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<ul id="toc-Philosophical_grounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scriptural_grounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scriptural_grounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Scriptural grounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scriptural_grounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uncertainty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncertainty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uncertainty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncertainty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="القدرة الكلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القدرة الكلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99r_%C5%9Fey%C9%99_qadirlik" title="Hər şeyə qadirlik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hər şeyə qadirlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="সর্বশক্তিমান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সর্বশক্তিমান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho%C3%A2n-l%C3%AAng" title="Choân-lêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Choân-lêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipot%C3%A8ncia" title="Omnipotència – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Omnipotència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmacht" title="Allmacht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Allmacht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipotencia" title="Omnipotencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Omnipotencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88iopoveco" title="Ĉiopoveco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉiopoveco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahalguztiduntasun" title="Ahalguztiduntasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ahalguztiduntasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82" title="قدرت مطلق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قدرت مطلق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Omnipotence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%8A%A5" title="전능 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전능" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemahakuasaan" title="Kemahakuasaan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kemahakuasaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipotentia" title="Omnipotentia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Omnipotentia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onnipotenza" title="Onnipotenza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Onnipotenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אומניפוטנטיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אומניפוטנטיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwenyezi_Mungu" title="Mwenyezi Mungu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwenyezi Mungu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahefana_ny_zava-drehetra" title="Fahefana ny zava-drehetra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahefana ny zava-drehetra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almacht" title="Almacht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Almacht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%83%BD" title="全能 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="全能" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipot%C3%AAncia" title="Omnipotência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Omnipotência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipoten%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Omnipotență – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Omnipotență" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Всемогущество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Всемогущество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotfuqishm%C3%ABria" title="Plotfuqishmëria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Plotfuqishmëria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%9B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Свемогућност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свемогућност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svemogu%C4%87nost" title="Svemogućnost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svemogućnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaikkivaltius" title="Kaikkivaltius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaikkivaltius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allsm%C3%A4ktighet" title="Allsmäktighet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Allsmäktighet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_%C5%9Feye_g%C3%BCc%C3%BC_yeten" title="Her şeye gücü yeten – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Her şeye gücü yeten" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Всемогутність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Всемогутність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%83%BD" title="全能 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="全能" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%83%BD" title="全能 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="全能" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1141803#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God<br /><small><small> in Christianity</small></small></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stained_glass,_Holy_Family_Church,_Teconnaught,_September_2010_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stained_glass%2C_Holy_Family_Church%2C_Teconnaught%2C_September_2010_crop.jpg/220px-Stained_glass%2C_Holy_Family_Church%2C_Teconnaught%2C_September_2010_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stained_glass%2C_Holy_Family_Church%2C_Teconnaught%2C_September_2010_crop.jpg/330px-Stained_glass%2C_Holy_Family_Church%2C_Teconnaught%2C_September_2010_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stained_glass%2C_Holy_Family_Church%2C_Teconnaught%2C_September_2010_crop.jpg/440px-Stained_glass%2C_Holy_Family_Church%2C_Teconnaught%2C_September_2010_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2655" data-file-height="1577" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Core attributes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_eternity" title="God and eternity">Eternity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Overarching attributes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aseity" title="Aseity">Aseity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Oneness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfection#Christian_monotheism" title="Perfection">Perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Miscellaneous</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Graciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacredness" title="Sacredness">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">Immanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immutability_(theology)" title="Immutability (theology)">Immutability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impassibility" title="Impassibility">Impassibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeccability" title="Impeccability">Impeccability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_incomprehensibility" title="Divine incomprehensibility">Incomprehensibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporeality" title="Incorporeality">Incorporeality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missio_Dei" title="Missio Dei">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Sovereignty of God in Christianity">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth#Christianity" title="Religious views on truth">Veracity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Emotions expressed by God</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_jealousy" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_mercy" title="Divine mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_of_God" title="Will of God">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">Wrath</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Template talk:Attributes of God in Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Attributes of God in Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Omnipotence</b> is the quality of having unlimited <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/power" class="extiw" title="wikt:power">power</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a> generally attribute omnipotence only to the <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> of their faith. In the monotheistic <a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">religious philosophy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, omnipotence is often listed as one of <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic God">God</a>'s characteristics, along with <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">omnipresence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">omnibenevolence</a>. The presence of all these properties in a single entity has given rise to considerable <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> debate, prominently including the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">problem of evil</a>, the question of why such a deity would permit the existence of evil. It is accepted in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> that omnipotence can never be effectively understood.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word <i>omnipotence</i> derives from the Latin prefix <i>omni</i>-, meaning "all", and the word <i>potens</i>, meaning "potent" or "powerful". Thus the term means "all-powerful".<sup id="cite_ref-Omnipotence_Definition_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omnipotence_Definition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meanings">Meanings</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</h3></div> <p>The term omnipotent has been used to connote a number of different positions. These positions include, but are not limited to, the following: </p> <ol><li>A deity is able to do anything that it chooses to do.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (In this version, <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> can do the impossible and something contradictory.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>A deity is able to do anything that is in accord with its own nature (thus, for instance, if it is a <a href="/wiki/Logical_consequence" title="Logical consequence">logical consequence</a> of a deity's nature that what it speaks is truth, then it is not able to <a href="/wiki/Lie" title="Lie">lie</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>It is part of a deity's nature to be consistent and that it would be inconsistent for said deity to go against its own laws unless there was a reason to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-scireligion_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scireligion-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> acknowledged difficulty in comprehending the deity's power: "All confess that God is omnipotent; but it seems difficult to explain in what His omnipotence precisely consists: for there may be doubt as to the precise meaning of the word 'all' when we say that God can do all things. If, however, we consider the matter aright, since power is said in reference to possible things, this phrase, 'God can do all things,' is rightly understood to mean that God can do all things that are possible; and for this reason He is said to be omnipotent."<sup id="cite_ref-newadvent.org_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newadvent.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>, omnipotence is generally understood to be compatible with certain limitations or restrictions. A proposition that is <a href="/wiki/Logical_truth" title="Logical truth">necessarily true</a> is one whose negation is self-contradictory. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is sometimes objected that this aspect of omnipotence involves the contradiction that God cannot do all that He can do; but the argument is sophistical; it is no contradiction to assert that God can realize whatever is possible, but that no number of actualized possibilities exhausts His power. Omnipotence is perfect power, free from all mere potentiality. Hence, although God does not bring into external being all that He is able to accomplish, His power must not be understood as passing through successive stages before its effect is accomplished. The activity of God is simple and eternal, without evolution or change. The transition from possibility to actuality or from act to potentiality, occurs only in creatures. When it is said that God can or could do a thing, the terms are not to be understood in the sense in which they are applied to created causes, but as conveying the idea of a Being, the range of Whose activity is limited only by His sovereign Will.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Aquinas says that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Power is predicated of God not as something really distinct from His knowledge and will, but as differing from them logically; inasmuch as power implies a notion of a principle putting into execution what the will commands, and what knowledge directs, which three things in God are identified. Or we may say, that the knowledge or will of God, according as it is the effective principle, has the notion of power contained in it. Hence the consideration of the knowledge and will of God precedes the consideration of His power, as the cause precedes the operation and effect.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The adaptation of means to ends in the universe does not argue, as <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> would have it, that the power of the designer is limited, but only that God has willed to manifest his glory by a world so constituted rather than by another.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Indeed, the production of secondary causes, capable of accomplishing certain effects, requires greater power than the direct accomplishment of these same effects. On the other hand, even though no creature existed, God's power would not be barren, for "creatures are not an end to God."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding the deity's power, medieval theologians contended that there are certain things that even an omnipotent deity cannot do. The statement "a deity can do anything" is only sensible with an assumed suppressed clause, "that implies the perfection of true power". This standard scholastic answer allows that acts of creatures such as walking can be performed by humans but not by a deity. Rather than an advantage in power, human acts such as walking, sitting, or giving birth were possible only because of a <i>defect</i> in human power. The capacity to <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a>, for example, is not a power but a defect or infirmity. In response to questions of a deity performing impossibilities, e.g. making square circles, Aquinas says that "everything that does not imply a contradiction in terms, is numbered amongst those possible things, in respect of which God is called omnipotent: whereas whatever implies contradiction does not come within the scope of divine omnipotence, because it cannot have the aspect of possibility. Hence it is better to say that such things cannot be done, than that God cannot do them. Nor is this contrary to the word of the angel, saying: 'No word shall be impossible with God.' For whatever implies a contradiction cannot be a word, because no intellect can possibly conceive such a thing."<sup id="cite_ref-newadvent.org_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newadvent.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> has adopted a scholastic position in the course of his work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Pain" title="The Problem of Pain">The Problem of Pain</a></i>. Lewis follows Aquinas' view on contradiction: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His Omnipotence means power to do all that is intrinsically possible, not to do the intrinsically impossible. You may attribute miracles to him, but not nonsense. This is no limit to his power. If you choose to say 'God can give a creature <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> and at the same time withhold free will from it,' you have not succeeded in saying <i>anything</i> about God: meaningless combinations of words do not suddenly acquire meaning simply because we prefix to them the two other words 'God can.'... It is no more possible for God than for the weakest of his creatures to carry out both of two mutually exclusive alternatives; not because his power meets an obstacle, but because nonsense remains nonsense even when we talk it about God.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_stage_of_normal_child_development">As a stage of normal child development</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> freely used the same term in a comparable way. Referring with respect to an adult neurotic to "the <i>omnipotence</i> which he ascribed to his thoughts and feelings", Freud reckoned that "this belief is a frank acknowledgement of a relic of the old megalomania of infancy".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly Freud concluded that "we can detect an element of megalomania in most other forms of <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoic</a> disorder. We are justified in assuming that this megalomania is essentially of an infantile nature and that, as development proceeds, it is sacrificed to social considerations".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freud saw megalomania as an obstacle to <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>. In the second half of the 20th century <a href="/wiki/Object_relations_theory" title="Object relations theory">object relations theory</a>, both in the States and among British <a href="/wiki/Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Kleinians</a>, set about "rethinking megalomania... intent on transforming an obstacle... into a complex organization that linked object relations and <a href="/wiki/Defence_mechanisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence mechanisms">defence mechanisms</a>" in such a way as to offer new "prospects for therapy".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bergler" title="Edmund Bergler">Edmund Bergler</a>, one of his early followers, considered that "as Freud and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Ferenczi</a> have shown, the child lives in a sort of megalomania for a long period; he knows only one yardstick, and that is his own over-inflated ego ... megalomania, it must be understood, is normal in the very young child".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bergler was of the opinion that in later life "the activity of <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a> in itself unconsciously activates the megalomania and <a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a> of childhood, reverting to the "fiction of omnipotence"".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kohut" title="Heinz Kohut">Heinz Kohut</a> regarded "the narcissistic patient's "megalomania" as a part of normal development. </p><p><a href="/wiki/D._W._Winnicott" class="mw-redirect" title="D. W. Winnicott">D. W. Winnicott</a> took a more positive view of a belief in early omnipotence, seeing it as essential to the child's well-being; and "good-enough" mothering as essential to enable the child to "cope with the immense shock of loss of omnipotence"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—as opposed to whatever "prematurely forces it out of its narcissistic universe".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rejection_or_limitation">Rejection or limitation</h2></div> <p>Some monotheists reject the view that a deity is or could be omnipotent, or take the view that, by choosing to create creatures with <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>, a deity has chosen to limit divine omnipotence. In <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>, and some movements within <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Christianity">Protestant Christianity</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">open theism</a>, deities are said to act in the world through persuasion, and not by coercion (this is a matter of choice—a deity could act miraculously, and perhaps on occasion does so—while for process theism it is a matter of necessity—creatures have inherent powers that a deity cannot, even in principle, override). Deities are manifested in the world through inspiration and the creation of possibility, not necessarily by <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a> or violations of the laws of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_grounds">Philosophical grounds</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a> rejects unlimited omnipotence on a philosophical basis, arguing that omnipotence as classically understood would be less than perfect, and is therefore incompatible with the idea of a perfect deity. The idea is grounded in Plato's oft-overlooked statement that "being is power". </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My notion would be, that anything which possesses any sort of power to affect another, or to be affected by another, if only for a single moment, however trifling the cause and however slight the effect, has real existence; and I hold that the definition of being is simply power.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Plato, 247E<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>From this premise, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a> argues further that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Power is influence, and perfect power is perfect influence ... power must be exercised upon something, at least if by power we mean influence, control; but the something controlled cannot be absolutely inert, since the merely passive, that which has no active tendency of its own, is nothing; yet if the something acted upon is itself partly active, then there must be some resistance, however slight, to the "absolute" power, and how can power which is resisted be absolute?</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Hartshorne, 89</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The argument can be stated as follows:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ol><li>If a being exists, then it must have some active tendency.</li> <li>If a being has some active tendency, then it has some power to resist its creator.</li> <li>If a being has the power to resist its creator, then the creator does not have absolute power.</li></ol> <p>For example, although someone might control a lump of jelly-pudding almost completely, the inability of that pudding to stage any resistance renders that person's power rather unimpressive. Power can only be said to be great if it is over something that has defenses and its own agenda. If a deity's power is to be great, it must therefore be over beings that have at least some of their own defenses and agenda. Thus, if a deity does not have absolute power, it must therefore embody some of the characteristics of power, and some of the characteristics of persuasion. This view is known as <a href="/wiki/Dipolar_theism" title="Dipolar theism">dipolar theism</a>. </p><p>The most popular works espousing this point are from <a href="/wiki/Harold_Kushner" title="Harold Kushner">Harold Kushner</a> (in Judaism). The need for a modified view of omnipotence was also articulated by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a> in the early 20th century and expanded upon by Charles Hartshorne. Hartshorne proceeded within the context of the theological system known as process theology. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jay_Oord" title="Thomas Jay Oord">Thomas Jay Oord</a> argues that omnipotence dies a death of a thousand philosophical qualifications. To make any sense, the word must undergo various logical, ontological, mathematical, theological, and existential qualifications so that it loses specificity.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scriptural_grounds">Scriptural grounds</h3></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorized King James Version">Authorized King James Version</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, as well as several other versions, in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> 19:6 it is stated "the Lord God omnipotent reigneth" (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">παντοκράτωρ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantokrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ Pantokrator">pantokrator</a></i></span>, "all-mighty").<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jay_Oord" title="Thomas Jay Oord">Thomas Jay Oord</a> argues that omnipotence is not found in the Hebrew and Greek scriptures. The Hebrew words Shaddai (breasts) and Sabaoth (hosts) are wrongly translated as "God almighty" or "divine omnipotence". Pantokrator, the Greek word in the New Testament and Septuagint often translated in English as "almighty", actually means "all-holding" rather than almighty or omnipotent. Oord offers an alternative view of divine power he calls "amipotence," which is the maximal power of God's uncontrolling love.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</h2></div> <p>Trying to develop a theory to explain, assign or reject omnipotence on grounds of logic has little merit, since being omnipotent, in a Cartesian sense, would mean the omnipotent being is above logic, a view supported by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rene_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rene-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He issues this idea in his <i><a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a></i>. This view is called universal possibilism.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a> the essence of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> can never be understood or known since Brahman is beyond both existence and non-existence, transcending and including time, causation and space, and thus can never be known in the same material sense as one traditionally "understands" a given concept or object.<sup id="cite_ref-gita_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gita-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterdependency" title="Counterdependency">Counterdependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Some_Character-Types_Met_with_in_Psycho-Analytic_Work#Criminals_from_a_sense_of_guilt" title="Some Character-Types Met with in Psycho-Analytic Work">Criminals from a sense of guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Omnipotence_Definition-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Omnipotence_Definition_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/omnipotence_n">"Definition of Omnipotence"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Omnipotence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fdictionary%2Fomnipotence_n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmnipotence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> <i>City of God</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://page.mi.fu-berlin.de/cbenzmueller/papers/2015-handbook-logic-and-religion.pdf">"The 1st World Congress On Logic And Religion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Freie Universität Berlin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1st+World+Congress+On+Logic+And+Religion&rft.pub=Freie+Universit%C3%A4t+Berlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpage.mi.fu-berlin.de%2Fcbenzmueller%2Fpapers%2F2015-handbook-logic-and-religion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmnipotence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scireligion-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scireligion_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a consistent theme of Polkinghorne's work, see e.g. Polkinghorne's <i>Science and Religion</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newadvent.org-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newadvent.org_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newadvent.org_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Aquinas, <i>Summa Theologiae</i>, 1a, Q. 25, A. 3, Respondeo; quoted from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1025.htm">The Summa Theologica of St. Thomas Aquinas, Second and Revised Edition, 1920, translated by the Fathers of the English Dominican Province, at <i>New Advent</i>, copyright 2008 by Kevin Knight</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111121213839/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1025.htm">Archived</a> 2011-11-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CITATION NEEDED; probably Thomas Aquinas, <i>Summa Theologiae</i>, 1a, Q. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Aquinas, <i>Summa Theologiae</i>, 1a, Q. 25, A. 1, Ad 4; quoted from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1025.htm">The Summa Theologica of St. Thomas Aquinas, Second and Revised Edition, 1920, translated by the Fathers of the English Dominican Province, at <i>New Advent</i>, copyright 2008 by Kevin Knight</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111121213839/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1025.htm">Archived</a> 2011-11-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Aquinas, <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologiae</a></i>, incomplete citation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> C.S. Lewis. The Problem of Pain. (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2001). p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sigmund Freud, <i>Case Histories II</i> (PFL 9) p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freud, p. 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judith M. Hughes, <i>From Obstacle to Ally</i> (2004) p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmund Bergler, "The Psychology of Gambling", in J. Halliday/P. Fuller eds., <i>The Psychology of Gambling</i> (London 1974) p. 176 and p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert M. Lindner, "The Psychodynamics of Gambling", in Halliday/Fuller eds., p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Phillips, <i>On Flirtation</i> (London 1994) p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/psychoanalysis-encyclopedia/infantile-omnipotence">"Infantile Omnipotence"</a>. Enotes.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Infantile+Omnipotence&rft.pub=Enotes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enotes.com%2Fpsychoanalysis-encyclopedia%2Finfantile-omnipotence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmnipotence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViney" class="citation web cs1">Viney, Donald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-theism/">"Process Theism"</a>. <i>plato.stanford.edu</i>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plato.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Process+Theism&rft.aulast=Viney&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fprocess-theism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmnipotence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theopedia.com/open-theism">"Open Theism"</a>. <i>theopedia.com</i>. Theopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theopedia.com&rft.atitle=Open+Theism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theopedia.com%2Fopen-theism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmnipotence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051230161511/http://philosophy.eserver.org/plato/sophist.txt">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophy.eserver.org/plato/sophist.txt">the original</a> on 2005-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilosophy.eserver.org%2Fplato%2Fsophist.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmnipotence" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Jay Oord, <i>The Death of Omnipotence and Birth of Amipotence</i> (Grasmere, Id.: SacraSage Press, 2023), ch. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strongsnumbers.com/greek/3841.htm">"Strong's Greek Dictionary: 3841. pantokrator (pan-tok-rat'-ore)"</a>. Strongsnumbers.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110319205959/http://strongsnumbers.com/greek/3841.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strong%27s+Greek+Dictionary%3A+3841.+pantokrator+%28pan-tok-rat%27-ore%29&rft.pub=Strongsnumbers.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstrongsnumbers.com%2Fgreek%2F3841.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmnipotence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Jay Oord, <i>The Death of Omnipotence and Birth of Amipotence</i> (Grasmere, Id.: SacraSage Press, 2023), ch. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rene-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rene_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ontological/">"Descartes' Ontological Argument"</a>. Plato.stanford.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Descartes%27+Ontological+Argument&rft.pub=Plato.stanford.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fdescartes-ontological%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmnipotence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig" class="citation web cs1">Craig, William Lane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reasonablefaith.org/logical-truth-and-omnipotence">"Logical Truth and Omnipotence"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140520215755/http://www.reasonablefaith.org/logical-truth-and-omnipotence">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Logical+Truth+and+Omnipotence&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reasonablefaith.org%2Flogical-truth-and-omnipotence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmnipotence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gita-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gita_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>brahmano hi pratisthaham</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> 14.27</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Augustine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf102.html"><i>City of God and Christian Doctrine</i></a></li> <li>C.S. Lewis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0060652969"><i>The Problem of Pain</i></a></li> <li>Charles Hartshorne, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/020800498X"><i>Man's Vision of God</i></a></li> <li>Plato, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051230161511/http://philosophy.eserver.org/plato/sophist.txt"><i>Sophist</i></a></li> <li>Tertullian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-03/anf03-43.htm#P10508_2944771"><i>Against Praxeas</i></a></li> <li>Thomas Aquinas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/aquinas/summa.html"><i>Summa Theologica</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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