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baiting</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: burrow baiting"> <meta name="keywords" content="burrow baiting"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="burrow baiting"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 7</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: burrow baiting</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Field Efficacy Evaluation and Synergistic Effect of Two Rodenticides Zinc Phosphide and Brodifacoum against Field Rats of the Pothwar Region, Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadeem%20Munawar">Nadeem Munawar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Galbraith"> David Galbraith</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tariq%20Mahmood"> Tariq Mahmood</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rodenticides are often included as part of an integrated pest management approach for managing rodent species since they are relatively quick and inexpensive to apply. The current field study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of formulated baits of zinc phosphide (2%) and the second generation anticoagulant brodifacoum (0.005%) against field rats inhabiting a wheat-groundnut cropping system. Burrow baiting was initiated at the early flowering stages of the respective crops, and continued through three growth stages (tillering / peg formation, flowering, and maturity). Three treatments were done at equal time intervals, with the final baiting being about 2 weeks before harvest. Treatment efficacy of the trials was assessed through counts of active rodent burrows before and after treatments at the three growth stages of these crops. The results indicated variable degrees of reduction in burrow activities following the three bait applications. The reductions in rodent activity in wheat were: 88.8% (at tillering), 92%, (at flowering/grain formation), and 95.5% (at maturity). In groundnut, the rodent activities were reduced by 91.8%, 93.5% and 95.8% at sowing, peg formation, and maturity stages, respectively. The estimated mortality at all three growth stages of both wheat and groundnut ranged between 60-85%. We recommend that a field efficacy study should be conducted with zinc phosphide and brodifacoum bait formulations to determine their field performance in the reduction of agricultural damage by rodent pest species. It is a promising alternative approach for use of the most potent second-generation anticoagulant (brodifacoum) in resistance management, particularly with respect to reducing environmental risks and secondary poisoning. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brodifacoum" title="brodifacoum">brodifacoum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=burrow%20baiting" title=" burrow baiting"> burrow baiting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=second-generation%20anticoagulant" title=" second-generation anticoagulant"> second-generation anticoagulant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synergistic%20effect" title=" synergistic effect "> synergistic effect </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107872/field-efficacy-evaluation-and-synergistic-effect-of-two-rodenticides-zinc-phosphide-and-brodifacoum-against-field-rats-of-the-pothwar-region-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107872.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Effect of Fiddler Crab Burrows on Bacterial Communities of Mangrove Sediments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Mokhtari">Mohammad Mokhtari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gires%20Usup"> Gires Usup</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zaidi%20Che%20Cob"> Zaidi Che Cob</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bacteria communities as mediators of the biogeochemical process are the main component of the mangrove ecosystems. Crab burrows by increasing oxic-anoxic interfaces and facilitating the flux rate between sediment and tidal water affect biogeochemical properties of sediments. The effect of fiddler crab burrows on the density and diversity of bacteria were investigated to elucidate the effect of burrow on bacterial distribution. Samples collected from the burrow walls of three species of fiddler crabs including Uca paradussumieri, Uca rosea, and Uca forcipata. Sediment properties including grain size, temperature, Redox potential, pH, chlorophyll, water and organic content were measured from the burrow walls to assess the correlation between environmental variables and bacterial communities. Bacteria were enumerated with epifluorescence microscopy after staining with SYBR green. Bacterial DNA extracted from sediment samples and the community profiles of bacteria were determined with Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP). High endemism was observed among bacterial communities. Among the 152 observed OTU’s, 22 were found only in crab burrows. The highest bacterial density and diversity were recorded in burrow wall. The results of ANOSIM indicated a significant difference between the bacterial communities from the three species of fiddler crab burrows. Only 3% of explained bacteria variability in the constrained ordination model of CCA was contributed to depth, while much of the bacteria’s variability was attributed to coarse sand, pH, and chlorophyll content. Our findings suggest that crab burrows by affecting sediment properties such as redox potential, pH, water, and chlorophyll content induce significant effects on the bacterial communities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioturbation" title="bioturbation">bioturbation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=canonical%20corresponding%20analysis" title=" canonical corresponding analysis"> canonical corresponding analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiddler%20crab" title=" fiddler crab"> fiddler crab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbial%20ecology" title=" microbial ecology"> microbial ecology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84600/effect-of-fiddler-crab-burrows-on-bacterial-communities-of-mangrove-sediments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84600.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">157</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Food Preference of Monomorium Destructor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ussawit%20Srisakrapikoop">Ussawit Srisakrapikoop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Art-Ong%20Pradatsundarasar"> Art-Ong Pradatsundarasar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Duangkhae%20Sitthicharoenchai"> Duangkhae Sitthicharoenchai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Monomorium destructor or Singapore ant is one of the common household pests. It causes nuisance and damage to household. Due to the fact that there are many queens in one colony (polygyny), so this ant can quickly increase its population in a short time in the urban environment. This study has been conducted at Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University in the field condition. Ant food preference was conducted for 3 replicates per month by using six food choices including 20% sucrose solution, 20% sucrose agar, pork liver, smashed pork liver, pork fat and lard. The number of ants of each bait choice was counted and the orders of ant accessing baits were also recorded. The results showed that the 20% sucrose agar was the most attractive significantly following by pork liver and pork fat. The ants also most accessed to the pork liver bait choice in the first place. It can be suggested that the ant control by baiting should consist of mixture of carbohydrate, protein and lipid in solid form with suitable ratios. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=baits" title="baits">baits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20preference" title=" food preference"> food preference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monomorium%20destructor" title=" monomorium destructor"> monomorium destructor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Singapore%20ant" title=" Singapore ant"> Singapore ant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37272/food-preference-of-monomorium-destructor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37272.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Burrowing Invertebrates Induce Fragmentation of Mariculture Styrofoam Floats and Formation of Microplastics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yifan%20Zheng">Yifan Zheng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jinmin%20Zhu"> Jinmin Zhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiji%20Li"> Jiji Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gulling%20Li"> Gulling Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huahong%20Shi"> Huahong Shi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Secondary microplastics originate from the fragmentation of large plastics, and weathering is supposed to be the main cause of fragmentation. In this study, we investigated burrows and burrowing invertebrates on Styrofoam floats from the mariculture areas of China’s coastal waters. Various burrows were found on the submerged surface of Styrofoam floats and could be divided into ‘I’, ‘S’, ‘J’, and ‘Y’ types based on the burrow entrance number and passage curvature. Different invertebrate species, including 5 isopods, 8 clamworms, and 12 crabs, were found inside the burrows. Micro-foams were found in the bodies of these burrowers, with an average abundance of 4.2 ± 0.3 (isopod), 6.9 ± 2.0 (clamworm), and 3.0 ± 0.5 (crab) micro-foams per individual. In the laboratory, we observed the boring process of crabs in abandoned floats. Field and laboratory evidence suggested that these invertebrates bored various burrows. The total volume of crab burrows on a 3-year-used float was estimated to be 2.6 × 10³ cm³, producing 4.1 × 10⁸ microplastics. This study highlights the critical role of bioerosion in destroying man-made substrates and prompting microplastic pollution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=burrowing%20invertebrate" title="burrowing invertebrate">burrowing invertebrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mariculture%20area" title=" mariculture area"> mariculture area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=styrofoam%20float" title=" styrofoam float"> styrofoam float</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fragmentation" title=" fragmentation"> fragmentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microplastics" title=" microplastics"> microplastics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165315/burrowing-invertebrates-induce-fragmentation-of-mariculture-styrofoam-floats-and-formation-of-microplastics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165315.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Engineering the Human Mind: Social Engineering Attack Using Kali Linux</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joy%20Winston%20James">Joy Winston James</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Kadher%20Jilani"> Abdul Kadher Jilani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This review article provides a comprehensive overview of social engineering attacks, specifically those executed through the Kali Linux operating system. It aims to present an in-depth analysis of the background and importance of social engineering in cybersecurity, the tools, and techniques used in these attacks, real-world case studies that demonstrate their effectiveness, and ethical considerations that need to be taken into account while using them. The article highlights the Kali Linux tools that are commonly used in social engineering attacks, including SET, Metasploit, and BeEF, and discusses techniques such as phishing, pretexting, and baiting that are crucial in conducting successful social engineering attacks. It further explores real-world case studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of these techniques, emphasizing the importance of implementing effective countermeasures to reduce the risk of successful social engineering attacks. Moreover, the article sheds light on ethical considerations that need to be taken into account while using social engineering tools, emphasizing the importance of using them ethically and legally. Finally, the article provides potential countermeasures such as two-factor authentication, strong password policies, and regular security audits to help individuals and organizations better protect themselves against this growing threat. By understanding the tools and techniques used in social engineering attacks and implementing appropriate countermeasures, individuals and organizations can minimize the risk of successful social engineering attacks and improve their cybersecurity posture. To illustrate the effectiveness of social engineering attacks, we present real-world case studies that demonstrate how easily individuals and organizations can fall prey to these attacks. We also discuss ethical considerations that must be taken into account while using social engineering tools, emphasizing the need for responsible and legal use of these tools. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pen%20testing" title="pen testing">pen testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hacking" title=" hacking"> hacking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kali%20Linux" title=" Kali Linux"> Kali Linux</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20engineering" title=" social engineering"> social engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166413/engineering-the-human-mind-social-engineering-attack-using-kali-linux" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166413.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">98</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Exploring the Use of Drones for Corn Borer Management: A Case Study in Central Italy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luana%20Centorame">Luana Centorame</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alessio%20Ilari"> Alessio Ilari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marco%20Giustozzi"> Marco Giustozzi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ester%20Foppa%20Pedretti"> Ester Foppa Pedretti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Maize is one of the most important agricultural cash crops in the world, involving three different chains: food, feed, and bioenergy production. Nowadays, the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis, to the best of the author's knowledge, is the most important pest to control for maize growers. The ECB is harmful to maize; young larvae are responsible for minor damage to the leaves, while the most serious damage is tunneling by older larvae that burrow into the stock. Soon after, larvae can affect cobs, and it was found that ECB can foster mycotoxin contamination; this is why it is crucial to control it. There are multiple control methods available: agronomic, biological, and microbiological means, agrochemicals, and genetically modified plants. Meanwhile, the European Union’s policy focuses on the transition to sustainable supply chains and translates into the goal of reducing the use of agrochemicals by 50%. The current work aims to compare the agrochemical treatment of ECB and biological control through beneficial insects released by drones. The methodology used includes field trials of both chemical and biological control, considering a farm in central Italy as a case study. To assess the mechanical and technical efficacy of drones with respect to standard machinery, the available literature was consulted. The findings are positive because drones allow them to get in the field promptly, in difficult conditions and with lower costs if compared to traditional techniques. At the same time, it is important to consider the limits of drones regarding pilot certification, no-fly zones, etc. In the future, it will be necessary to deepen the topic with the real application in the field of both systems, expanding the scenarios in which drones can be used and the type of material distributed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beneficial%20insects" title="beneficial insects">beneficial insects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corn%20borer%20management" title=" corn borer management"> corn borer management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drones" title=" drones"> drones</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precision%20agriculture" title=" precision agriculture"> precision agriculture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176453/exploring-the-use-of-drones-for-corn-borer-management-a-case-study-in-central-italy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176453.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">103</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Barriers for the Control of Rats in Rice Plantation Field</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Melina">Melina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jumardi%20Jumardi"> Jumardi Jumardi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erwin%20Erwin"> Erwin Erwin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sri%20Nuraminah"> Sri Nuraminah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andi%20Nasruddin"> Andi Nasruddin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rice field rat (Rattus argentiventer Robinson and Kloss) is a pest causing the greatest yield loss of rice plants, especially in lowland agroecosystems with intensive cropping patterns (2-3 plantings per year). Field mice damage rice plants at all stages of growth, from seedling to harvest, even in storage warehouses. Severe damage with yield loss of up to 100% occurs if rats attack rice at the generative stage because the plants are no longer able to recover by forming new tillers. Farmers mainly use rodenticides in the form of poisoned baits or as fumigants, which are applied to rat burrow holes. This practice is generally less effective because mice are able to avoid the poison or become resistant after several exposures to it. In addition, excessive use of rodenticides can have negative impacts on the environment and non-target organisms. For this reason, this research was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of fences as an environmentally friendly mechanical control method in reducing rice yield losses due to rat attacks. This study used a factorial randomized block design. The first factor was the fence material, namely galvanized zinc plate and plastic. The second factor was the height of the fence, namely 25, 50, 75, and 100 cm from the ground level. Each treatment combination was repeated five times. Data shows that zinc fences with a height of 75 and 100 cm are able to provide full protection to plants from rat infestations throughout the planting season. However, zinc fences with a height of 25 and 50 cm failed to prevent rat attacks. Plastic fences with a height of 25 and 50 cm failed to prevent rat attacks during the planting season, whereas 75 and 100 cm were able to prevent rat attacks until all the crops outside of the fence had been eaten by rats. The rat managed to get into the fence by biting the plastic fence close to the ground. Thus, the research results show that fences made of zinc plate with a height of at least 75 cm from the ground surface are effective in preventing plant damage caused by rats. To our knowledge, this research is the first to quantify the effectiveness of fences as a control of field rodents. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rice%20field%20rat" title="rice field rat">rice field rat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rattus%20argentiventer" title=" Rattus argentiventer"> Rattus argentiventer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fence" title=" fence"> fence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rice" title=" rice"> rice</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186546/evaluation-of-the-effectiveness-of-barriers-for-the-control-of-rats-in-rice-plantation-field" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186546.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">40</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>