.pdf?URL_ID=30258&filename=11417451633bn_copyright_1999_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=658383&name=bn_copyright_1999_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Emergency (Copyright) Order 1999</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bulgaria </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma] </td> <td>Art. 27, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/544110">Law on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights of 1993, as amended up to December 13, 2019</a><br/>[Art. 27, Law on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights of 16 June 1993] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Burkina Faso </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>Art. 34, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/188420">Law No. 032-99/AN of December 22, 1999, on the Protection of Literary and Artistic Property</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Burundi </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cambodia </td> <td>October 13, 2004 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Art. 30, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/kh_copyright_2003_en.pdf?URL_ID=30386&filename=11424219213kh_copyright_2003_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=450733&name=kh_copyright_2003_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Law on Copyright and Related Rights of 2003</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cameroon </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Art. 37, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/125950">Law No. 2000/011 of December 19, 2000, on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian copyright law">Canada</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">January 1, 1996*<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_canada"><a href="#endnote_tab_canada">(b)</a></sup> </td> <td>70 pma<br/>50 pma (death before 1972) </td> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/section-6.html">Copyright Act</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Canada" title="Statutes of Canada">R.S.C.</a> 1985, c. C-42, s. 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>[50 pma; photographs 50 pr] </td> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=125567">An Act to amend the Copyright Act</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Canada" title="Statutes of Canada">S.C.</a> 1997, c. 24, s. 7, 54.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cape Verde </td> <td>July 7, 1997 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Art. 19, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/cv_copyright_1990_pt.pdf?URL_ID=30429&filename=11425222003cv_copyright_1990_pt.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=1428893&name=cv_copyright_1990_pt.pdf&location=user-S/">Lei no. 101/III/90 de 29 de dezembro de 1990</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central African Republic </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>Berne, TRIPS </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chad </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>Berne, TRIPS </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chile </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma] </td> <td>Art. 10, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=125881">Ley No 17336 de propriedad intelectual</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>China (People's Republic) </td> <td>January 1, 1996*<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_china"><a href="#endnote_tab_china">(c)</a></sup> </td> <td>50 pma<br/>photographs 50 pr </td> <td>Art. 21, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=186569">Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colombia </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>80 pma<br/>70 pd if the copyright holder is a legal entity [literary/scientific works 30 pd]<br/>audiovisual works 80 pr [30 pr] </td> <td>Art. 21, 26, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/506452">Law No. 23 of January 28, 1982, on Copyright (as amended up to Law No. 1835 of June 9, 2017)</a><br/>Art. 4, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/489210">Law No. 1915 of July 12, 2018, on Amendments to Law No. 23 of 1982 and Establishing Other Provisions on Copyright and Related Rights</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Comoros </td> <td>April 17, 2005 </td> <td>Berne </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Congo (Democratic Republic) </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>Berne, TRIPS </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Congo (Republic) </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>Berne, TRIPS </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Costa Rica </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>Art. 58, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/247913">Law No. 6683 of October 14, 1982, on Copyright and Related Rights (as amended up to Law No. 8834 of May 3, 2010)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Croatia </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>Art. 99, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/hr_copyright_2003_en.pdf?URL_ID=30311&filename=11420042713hr_copyright_2003_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=1058674&name=hr_copyright_2003_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Copyright and Related Rights Act 197/2003</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cuba </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cyprus </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma<br/>(EU, WCT) </td> <td>s. 4, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/cy/cy001en.html">Copyright Law 1976</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050525055334/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/cy/cy001en.html">Archived</a> 2005-05-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Czech Republic </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma; films 50 pd; photos 10 pma] </td> <td>Art. 27, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=962">Law No. 121/2000 Coll.</a><br/>[Sec 33, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=934">Act No. 35 of March 25, 1965, as amended through the Act of September 27, 1995, No. 237</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Denmark </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>s. 63, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014011430/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/dk/dk001en.html">Act on Copyright 1995</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Djibouti </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma; films 50 pd; photos 25 pr<br/>[25 pma; films 25 pd; photos 25 pr] </td> <td>Ch. 3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidence.dj/jo/2006/loi154an06.php">Loi n°154/AN/06/5ème L relative à la protection du droit d'auteur et du droit voisin</a> <p>[Art. 59, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/dj_copyright_1996_fr.pdf?URL_ID=30424&filename=11425179913dj_copyright_1996_fr.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=190307&name=dj_copyright_1996_fr.pdf&location=user-S/">Loi n°114/AN/96/3e L relatif à la protection du droit d'auteur</a> (also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidence.dj/LES%20TEXTES/loi114an96.htm">here</a>)] </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dominica </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>s. 11, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/pdf/en/dm/dm008en.pdf">Copyright Act 2003</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021210024/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/pdf/en/dm/dm008en.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-10-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dominican Republic </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Art. 21, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/dm_copyright_2000_es.pdf?URL_ID=30446&filename=11425917653dm_copyright_2000_es.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=695287&name=dm_copyright_2000_es.pdf&location=user-S/">Ley sobre Derecho de Autor del 24 de julio de 2000</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ecuador </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>Art. 80, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/ec/ec001en.html">Ley No 83 de Propiedad Intelectual (1998)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225191011/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/ec/ec001en.html">Archived</a> 2007-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian copyright law">Egypt</a> </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Art. 150, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/eg/eg001en.pdf">Law on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>El Salvador </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Art. 86, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/sv/sv001en.html">Decreto Legislativo No. 604 del 15 de julio de 1993</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051127135044/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/sv/sv001en.html">Archived</a> 2005-11-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Equatorial Guinea </td> <td>June 26, 1997 </td> <td>Berne </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eritrea </td> <td>none </td> <td>unknown </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estonia </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma] </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/506042016003/consolide/current#para38">§ 38, Copyright Act</a> (in force)<br/>[§ 38, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/32232">autoriõiguse seadus</a> (passed 11.11.1992)] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eswatini </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Copyright Act No. 36 of 1912 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ethiopia </td> <td>none† </td> <td>unknown </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fiji </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/fj_copyright_1999_en.pdf?URL_ID=30383&filename=11424205153fj_copyright_1999_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=572007&name=fj_copyright_1999_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Copyright Act 1999</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Finland </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>s. 43, Law No. 404/1961, as amended by Law No. 1654/1995 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1961/19610404#L4P43">fi</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1961/en19610404">en</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="French copyright law">France</a> </td> <td>January 1, 1996*<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_chase_1891"><a href="#endnote_tab_chase_1891">(a)</a></sup> </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma; music 70 pma;<br/>+wartime extensions<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_france"><a href="#endnote_tab_france">(z)</a></sup>] </td> <td>Art. L123-1 to L123-12 , <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do;jsessionid=79BA7A7908299BF36F76199BC26A8E4E.tpdila22v_3?idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006161638&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006069414&dateTexte=20170724">LégiFrance : Code de la propriété intellectuelle : Chapitre III : Durée de la protection</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gabon </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>Berne, TRIPS, WCT </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gambia </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Copyright Act 2004<br/>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/ukpga/1956/74/contents/enacted">Copyright Act 1956</a>]<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_ukdep"><a href="#endnote_tab_ukdep">(v)</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Georgia </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>Art. 31, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=1762">Law on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights of 22 June 1999</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="German copyright law">Germany</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_germany"><a href="#endnote_tab_germany">(d)</a></sup> </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>§ 64, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/urhg/__64.html">Urheberrechtsgesetz</a>, as amended by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl195s0842.pdf">Law of 23 June 1995</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ghana </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>Art. 12, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/gh_copyright_2005_en.pdf?URL_ID=30226&filename=11416586343gh_copyright_2005_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=526153&name=gh_copyright_2005_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Copyright Act, 2005</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copyright_laws_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright laws in Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma, death before 1943] </td> <td>Art. 29, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=6887">Law 2121/1993, as amended through 2007, espec. Law 2557/1997, art. 8</a> <p>[Art. 29, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=1790">Law 2121/1993</a>; and Law 2387/1920, as amended] </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grenada </td> <td>February 22, 1996 </td> <td>Berne, TRIPS </td> <td>Copyright Act, dated 3 February 1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guatemala </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>75 pma </td> <td>Art. 43, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/es/gt/gt002es.html">Decreto No. 33-98</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213063059/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/es/gt/gt002es.html">Archived</a> 2008-02-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, as modified by Art. 13, Decreto No. 56-2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guinea </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>TRIPS, WCT </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guinea-Bissau </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>Berne, TRIPS </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guyana </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Copyright Act 1956, extended by Copyright (British Guyana) Order No. 79 of 1966<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_ukdep"><a href="#endnote_tab_ukdep">(v)</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Haiti </td> <td>January 11, 1996* </td> <td>60 pma<br/>[25 pma, retroactively extended in 2005] </td> <td>Décret du 12 octobre 2005 sur le Droit d'Auteur<br/> [Decree of January 9, 1968, relating to Copyright in Literary, Scientific and Artistic Works] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Honduras </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>75 pma </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong copyright law">Hong Kong</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_china_sar"><a href="#endnote_tab_china_sar">(e)</a></sup> </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma<br/> photographs 50 pr </td> <td>s. 17, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap528?_lang=en">Copyright Ordinance (Cap. 528)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hungary </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma, death before 1944]<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_hungary"><a href="#endnote_tab_hungary">(u)</a></sup> </td> <td>Art. 31, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/hu/hu035en.html">Act No. LXXVI of 1999</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222115812/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/hu/hu035en.html">Archived</a> 2007-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br/>[Art. 15, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/2184">Act No. III of 1969 as last amended by Act No. LXXII of 1994</a>]<br/> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iceland </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma [50 pma] </td> <td>Art. 43, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/is/is047en.html">Act No. 73/1972, as amended by Art. 4, Act No. 145/1996</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041110202608/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/is/is047en.html">Archived</a> 2004-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian copyright law">India</a> </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>60 pma<br/>photographs 60 pd<br/>50 pma (death before 1941)<br/>50 pd (photos before 1941)<br/> 50 pr (photos before 1908)<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_india"><a href="#endnote_tab_india">(t)</a></sup> </td> <td>s. 22, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://copyright.gov.in/Documents/CopyrightRules1957.pdf">Copyright Act, 1957</a><br/>s. 25, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://copyright.gov.in/Documents/CopyrightRules1957.pdf">Copyright Act, 1957</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indonesia </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma; film 50 pd; photos 50 pd<br/>[50 pma; film 50 pd; photos 25 pd] </td> <td>Arts. 58 & 59, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/578071">Law No. 28 of 2014</a><br/>[Art. 27, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=2220">Law No. 6 of April 12, 1982, as amended by Law No. 7 of September 19, 1987</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iran </td> <td>none† </td> <td>30 pma (death before 22 August 1980); 50 pma;<br/>photographs and films 30 pd </td> <td>Arts. 12 & 16, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=197798">Copyright Law of 12 January 1970</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iraq </td> <td>none† </td> <td>50 pma; 25 pma and 50 pd (death before 1 May 1979 and published before 1 May 1954) </td> <td>s. 2(11), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpa-iraq.org/regulations/20040501_CPAORD_83_Amendment_to_the_Copyright_Law.pdf">Coalition Provisional Authority Order No. 2004/83</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish copyright law">Ireland</a> </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>s. 24, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=2360">Copyright and Related Rights Act, 2000</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Israel </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>sound recordings 50 pr<br/>[50 pma<br/>photos 50 pr] </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tau.ac.il/law/members/birnhack/IsraeliCopyrightAct2007.pdf">Copyright Statute from 2007</a> (effective for all works May 25, 2008 and later)<br/>[Art. 3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=128057">Copyright Act 1911</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>70 pma<br/>simple photos 20 pr<br/>[50 pma<br/>films 50 pd<br/>photos 50 pr<br/>simple photos 20 pr<br/>+ wartime extensions] </td> <td>Arts. 25 and 92, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipolex.wipo.int/fr/text/128286">Law No. 633 of 22 April 1941</a>, amended through 2001 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/files/30289/11419173013it_copyright_2003_en.pdf/it_copyright_2003_en.pdf">updated thru 2003</a>)<br/>[Arts 25, 32, 32bis, 92, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipolex.wipo.int/fr/text/128286">Law No. 633 of April 22, 1941, amended up to Legislative Decree No. 95 of February 2, 2001</a><br/><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubertazzi.it/it/codice/doc342.pdf">Decreto legislativo luogotenenziale n. 440, July 20, 1945</a> (extended term by six years for works published before August 16, 1945 and still under copyright on that date)] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ivory Coast </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>70 pd (anonymous/pseudonymous, posthumous)<br/>70 pd (photo, audiovisual, applied art)<br/>[99 pma<br/>99 pd (anonymous/pseudonymous, posthumous)<br/>99 pd (photo, audiovisual, applied art)] </td> <td>Art. 47 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/legislation/details/793">Law No. 2016-555 of July 26, 2016, on Copyright and Related Rights</a><br/>[Art. 45, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=793">Loi no. 96-564 du 25 juillet 1996</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jamaica </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>95 pma<br/>[50 pma] </td> <td>s. 10, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/jm/jm001en.html">Copyright Act 1993</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014005943/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/jm/jm001en.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese copyright law">Japan</a> </td> <td>January 1, 1996*<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_japan"><a href="#endnote_tab_japan">(f)</a></sup> </td> <td>70 pma<br/>50 pma (death before 1968)<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_japan"><a href="#endnote_tab_japan">(f)</a></sup> </td> <td>Art. 51, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?id=2506&vm=04&re=01">Law No. 48 of 6 May 1970</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian copyright law">Jordan</a> </td> <td>July 28, 1999 </td> <td>50 pma<br/>[30 pma, death before 1968] </td> <td>Art. 30, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/jo/jo001en.html">Law No. 22 of 1992</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20071030122255/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/jo/jo001en.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-30 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, as amended </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kazakhstan </td> <td>April 12, 1999 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Art. 28, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/kz_copyright_1996_en.pdf?URL_ID=30379&filename=11424145143kz_copyright_1996_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=336085&name=kz_copyright_1996_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Law on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights of 1996</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kenya </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma;<br/>photographs 50 pd </td> <td>s. 23(2), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/ke_copyright_2001_en.pdf?URL_ID=30229&filename=11416612103ke_copyright_2001_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=428054&name=ke_copyright_2001_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Copyright Act, 2001</a><br/>[Art. 4 and 6, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/es/text_html.jsp?lang=EN&id=2685">Derecho de autor (Cap. 130), 1991 consolidation</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kiribati </td> <td>January 2, 2018<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>50 pma<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_ukdep"><a href="#endnote_tab_ukdep">(v)</a></sup> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1956/74/contents/enacted">Copyright Act 1956</a><br/><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paclii.org/ki/legis/consol_act/c112/">Copyright Ordinance, Cap 16</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Korea, North </td> <td>April 28, 2003 </td> <td>Berne </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Korea, South </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>50 pma (death before 1963)<br/>30 pma (death before 1957)<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_skorea"><a href="#endnote_tab_skorea">(s)</a></sup> </td> <td>Art. 36, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/kr/kr001en.html">Copyright Act of 30 December 1989</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614142340/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/kr/kr001en.html">Archived</a> 14 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kuwait </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>TRIPS </td> <td>Decree Law No. 64 of 1999 concerning Intellectual Property Rights </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kyrgyzstan </td> <td>December 20, 1998 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Art. 27, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/text_html.jsp?lang=EN&id=2695">Law on Copyright and Related Rights of 16 December 1997</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Laos </td> <td>March 14, 2012 </td> <td>unknown </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Latvia </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma] </td> <td>Art. 36, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/lv/lv017en.html">Copyright Law of 6 April 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410092708/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/lv/lv017en.html">Archived</a> 10 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br/>Art. 28, Law on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights of 11 May 1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lebanon </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma<br/>50 pd (photos published before 1949)<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_leb_photo"><a href="#endnote_tab_leb_photo">(A)</a></sup> </td> <td>Art. 49, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/lb/lb001en.html">Loi sur la protection de la propriété littéraire et artistique (no. 75 du 3 avril 1999)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021210219/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/lb/lb001en.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br/> <p>Art. 153, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utmps.com/getattachment/270abb68-86e7-49c8-8c5b-de2abc8ece69/Lebanon-Trademark-Law.aspx">Law No. 2385 of January 17, 1924</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lesotho </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>s. 13, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/files/39583/12501690683le_copyright_1989_en.pdf/le_copyright_1989_en.pdf">Copyright Order No. 13, 1989</a><br/>[Copyright Act 1956]<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_ukdep"><a href="#endnote_tab_ukdep">(v)</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Libya </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>25 pma with 50-year minimum<br/> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liechtenstein </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma] </td> <td>Art. 32, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/li/li037en.html">Law of 19 May 1999</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014010501/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/li/li037en.html">Archived</a> 14 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br/>[Art. 36, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/fr/li/li001fr.htmlLaw">of 26 October 1928</a>] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20050422031101/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/fr/li/li001fr.html">Archived</a> 22 April 2005 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lithuania </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma] </td> <td>Art. 34, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213400/http://www.cipr.org/legal_reference/countries/litva/Lithuania_Copyright_ENG_2003.pdf">Law No. IX-1355 (2003)</a><br/>[Art. 536, Civil Code as modified by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=24740">Law No. I-459 (1994)</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Luxembourg </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma] </td> <td>Art. 9, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/fr/lu/lu042fr.html">Law of 18 April 2001</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030130248/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/fr/lu/lu042fr.html">Archived</a> 30 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br/>[Art. 2, Law of 29 March 1972] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Macau<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_china_sar"><a href="#endnote_tab_china_sar">(e)</a></sup> </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma<br/> photographs 50 pr </td> <td>Art. 21, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/99/33/declei43_cn.asp">Decree-Law 43/99/M of August 16, 1999</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Madagascar </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>Art. 52, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/mg_copyright_1995_fr.pdf?URL_ID=30419&filename=11425161843mg_copyright_1995_fr.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=403839&name=mg_copyright_1995_fr.pdf&location=user-S/">Loi no. 94-036 portant sur la propriété littéraire et artistique</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malawi </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>s. 13, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/mw_copyright_2001_en.htm?URL_ID=30230&filename=11416632193mw_copyright_2001_en.htm&filetype=text%2Fhtml&filesize=109150&name=mw_copyright_2001_en.htm&location=user-S/">Copyright Act, 1989</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malaysia </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma<br/>[25 pma, death before 1962] </td> <td>s. 17, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lom.agc.gov.my/ilims/upload/portal/akta/outputaktap/1736259_BI/Act%20332_Muktamad%207.2.2023.pdf">Copyright Act 1987</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231218024754/https://lom.agc.gov.my/ilims/upload/portal/akta/outputaktap/1736259_BI/Act%20332_Muktamad%207.2.2023.pdf">Archived</a> 18 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maldives </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mali </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma, death before 1958] </td> <td>Art. 90, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/ml_copyright_1984_fr.pdf?URL_ID=30418&filename=11425158083ml_copyright_1984_fr.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=418083&name=ml_copyright_1984_fr.pdf&location=user-S/">Loi No. 8426/AN-RM</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malta </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[25 pma, death before 1975] </td> <td>s. 4(2), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/mt/mt001en.html">Copyright Act, 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20050324104211/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/mt/mt001en.html">Archived</a> 2005-03-24 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mauritania </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>Berne, TRIPS </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mauritius </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>s. 12, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/pdf/en/mu/mu005en.pdf">Copyright Act 1997</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014001618/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/pdf/en/mu/mu005en.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-10-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mexico </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>100 pma<br/>30 pma (death before 1952)<br/>3 years pd (publication ca. 1928-13 January 1948 without registration) </td> <td>Art. 29, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/mx/mx097en.pdf">Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (1996)</a> (term amended from 75 pma to 100 pma in 2003) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Micronesia </td> <td>October 7, 2003 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>§ 113, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsmlaw.org/fsm/code/title35/T35_Ch01.htm">Federated States of Micronesia Code, Title 35</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moldova </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma] </td> <td>Art. 23, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agepi.md/pdf/law/l_139_2010-en.pdf">Law No. 39 of 07.02.2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140224192727/http://www.agepi.md/pdf/law/l_139_2010-en.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br/>[Art. 17, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/md_copyright_2004_en.pdf?URL_ID=30270&filename=11418326533md_copyright_2004_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=477609&name=md_copyright_2004_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Law No. 293-XIII of 23 November 1994</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monaco </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mongolia </td> <td>January 29, 1997 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Art. 17, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/mn/mn003en.html">Law on Copyright of 1993</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021162806/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/mn/mn003en.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Montenegro<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_montenego"><a href="#endnote_tab_montenego">(h)</a></sup> </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>Art. 100, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/cs_copyright_2005_en.pdf?URL_ID=30269&filename=11418322263cs_copyright_2005_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=212474&name=cs_copyright_2005_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Law on Copyright and Related Rights</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Morocco </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma, death before 1956] </td> <td>Art. 25, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/ma/ma003en.html">Loi no. 2-00 relative aux droits d’auteur et droits voisins</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050318052314/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/ma/ma003en.html">Archived</a> 2005-03-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mozambique </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma] </td> <td>Art. 22, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/mz/mz002en.html">Law No. 4/2001</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021163449/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/mz/mz002en.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br/>[Portuguese Code of Copyright, Decree-Law No. 46,980 of April 27, 1966<br/>(enacted in Mozambique by Decree No. 679/71 of December 7)] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Myanmar </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma (all works) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Namibia </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma;<br/>photographs 50 pd </td> <td>s. 3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/na_copyright_1997_en.pdf?URL_ID=30232&filename=11417290793na_copyright_1997_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=166426&name=na_copyright_1997_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Copyright Act 98 of 1978, as amended by s. 3, Act 52 of 1984, s. 3, Act 125 of 1992 and by s. 52, Act 38 of 1997</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nauru </td> <td>none‡ </td> <td>unknown </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nepal </td> <td>April 23, 2004 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Pustun Pradhan (2004). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/file_download.php/abd0fa942db399485dd51fb00ece59c7pradhan_e.pdf">Nepal's New Law on Copyright: Some Reflections</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> e-Copyright Bulletin</i>, January–March 2004. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch copyright law">Netherlands</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_nether"><a href="#endnote_tab_nether">(i)</a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>70 pma <ul><li>50 pma</li> <li>50 pma</li> <li>50 pma</li> <li>50 pma</li></ul> </td> <td>Art. 37, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/nl/nl001en.html">Copyright Act, 1912</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20050223045857/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/nl/nl001en.html">Archived</a> 2005-02-23 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, as amended by the Acts of 21 December 1995 <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/nl:Auteursverordening_(Aruba)_-_Hoofdstuk_III" class="extiw" title="s:nl:Auteursverordening (Aruba) - Hoofdstuk III">Copy right directive</a>, based on the Copyright directive 1913</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://decentrale.regelgeving.overheid.nl/cvdr/XHTMLoutput/Historie/Nederlandse%20Antillen/2265/2265_1.html">Copyright directive 1913 (Netherlands Antilles), last amended 1 March 2004</a>, unamended in Curaçao</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://decentrale.regelgeving.overheid.nl/cvdr/xhtmloutput/historie/Sint%20Maarten/142375/142375_2.html">Copyright directive, based on the Copyright directive 1913</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028264/geldigheidsdatum_13-12-2011">Copyright Act</a> <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">BES</a> of 2010, based on the Copyright directive 1913</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_New_Zealand" title="Copyright law of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>50 pma;<br/>computer 50 pr<br/>photos 50 pr (creation before 1944) </td> <td>s. 22, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/legislation/details/19490">Copyright Act 1994</a><br/><a href="/wiki/Copyright_(New_Technologies)_Amendment_Act_2008" title="Copyright (New Technologies) Amendment Act 2008">Copyright (New Technologies) Amendment Act 2008</a><br/>s. 8, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/legislation/details/16135">Copyright Act 1962</a> (terms before 1995) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nicaragua </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>Art. 27, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/es/ni/ni001es.html">Ley de Derecho de Autor y Derechos Conexos (No. 312)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021163159/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/es/ni/ni001es.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Niger </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma] </td> <td>Art. 22, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/ne_copyright_1993_fr.pdf?URL_ID=30417&filename=11425102573ne_copyright_1993_fr.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=354392&name=ne_copyright_1993_fr.pdf&location=user-S/">Ordonnance no. 93-027 du 30 mars 1993</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nigeria </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>photographs 50 pd </td> <td>Schedule I, C28-30 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copyright.gov.ng/images/downloads/Nigerian%20Copyright%20Act%20LFN%202004.pdf">Copyright Act (Cap. 28) 2004</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Macedonia </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>Art. 44, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlrc.org.mk/law/l023.htm">Law on Copyright and Related Rights No. 47/96</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310182236/http://www.mlrc.org.mk/law/l023.htm">Archived</a> 2012-03-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> as amended </td></tr> <tr> <td>Norway </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>s. 40, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/no/no005en.html">Act No. 2 of 12 May 1961</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071004210842/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/no/no005en.html">Archived</a> 4 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Law_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright Law of Oman">Oman</a> </td> <td>July 14, 1999 </td> <td>70 pma<br/> <p>A/V works 95 pd<br/> [50 pma<br/> photos/movies 25 pd] </p> </td> <td>Arts. 26-30, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mola.gov.om/maraseem/863/65-2008.pdf">Royal Decree 65-2008</a> (also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=5832">here</a>)<br/> <p>[Arts. 7-8, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omaninfo.com/law-and-legislation/oman-law-protection-copyright-and-neighboring-rights.asp">Decree No. 47/1996</a><br/>Art. 7, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=3378">Royal Decree 37-2000</a>] </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copyright_protection_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright protection in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma;<br/>photographs, music, film 50 pd </td> <td>s. 3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonlii.org/pk/legis/pj/consol_act/pparotra1950532/">Copyright Ordinance, 1962, amended in 2000</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Palau </td> <td>none‡ </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>c. 16, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/pw_copyright_2003_en.pdf?URL_ID=30344&filename=11422608793pw_copyright_2003_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=231005&name=pw_copyright_2003_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Republic of Palau Copyright Act of 2003</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Panama </td> <td>June 8, 1996* </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Art. 42, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/pa/pa001en.html">Ley No. 15 de 8 de agosto de 1994</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Papua New Guinea </td> <td>June 9, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>s. 17, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/pg_copyright_2002_en.pdf?URL_ID=30337&filename=11422589723pg_copyright_2002_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=391605&name=pg_copyright_2002_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act 2000</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paraguay </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>Art. 47, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/py/py001en.html">Ley No. 1328/98 de Derecho de Autor y Derechos Conexos</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peru </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma, death before 1946; 25 pd, organizational works before 1971; 20 pd, photographs before 1976;15 pd, anonymous works before 1981] </td> <td>Art. 52, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/pe/pe003en.html">Decreto legislativo 822 del 23 de abril de 1996</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup><br/>[Art. 21, 24, 26, 27 and 30 of the <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Ley_13714%2C_derechos_de_autor_de_Per%C3%BA_en_1961.pdf" class="internal" title="Ley 13714, derechos de autor de Perú en 1961.pdf">Law of 1961</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippine_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine copyright law">Philippines</a> </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma;<br/>photographs 50 pd </td> <td>s. 213, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/ra_10/RA08293.pdf">Intellectual Property Code</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish copyright law">Poland</a> </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma]<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_poland"><a href="#endnote_tab_poland">(w)</a></sup> </td> <td>Art. 36, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/es/files/30304/11420011803pl_copyright_2005_en.pdf/pl_copyright_2005_en.pdf">Act of 4 February 1994, amended through Copyright Law, 1 April 2004</a><br/>[Art. 36, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/pl/pl010en.html">Law of February 4, 1994, on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portugal </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma] </td> <td>Art. 31, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=7793">Code of Copyright and Related Rights</a>, as last amended by Law No. 16/2008 of April 1, 2008 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Qatar </td> <td>January 13, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>s. 15, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/qa/qa001en.html">Law No. 7 of 2002</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Romania </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>50 pma (death before 1946)<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_romania"><a href="#endnote_tab_romania">(r)</a></sup> </td> <td>Art. 27, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/ro/ro007en.html">Law No. 8 of March 14, 1996</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Copyright law of the Russian Federation">Russia</a> </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 / 74 pma (general case / author worked during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Patriotic War">Great Patriotic War</a> or participated in it)<br/>[50 / 54 pma] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Russian_Federation#2008_-_Present:_Part_IV_of_the_Civil_Code" title="Copyright law of the Russian Federation">Art. 1281 of 2008 Civil Code and Art. 6 of Law 231-FL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rg.ru/2006/12/22/grazhdansky-kodeks.html">Law 230-FZ, 2006</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rg.ru/2006/12/22/kodeks-vvedenie-dok.html">Law 231-FZ, 2006</a><br/>[by Art. 27 of the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Russian_Federation#Copyright_law_of_1993" title="Copyright law of the Russian Federation">N 5351-1 law of 1993</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=8362">[24]</a> valid at URAA date] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rwanda </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>Berne, TRIPS </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>St. Kitts and Nevis </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Copyright Act No. 8 of 2000<br/>[Copyright Act, Chapter 366 of 1919, as amended in 1956]<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_ukdep"><a href="#endnote_tab_ukdep">(v)</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>St. Lucia </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>s. 10, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/pdf/en/lc/lc002en.pdf">Copyright Act, 1995</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528101520/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/pdf/en/lc/lc002en.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-05-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>St. Vincent and the Grenadines </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>75 pma </td> <td>s. 8, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/vc_copyright_2003_en.PDF?URL_ID=30444&filename=11425886943vc_copyright_2003_en.PDF&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=333544&name=vc_copyright_2003_en.PDF&location=user-S/">Copyright Act, 2003</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samoa </td> <td>July 21, 2006 </td> <td>75 pma </td> <td>s. 16, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paclii.org/ws/legis/consol_act/ca1998133/">Copyright Act 1998, amended in 2008</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>San Marino </td> <td>September 2, 2020 </td> <td>unknown </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>São Tomé and Príncipe </td> <td>June 14, 2016† </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Art. 25, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=7746">Law No. 46 980 of April 27, 1966</a>, effective 1972 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saudi Arabia </td> <td>August 2, 2004 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agip.com/country_service.aspx?country_key=120&service_key=C&lang=en">Royal Decree No. M/41 dated August 30, 2003</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Senegal </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Serbia<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_serbia"><a href="#endnote_tab_serbia">(j)</a></sup> </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>Art. 100, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/cs_copyright_2005_en.pdf?URL_ID=30269&filename=11418322263cs_copyright_2005_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=212474&name=cs_copyright_2005_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Law on Copyright and Related Rights</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seychelles </td> <td>April 26, 2015 </td> <td>50 pma;<br/> <p>50 pd (audiovisual)<br/> 25 pr (applied art)<br/> 25 pma (death before 1989)<br/> photos 25 pd (pub. before 1989) </p> </td> <td>s. 19, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=15300">Copyright Act, 2014 (Act No. 5 of 2014)</a><br/> <p>s. 9, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/sc_copyright_1991_en.pdf?URL_ID=30416&filename=11425090543sc_copyright_1991_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=466060&name=sc_copyright_1991_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Copyright Act, revised edition 1991</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Singapore </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipos.gov.sg/main/aboutip/copyright/ownershipnrights.html#term">Intellectual Property Office of Singapore</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovakia </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>§ 18, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/sk/sk021en.html">Act No. 383/1997</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20050117021351/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/sk/sk021en.html">Archived</a> 2005-01-17 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovenia </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>Art. 59, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uil-sipo.si/fileadmin/upload_folder/zakonodaja/ZASP_EN_2007.pdf">Copyright and Related Rights Act of 30 March 1995, as last amended in December 2006</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Solomon Islands </td> <td>July 26, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>s. 3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paclii.org/sb/legis/consol_act/ca133/">Copyright Act (Ch. 138)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Somalia </td> <td>none‡ </td> <td>30 pma </td> <td>Art. 24, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somalilandlaw.com/somaliland_copyright_law.html">Law No. 66 of 1977</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Africa </td> <td>January 1, 1996*<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_safrica"><a href="#endnote_tab_safrica">(k)</a></sup> </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>s. 3(2), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/za/za002en.html">Copyright Act, 1978</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080606052542/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/za/za002en.html">Archived</a> 2008-06-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish copyright law">Spain</a> </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>70 pma<br/><b>80 pma</b> (if artist died before Dec 7, 1987)<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_spain"><a href="#endnote_tab_spain">(p)</a></sup> </td> <td>Art. 23, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1996-8930">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sri Lanka </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>audiovisual 70 pd<br/>applied art 25 pr<br/>50 pma (death before 1953)<br/>films 50 pd (pub. before 1953)<br/>photos 25 pr (made before 1978) </td> <td>s. 13, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nipo.gov.lk/act.htm">Intellectual Property Act, No. 36 of 2003</a>; also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=187238">here</a><br/> <p>[s. 19, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=2848">Code of Intellectual Property Act No. 52 of 1979</a> (also <a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lanka%27s_intellectual_property_law.pdf" title="File:Sri Lanka's intellectual property law.pdf">here</a>)] </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sudan </td> <td>December 28, 2000 </td> <td>50 pma<br/>photographs 25 pd </td> <td>s. 13, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/sd/sd001en.html">Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection Act 1996</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529031042/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/sd/sd001en.html">Archived</a> 2008-05-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suriname </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>Berne, TRIPS </td> <td><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/nl/sr/sr008nl.pdf">WET van 22 maart 1913, houdende nieuwe regeling van het auteursrecht (G.B. 1913 no. 15), gelijk zij luidt na de daarin aangebrachte wijzigingen bij G.B. 1915 no. 78, G.B. 1946 no. 2, G.B. 1946 no. 77, G.B. 1959 no. 76, S.B. 1980 no. 116, S.B. 1981 no. 23.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sweden </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>Art. 43, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/se/se052en.html">Act 1960:729</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030122204/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/se/se052en.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, as modified by Act 1995:1273 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swiss_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss copyright law">Switzerland</a> </td> <td>January 1, 1996*<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_chase_1891"><a href="#endnote_tab_chase_1891">(a)</a></sup> </td> <td>70 pma<br/>50 pma (death before 1943)<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_switzerland"><a href="#endnote_tab_switzerland">(q)</a></sup> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/c231_1.html">Urheberrechtsgesetz 1993</a><br/><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Swiss_Copyright_Law_of_1922.pdf" class="internal" title="Swiss Copyright Law of 1922.pdf">Urheberrechtsgesetz 1922</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Syria </td> <td>June 11, 2004 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Arts. 22 & 23, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/sy_copyright_2001_en.pdf?URL_ID=30397&filename=11424371293sy_copyright_2001_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=68822&name=sy_copyright_2001_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Law No. 12/2001</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Taiwan (<i>Chinese Taipei</i>) </td> <td>January 1, 2002*<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_china"><a href="#endnote_tab_china">(c)</a></sup> </td> <td>TRIPS </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Tajikistan" title="Copyright law of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> </td> <td>March 9, 2000 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Art. 17, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Law_on_Copyright_and_Related_rights_of_Republic_of_Tajikistan" class="extiw" title="s:Law on Copyright and Related rights of Republic of Tajikistan">Law No. 726, 13 November 1998, revised by Law No. 27 of 1 August 2003</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tanzania </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>s. 14, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/tz_copyright_1999_en.pdf?URL_ID=30235&filename=11417323283tz_copyright_1999_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=590164&name=tz_copyright_1999_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, 1999</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thailand </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>s. 19, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/th/th001en.html">Copyright Act, B.E. 2537 (1994)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516112227/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/th/th001en.html">Archived</a> 2008-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Timor Leste </td> <td>January 1, 1996<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_timor"><a href="#endnote_tab_timor">(l)</a></sup> </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Art. 29, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/id_copyright_2002_en.pdf?URL_ID=30382&filename=11424187703id_copyright_2002_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=162571&name=id_copyright_2002_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Law No. 19 of 2002</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Togo </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Art. 36, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/tg_copyright_1991_fr.pdf?URL_ID=30414&filename=11425072893tg_copyright_1991_fr.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=406706&name=tg_copyright_1991_fr.pdf&location=user-S/">Loi no. 91-12 portant protection du droit d'auteur, du folklore et des droits voisins</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tonga </td> <td>June 14, 2001 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>s. 13, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/to_copyright_1988_en.pdf?URL_ID=30403&filename=11424990073to_copyright_1988_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=464691&name=to_copyright_1988_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Copyright Act (Cap. 121)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trinidad and Tobago </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>s. 19, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/tt/tt0032en.html">Copyright Act, 1997</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tunisia </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Art. 18, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/fr/tn/tn022fr.html">Loi no. 94-36</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430032117/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/fr/tn/tn022fr.html">Archived</a> 2008-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish copyright law">Turkey</a> </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td>Art. 27, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/tr/tr001en.html">Law No. 5846 of 5 December 1951</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516112232/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/tr/tr001en.html">Archived</a> 16 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turkmenistan </td> <td>May 29, 2016<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_turkmenistan"><a href="#endnote_tab_turkmenistan">(m)</a></sup> </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Art. 23, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11443">Law No. 257-IV of January 10, 2012, on Copyright and Related Rights</a><br/> <p>Art. 1094, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11251">Part IV Civil Code, 1998</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tuvalu </td> <td>June 2, 2017 </td> <td>50 pma<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_ukdep"><a href="#endnote_tab_ukdep">(v)</a></sup> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukgpa/1956/74/contents/enacted">Copyright Act 1956</a><br/><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuvalu-legislation.tv/tuvalu/DATA/PRIN/1990-060/CopyrightAct.pdf">Copyright Ordinance</a> (Cap. 60 of 1973) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uganda </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>TRIPS </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ukraine </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[50 pma] </td> <td>Art. 28, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cipr.org/legal_reference/countries/ukraine/Ukraine_Copyright_ENG.pdf">Law on Copyright and Related Rights of 2001</a><br/> </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Arab Emirates </td> <td>April 10, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma<br/>[25 pma; photos 10 pd] </td> <td>s. 20, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/ae/ae001en.html">Federal Law No. 7 of 2002</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014003020/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/ae/ae001en.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br/>[Art. 20, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.rediff.com/law/uae-c.htm">Federal Law No. 40 of the year 1992 for the Protection of Intellectual Works and Copyright</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Copyright law of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>January 1, 1996*<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_chase_1891"><a href="#endnote_tab_chase_1891">(a)</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_uk"><a href="#endnote_tab_uk">(n)</a></sup> </td> <td>70 pma<br/>sound recordings 50 pd </td> <td>s. 12, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/contents">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a>, as amended by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1995/3297">Duration of Copyright and Rights in Performances Regulations 1995</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uruguay </td> <td>January 1, 1996* </td> <td>70 pma<br/>[40pma] </td> <td>Art. 14, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/uy_copyright_2003_es.pdf?URL_ID=30443&filename=11425879563uy_copyright_2003_es.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=323157&name=uy_copyright_2003_es.pdf&location=user-S/">Law on Copyright No. 9.739 of 17 December 1937</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uzbekistan </td> <td>April 19, 2005 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Art. 38, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/text_pdf.jsp?lang=EN&id=5201">Law No. 272-I of 30 August 1996</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vanuatu </td> <td>August 24, 2012 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>Art. 19, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=10729">Copyright and Related Rights No. 42 of 2000</a>, eff. February 8, 2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vatican City </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>70 pma </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/va_copyright_1960_it.pdf?URL_ID=30483&filename=11430217273va_copyright_1960_it.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=85982&name=va_copyright_1960_it.pdf&location=user-S/">N. XII. Legge sil diritto di autore</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Venezuela </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>60 pma<br/>audiovis./photo/broadcast/comp./anon. 60 pd </td> <td>Art. 25,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/pdf/en/ve/ve010en.pdf">Ley sobre el Dercho de Autor as modified by the Decreto del 14 de agosto de 1993</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vietnam </td> <td>December 23, 1998<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_tab_vietnam"><a href="#endnote_tab_vietnam">(o)</a></sup> </td> <td>75 pd or 100 pr (shortest) <br/>photos/cinema/applied art/anonym <br/> 50 pma all others </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noip.gov.vn/noip/resource.nsf/vwSelectImageResourceUrl/6A7273451828D79C472576720020482D/$FILE/Intelletual%20Property%20Law%20of%20Viet%20Nam%202005.pdf">(November 2005)</a><br/> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=182541">2009 amendment</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yemen </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/edocs/notdocs/en/berne/treaty_berne_254.html">April 14, 2008</a>† </td> <td>30 pma<br/>Cinema 25 pr<br/>Photos 10 pr<br/>Journalistic TV 3 pr<br/>Journalistic radio 2 pr </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070928081950/http://www.arabpip.org/arablaws_ymn_authr.htm">قرار جمهوري بالقانون رقم (19) لسنة 1994م</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://translate.google.com/translate?js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http://web.archive.org/web/20070928081950/http://www.arabpip.org/arablaws_ymn_authr.htm">Google translation</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright-watch.org/files/Yemen_Copyright_Law_Number_19_for_1994_OCR.pdf">Third-party translation</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zambia </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma </td> <td>s. 12, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/zm_copyright_1994_en.pdf?URL_ID=30413&filename=11425068613zm_copyright_1994_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=339255&name=zm_copyright_1994_en.pdf&location=user-S/">Copyright and Performance Rights Act, 1994</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zimbabwe </td> <td>January 1, 1996 </td> <td>50 pma<br/>photos pre-1967 50 pr<br/>other photos 50 pd </td> <td>s. 5, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/pdf/en/zw/zw001en.pdf">Copyright Act (Chapter 26:1) (1966)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Table_notes_and_references" data-mw-thread-id="h-Table_notes_and_references-Dates_of_restoration_and_terms_of_protection"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Table_notes_and_references-Dates_of_restoration_and_terms_of_protection"></span>Table notes and references<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Table_notes_and_references-Dates_of_restoration_and_terms_of_protection"></span></h4></div> <p><small> <b>Dates of restoration</b> were taken from information in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38a.pdf">US Copyright Office Circular No. 38a</a>, correct as of January 2005, cross-checked and updated by reference to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.int/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm">Membership of the WTO</a>, correct as of December 11, 2005, and to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Berne_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="List of parties to the Berne Convention">list of parties to the Berne Convention</a>, correct as of May 30, 2006 (quoted date, in fact the document records Samoa's accession on July 21, 2006). For convenience, dates of restoration for the predecessor countries have been quoted for countries that have become independent since copyright restoration (Montenegro, Timor Leste). <b>Terms of protection</b> were taken from a variety of sources, including <a href="/wiki/WIPO" class="mw-redirect" title="WIPO">WIPO</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> (see <a href="#External_links">External links</a>). Where no more specific information is available for a country, an indication of its probable minimum copyright term can be gained from its status as:</small> </p> <ul><li><small>a party to the Berne Convention ("<b>Berne</b>"); minimum term of 50 pma, except for photographs.</small></li> <li><small>a member of the WTO ("<b>TRIPS</b>"); minimum term of 50 pma.</small></li> <li><small>a candidate for membership of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> ("<b>EU</b>"); term must be 70 pma before accession.</small></li></ul> <p><small><b>pma</b> = <i>post mortem auctoris</i>, (years) after the death of the author</small><br/> <small><b>pd</b> = <i>post divulgationem</i>, (years) after publication</small><br/> <small><b>pr</b> = <i>post realization</i>, (years) after creation</small> </p> <dl><dd><small>* Countries with a possibility of <a href="#Subsisting_copyrights">subsisting US copyrights</a>.</small></dd> <dd><small>† WTO observer countries, which are required to start membership negotiations within five years of becoming observers. These countries will be eligible for copyright restoration once they join the WTO, or earlier if they choose to sign the Berne Convention or the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works">WTO Copyright Treaty</a> beforehand.</small></dd> <dd><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_chase_1891"><b><a href="#ref_tab_chase_1891">^(a)</a></b></span> Bilateral copyright relations between the United States and each of Belgium, France, Switzerland and the United Kingdom were established by Presidential Proclamation No. 3 of July 1, 1891 (27 Stat. 981) under the authority of The Chase Act of 1891.</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_canada"><b><a href="#ref_tab_canada">^(b)</a></b></span> Bilateral copyright relations between the United States and Canada were effective from January 1, 1924.</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_china"><b><a href="#ref_tab_china">^(c)</a></b></span> Bilateral copyright relations between the United States and China were established by treaty effective from January 13, 1904. The People's Republic of China does not consider this treaty to be binding, but the Republic of China (Taiwan) considers it still to be in force. Copyright relations were established between the United States and the People's Republic of China by a Presidential Declaration of March 17, 1992 under the authority of 17 104(b)(5) as modified by the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 (Pub. L. No. 100-568, 102 Stat. 2853). <i>See</i> "<a href="#Chinese_copyrights">Chinese copyrights</a>" above.</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_germany"><b><a href="#ref_tab_germany">^(d)</a></b></span> The Federal Republic of Germany is the successor state to the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>.</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_china_sar"><b><a href="#ref_tab_china_sar">^(e)</a></b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Special_Administrative_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Administrative Region">Special Administrative Regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> have their own status, distinct from that of the rest of China, under international copyright and trade law.</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_japan"><b><a href="#ref_tab_japan">^(f)</a></b></span> The bilateral copyright relations between the United States and Japan that were established on May 10, 1906 are considered by the US Copyright Office to have been abrogated, and superseded by the adherence of Japan to the Geneva Act of the UCC on April 28, 1956.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Circ38a"><a href="#endnote_Circ38a">[15]</a></sup> The abrogation occurred when the US did not include the copyright proclamation in the list of treaties that were to continue in effect, per <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco#Article_7" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of San Francisco">Article 7(a)</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of Peace with Japan</a>, which went into effect on April 28, 1952. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco#Article_12" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of San Francisco">Article 12</a> of the same peace treaty included a four-year interim copyright agreement, made explicit by a separate protocol letter, where the US and Japan gave each other's works national treatment. This agreement applied retroactively to works previously covered under older bilateral copyright treaty. Japan timed their ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Copyright_Convention" title="Universal Copyright Convention">Universal Copyright Convention</a> so it would enter into effect on the date that the interim agreement expired, April 28, 1956, so that there was never a lapse in copyright relations between the two countries. Works previously protected were thereafter protected under the terms of the UCC, not the terms of the earlier treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-JapanRelations_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JapanRelations-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some World War II government-owned works may not have had their US copyright restored; see <a href="#Wartime_copyrights">#Wartime copyrights</a>.</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_austria"><b><a href="#ref_tab_austria">^(g)</a></b></span> The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=bgl&datum=1936&page=173&size=45">Austrian copyright law of 1936</a> specified that photographs are copyrighted for a term of 20 years after publication, or 20 years after creation for photographs which were not published within 20 years. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblPdf/1953_106_0/1953_106_0.pdf">copyright law of 1953</a> introduced a distinction between photographic works and simple photographs so that photographic works were now covered by the 50 years pma term for artistic works, but it also specified that photographs which were already in the public domain before 1953 and would now be considered photographic works did not become copyrighted again. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=235978">copyright law of 1972</a>, which extended the protection period for artistic works to 70 years pma, was not retroactive either. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblPdf/1996_151_0/1996_151_0.pdf">Austrian copyright law of 1996</a> restored all works to 70pma as per the EU directive, but this law occurred after the URAA date so the older terms on photographs were still in effect on January 1, meaning pre-1932 photos would not have been restored in the US even though they were in Austria shortly thereafter.</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_montenego"><b><a href="#ref_tab_montenego">^(h)</a></b></span> Montenegro is assumed to have succeeded to the copyright obligations of <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a> (see note <a href="#endnote_tab_serbia">(j)</a>).</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_nether"><b><a href="#ref_tab_nether">^(i)</a></b></span> Including the <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a>: although Dutch adhesion to the Berne convention only applies to the Kingdom in Europe, membership of the WTO includes the overseas territories.</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_serbia"><b><a href="#ref_tab_serbia">^(j)</a></b></span> Serbia is deemed to be a successor state of <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a>, which itself was a successor state to <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> for international copyright treaties, notably the Berne Convention, effective June 17, 1930.</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_safrica"><b><a href="#ref_tab_safrica">^(k)</a></b></span> Bilateral copyright relations between the United States and South Africa were effective from July 1, 1924.</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_timor"><b><a href="#ref_tab_timor">^(l)</a></b></span> Timor Leste is assumed to retain the copyright status it held as a part of Indonesia, a signatory of the Berne convention.</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_turkmenistan"><b><a href="#ref_tab_turkmenistan">^(m)</a></b></span> Turkmenistan has confirmed its status as a successor to the obligations of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> under the Geneva Act of the UCC, effective from May 27, 1973, in a bilateral agreement with the United States on October 25, 1993.</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_uk"><b><a href="#ref_tab_uk">^(n)</a></b></span> The United Kingdom's adherence to the Berne Convention extends to the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, effective March 18, 1996.</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_vietnam"><b><a href="#ref_tab_vietnam">^(o)</a></b></span> Restoration of Vietnamese copyrights occurred through Presidential Proclamation No. 7161 of December 23, 1998 [63 Fed. Reg. 71571 (1998)], prior to Vietnam's signature of the Berne Convention on October 26, 2004.</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_spain"><b><a href="#ref_tab_spain">^(p)</a></b></span> Spain had a copyright term of 80 years <i>p.m.a.</i> from 1879 until 1987 (see the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.derecho-internet.org/node/365">Spanish copyright law from 1879</a>). The <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1987-25628">[26]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> reduced the term to 60 years, but already running longer terms remained valid. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1996-8930">[27]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, which implemented <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1995-22380">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Directive_93/98/EEC" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive 93/98/EEC">EU directive 93/98/EEC</a>, increased the term again to 70 years, but again, already running longer terms remained valid.</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_switzerland"><b><a href="#ref_tab_switzerland">^(q)</a></b></span> Switzerland had a copyright term of 50 years p.m.a. until 1993, and the extension to 70 years p.m.a. made in 1993 did not restore already expired copyrights, meaning that the copyright of works by Swiss creators who died before 1943 didn't get restored in the US, as the copyright of those works was already expired at the date of restoration.</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_romania"><b><a href="#ref_tab_romania">^(r)</a></b></span> Romania extended its copyright term from 50 years p.m.a. to 70 years on June 25, 1996.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=3578">[29]</a> This means that on the URAA date of January 1, 1996, the shorter term of 50 years was still valid. However, some of these works appeared to become re-copyrighted on June 25, 1996 within Romania as the term extension explicitly also applied to works on which the copyright had already expired (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=3578">article 149(3)</a>). However, the apparent retroactivity of that law was later deemed to be a technical legislative mistake, as it was intended to not be retroactive, and the law was modified to add the word <i>not</i> to the clause in 2004 (see the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=5195">current law</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=208582#LinkTarget_229">article 149(3)</a>). This created some legal uncertainty, but at least one court case ruled according to the actual intent and not the original wording of the 1996 law, meaning it is generally deemed that the copyright extensions were not retroactive within Romania.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legi-internet.ro/blogs/media/blogs/a/Questionnaire%202%20-%20Romania-%20final.pdf">[30]</a></small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_skorea"><b><a href="#ref_tab_skorea">^(s)</a></b></span> South Korea introduced a 30-years-<i>p.m.a.</i> term in its copyright law of 1957, which was extended in 1987 to 50 years. See Yunjeong Choi, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brooklaw.edu/students/journals/bjil/bjil28ii_choi.pdf">Development of Copyright Protection in Korea: its History, Inherent Limits, and Suggested Solutions</a></i>, Brook. J. Int'l L. 28 (2003), pp. 643-673. The transitional provisions laid out in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/text_html.jsp?lang=en&id=2743">addendum of the 1986 law</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> (for the entry in force on July 1, 1987) clarified that the new law (and thus its longer term) did not apply to works whose copyright term under the earlier law had already expired. In 2013 copyright term was again extended to 70pma but also nonretroactive.</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_india"><b><a href="#ref_tab_india">^(t)</a></b></span> India extended its general term from 50 to 60 years in Act 13 of 1992, effective from December 28, 1991. The change was made in part to further protect the works of <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, who died in 1941. Works that had expired prior to December 28, 1991 remained in the public domain. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cili.in/article/viewArticle/2171">Significance, History and Development of Copyright Law</a>, Dr. Bharat B. Das, p 352 (PDF link<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cili.in/article/view/2171/1434">[31]</a>), and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/12/04/stories/2002120400430900.htm">The life and death of a copyright</a>, N.A.K. Sarma. Therefore, works that expired before December 28, 1991 (effectively, before January 1, 1991) were in the public domain in India on the URAA date of January 1, 1996. For original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works, this is where the author died before January 1, 1941, and for cinematograph films, sound recordings, photographs, posthumous publications, anonymous and pseudonymous publications, works of government and works of international organisations, this would mean works published before January 1, 1941. India extended the copyright term for photos from 50 years from creation to 50 years from publication in 1957 (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Undeletion_requests/Archive/2012-10#Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Gandhi_and_Jinnah_Bombay_1944.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:Commons:Undeletion requests/Archive/2012-10">Commons discussion</a>).</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_hungary"><b><a href="#ref_tab_hungary">^(u)</a></b></span> Hungary extended its copyright term from 50 to 70 years p.m.a. on July 1, 1994, but did not restore any copyrights that had already expired.(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/494507">article 56(1)</a>) This means that on the URAA date of January 1, 1996, works where the author died before 1944 were still in the public domain in Hungary, and such copyrights were not restored in the US However, Hungary later restored these copyrights to the full 70 p.m.a. term prior to joining the EU, as the 1999 copyright law explicitly applied the newer term to works on which the copyright had already expired (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/127828">article 108(1)</a>).</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_ukdep"><b><a href="#ref_tab_ukdep">^(v)</a></b></span> Many former dependent territories of the United Kingdom continued to use the UK copyright legislation, usually the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1956/74/contents/enacted">Copyright Act 1956</a>, as the basis of their copyright law after independence. Some have since drafted replacement legislation, but others still use the older UK laws.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/text_html.jsp?lang=EN&id=1653">[32]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_poland"><b><a href="#ref_tab_poland">^(w)</a></b></span> Poland extended its copyright term to 50 years p.m.a. on May 23, 1994,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/text_html.jsp?lang=en&id=3500">[33]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> and then to 70 years on January 1, 2003.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://merlin.obs.coe.int/iris/2002/10/article29.en.html">[34]</a> This means that on the URAA date of January 1, 1996, the shorter term of 50 years was still valid. However, some of these works then became re-copyrighted in 2003 within Poland (and later the European Union) as the term extension explicitly also applied to works on which the copyright had already expired (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/es/files/30304/11420011803pl_copyright_2005_en.pdf/pl_copyright_2005_en.pdf">article 124</a>).</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_argentina"><b><a href="#ref_tab_argentina">^(x)</a></b></span> The original copyright law of Argentina (Ley 11.723) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoleg.mecon.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/40000-44999/42755/norma.htm">from September 30, 1933</a> had a general copyright term of 30 years <i>p.m.a.</i> In 1957, this was increased to 50 years <i>p.m.a.</i> by Decreto-Ley 12.063/57, published in the <i>Boletin Oficial</i> on October 11, 1957.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_ARextensions"><a href="#endnote_ARextensions">[22]</a></sup> In 1997, the term was again increased to 70 years <i>p.m.a.</i> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=83">Ley 24.870</a>, published in the <i>Boletin Oficial</i> on September 16, 1997. This extension to 70 years re-copyrighted in Argentina works on which the earlier 50-year term had already expired, but the new 70-year term had not expired yet (see Ley 24.870, or art. 84 of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoleg.mecon.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/40000-44999/42755/texact.htm">current Argentine copyright law</a>). On the URAA date of January 1, 1996, Argentina thus still had a general copyright term of 50 years <i>p.m.a.</i></small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_algeria"><b><a href="#ref_tab_algeria">^(y)</a></b></span> The April 3, 1973 copyright law of Algeria (published <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joradp.dz/JO6283/1973/029/F_Pag.htm">here</a>, pages 342-347), Articles <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joradp.dz/JO6283/1973/029/FP346.pdf">60-67</a>, gave most works a 25 pma term, photos a 10 year term from publication, and cinematographic works 25 years from publication. The law of March 6 1997 (published <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1997/013/F_Pag.htm">here</a>, pages 3-18), Articles <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1997/013/FP9.pdf">55-61</a>, changed to 50 pma for most works, with photos and audiovisual works being 50 years from publication. However, per <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1997/013/FP18.pdf">Article 159</a>, it was not retroactive, meaning works that expired on or before January 1, 1997 (i.e. photos published before 1987, cinematographic works published before 1972, and works of authors who died before 1972) remained in the public domain, including on the URAA date in 1998, meaning those works are still PD in both Algeria and the US A new <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/fr/text_html.jsp?lang=FR&id=1194">copyright law in 2003</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> mostly kept the same terms, though photographs changed from 50 years from <i>publication</i> to 50 years from <i>creation</i>, meaning photographs taken more than 50 years ago but not published until 1987 or later are PD in Algeria, but not the US (since they were protected in Algeria in 1998). The 2003 law, per <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/fr/text_html.jsp?lang=FR&id=1194#P456_81558">Article 161</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, was also not retroactive.</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_france"><b><a href="#ref_tab_france">^(z)</a></b></span> France's general copyright term was 50 pma on the URAA date of January 1, 1996, except for musical compositions, which were 70 pma since 1985.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/text_html.jsp?lang=EN&id=1551">[35]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Those terms were extended for wartime periods: 6 years and 152 days for works published before January 1, 1921 that were not in the public domain on February 3, 1919; 8 years and 120 days for works published before January 1, 1948 that were not in the public domain on August 13, 1941; and a 30-year addition for authors who "died for France" as recorded in the death certificate (articles <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/text_html.jsp?lang=EN&id=1551#JD_FR003_123-8_1">123-8, -9, and -10</a>[<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> also see <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prorogations_de_guerre" class="extiw" title="fr:Prorogations de guerre">fr:Prorogations de guerre</a>). These extensions were added together, and need to be taken into account for URAA restoration determinations. France then retroactively extended their general terms to 70 pma effective April 1, 1997.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/text_html.jsp?lang=EN&id=1602">[36]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Per 2007 rulings of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)" title="Court of Cassation (France)">Court of Cassation</a> involving works of <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a> (died 1926) and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boldini" title="Giovanni Boldini">Giovanni Boldini</a> (died 1931), the wartime extensions were not used to extend beyond 70 years unless a longer term had started running by July 1, 1995.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.courdecassation.fr/jurisprudence_2/premiere_chambre_civile_568/arret_no_9940.html">[37]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.courdecassation.fr/jurisprudence_2/premiere_chambre_civile_568/communique_9942.html">[38]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.courdecassation.fr/jurisprudence_2/premiere_chambre_civile_568/arret_no_9941.html">[39]</a> The extensions are therefore mostly moot in France today, except possibly for authors who died for France, and authors of musical compositions, if the longer terms were already running on July 1, 1995.</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tab_leb_photo"><b><a href="#ref_tab_leb_photo">^(A)</a></b></span> Under the Lebanese copyright law of 1924, photographs were copyrighted for 50 years after their original publication. Photos published before 1946 were thus not subject to the URAA copyright restorations in the US</small></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_national_regulations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Specific_national_regulations-Specific_country_information"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Specific_national_regulations-Specific_country_information"></span>Specific national regulations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Specific_national_regulations-Specific_country_information"></span></h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Algeria" data-mw-thread-id="h-Algeria-Specific_national_regulations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Algeria-Specific_national_regulations"></span>Algeria<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Algeria-Specific_national_regulations"></span></h4></div> <p>Article 9 of Algeria's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lexinter.net/DZ/ordonnance_relative_aux_droits_d%27auteur_et_aux_droits_voisins.htm">Ordonnance N°97-10 du 27 Chaoual 1417 correspondant au 6 mars 1997 relative aux droits d'auteur et aux droits voisins.</a> states that: "Works of the State made licitly accessible to the public may be freely used for non-profit purposes, subject to respect for the integrity of the work and indication of its source. By "works of the State", in this article, are meant works produced and published by the various organs of the State, local communities, or public establishments of an administrative character." (original is in French.) In short, they are available for non-commercial use – which is considered unfree on Wikipedia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UK_Copyright" data-mw-thread-id="h-UK_Copyright-Specific_national_regulations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-UK_Copyright-Specific_national_regulations"></span>UK Copyright<span data-mw-comment-end="h-UK_Copyright-Specific_national_regulations"></span></h4></div> <p>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyrightservice.co.uk/copyright/p01_uk_copyright_law">UK Copyright service</a> has a good summary. The legal basis is the 1988 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, and subsequent modifications and revisions. In particular for literary, artistic works, copyright ends 70 years after the last surviving author dies or if unknown, 70 years after creation or publication. </p><p>The UK <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Public_Sector_Information" title="Office of Public Sector Information">Office of Public Sector Information</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>, has told us: </p> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Crown_copyright" title="Crown copyright">Crown copyright</a> protection in published material lasts for fifty years from the end of the year in which the material was first published. Therefore material published [fifty-one years ago], and any Crown copyright material published before that date, would now be out of copyright, and may be freely reproduced throughout the world.</i><a class="external autonumber" href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-May/022055.html">[40]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes_and_References" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes_and_References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes_and_References"></span>Notes and References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes_and_References"></span></h2></div> <ol><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_enddate"><b><a href="#ref_enddate">^</a></b></span> The term of copyright protection in most countries runs until December 31 in a given year: see, for example, Article 7(5) of the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention" title="Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a>. The relevant provision of US law is "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode17/usc_sec_17_00000305----000-.html">Duration of copyright: Terminal date"</a>, 17 U.S.C. §305.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_URAA"><b><a href="#ref_URAA">^</a></b></span> Pub. L. No. 103-465, 108 Stat. 4809.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_19_3511"><b><a href="#ref_19_3511">^</a></b></span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode19/usc_sec_19_00003511----000-.html">Approval and entry into force of Uruguay Round Agreements</a>", 19 U.S.C. §3511</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_NAFTA"><b><a href="#ref_NAFTA">^</a></b></span> The régime of restored copyrights was introduced by Section 334 of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement_Implementation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act">North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act</a> of 1993, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-103hr3450enr/pdf/BILLS-103hr3450enr.pdf">P.L. 103-182</a>). By restoring copyright on certain motion pictures which had entered the public domain it foreshadowed the <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round_Agreements_Act" title="Uruguay Round Agreements Act">Uruguay Round Agreements Act</a> of 1994 (Pub. L. No. 103-465, 108 Stat. 4809).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_104A_h_3"><b><a href="#ref_104A_h_3">^</a></b></span> "Copyright in Restored Works", 17 U.S.C. §104A(h)(3).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_register"><b><a href="#ref_register">^</a></b></span> The US Copyright Office warns that registration should be assumed to be necessary to enforce copyrights originating in countries that are members of the WTO but not signatories of the Berne Convention: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38b.pdf">Highlights of Copyright Amendments Contained in the URAA</a>", US Copyright Office Circular No. 38b, July 2006 (PDF file).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_arch"><b><a href="#ref_arch">^</a></b></span> Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act of 1990: Pub. L. No. 101-650, 104 Stat. 5089.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_104A_h_6_D"><b><a href="#ref_104A_h_6_D">^</a></b></span> 17 U.S.C. §104A(h)(6)(D).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_104A_h_8"><b><a href="#ref_104A_h_8">^</a></b></span> 17 U.S.C. §104A(h)(8).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_104A_h_2"><b><a href="#ref_104A_h_2">^</a></b></span> 17 U.S.C. §104A(h)(2).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_104A_h_6"><b><a href="#ref_104A_h_6">^</a></b></span> 17 U.S.C. §104A(h)(6)(B).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_104A_a_2"><b><a href="#ref_104A_a_2">^</a></b></span> 17 U.S.C. §104A(a)(2).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_DEauthorship"><b><a href="#ref_DEauthorship">^</a></b></span> See, e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jura.uni-sb.de/clear/docs/bgh-19870702.pdf">BGH GRUR 1988, 33</a> (PDF file, p. 16); OLG Köln AfP 2000, 583.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_DEextension"><b><a href="#ref_DEextension">^</a></b></span> §137f UrhG. See OLG Hamburg 3.3.2004 5 U 159/03 U-Boot-Foto for the retroactive effect of copyright extension to works that had fallen into the public domain in Germany.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_104A_b"><b><a href="#ref_104A_b">^</a></b></span> The ownership of a restored copyright is determined by the law of the source country: 17 U.S.C. 104A(b).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Circ38a"><b><a href="#ref_Circ38a">^</a></b></span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38a.pdf">International Copyright Relations of the United States</a>", US Copyright Office Circular No. 38a, August 2003.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_104A_a_1"><b><a href="#ref_104A_a_1">^</a></b></span> 17 U.S.C. §104A(a)(1)(B).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_302_304"><b><a href="#ref_302_304">^</a></b></span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode17/usc_sec_17_00000302----000-.html">Duration of copyright: Works created on or after January 1, 1978</a>", 17 U.S.C. §302 and "[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode17/usc_sec_17_00000304----000-.html">Duration of copyright: Subsisting copyrights</a>", 17 U.S.C. §304, as amended by the <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Bono_Copyright_Term_Extension_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act">Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act</a> of 1998 (Pub. L. No. 105-298, 112 Stat. 2827). <i>See also</i> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ15a.html">Duration of Copyright: Provisions of the Law Dealing with the Length of Copyright Protection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325132823/http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ15a.html">Archived</a> 2009-03-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", US Copyright Office Circular No. 15a, January 2004; and "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38b.pdf">Highlights of Copyright Amendments Contained in the URAA</a>", US Copyright Office Circular No. 38b, July 2006 (PDF file).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1909s9"><b><a href="#ref_1909s9">^</a></b></span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalaw.com/top/copyright/1909/1909_9.php">Authors or proprietors, entitled; aliens</a>"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_circ38a"><b><a href="#ref_circ38a">^</a></b></span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38a.html">International Copyright Relations of the United States</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070328192739/http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38a.html">Archived</a> 2007-03-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", US Copyright Office Circular No. 38a, August 2003.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Unpublished"><b><a href="#ref_Unpublished">^</a></b></span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode17/usc_sec_17_00000104----000-.html">Subject matter of copyright: National origin</a>", 17 U.S.C. §§104(a) and "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode17/usc_sec_17_00000303----000-.html">Duration of copyright: Works created but not published or copyrighted before January 1, 1978</a>", 17 U.S.C. §303.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_ARextensions"><b><a href="#ref_ARextensions">^</a></b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://derecho.laguia2000.com/parte-general/propiedad-intelectual">Propriedad intelectual</a> (en Argentina).</li></ol> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html">"Chapter 1 - Circular 92 | US Copyright Office"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+1+-+Circular+92+%26%23124%3B+US+Copyright+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copyright.gov%2Ftitle17%2F92chap1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ANon-US+copyrights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JapanRelations-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JapanRelations_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JapanRelations_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120223075543/http://www.cric.or.jp/cric_e/cuj/cuj99/cuj99_1_3.html">"Copyright up date Japan"</a>. <i>Copyright Research and Information Center</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cric.or.jp/cric_e/cuj/cuj99/cuj99_1_3.html">the original</a> on 2012-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Copyright+Research+and+Information+Center&rft.atitle=Copyright+up+date+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cric.or.jp%2Fcric_e%2Fcuj%2Fcuj99%2Fcuj99_1_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ANon-US+copyrights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-no_copyr_relations-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-no_copyr_relations_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As of January 2021, the status of <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> is stated as "unclear".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a class="external text" href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2005-August/027373.html">2005 statement</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jimbo_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimbo Wales">Jimbo Wales</a>, the co-founder of Wikipedia, and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Copyrights/Archive_14#RfC:_What_to_do_with_respect_to_the_copyright_of_countries_with_which_the_US_does_not_have_copyright_relations?" title="Wikipedia talk:Copyrights/Archive 14">2012 RFC</a> confirming this position.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/results.jsp?countries=KI&cat_id=11"><i>Kiribati Copyright and Related Rights (Neighboring Rights)</i></a>, WIPO: World Intellectual Property Organization, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-05</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kiribati+Copyright+and+Related+Rights+%28Neighboring+Rights%29&rft.pub=WIPO%3A+World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fwipolex%2Fen%2Fresults.jsp%3Fcountries%3DKI%26cat_id%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ANon-US+copyrights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory" class="extiw" title="commons:Commons:Copyright rules by territory">commons:Commons:Copyright rules by territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights">Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries%27_copyright_length" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries' copyright length">List of countries' copyright length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Public_domain" title="Wikipedia:Public domain">Wikipedia:Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO" class="mw-redirect" title="WIPO">WIPO</a> (World Intellectual Property Organization)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links"></span>External links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links"></span></h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_copyright_law" data-mw-thread-id="h-United_States_copyright_law-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-United_States_copyright_law-External_links"></span>United States copyright law<span data-mw-comment-end="h-United_States_copyright_law-External_links"></span></h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalaw.com/top/copyright/1909cact.php">Copyright Act of 1909</a> from MegaLaw</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm">Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States</a>, Cornell University ( <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130323190736/http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm">Archived</a> 2013-03-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_national_copyright_laws" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_national_copyright_laws-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other_national_copyright_laws-External_links"></span>Other national copyright laws<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other_national_copyright_laws-External_links"></span></h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/clea_tree1.jsp">Collection of laws for electronic access - National laws</a> from <a href="/wiki/WIPO" class="mw-redirect" title="WIPO">WIPO</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=14076&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">Collection of national copyright laws</a> from <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/okbooks.html#whatpd">Summary of copyright terms</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, with links to national laws</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paclii.org/">Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute</a>; collection of laws of Pacific countries</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_copyright_treaties" data-mw-thread-id="h-International_copyright_treaties-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-International_copyright_treaties-External_links"></span>International copyright treaties<span data-mw-comment-end="h-International_copyright_treaties-External_links"></span></h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/clea_tree_org1.jsp">Collection of laws for electronic access - Copyright treaties</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060815234935/http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/clea_tree_org1.jsp">Archived</a> 2006-08-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/WIPO" class="mw-redirect" title="WIPO">WIPO</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copyright_law_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Template:Copyright law by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Template talk:Copyright law by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright law by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copyright_law_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Copyright law by country</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_copyright_acts" title="List of copyright acts">Copyright acts by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_copyright_case_law" title="List of copyright case law">Copyright case law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries%27_copyright_lengths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries' copyright lengths">Copyright lengths by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_copyright_treaties" title="International copyright treaties">International copyright treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_international_copyright_agreements" title="List of parties to international copyright agreements">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_international_treaties_protecting_rights_related_to_copyright" title="List of parties to international treaties protecting rights related to copyright">related rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_shorter_term" title="Rule of the shorter term">Rule of the shorter term</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_au_B%C3%A9nin" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur au Bénin">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Burundi" title="Copyright law of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Cameroon" title="Copyright law of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Egypt" title="Copyright law of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_en_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur en Côte d'Ivoire">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_%C3%A0_Madagascar" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur à Madagascar">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Morocco (page does not exist)">Morocco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droits_d%27auteur_et_droits_voisins_au_Maroc" class="extiw" title="fr:Droits d'auteur et droits voisins au Maroc">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Мозамбике">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of Senegal">Senegal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_(S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal)" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur (Sénégal)">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_South_Africa" title="Copyright law of South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/90px-Copyright.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/135px-Copyright.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/180px-Copyright.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="197"/></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Argentina" title="Copyright law of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Bermuda" title="Copyright in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Bolivia" title="Copyright law of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Brazil" title="Copyright law of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Canada" title="Copyright law of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Chile" title="Copyright law of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Copyright in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_autor_en_Ecuador" class="extiw" title="es:Derecho de autor en Ecuador">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_El_Salvador" title="Copyright law of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Honduras" title="Copyright law of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Panama" title="Copyright law of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Peru" title="Copyright law of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Uruguay (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_autor_en_Uruguay" class="extiw" title="es:Derecho de autor en Uruguay">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Venezuela" title="Copyright law of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_and_copyright_issues" title="Afghanistan and copyright issues">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Azerbaijan" title="Copyright law of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Bangladesh" title="Copyright law of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Hong_Kong" title="Copyright law of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_India" title="Copyright law of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Indonesia" title="Copyright law of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Израиле">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Japan" title="Copyright law of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Jordan" title="Copyright law of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Kazakhstan" title="Copyright law of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Кыргызстане">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_North_Korea" title="Copyright law of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_South_Korea" title="Copyright law of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Ливане">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Malaysia" title="Copyright law of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Монголии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Myanmar" title="Copyright law of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Nepal" title="Copyright law of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Oman" title="Copyright law of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Pakistan" title="Copyright law of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Philippines" title="Copyright law of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Copyright law of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Copyright law of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Syria" title="Copyright law of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Tajikistan" title="Copyright law of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Thailand" title="Copyright law of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht_(Vereinigte_Arabische_Emirate)" class="extiw" title="de:Urheberrecht (Vereinigte Arabische Emirate)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Узбекистане">ru</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht_(%C3%96sterreich)" class="extiw" title="de:Urheberrecht (Österreich)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_en_Belgique" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur en Belgique">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_France" title="Copyright law of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Germany" title="Copyright law of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Greece" title="Copyright law of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Ireland" title="Copyright law of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Italy" title="Copyright law of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Латвии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Литве">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht_(Luxemburg)" class="extiw" title="de:Urheberrecht (Luxemburg)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Copyright law of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Poland" title="Copyright law of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Romania" title="Copyright law of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Spain" title="Copyright law of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Sweden" title="Copyright law of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Albania" title="Copyright law of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Армении">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Белоруссии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Georgia" title="Copyright law of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Kazakhstan" title="Copyright law of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Киргизии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Moldova" title="Copyright law of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Russia" title="Copyright law of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Copyright law of the Soviet Union">USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Copyright law of the Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Serbia" title="Copyright law of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Switzerland" title="Copyright law of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Turkey" title="Copyright law of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Ukraine" title="Copyright in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Copyright law of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Australia" title="Copyright law of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_New_Zealand" title="Copyright law of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Category:Copyright law by country">Category:Copyright law by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights&oldid=1244845898">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights&oldid=1244845898</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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