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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Zhou Lianxia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhou_Lianxia_Portrait_headshot.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zhou in Shanghai, Republic of China in 1937"><img alt="Zhou in Shanghai, Republic of China in 1937" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/Zhou_Lianxia_Portrait_headshot.jpeg/220px-Zhou_Lianxia_Portrait_headshot.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/Zhou_Lianxia_Portrait_headshot.jpeg/330px-Zhou_Lianxia_Portrait_headshot.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/Zhou_Lianxia_Portrait_headshot.jpeg/440px-Zhou_Lianxia_Portrait_headshot.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="908" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Zhou in Shanghai, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> in 1937</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1906-10-20</span>)</span>October 20, 1906<br /><a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">April 13, 2000<span style="display:none">(2000-04-13)</span> (aged 93)<br />Los Angeles, California</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Painter</li> <li>Poet</li> <li>Writer</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Xu Wanping 徐晚蘋</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1927)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">周煉霞</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">周炼霞</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhōu Liànxiá</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chou<sup>1</sup> Lien<sup>4</sup>-hsia<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Ziyi</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">紫宜</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zǐyí</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tzu<sup>3</sup>I<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Zhou Lianxia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">周煉霞</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">周炼霞</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhōu Liànxiá</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i>Chou<sup>1</sup> Lien<sup>4</sup>-Hsia<sup>2</sup></i>; October 20, 1906 – April 13, 2000), also known as <b>Ziyi</b> (紫宜), was recognized as one of the top women painters, poets and writers in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China of the Republican Period</a>, famous for her elegant, traditional Chinese style paintings and poems, mastered after decades of training and scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considered by her contemporaries to be talented, poised and beautiful, she became a cultural icon in the 1930's, known as the "Golden Lady of the Country."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noted for her wit and humor,<sup id="cite_ref-:16_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhou was part of a circle of famous friends and celebrities of the <a href="/wiki/New_Culture_Movement" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture Movement</a> of that era that included: famous writer, <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Chang" title="Eileen Chang">Eileen Chang</a> (張愛玲), top-ranked artists, <a href="/wiki/Chang_Dai-chien" title="Chang Dai-chien">Zhang Daqian</a> (張大千), <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xiaoman" title="Lu Xiaoman">Lu Xiaoman</a> (陸小曼), <a href="/wiki/Xu_Beihong" title="Xu Beihong">Xu Beihong</a> (徐悲鴻), Qian Shoutie (錢瘦鐵), Song Xunlun (宋訓倫), Wu Qingxia (吴青霞), famous poet, <a href="/wiki/Xu_Zhimo" title="Xu Zhimo">Xu Zhimo</a> (徐志摩), renowned collector, poet and connoisseur Wu Hufan (吳湖帆) and her husband, writer and photographer, Xu Wanping (徐晚蘋).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to her painting and poetry, Zhou was an early feminist in the women's movement and became a prominent newspaper and magazine artist, columnist and short story writer, penning essays and articles on art, culture, and women, as well as fashion and beauty insights.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an artist, Zhou Lianxia specialized in meticulous traditional Chinese ink and brush paintings that spoke to humanity's balance with nature, featuring delicate flowers, fish, birds and butterflies, as well as elegant ladies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her painting style was fresh, using bright and clean colors in some works, and elegant, muted tones in others to symbolize and evoke different moods.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She had a profound understanding of how to pair a specific poem with a painting to enhance both their meanings. She authored many poems that became famous in China, including, 但使兩心相照, 無燈無月何妨<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the author of "The Collection of Poems嚶友詩集", "A Brief Talk on Learning Poems學詩淺說" (in cooperation with Qu Xieyuan瞿蛻園).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prominent galleries and museums worldwide have featured Zhou's work, including the <a href="/wiki/Norton_Museum_of_Art" title="Norton Museum of Art">Norton Museum of Art</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Museum" title="Shanghai Museum">Shanghai Museum</a>, and she continues to be a favorite among international collectors.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Lianxia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Lianxia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zhou was born to a wealthy and scholarly family in Xiangtan, Hunan in 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She began studying poetry from the Qing dynasty onwards with private tutor at the early age of three, for which she showed an unusual aptitude, eventually memorizing thousands of classical poems.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She began training in classical painting techniques and forms with prominent scholar, Yin Hebai (尹和白).<sup id="cite_ref-:8_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Zhou moved to Shanghai with her family at the age of 14, she became official student of prominent painting master, Zheng Dening (郑德凝).<sup id="cite_ref-:14_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of 17, she began advanced poetry instruction under leading master Zhu Guwei (朱古微). She received additional advanced instruction from renowned master, Jiang Meisheng (蔣梅笙)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became best friends with his daughter, the celebrity socialite, <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Biwei" title="Jiang Biwei">Jiang Biwei</a> (蔣碧薇). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Lianxia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhou_Lianxia_woman_in_blue_painting.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Zhou_Lianxia_woman_in_blue_painting.tiff/lossy-page1-250px-Zhou_Lianxia_woman_in_blue_painting.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="522" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Zhou_Lianxia_woman_in_blue_painting.tiff/lossy-page1-375px-Zhou_Lianxia_woman_in_blue_painting.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Zhou_Lianxia_woman_in_blue_painting.tiff/lossy-page1-499px-Zhou_Lianxia_woman_in_blue_painting.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>One of Zhou's traditional Chinese paintings</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1930's, Zhou taught at XiZhen School for Girls (錫珍女校) as an art professor.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With noted women artists, Feng Wenfeng (馮文鳳), Wu Qingxia (吳青霞), <a href="/wiki/Chen_Xiaocui" title="Chen Xiaocui">Chen Xiaocui</a> (陳小翠), Li Qiujun (李秋君), <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xiaoman" title="Lu Xiaoman">Lu Xiaoman</a> (陸小曼), Yang Xuejiu (楊雪玖) and other talented female artists of the era, she co-founded the prestigious Shanghai Calligraphy and Painting Society(中國女子書畫會) which still exists today.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936, her painting won the Gold Medal at the First International Art Exhibition in Canada, and her name was included in the "World Celebrity Dictionary," published in the UK and Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Anti-Japanese War period, writing along with other prominent writers like <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Chang" title="Eileen Chang">Eileen Chang</a> (張愛玲), Zhou began to publish inspiring short stories designed to lift the spirits of her fellow Chinese. She was on editorial board for the "Wanxiang萬象" Comprehensive Literary Monthly publication.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s and 1960's, she was employed as a Professor of Art at the prestigious Shanghai Academy of Chinese Painting (上海中國畫院), where she mainly produced works for the Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the turbulent 1960's, she was blinded in one eye, which curtailed her ability to paint for many years. <sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, Zhou immigrated to <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a>, where she received treatment for her damaged eye and was able to resume painting.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Los Angeles mayor <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bradley (American politician)">Tom Bradley</a> presented the "Outstanding Women in Art" Honorary Award to her for her lifetime achievement in Art and Culture.  </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Lianxia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the age of 18, Zhou's work began to appear in major newspapers. By the age of 21, she had become a leading artist for the famous Wang Xin Ji Fan shop, which catered to the nobility and elite of Shanghai. In 1927, she married noted photographer and writer, Xu Wanping(徐晚蘋), who she considered her his "soulmate." They had five children together and collaborated on publications of photos and poems. <sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949, Xu took a short business trip to <a href="/wiki/Formosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Formosa">Formosa</a> to help lead China's effort to take back the postal communication system on the island from the Japanese. Tragically ill-timed, this short trip caused Zhou and Xu to become inadvertently separated from one another for over 30 years when the borders between China and Formosa were closed in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forced to support their five children on her own, Zhou continued painting and writing, always seeking new and innovative avenues of expression.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She continued to collaborate with her friends <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xiaoman" title="Lu Xiaoman">Lu Xiaoman</a>(陸小曼), <a href="/wiki/Chang_Dai-chien" title="Chang Dai-chien">Zhang Daqian</a> (張大千), Qian Shoutie (錢瘦鐵), Song Xunlun (宋訓倫)and Wu Hufan (吳湖帆). Zhou and Wu created many exceptional art works together during the 1950's, including the famous "Lotus and Mandarin Ducks," painting and poem, which is much sought after by collectors worldwide. <sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zhou was reunited with her long lost husband Xu Wanping, in America in 1980. <sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They lived together in Los Angeles with their children, Xu Zhaonan (徐昭南) and Xu Yuzhong (徐昱中), and grandchildren, including noted film producer, Evelyn Xu (徐汪瑒), until Xu's passing at the age of 95 and Zhou, at the age of 93. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Lianxia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xiaocui" title="Chen Xiaocui">Chen Xiaocui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_Arts_Review" title="The Culture Arts Review">The Culture Arts Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Xueqing" title="Liang Xueqing">Liang Xueqing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Lianxia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sohu.com/a/453676948_99921257">"画家周炼霞: 画如其人, 文如其人_吴湖帆"</a>. <i>www.sohu.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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York University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10315%2F32742">10315/32742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Redefining+Female+Talent%3A+Chinese+Women+Artists+in+the+National+and+Global+Art+Worlds%2C+1900s+%E2%80%93+1970s&rft.inst=York+University&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10315%2F32742&rft.aulast=Sung&rft.aufirst=Doris+Ha+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyorkspace.library.yorku.ca%2Fitems%2Fe45ca015-cd43-468f-83cf-23fe2486ddf8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhou+Lianxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF网易2021" class="citation web cs1">网易 (August 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.163.com/dy/article/GH6HO5D90543WEOC.html">"1946年丈夫赴台无消息, 周炼霞独自抚养5孩, 30年后收到美国来信"</a>. <i>www.163.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.163.com&rft.atitle=1946%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%88%E5%A4%AB%E8%B5%B4%E5%8F%B0%E6%97%A0%E6%B6%88%E6%81%AF%2C+%E5%91%A8%E7%82%BC%E9%9C%9E%E7%8B%AC%E8%87%AA%E6%8A%9A%E5%85%BB5%E5%AD%A9%2C+30%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%8E%E6%94%B6%E5%88%B0%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E4%BF%A1&rft.date=2021-08-12&rft.au=%E7%BD%91%E6%98%93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.163.com%2Fdy%2Farticle%2FGH6HO5D90543WEOC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhou+Lianxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://min.news/en/arts/63b04c08fa90623e2c5a1a5966785ebc.html">"In 1946, there was no news"</a>. <i>www.min.news</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.min.news&rft.atitle=In+1946%2C+there+was+no+news&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmin.news%2Fen%2Farts%2F63b04c08fa90623e2c5a1a5966785ebc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhou+Lianxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://min.news/en/history/e702cb6544fb464fa081aa7d4213b7e3.html">"History class: Zhou Lianxia, a celebrity from the Republic of China"</a>. <i>www.min.news</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.min.news&rft.atitle=History+class%3A+Zhou+Lianxia%2C+a+celebrity+from+the+Republic+of+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmin.news%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Fe702cb6544fb464fa081aa7d4213b7e3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhou+Lianxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://min.news/en/history/e61b27f3756db3551bdef508fdcd6a1c.html">"Her husband went to Taiwan for work"</a>. <i>www.min.news</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.min.news&rft.atitle=Her+husband+went+to+Taiwan+for+work&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmin.news%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Fe61b27f3756db3551bdef508fdcd6a1c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhou+Lianxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>ZGMSNJ: Zhongguo meishu nianjian 中国美术年签 Year book of Chinese art, 1947</i> (in Chinese). Shanghai shi wenhua yundong weiyuanhui. 1948.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ZGMSNJ%3A+Zhongguo+meishu+nianjian+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF%E5%B9%B4%E7%AD%BE+Year+book+of+Chinese+art%2C+1947&rft.pub=Shanghai+shi+wenhua+yundong+weiyuanhui&rft.date=1948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhou+Lianxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLei1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lei, Zhengmin (1989). <i>中国现代美术家人名大辞典 A great biographic dictionary of Chinese artists</i> (in Chinese). Xi An: Shan xi ren min mei shu chu ban she.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8+A+great+biographic+dictionary+of+Chinese+artists&rft.place=Xi+An&rft.pub=Shan+xi+ren+min+mei+shu+chu+ban+she&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Lei&rft.aufirst=Zhengmin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhou+Lianxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Lianxia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xuehua.us/a/5ebb8f0586ec4d140fec4886">民国美女画家周炼霞: 万人低首拜红裙</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_6373310">往事|周鍊霞: 高雅风致, 本人"就是一幅仕女图</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sohu.com/a/497450646_121124708">她不仅美貌惊为"天人", 书画词赋均卓尔不群</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sohu.com/a/315073556_258370">民国"白富美", 开挂的人生, 你以为仅仅靠美色?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inf.news/zh-hans/history/6b4e6e4a95ed2152ccd7a0f3f56692e4.html">1946年丈夫赴台无消息, 周炼霞独自抚养5孩, 30年后收到美国来信</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inf.news/en/history/6b4e6e4a95ed2152ccd7a0f3f56692e4.html">1946</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kknews.cc/history/43vmqzq.html">周煉霞: 丈夫赴台34年未歸, 一封來信讓她淚奔: 煉霞, 我是晚苹</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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