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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A5%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اتحاد إثيوبيا وإريتريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتحاد إثيوبيا وإريتريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_Federat_d%27Eritrea" title="Estat Federat d'Eritrea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat Federat d'Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea_(Provinz)#Föderation" title="Eritrea (Provinz) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eritrea (Provinz)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_de_Etiop%C3%ADa_y_Eritrea" title="Federación de Etiopía y Eritrea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Federación de Etiopía y Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_de_l%27%C3%89thiopie_et_de_l%27%C3%89rythr%C3%A9e" title="Fédération de l'Éthiopie et de l'Érythrée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fédération de l'Éthiopie et de l'Érythrée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%8B%B0%EC%98%A4%ED%94%BC%EC%95%84-%EC%97%90%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%95%84_%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9" title="에티오피아-에리트레아 연방 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에티오피아-에리트레아 연방" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federasi_Etiopia_dan_Eritrea" title="Federasi Etiopia dan Eritrea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Federasi Etiopia dan Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopijos_ir_Eritr%C4%97jos_federacija" title="Etiopijos ir Eritrėjos federacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Etiopijos ir Eritrėjos federacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%81%E3%82%AA%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6" title="エチオピア・エリトリア連邦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エチオピア・エリトリア連邦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Eti%C3%B3pia_e_Eritreia" title="Federação da Etiópia e Eritreia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Federação da Etiópia e Eritreia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Федерация Эфиопии и Эритреи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Федерация Эфиопии и Эритреи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สหพันธ์เอธิโอเปียและเอริเทรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สหพันธ์เอธิโอเปียและเอริเทรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%95%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%97_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%97" title="Федерація Ефіопії та Еритреї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Федерація Ефіопії та Еритреї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E5%92%8C%E5%8E%84%E7%AB%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" title="埃塞俄比亞和厄立特里亞聯邦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃塞俄比亞和厄立特里亞聯邦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea&params=9_1.8_N_38_44.4_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°1.8′N</span> <span class="longitude">38°44.4′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.0300°N 38.7400°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.0300; 38.7400</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Integration of Italian Eritrea to the Ethiopian Empire from 1952 to 1962</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Ethiopian–Eritrean Federation</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Amharic-language text"><span lang="am">የኢትዮጵያ-ኤርትራ ፌዴሬሽን</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>)</span><br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الاتحاد الإثيوبي الإريتري</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span><br /><span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ፈደረሽን ኤርትርያ ኢትዮጵያ</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1952–1962</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897%E2%80%931974).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ethiopia and Eritrea"><img alt="Flag of Ethiopia and Eritrea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px 0px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Eritrea_(1952-1961).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Eritrea_%281952-1961%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Eritrea_%281952-1961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Eritrea_%281952-1961%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Eritrea_%281952-1961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Eritrea_%281952-1961%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Eritrea_%281952-1961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ethiopia" title="Flag of Ethiopia">Flag of Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Eritrea" title="Flag of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i>Ityopp'ya Hoy</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ethiopia, Be Happy</span><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="55" data-mwtitle="Ityopp'ya_Hoy_dess_yibelish.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Ityopp%27ya_Hoy_dess_yibelish.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Ityopp%27ya_Hoy_dess_yibelish.ogg/Ityopp%27ya_Hoy_dess_yibelish.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AItyopp%27ya_Hoy_dess_yibelish.ogg&lang=am&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="am" label="አማርኛ ‪(am)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AItyopp%27ya_Hoy_dess_yibelish.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AItyopp%27ya_Hoy_dess_yibelish.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AItyopp%27ya_Hoy_dess_yibelish.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Ethiopia" title="Emblem of Ethiopia">Ethiopia (left)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Eritrea" title="Emblem of Eritrea">Eritrea (right)</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_(Haile_Selassie).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_%28Haile_Selassie%29.svg/90px-Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_%28Haile_Selassie%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_%28Haile_Selassie%29.svg/135px-Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_%28Haile_Selassie%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_%28Haile_Selassie%29.svg/180px-Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_%28Haile_Selassie%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="1221" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Eritrea_1952-1962.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Emblem_of_Eritrea_1952-1962.svg/90px-Emblem_of_Eritrea_1952-1962.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Emblem_of_Eritrea_1952-1962.svg/135px-Emblem_of_Eritrea_1952-1962.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Emblem_of_Eritrea_1952-1962.svg/180px-Emblem_of_Eritrea_1952-1962.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="282" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pdr_ethiopia.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Ethiopia with autonomous Eritrea"><img alt="Location of Ethiopia with autonomous Eritrea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pdr_ethiopia.png/250px-Pdr_ethiopia.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pdr_ethiopia.png/375px-Pdr_ethiopia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pdr_ethiopia.png/500px-Pdr_ethiopia.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of Ethiopia with autonomous Eritrea</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a><sup id="cite_ref-languages_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languages-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a><sup id="cite_ref-languages_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languages-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor of Ethiopia</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1952–1962 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Emperor's Representative</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1952–1959 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andargachew_Messai" title="Andargachew Messai">Andargachew Messai</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1959–1962 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abiye_Abebe" title="Abiye Abebe">Abiye Abebe</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Eritrea" title="Chief Executive of Eritrea">Chief Executive of Eritrea</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1952–1955 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tedla_Bairu" title="Tedla Bairu">Tedla Bairu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1955 <span style="font-size:85%;">(acting)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Araya_Wassie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Araya Wassie (page does not exist)">Araya Wassie</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1955–1962 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asfaha_Woldemikael&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asfaha Woldemikael (page does not exist)">Asfaha Woldemikael</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Federal_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperial Federal Council (page does not exist)">Imperial Federal Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Federation </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 September 1952</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 September 1961</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Eritrea_Province" title="Eritrea Province">Withdrawal of autonomy</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 November 1962</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_birr" title="Ethiopian birr">Ethiopian birr</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Eritrea)" class="mw-redirect" title="British Military Administration (Eritrea)">British Military Administration (Eritrea)</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Eritrea_Province" title="Eritrea Province">Province of Eritrea</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ethiopian–Eritrean Federation</b> was a coalition between the former Italian colony of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>. It was established as a result of the renunciation of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>’s rights and titles to territorial possessions in Africa, inclusive of all its established territories or colonies made effective by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_between_Italy_and_the_Allied_Powers" title="Treaty of Paris between Italy and the Allied Powers">Treaty of Paris</a> of 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-schiller_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schiller-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 375–383">: 375–383 </span></sup> The fate of Eritrea was contingent on numerous political, social, and economic ideals of Eritreans that ranged from leftists favoring independence, conservatives favoring Ethiopian crown rule, and Eritreans who favored a political union of the two sides of the spectrum. In an attempt to provide Eritrea with ultimate autonomy under an Eritrean curated constitution and governmental elections, UN Resolution 390 (A) was devised to implement such welfare to the individuals it was to be imposed upon. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eritrea was placed under the decree of the <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Eritrea)" class="mw-redirect" title="British Military Administration (Eritrea)">British Military Administration</a> (BMA) in April 1941 which was soon to be called the British Administration in 1949 - continuing until the discharge of the federation on 15 September 1952, concurrent with the signing of the Termination of Powers Proclamation. Following the implementation of the Treaty of Peace with Italy which came into effect on 15 September 1947, the Four Power Commission of Investigation were tasked with making internal inquiries in Eritrea to determine the most effective method of governance following the disbandment with its Italian colonizers. The commission was devised of the major powers of the time, namely the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, in which if a single conclusion could not be made within the constraints of a year, the matter was to be referred elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-schiller_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schiller-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 376">: 376 </span></sup> The General Assembly formulated a United Nations Commission for Eritrea for further consideration in November 1949. Using the consultation and advice of international governments regarding the status of Eritrea, the report was presented at the Fifth Session of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, of which the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> favored the resolution set by the <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> schools of thought in accordance to a federation between Ethiopia and Eritrea.<sup id="cite_ref-schiller_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schiller-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 376–377">: 376–377 </span></sup> Following this session, a draft of the Eritrean constitution based on democratic pretensions was to be drafted and studied and adopted by the Eritrean Assembly as well as the Federal Act to be included as a sort of federal constitution. The final stage of implementation was to obtain the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor of Ethiopia</a> of both the constitution and Federal Act. The Commissioner, Mr. Eduardo Anze Matienzo, reported back to the General Assembly in its Seventh Session in December 1952, receiving a unanimous popular vote.<sup id="cite_ref-schiller_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schiller-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 377–378">: 377–378 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_parties'_uprisings"><span id="Political_parties.27_uprisings"></span>Political parties' uprisings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political parties' uprisings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1941 until 1952, the British Administration acted as an intermediate governing appointment as the political interest and socioeconomic well-being of the Eritrean people was being assessed to form a more autonomous predication. The emergence of political parties was initiated with <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>’s return to the Ethiopian throne in May of 1941, where to immediate effect he set out on the acquisition of Eritrea and <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> into the Ethiopian state. This political perspective was synonymous with the organization known as 'Mahbar Feqri Hagar Eretra’ (Society for the Love of the Land of Eritrea) which would then become the Unionist Party in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-ellingson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellingson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 261–281">: 261–281 </span></sup> Most Eritreans during this time did not favor the alignment of the Ethiopian crown and Eritrea.<sup id="cite_ref-ellingson_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellingson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 281">: 281 </span></sup> The emanation of the Unionist Party was challenged two years later with the materialization of the Moslem League in 1946 which incurred enormous following from the mostly-Muslim western part of the country, and a small portion from the Christian Highlands. A segmentation from the <a href="/wiki/Moslem_League_of_the_Western_Province" title="Moslem League of the Western Province">Moslem League</a> was erected in 1947 and came to be known as the National Moslem Party of Massawa. Following was another predominantly Muslim organization known as the New Eritrean Pro-Italy Party maintaining a large Italian community supporting the ideology that if <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> desired to reacquire Eritrea, Italy would assist in obtaining its independence.<sup id="cite_ref-ellingson_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellingson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 262">: 262 </span></sup> A predominantly Christian party was also incurred in February 1948 known as the Eritrean Liberal Progressive Party, opposing any union with Ethiopia. On 25 July 1949, the Independence Bloc was devised and consisted of all major parties except the Unionist.<sup id="cite_ref-ellingson_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellingson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 276">: 276 </span></sup> Political parties continued to branch off from their original predecessors to represent more refined interests and many secluded to form singular parties representing the dominant political aspiration. Affiliation with political parties was no more strictly determinate on religious alliance as it was with geographical locale. However, parties often shared common interests, such as regional - highland versus lowland - and faith - Muslim versus Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-ellingson_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellingson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 281">: 281 </span></sup> Most of the parties sustained an anti-union sentiment which was met with intimidation and interference by the Ethiopian crown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federation">Federation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1952, elections were conducted by secret ballot. The right to vote was limited to males over the age of twenty-one, of Eritrean descent, who had maintained residency for at least a year’s time. Conversely, Italo-Eritreans and Eritreans of mixed ethnicity were denied the vote.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Unionist Party won thirty-two out of sixty-eight seats of the constituency.<sup id="cite_ref-biz_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> Tedla Bairu of the Unionist Party became the first Chief Executive of Eritrea along with <a href="/wiki/Ali_Radai" title="Ali Radai">Ali Radai</a> of the Muslim League of the Western Province (MLWP) whom became president of the new Eritrean Assembly. The Eritrean Assembly passed constitutional amendments that instated a unicameral, four-year assembly, the granting of Eritrean citizenship to federal nationals in accordance with Eritrean laws, the denial of the Ethiopian imperial representative’s right to comment on draft legislation, the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, along with English, as the official languages- and the creation of an Eritrean flag.<sup id="cite_ref-biz_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> These amendments came to be ratified on July 12, 1952. Taxes and custom duties were raised, and Eritreans were to procure identity cards costing an enormous sum.<sup id="cite_ref-biz_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> Economic policies established after the construction of the federation immensely disadvantaged ethnic Eritreans by maintaining their <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">economic liberalization</a>. The leadership style of Bairu drew rising opposition from the Eritrean people and opposing political parties which forced his resignation in July 1955. In 1954, Amharanisation of the population ensued. Tigrayan and Amhara governors and other political office holders were appointed to administrative posts.<sup id="cite_ref-biz_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37">: 37 </span></sup> Freedom of the press was diminished, and central administrators sought to hire Tigrinya-speaking Christian Eritreans over Muslims, since the country was majority Christian. Asfaha Woldemicheal, whom obtained pro-unionist sentiment was elected following Bairu’s resignation. Woldemichael proposed the installation of an Eritrean administration, the adoption of the Ethiopian flag and the introduction of Ethiopian administrators and teachers in Eritrea.<sup id="cite_ref-biz_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39">: 39 </span></sup> Educated Eritreans open to mobility were incentivized to mobilize against the Ethiopian state. Eritrean students were disadvantaged by the need to learn <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> to achieve secondary-level education, rather than Tigrinya and Arabic. In 1956, Idris Mohammed Adem, a Muslim Eritrean was elected as President of the Assembly generating confrontational Eritrean and Ethiopian relations.<sup id="cite_ref-biz_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40">: 40 </span></sup> The unwillingness of the Unionist Party and the Muslim League to compromise caused Adem to resign in the fall of 1957. As Eritrean mobilization ensued the prevalence of the Eritrean Liberation Movement (ELM) was established gaining support of Christians and Muslims alike, as well as those left behind by Ethiopia’s economic liberalization policies. By May 1960, the Eritrean flag was expelled from the Assembly and the seal and name of the government replaced by, “Eritrean Administration under Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-biz_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup> The judicial system formulated under central control and decisive power was granted to Addis Ababa. In the last election held in Eritrea in 1960, the Unionist Party enacted a pro-Ethiopian executive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 14 November 1962, the Ethiopian government breached the terms of the UN Resolution 390 (A) and of its own volition annexed Eritrea determining it a <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ethiopia" title="Provinces of Ethiopia">province</a>. Protest against the Ethiopian government was imminently provoked and a movement seeking the complete and utter independence of Eritrea ensued. This movement became known as the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Liberation_Front" title="Eritrean Liberation Front">Eritrean Liberation Front</a> (ELF) founded by the exiled Idris Mohammed Adem.<sup id="cite_ref-biz_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalanthems.info/et-75.htm">"Ethiopia (1930-1975) – nationalanthems.info"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+%281930-1975%29+%E2%80%93+nationalanthems.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalanthems.info%2Fet-75.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederation+of+Ethiopia+and+Eritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-languages-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-languages_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-languages_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Official languages of the Federation alongside Amharic until 1956.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schiller-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schiller_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schiller_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schiller_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schiller_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiller1953" class="citation journal cs1">Schiller, A. Arthur (1 July 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ajcl/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/837485">"Eritrea: Constitution and Federation with Ethiopia"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Comparative Law</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 375–383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F837485">10.2307/837485</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/837485">837485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Comparative+Law&rft.atitle=Eritrea%3A+Constitution+and+Federation+with+Ethiopia&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=375-383&rft.date=1953-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F837485&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F837485%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schiller&rft.aufirst=A.+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fajcl%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.2307%2F837485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederation+of+Ethiopia+and+Eritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ellingson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ellingson_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ellingson_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ellingson_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ellingson_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ellingson_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllingson1977" class="citation journal cs1">Ellingson, Lloyd (April 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/emergence-of-political-parties-in-eritrea-19411950/5CD4329113C0C650B5D411E058D3B4D9">"The Emergence of Political Parties in Eritrea, 1941–1950*"</a>. <i>The Journal of African History</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 261–281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700015528">10.1017/S0021853700015528</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-5138">1469-5138</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154808790">154808790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+Political+Parties+in+Eritrea%2C+1941%E2%80%931950%2A&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=261-281&rft.date=1977-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154808790%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1469-5138&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021853700015528&rft.aulast=Ellingson&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-african-history%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Femergence-of-political-parties-in-eritrea-19411950%2F5CD4329113C0C650B5D411E058D3B4D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederation+of+Ethiopia+and+Eritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biz-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-biz_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biz_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biz_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biz_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biz_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biz_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biz_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biz_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiziouras2013" class="citation journal cs1">Biziouras, Nikolaos (2013-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2013.771419">"The Genesis of the Modern Eritrean Struggle (1942–1961)"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Middle East and Africa</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 21–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21520844.2013.771419">10.1080/21520844.2013.771419</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2152-0844">2152-0844</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210662586">210662586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Middle+East+and+Africa&rft.atitle=The+Genesis+of+the+Modern+Eritrean+Struggle+%281942%E2%80%931961%29&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-46&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210662586%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2152-0844&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21520844.2013.771419&rft.aulast=Biziouras&rft.aufirst=Nikolaos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F21520844.2013.771419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederation+of+Ethiopia+and+Eritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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