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Eteocles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polynices_and_Eteocles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Army_assembled" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army_assembled"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Army assembled </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army_assembled-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_of_Opheltes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Opheltes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Death of Opheltes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Opheltes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embassy_of_Tydeus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embassy_of_Tydeus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Embassy of Tydeus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embassy_of_Tydeus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assault_on_Thebes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assault_on_Thebes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Assault on Thebes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assault_on_Thebes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Burial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"Seven"_champions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Seven"_champions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 The "Seven" champions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Seven"_champions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principal_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Principal sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Principal_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button 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id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Seven against Thebes</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seitsme_s%C3%B5jak%C3%A4ik_Teeba_vastu" title="Seitsme sõjakäik Teeba vastu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seitsme sõjakäik Teeba vastu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_siete_contra_Tebas" title="Los siete contra Tebas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Los siete contra Tebas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sep_kontra%C5%AD_Tebo" title="Sep kontraŭ Tebo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sep kontraŭ Tebo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_des_Sept_Chefs" title="Guerre des Sept Chefs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre des Sept Chefs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os_sete_contra_Tebas" title="Os sete contra Tebas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Os sete contra Tebas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septynetas_prie%C5%A1_T%C4%97bus" title="Septynetas prieš Tėbus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Septynetas prieš Tėbus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siedmiu_przeciw_Tebom" title="Siedmiu przeciw Tebom – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siedmiu przeciw Tebom" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Семеро против Фив – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Семеро против Фив" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedmorica_protiv_Tebe" title="Sedmorica protiv Tebe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sedmorica protiv Tebe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seitsem%C3%A4n_Thebaa_vastaan" title="Seitsemän Thebaa vastaan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Seitsemän Thebaa vastaan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Семеро проти Фів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Семеро проти Фів" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the seven champions who fought a war against Thebes. For the play by <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Oath_Of_The_Seven_Chiefs_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_14994.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_Oath_Of_The_Seven_Chiefs_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_14994.png/300px-The_Oath_Of_The_Seven_Chiefs_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_14994.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_Oath_Of_The_Seven_Chiefs_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_14994.png/450px-The_Oath_Of_The_Seven_Chiefs_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_14994.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/The_Oath_Of_The_Seven_Chiefs_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_14994.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>The Seven champions swearing an <a href="/wiki/Horkos" title="Horkos">oath</a>, illustration from Stories from the Greek Tragedians, by Alfred Church, 1879.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> The Seven against Thebes were seven champions in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> who made war on <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> They were chosen by <a href="/wiki/Adrastus_(king_of_Argos)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrastus (king of Argos)">Adrastus</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a>, to be the captains of an Argive army whose purpose was to restore <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>' son <a href="/wiki/Polynices" title="Polynices">Polynices</a> to the Theban throne. Adrastus, although always the leader of the expedition against Thebes, was not always counted as one of the Seven champions. Usually the Seven were Polynices, <a href="/wiki/Tydeus" title="Tydeus">Tydeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphiaraus" title="Amphiaraus">Amphiaraus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capaneus" title="Capaneus">Capaneus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthenopaeus" title="Parthenopaeus">Parthenopaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippomedon_(Seven_Against_Thebes)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippomedon (Seven Against Thebes)">Hippomedon</a>, and Adrastus or <a href="/wiki/Eteoclus" title="Eteoclus">Eteoclus</a>, whenever Adrastus is excluded.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> They tried and failed to take Thebes, and all but Adrastus died in the attempt.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> On their way to Thebes, the Seven stopped at <a href="/wiki/Nemea" title="Nemea">Nemea</a>, where they held funeral games for the infant <a href="/wiki/Opheltes" title="Opheltes">Opheltes</a>, which became the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Nemean_Games" title="Nemean Games">Nemean Games</a>. Before arriving at Thebes, Adrastus sent Tydeus on ahead to resolve the dispute through negotiation, which failed. At Thebes, Capaneus was struck down by <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>' thunderbolt while attempting to scale the city walls. Tydeus was mortally wounded, and although Athena intended to make him immortal, she let him die when she saw him eating the brains of his attacker. Polynices was killed by (and killed) his brother <a href="/wiki/Eteocles" title="Eteocles">Eteocles</a>, the seer Amphiaraus was swallowed up by the earth, and Adrastus escaped the battlefield on his divine horse <a href="/wiki/Arion_(horse)" title="Arion (horse)">Arion</a>. The victorious Thebans refused to allow the burial of the Argive dead, but <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a> marched an Athenian army to Thebes and recovered the bodies of the fallen warriors. The war of the Seven against Thebes occurred in the generation prior to that of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a>, these two wars were the two great events of the fourth age, the age of heroes.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The Seven's war against Thebes was the first of two Theban wars. The second Theban war was fought, and won, ten years later by the Seven's sons, the <a href="/wiki/Epigoni" title="Epigoni">Epigoni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_war_against_Thebes">The war against Thebes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The war against Thebes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polynices_and_Eteocles">Polynices and Eteocles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Polynices and Eteocles">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urna_in_terracotta_policroma_con_duello_tra_eteocle_e_polinice_e_iscrizione,_200-150_ac_ca.,_da_chiusi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Urna_in_terracotta_policroma_con_duello_tra_eteocle_e_polinice_e_iscrizione%2C_200-150_ac_ca.%2C_da_chiusi.JPG/220px-Urna_in_terracotta_policroma_con_duello_tra_eteocle_e_polinice_e_iscrizione%2C_200-150_ac_ca.%2C_da_chiusi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Urna_in_terracotta_policroma_con_duello_tra_eteocle_e_polinice_e_iscrizione%2C_200-150_ac_ca.%2C_da_chiusi.JPG/330px-Urna_in_terracotta_policroma_con_duello_tra_eteocle_e_polinice_e_iscrizione%2C_200-150_ac_ca.%2C_da_chiusi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Urna_in_terracotta_policroma_con_duello_tra_eteocle_e_polinice_e_iscrizione%2C_200-150_ac_ca.%2C_da_chiusi.JPG/440px-Urna_in_terracotta_policroma_con_duello_tra_eteocle_e_polinice_e_iscrizione%2C_200-150_ac_ca.%2C_da_chiusi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption>Etruscan funerary urn showing the battle of Polynices and Eteocles, in the Museo archeologico e d'arte della Maremma</figcaption></figure> The war of the Seven against Thebes resulted from a quarrel between the brothers <a href="/wiki/Polynices" title="Polynices">Polynices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eteocles" title="Eteocles">Eteocles</a> over the kingship of Thebes.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Polynices and Eteocles had been cursed by their father <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>, the former king of Thebes, to battle over their patrimony. The curse inexorably led to the brothers' quarrel, their killing each other, and the Argive disaster at Thebes.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> After Oedipus had vacated the throne, according to some accounts, it was agreed that Eteocles would inherit the throne, and that Polynices would take a share of the household property, while according to a different account, Eteocles forced Polynices into exile. However, in what became the most familiar version of the story, first occurring in <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician Women">Phoenician Women</a>, the brothers agreed to share the throne, with each ruling in alternate years, but after the first year Eteocles refused to relinquish the throne.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In the Phoenician Women, Polynices is clearly the hero while Eteocles is the villain. However, in the versions of the story in which Polynices agreed to property in return for relinquishing his right to the throne, he would seem to be to blame for the war. In any case, Eteocles ended up as king, and Polynices in exile.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army_assembled">Army assembled</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Army assembled">edit</a>]</div> When Polynices left Thebes he went to Argos where he married <a href="/wiki/Argia_of_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Argia of Argos">Argia</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Adrastus_(king_of_Argos)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrastus (king of Argos)">Adrastus</a> the king of Argos, and gained the support of his father-in-law for an expedition against Thebes. In a story first encountered in Euripides, we hear that Polynices arrived at Adrastus' palace at night, seeking shelter. He found a place to sleep, but soon after Tydeus, the exiled son of the <a href="/wiki/Calydon" title="Calydon">Calydonian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Oeneus" title="Oeneus">Oeneus</a>, also arrived seeking shelter, and the two began to fight over the same space. When Adrastus discovered Polynices and Tydeus fighting like wild beasts (or in later accounts when he saw that Polynices wore the hide of a lion and that Tydeus wore the hide of a boar, or that they had those animals on their shields), he remembered an oracle of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> that said he should marry his daughters to a lion and a boar. So Adrastus gave his daughters to the two exiled foreign princes, and promised to restore them to their kingdoms, beginning with Polynices.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Adrastus proceeded to assemble a large army to attack Thebes, appointing seven champions to be its leaders. These became known as the Seven against Thebes. One of those chosen, the seer <a href="/wiki/Amphiaraus" title="Amphiaraus">Amphiaraus</a>, had foreseen that the expedition was doomed to fail, and that all of the champions but Adrastus would die, and so refused to join. But when Polynices bribed Amphiaraus' wife <a href="/wiki/Eriphyle" title="Eriphyle">Eriphyle</a> to tell her husband to join the expedition, he was forced to obey because of a promise Amphiaraus had made to allow his wife, who was also Adrastus' sister, to settle any disputes between the two men.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>, Tydeus and Polynices went to <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a> to recruit allies for the war, but the Mycenaeans, who at first agreed, finally declined because of ill omens sent by <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_Opheltes">Death of Opheltes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death of Opheltes">edit</a>]</div> As the army of the Seven marched toward Thebes, they passed through <a href="/wiki/Nemea" title="Nemea">Nemea</a>. There they encountered <a href="/wiki/Hypsipyle" title="Hypsipyle">Hypsipyle</a>, the nursemaid of <a href="/wiki/Opheltes" title="Opheltes">Opheltes</a>, the infant son of <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_(of_Nemea)" title="Lycurgus (of Nemea)">Lycurgus</a>. Needing water, the Seven asked Hypsipyle to direct them to a spring. But while doing this she sat Opheltes down, and the unattended child was killed by a serpent. The Seven killed the serpent, and interceded on Hypsipyle's behalf, as she was being threatened with death for her negligence. Amphiaraus, renamed the child Archemorus, meaning the "Beginning of Doom", interpreting the child's death as a harbinger of the Seven's own impending doom at Thebes. The Seven held funeral games in the child's honor, which became the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Nemean_Games" title="Nemean Games">Nemean Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embassy_of_Tydeus">Embassy of Tydeus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Embassy of Tydeus">edit</a>]</div> As the Argive army was nearing Thebes, Tydeus was sent ahead alone, on an embassy to the city, to try to negotiate a peaceful settlement of the succession dispute. As recounted in the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>, Tydeus found the Theban leaders feasting at the house of Eteocles, and challenged them all to many contests, and (with Athena's help) won every one. In anger, fifty Thebans, led by Maeon, Haemon's son, and Polyphontes, Autophonus' son, ambushed Tydeus as he was returning to his army. But Tydeus killed them all, sparing only Maeon, whom he sent home in obedience to the gods.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assault_on_Thebes">Assault on Thebes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Assault on Thebes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seven_against_Thebes_Getty_Villa_92.AE.86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Seven_against_Thebes_Getty_Villa_92.AE.86.jpg/220px-Seven_against_Thebes_Getty_Villa_92.AE.86.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Seven_against_Thebes_Getty_Villa_92.AE.86.jpg/330px-Seven_against_Thebes_Getty_Villa_92.AE.86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Seven_against_Thebes_Getty_Villa_92.AE.86.jpg/440px-Seven_against_Thebes_Getty_Villa_92.AE.86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Capaneus scales the city wall of <a href="/wiki/Thebes_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebes (Greece)">Thebes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campanian_vase_painting" title="Campanian vase painting">Campanian</a> red-figure <a href="/wiki/Neck-amphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Neck-amphora">Neck-amphora</a> attributed to the Caivano Painter, ca. 340 BC, <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a> (92.AE.86).<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></figcaption></figure> When the army of the Seven reached Thebes, they proceeded to launch an attack on the city. In a story first attested in <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a>, the seer <a href="/wiki/Teiresias" class="mw-redirect" title="Teiresias">Teiresias</a> prophesied that Thebes would be saved if <a href="/wiki/Creon_of_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Creon of Thebes">Creon</a>'s son <a href="/wiki/Menoeceus" title="Menoeceus">Menoeceus</a> (previously unknown) sacrificed himself, which he did.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Capaneus" title="Capaneus">Capaneus</a> impiously boasted that not even <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> could keep him from burning the city. But, as he was scaling the walls, Zeus struck him down with a thunderbolt. Tydeus was mortally wounded by <a href="/wiki/Melanippus" title="Melanippus">Melanippus</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Astacus_(mythology)" title="Astacus (mythology)">Astacus</a>. A favorite of <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, the goddess intended to make Tydeus immortal, but the seer Amphiaraus, knowing this, and hating Tydeus, cut off Melanippus' head and gave it to Tydeus, who proceeded to eat the brains of his killer. As was Amphiaraus's intention, Athena was so appalled that she changed her mind and let Tydeus die. Amphiaraus was himself chased from the battlefield by <a href="/wiki/Periclymenus" title="Periclymenus">Periclymenus</a>, who had already killed <a href="/wiki/Parthenopaeus" title="Parthenopaeus">Parthenopaeus</a>. As Amphiaraus was about to be killed by Periclymenus' spear in his back, Zeus intervened, causing the earth to open and swallow up Amphiaraus, along with his chariot and charioteer. At some point in the battle, Polynices and Eteocles met in single combat, and killed each other. According to the mythographer <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eteoclus" title="Eteoclus">Eteoclus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hippomedon" title="Hippomedon">Hippomedon</a> were killed by Leades and Ismarus, brothers of Melanippus. All of the Seven perished except Adrastus, who managed to escape, carried from the battlefield by his divine horse <a href="/wiki/Arion_(horse)" title="Arion (horse)">Arion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial">Burial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Burial">edit</a>]</div> According to accounts first occurring in fifth-century BC Greek tragedy, after the failed assault on Thebes, <a href="/wiki/Creon_of_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Creon of Thebes">Creon</a>, who with the death of Eteocles became the new ruler of Thebes, forbade the burial of the expeditions' dead. In <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>' tragedy <a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles_play)" title="Antigone (Sophocles play)">Antigone</a>, Polynices' sister <a href="/wiki/Antigone" title="Antigone">Antigone</a>, in defiance of Creon's decree, tries to bury her brother, an action that leads to the deaths of Antigone, and Creon's son <a href="/wiki/Haemon" title="Haemon">Haemon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Athenian tradition held that <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>, the king and founder-hero of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, either by force or negotiation, recovered the bodies of the Seven at Thebes, and buried them at <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Euripides)" title="The Suppliants (Euripides)">Suppliants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a> agrees to assist Adrastus in recovering the bodies of his fallen comrades, which Theseus does after defeating the Thebans in battle. However, in Aeschylus' earlier lost tragedy Eleusinians, evidently Theseus obtained the bodies through negotiation, the version of the story apparently preferred by the Thebans. According to some accounts Polynices was buried at Thebes, the rest being buried at Eleusis. The <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> has Tydeus buried at Thebes, while <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> mentions seven funeral pyres there. In the Suppliants, Capaneus' wife <a href="/wiki/Evadne" title="Evadne">Evadne</a> throws herself on her husband's burning pyre.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_"Seven"_champions">The "Seven" champions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The "Seven" champions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tydeus_Ismene_Louvre_E640.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tydeus_Ismene_Louvre_E640.jpg/220px-Tydeus_Ismene_Louvre_E640.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tydeus_Ismene_Louvre_E640.jpg/330px-Tydeus_Ismene_Louvre_E640.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tydeus_Ismene_Louvre_E640.jpg/440px-Tydeus_Ismene_Louvre_E640.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="1381" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tydeus" title="Tydeus">Tydeus</a> kills <a href="/wiki/Ismene" title="Ismene">Ismene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Late_Corinthian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Corinthian">Late Corinthian</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphora</a>, c. <a href="/wiki/560s_BC" title="560s BC">560 BC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> (E 640).<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></figcaption></figure> Prior to the fifth century BC, the number and names of the "seven" champions is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Only six names are known for certain, and no specific number.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Three of these six were Argives: Adrastus the son of <a href="/wiki/Talaus" title="Talaus">Talaus</a>, Amphiaraus the son of <a href="/wiki/Oicles" title="Oicles">Oicles</a>, and Capaneus the son of Hipponous. The two exiles, Polynices, the son of Oedipus king of Thebes, and Tydeus, the son of <a href="/wiki/Oeneus" title="Oeneus">Oeneus</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Calydon" title="Calydon">Calydon</a>, were also mentioned by early sources. The sixth, Parthenopaeus, although usually an <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadia (ancient region)">Arcadian</a> whose mother was <a href="/wiki/Atalanta" title="Atalanta">Atalanta</a> (as he is in Aeschylus' Seven Against Thebes), in another tradition (attested as early as <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus" title="Hecataeus of Miletus">Hecataeus</a>) he was the son of Talaus, and thus also an Argive and the brother of Adrastus.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Pindar does mention the expedition's dead being burned on seven funeral pyres at Thebes, (an idea Pindar possibly took from the <a href="/wiki/Theban_Cycle" title="Theban Cycle">Cyclic</a> <a href="/wiki/Thebaid_(Greek_poem)" title="Thebaid (Greek poem)">Thebaid</a>), however whether seven refers to the number of champions is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> According to Pausanias, before Aeschylus the number of champions was greater than seven.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The first certain reference to the number of champions being seven, along with a list of their names, occurs in Aeschylus' Seven Against Thebes. This list contains all the names known from earlier sources, excluding Adrastus—who although present at the battle, is not considered by Aeschylus to be one of the "Seven"—while adding two new names: <a href="/wiki/Eteoclus" title="Eteoclus">Eteoclus</a> and Hippomedon.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The same list of names is given in <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Euripides)" title="The Suppliants (Euripides)">The Suppliants</a> (where Eteoclus is said to be the son of <a href="/wiki/Iphis_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iphis (name)">Iphis</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>' <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_at_Colonus" title="Oedipus at Colonus">Oedipus at Colonus</a> (where Hippomedon is said to be the son of Talaus, and so the brother of Adrastus).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> However, Euripides gives a slightly different list in <a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a>, with Adrastus replacing Eteoclus, and this list will be followed by the Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, the mythographers <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a>), and the Latin poet <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Hyginus says that Adrastus chose seven generals (including himself) because Thebes had seven gates.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Apollodorus, however, goes on to say that "some" do not count Tydeus and Polynices among the Seven, but include "Eteoclus, son of Iphis, and <a href="/wiki/Mecisteus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mecisteus">Mecisteus</a>", a son of Talaus and another brother of Adrastus. Such a list, with Parthenopaeus considered an Argive, would represent an all-Argive seven, and could have reflected either an original Argive version of the story, before foreigners came to be involved, or a later desire, on the part of the Argives, for an exclusively Argive list.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Aeschylus, in Seven Against Thebes, assigns each of the Seven to one of the seven gates of Thebes, as do Euripides in The Phoenician Women, and Apollodorus.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> While the names of the gates are similar among these sources, there is little agreement with respect to the assignments. Aeschylus further assigns a Theban defender to each gate.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>The Seven </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2">Champion </td> <th colspan="2">Seven Against Thebes <a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></th> <th rowspan="2">The Suppliants,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Oedipus at Colonus <a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></th> <th>Phoenician Women <a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></th> <th rowspan="2">Diodorus,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Hyginus,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Statius <a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></th> <th>Apollodorus <a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Gate</th> <th>Defender</th> <th>Gate</th> <th>Gate </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tydeus" title="Tydeus">Tydeus</a></td> <td>Proetid</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melanippus" title="Melanippus">Melanippus</a></td> <td>✓</td> <td>Homoloïd</td> <td>✓</td> <td>Crenidian (Fountain) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Capaneus" title="Capaneus">Capaneus</a></td> <td>Electran</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyphontes" title="Polyphontes">Polyphontes</a></td> <td>✓</td> <td>Electran</td> <td>✓</td> <td>Ogygian </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eteoclus" title="Eteoclus">Eteoclus</a></td> <td>Neïstan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Megareus_of_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Megareus of Thebes">Megareus</a></td> <td>✓</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hippomedon_(Seven_Against_Thebes)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippomedon (Seven Against Thebes)">Hippomedon</a></td> <td>Athena Onca</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyperbius" title="Hyperbius">Hyperbius</a></td> <td>✓</td> <td>Ogygian</td> <td>✓</td> <td>Oncaidian </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parthenopaeus" title="Parthenopaeus">Parthenopaeus</a></td> <td>North</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actor_(mythology)" title="Actor (mythology)">Actor</a></td> <td>✓</td> <td>Neïstan</td> <td>✓</td> <td>Electran </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amphiaraus" title="Amphiaraus">Amphiaraus</a></td> <td>Homoloïd</td> <td>Lasthenes</td> <td>✓</td> <td>Proetid</td> <td>✓</td> <td>Proetid </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polynices" title="Polynices">Polynices</a></td> <td>Seventh <a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eteocles" title="Eteocles">Eteocles</a></td> <td>✓</td> <td>Crenaean (Fountain)</td> <td>✓</td> <td>Hypsistan (Highest) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adrastus_(king_of_Argos)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrastus (king of Argos)">Adrastus</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Seventh <a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></td> <td>✓</td> <td>Homoloidian </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mecisteus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mecisteus">Mecisteus</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principal_sources">Principal sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Principal sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early">Early</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Homer">Homer</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Homer">edit</a>]</div> References to the expedition of the Seven occur as early as <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>, in which four of the "seven" champions: Adrastus, Tydeus, Polynices, and Capaneus are mentioned. The Iliad refers to Adrastus as king of <a href="/wiki/Sicyon" title="Sicyon">Sicyon</a>, the father-in law of Tydeus, and as possessing the divine horse <a href="/wiki/Arion_(horse)" title="Arion (horse)">Arion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The only references to the expedition itself are an account of Tydeus and Polynices' recruitment mission to <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a>, and the embassy of Tydeus to Thebes, plus two more mentions of the embassy, and reports of the deaths of Tydeus and Capaneus at Thebes. In Book 4, <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a> says that Tydeus and Polynices came to <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a> to recruit additional allies for their war on Thebes. The Mycenaeans agreed to join the expedition, and began assembling an army. But they changed their minds when Zeus sent ill omens.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Agamemnon also says that—when Tydeus and Polynices left Mycenae, "and were with deep reeds, that coucheth in the grass" (i.e. had reached the <a href="/wiki/Asopos_(Boeotia)" title="Asopos (Boeotia)">Asopos River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Boetia">Boetia</a>)—Tydeus was sent alone on an embassy to Thebes. There he found the Thebans feasting at the palace of Eteocles. Tydeus challenged all of them to "feats of strength" and was easily victorious in every one, "such a helper was Athene to him." The Thebans were so angry that they sent fifty men, led by Maeon, the son of <a href="/wiki/Haemon" title="Haemon">Haemon</a>, and Polyphontes, Autophonus' son, to ambush Tyedeus on the way back to his army. Tydeus killed all of these but Maeon, whom he spared and sent home "in obedience to the portents of the gods".<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In Book 5, <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> mentions Tydeus' embassy, saying that although she "bade him feast in their halls in peace", Tydeus challenged the Thebans and easily won everything, "so present a helper was I to him."<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In Book 10, Tydeus' son <a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a> refers to his father's mission, calling Tydeus a "messenger" who brought a "gentle word" to the Thebans, and about the ambush says that Tydeus devised "terrible" deeds, with Athena's help.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> From <a href="/wiki/Sthenelus_(son_of_Capaneus)" title="Sthenelus (son of Capaneus)">Sthenelus</a> the son of Capaneus, and comrade of Diomedes, we hear that at Thebes "of the seven gates", their fathers "perished through their own blind folly".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> And finally in Book 14, we learn from Diomedes that Tydeus was buried at Thebes.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In Homer's <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, we hear of a fifth champion, Amphiaraus betrayed by his wife Eriphyle.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Book 11 mentions the "hateful Eriphyle, who took precious gold as the price of the life of her own lord".<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> While in Book 15 we learn of Amphiaraus, "the rouser of the host", who, though loved by Zeus and Apollo, died at Thebes, "because of a woman's gifts."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stesichorus,_Thebaid,_Catalogue_of_Women,_Chest_of_Kypselos">Stesichorus, Thebaid, Catalogue of Women, Chest of Kypselos</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stesichorus, Thebaid, Catalogue of Women, Chest of Kypselos">edit</a>]</div> Besides those found in Homer, there are few surviving references to the Seven, and their war against Thebes, before the fifth century BC.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The lyric poet <a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a> (c. 630 – 555 BC) apparently wrote a poem (now lost) about the war against Thebes.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Here the seer Tiresias prophesies a threat to Thebes, and the deaths of the brothers Polynices and Eteocles. Seeking to avoid this dire fate, they agree that the kingship would be determined by lot, with one gaining the throne (Eteocles), and the other gaining all their father's possessions, but forced to leave Thebes (Polynices). Tiresias also says that Polynices is destined to go to Argos where Adrastus will give him his daughter.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Theban_Cycle" title="Theban Cycle">Cyclic</a> <a href="/wiki/Thebaid_(Greek_poem)" title="Thebaid (Greek poem)">Thebaid</a> (early sixth century BC?)<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> was a Greek epic poem whose entire subject was the Seven's Theban war, however only a few fragments have survived.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The poem's first line began "Sing, goddess, of thirsty Argos, from where the lords ...".<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> We learn that Polynices and Eteocles, were cursed by their father <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>, and so doomed to their fatal dispute,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> and that, during the battle at Thebes, while all the others perished, Adrastus alone was saved thanks to his horse <a href="/wiki/Arion_(horse)" title="Arion (horse)">Arion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> There is also evidence for the appearance in the poem of Amphiaraus, his death being lamented by Adrastus, calling him "both a good seer and good at fighting with a spear",<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> and possibly also Tydeus eating Melanippus' brains (fr. 9*).<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In addition to these four of the Seven, already found in Homer, we hear of a new name, Parthenopaeus, who is said to have been killed by <a href="/wiki/Periclymenus" title="Periclymenus">Periclymenus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Parthenopaeus is also mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus" title="Hecataeus of Miletus">Hecataeus of Miletus</a>, as being the son of Talaus (and so apparently a brother of Adrastus).<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Polynices is named in a fragmentary passage from the c. 6th-century BC <a href="/wiki/Hesiodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesiodic">Hesiodic</a> <a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Women" title="Catalogue of Women">Catalogue of Women</a>, where he seems to be receiving aid from someone.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> According to the geographer <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, the brothers Polynices and Eteocles were depicted fighting each other, in the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Ker</a> (a goddess of death) on the Chest of <a href="/wiki/Cypselus" title="Cypselus">Kypselos</a> at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a> (late seventh to early sixth century BC).<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifth_century_BC">Fifth century BC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fifth century BC">edit</a>]</div> In contrast to the few early sources, which reveal only scattered traces of the story, in the fifth century BC there are many sources, which taken together complete the story. These include the historians <a href="/wiki/Hellanicus_of_Lesbos" title="Hellanicus of Lesbos">Hellanicus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens" title="Pherecydes of Athens">Pherecydes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_lyric" title="Greek lyric">lyric</a> poets <a href="/wiki/Simonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Simonides">Simonides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, and in particular, tragedies from each of the three great <a href="/wiki/Greek_tragedy" title="Greek tragedy">tragic</a> poets, <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> (Eleusinians, and <a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles_play)" title="Antigone (Sophocles play)">Antigone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_at_Colonus" title="Oedipus at Colonus">Oedipus at Colonus</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypsipyle_(play)" title="Hypsipyle (play)">Hypsipyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Euripides)" title="The Suppliants (Euripides)">The Suppliants</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hellanicus,_Simonides,_Bacchylides,_and_Pherecydes">Hellanicus, Simonides, Bacchylides, and Pherecydes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hellanicus, Simonides, Bacchylides, and Pherecydes">edit</a>]</div> In an account (similar to that of Stesichorus' above) attributed to <a href="/wiki/Hellanicus_of_Lesbos" title="Hellanicus of Lesbos">Hellanicus</a> (fr. 98 Fowler), Eteocles offered Polynices a choice: rule Thebes, or take a share of the household treasure and leave, and Polynices took the <a href="/wiki/Necklace_of_Harmonia" title="Necklace of Harmonia">robe and necklace of Harmonia</a> and went into exile. However, according to <a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens" title="Pherecydes of Athens">Pherecydes</a> (fr. 96 Fowler), Eteocles drove Polynices into exile, by force.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Perhaps the earliest surviving reference to the Seven's stop in Nemea, and the death of the infant <a href="/wiki/Opheltes" title="Opheltes">Opheltes</a>, occurs in a fragment of <a href="/wiki/Simonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Simonides">Simonides</a> (c. 556–468 BC), who says that "they" (the Seven?) mourned the child's death.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> A more complete account of the event occurs in a mid-fifth-century BC poem by <a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a>. The poem refers to the Seven as "the heroes with red shields, the best of the Argives", and says that they established the <a href="/wiki/Nemean_Games" title="Nemean Games">Nemean Games</a> in honor of "Archemorus", whom a "monstrous" serpent had killed. According to Bacchylides, the death was a "sign of the slaughter to come" (i.e. the disaster awaiting at Thebes). He calls the Argive deaths a "powerful fate", which could not be avoided even though Amphiaraus tried to "persuade them to go back", saying that it was hope, rather than good sense, that sent Adrastus and Polynices to Thebes.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The story of Athena's intention to make Tydeus immortal, was known to both Bacchylides (fr. 41 SM) and Pherecydes (fr. 97 Fowler). According to Pherecydes (as attributed by Iliad 5.126 scholia) as Tydeus is dying, having been wounded by Melanippus, Amphiaraus kills Melanippus, cuts off his head, and throws it to Tydeus, who begins to eat the brains. Athena arrives intending to bestow immortality on Tydeus, but disgusted by his savagery, she changes her mind.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pindar">Pindar</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pindar">edit</a>]</div> We learn several more details of the story in a poem of <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> (Nemean 9). We are told of a dispute between Adrastus and Amphiaraus, resulting in Adrastus giving his sister ("man-subduing Eriphyle") to Amphiaraus in marriage.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> After which: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> ... they led an army of men to seven-gated Thebes on a journey with no favorable omens, and Cronus’ son brandished his lightning and urged them not to set out recklessly from home, but to forgo the expedition. But after all, the host was eager to march, with bronze weapons and cavalry gear, into obvious disaster,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </div></blockquote> Pindar also alludes to the founding of the Nemean Games, by <a href="/wiki/Adrastus" title="Adrastus">Adrastus</a> (so also in Nemean 8 and 10).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In the fighting at Thebes, Pindar says that, just as Amphiaraus is about to be struck in the back by the spear of Periclymenus, to save him from a warrior's "disgrace", Zeus split the earth with his thunderbolt, and buried Amphiaraus along with his horses.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> As for the rest of the expedition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> they laid down their sweet homecoming and fed the white-flowering smoke with their bodies, for seven pyres feasted on the men’s young limbs.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> </div></blockquote> In another poem (Olympian 6) Pindar says that after "the corpses of the seven funeral pyres had been consumed", that Adrastus lamented Amphiaraus' death saying: "I dearly miss the eye of my army, good both as a seer and at fighting with the spear."<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eleusinians">Eleusinians</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Eleusinians">edit</a>]</div> The prohibition of the burial of the expeditions' dead at Thebes, is first attested for Aeschylus' lost tragedy Eleusinians (c. 500–475 BC). According to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Aeschylus' play dealt with the story of the recovery of the dead at Thebes by <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>, as a favor to Adrastus. Here Theseus recovers the bodies through negotiation, rather than by defeating the Thebans in battle, as in later accounts, such as <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Euripides)" title="The Suppliants (Euripides)">Suppliants</a> (c. 420 BC).<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The tombs of the Seven, that the geographer <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> reports seeing on the road leading out of Eleusis, possibly already existed when Aeschlus' play was written.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seven_Against_Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Seven Against Thebes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeschylus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN1841.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Aeschylus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN1841.jpg/220px-Aeschylus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN1841.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Aeschylus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN1841.jpg/330px-Aeschylus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN1841.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Aeschylus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN1841.jpg/440px-Aeschylus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN1841.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3337" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a>. Roman copy after a Greek original of the 4th century BC</figcaption></figure> The battle at Thebes is the subject of <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a> (467 BC). This play is the first certain source for the number of the champions being seven.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Aeschylus pairs a champion with each of the seven gates of Thebes, each of which is defended by a corresponding Theban champion. Aeschylus has each of the Seven saying a last goodbye to Adrastus—who although present at the battle is not considered by Aeschylus to be one of the Seven champions—and entrusting him with mementos to be given to their families.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Each of the Seven is described in order. The description includes the devices on their shield, their assigned gate, and the gate's Theban defender.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <dl><dd>1. Tydeus, on his shield the moon and stars, is assigned the Proetid Gate defended by <a href="/wiki/Melanippus" title="Melanippus">Melanippus</a>. But he is held back by the seer Amphiaraus because the sacrifices are giving bad signs. "Lusting madly for battle", Tydeus screams insults at Amphiaraus, calling him a coward.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd>2. Capaneus, on his shield a man holding a torch, with the inscription "I will burn the city", is assigned the Electran Gate defended by Polyphontes. He boasts that he will sack Thebes, and that "not even the weapons of Zeus crashing down to earth will stand in his way or hold him back."<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd>3. Eteoclus, on his shield a man climbing a siege-ladder, is assigned the Neïstan Gate, defended by Megareus, son of Creon.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd>4. Hippomedon, on his shield the monster <a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a>, is assigned the Gate of Athena Onca defended by Hyperbius, the son of Oinops.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd>5. Parthenopaeus, on his shield a Sphinx, is assigned the North Gate defended by Actor, the brother of Hyperbius. He is said to be a foreign ally of Argos from <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadia (ancient region)">Arcadia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd>6. Amphiaraus, on his shield no image (since, it's said, he prefers reality over appearance) is assigned the Homoloïd Gate defended by Lasthenes. Described as a "man of the highest virtue and an excellent fighter", Amphiaraus yells insults back at Tydeus, calling him "murderer, wrecker of your city, Argos’ great instructor in evil, arouser of a Fury, high priest of Carnage" and blames him for being "Adrastus’ counsellor in these crimes" of attacking Thebes. He also rebukes Polynices for attacking and his own city with a foreign army, and devastating his homeland, saying that for his part he "will enrich this land by becoming a prophet buried in the soil of the enemy."<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd>7. Polynices, on his shield <a href="/wiki/Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">Dike</a> (Justice) leading Polynices back to Thebes, is assigned the Seventh Gate defended by Eteocles.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></dd></dl> No details of the actual fighting are given in the play. A messenger simply reports that the city wall has held, and that at the first six gates the city's champions have all won in single combat. But that, at the seventh gate, Polynices and Eteocles, the sons of Oedipus, have killed each other, "in accordance with their father’s curse".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Near the end of the play it is announced that the burial of Polynices is forbidden, and Antigone announces her intention to defy this prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> However this scene is generally thought not to have been written by Aeschylus, and to have been added to the play some time after the production of <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles_play)" title="Antigone (Sophocles play)">Antigone</a>, which dealt with the same theme.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antigone">Antigone</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Antigone">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>' tragedy <a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles_play)" title="Antigone (Sophocles play)">Antigone</a> (c. 441 BC), picks up the story of the Seven where Aeschylus' Seven Against Thebes left off. Just as in Aeschylus' play, <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> has seven champions face seven defenders at the seven gates of Thebes—with Polynices and Eteocles killing each other—but with no names or other details:<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <blockquote>For seven captains posted against seven gates, man against man, left behind their brazen weapons for Zeus the god of trophies, except for the unhappy two, who, sprung of one father and one mother, set their strong spears against each other and both shared a common death.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></blockquote> Without naming him, Sophocles describes Capaneus' death: <blockquote>For Zeus detests the boasts of a proud tongue, and when he saw them advancing in full flood, with the arrogance of flashing gold, with the fire he hurls he flung down him who was already hastening to shout forth his victory on the topmost ramparts. And he fell upon the hard ground, shaken down, the torchbearer who in the fury of his mad rush breathed upon us with the blast of hateful winds.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Creon_of_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Creon of Thebes">Creon</a>, who with the death of Eteocles is now the ruler of Thebes, has forbidden, on pain of death, the burial of Polynices.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Polynices' sister Antigone announces her intention to defy Creon and bury her brother, begins the burial, is discovered by guards and arrested, sentenced to death by Creon, and hangs herself.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Discounting the probably spurious scene in Aeschylus' Seven Against Thebes, Sophocles' play is our earliest source for any involvement of Antigone in the story of the Seven.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Suppliants">The Suppliants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Suppliants">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, in his tragedy <a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Euripides)" title="The Suppliants (Euripides)">The Suppliants</a> (c. 420 BC) deals with the recovery of the expedition's dead warriors at Thebes.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Adrastus has come to <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a>, along with the mothers (the Chorus of suppliants) and sons of the Seven, to seek help from the Athenians in the recovery of their dead.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In this play we hear for the first time an account of how the war came about.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In an initial interview, Adrastus tells Theseus, the king of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, that Polynices, because of his father's curse, left Thebes "to avoid killing his brother", but that Eteocles "wronged" Polynices stealing "his property". In exile, Polynices came to Argos at night, fought with Tydeus, another exile who had arrived the same night, and that because of an oracle of Apollo saying he should marry his daughters to "a boar and a lion", and because the two men were fighting like wild beasts, he gave his daughters to the two men. It was to punish the "crime" done to his son-in-law Polynices, that Adrastus marched "seven companies against Thebes".<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Theseus then asks Adrastus whether he consulted seers and the gods before making war on Thebes, and Adrastus answers that, not only did he go to war "without the gods’ good will", he also "went against the wish of Amphiaraus."<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Theseus, having finally been persuaded to help Adrastus, leads an Athenian army to Thebes where—unlike in Aeschylus' Eleusinians in which he is able to accomplish his mission through diplomacy—he must defeat the Thebans in battle in order to bring back to Eleusis the bodies of the fallen warriors.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Five of the Seven are brought back, all except Amphiaraus, of whom it is said that "the gods by snatching him away alive, chariot and all, into the depths of the earth openly praise him", and so could not be brought back,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> and Polynices, who presumably was buried at Thebes.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The rest of the Seven's army was buried by Theseus at <a href="/wiki/Eleutherae" title="Eleutherae">Eleutherae</a> a small village on the Attic side of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Cithaeron" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Cithaeron">Mount Cithaeron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Adrastus gives a eulogy for the five of the Seven brought back to Eleusis. Here we learn that the Arcadian Parthenopaeus is the son of <a href="/wiki/Atalanta" title="Atalanta">Atalanta</a>, that Eteoclus is the son of <a href="/wiki/Iphis_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iphis (name)">Iphis</a>, and that Iphis' daughter <a href="/wiki/Evadne" title="Evadne">Evadne</a> is married to Capaneus. The complete list given by Euripides is the same list of Seven given by Aeschylus: Tydeus, Capaneus, Eteoclus, Hippomedon, Parthenopaeus, Amphiaraus and Polynices.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> As for the recovered corpses, Theseus says that Capaneus, who was "struck down by the fire of Zeus", will be burned apart, on a separate funeral-pyre from the rest, who will be burned together on a single pyre.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Capaneus' wife Evadne throws herself on his burning pyre.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The ashes of the Seven are carried back to Argos by their sons, who vow to avenge their fathers deaths.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Phoenician_Women">The Phoenician Women</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The Phoenician Women">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a> (c. 410–409 BC), like Aeschylus' <a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a>, deals with the battle at Thebes.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> We hear, for the first time, of an agreement between Polynices and Eteocles to rule Thebes in alternate years.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In the prologue we are told that Oedipus had cursed his sons to "divide this house with the whetted sword", and that, in fear of this, they agreed that Polynices, as the younger brother, would leave Thebes, and that Eteocles would rule Thebes in the first year. But after the year was up, Eteocles refused to relinquish the throne.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Polynices tells his mother an account of how, exiled from Thebes, he went to Argos and married Adrastus' daughter. He tells the same story already told in The Suppliants, coming to Argos late at night, fighting Tydeus, Adrastus giving them his daughters because of Apollo's oracle to marry his daughters "To lion and to boar", and Adrastus' promise to bring his new son-in-laws back from exile, starting with Polynices.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Euripides gives the same list of seven champions as he did in The Suppliants, and as Aeschylus did, with the exception that here Euripides counts Adrastus as being one of the Seven, in place of Eteocles. And, like Aeschylus, he pairs each of the Seven with a gate. Five of the gate names are the same: Homoloïd, Electran, Neïstan, Proetid and Seventh, and one of the pairings: Capaneus at the Electran Gate. Otherwise Euripides has Tydeus at the Homoloïd Gate, Hippomedon at the Ogygian Gate, Parthenopaeus at the Neïstan Gate, Amphiaraus at the Proetid Gate, Polynices at the Crenaean (i.e. Fountain) Gate, and Adrastus at the Seventh Gate.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Eteocles chooses seven Theban captains (unnamed), to oppose the Seven champions at the seven Theban gates.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The Theban seer <a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a> prophesizes that the city can be saved only if Creon's son <a href="/wiki/Menoeceus" title="Menoeceus">Menoeceus</a> is killed. As Tiresias explains, in retribution for the killing of Ares' dragon, by <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a>, the founder of Thebes, in order to appease Ares and propitiate Earth, a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Spartoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartoi">Spartoi</a> must be killed in the same place that the dragon was killed. Since only Menoeceus satisfies the proper conditions, he stabs himself on top of the city walls above where the dragon was killed, so that as his body falls it lands on that spot.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> During the battle, Parthenopaeus is killed by Periclymenus.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Capaneus, boasting that not even Zeus could stop him, is killed by Zeus' thunderbolt, and Adrastus, seeing that "Zeus was his army's enemy", withdraws his forces.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Then Eteocles offers to fight Polynices in single combat, with the winner ruling Thebes. The offer is accepted by Polynices, and both armies swear to abide by its terms.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The two brothers fight a duel, and kill each other.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Since the two armies cannot agree on who won the duel, the battle resumes, and the Thebans are victorious.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hypsipyle">Hypsipyle</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hypsipyle">edit</a>]</div> Euripides' partially preserved play <a href="/wiki/Hypsipyle_(play)" title="Hypsipyle (play)">Hypsipyle</a> (c. 411–407 BC), dramatized the Seven's stop at Nemea, and the death of the infant Opheltes.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> This play is the earliest source to involve <a href="/wiki/Hypsipyle" title="Hypsipyle">Hypsipyle</a> in Opheltes' story, which may well have been a Euripidean invention.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Here Hypsipyle, the former queen of <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a> and lover of <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a>, has come to be a slave, and nursemaid of the infant Opheltes, who is the son of <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_(of_Nemea)" title="Lycurgus (of Nemea)">Lycurgus</a>, the priest of Zeus at <a href="/wiki/Nemea" title="Nemea">Nemea</a>, and his wife Eurydice.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The Seven, having just arrived at Nemea, encounter Hypsipyle.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Amphiaraus tells her that they need water for a sacrifice, and she leads the Seven to a spring.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Hypsipyle brings Opheltes with her, and somehow, in a moment of neglect, Opheltes is killed by a serpent.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Eurydice is about to have Hypsipyle put to death, when Amphiaraus arrives,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> tells Euridice that the child's death was destined, and proposes that funeral games be held in Opheltes' honor.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Amphiaraus is able to convince Euridice to spare Hypsipyle's life, and the games are held.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oedipus_at_Colonus">Oedipus at Colonus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Oedipus at Colonus">edit</a>]</div> Only the anticipation of the Seven's war at Thebes is dealt with in Sophocles' <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_at_Colonus" title="Oedipus at Colonus">Oedipus at Colonus</a> (401 BC). Polynices (who here is the older brother) says that he was driven into exile by Eteocles, as in Pherecydes.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Sophocles gives the same list of Seven as given in Aeschylus' Seven Against Thebes, and Euripides' The Suppliants: Tydeus, Capaneus, Eteoclus, Hippomedon, Parthenopaeus, Amphiaraus and Polynices. Eteoclus is said to be Argive, and Hippomedon is said to be the son of <a href="/wiki/Talaus" title="Talaus">Talaus</a>, and thus the brother of Adrastus.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asclepiades">Asclepiades</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Asclepiades">edit</a>]</div> Likely drawing upon lost fifth-century BC tragedies by Aeschylus and Sophocles, the fourth-century BC literary critic <a href="/wiki/Asclepiades_of_Tragilus" title="Asclepiades of Tragilus">Asclepiades</a> (as reported by Odyssey scholia) tells the story of Amphiaraus's betrayal by his wife <a href="/wiki/Eriphyle" title="Eriphyle">Eriphyle</a>. According to Asclepiades, after some quarrel between Amphiaraus and Adrastus, the two men swore an oath that, for any future disagreements, the two men would be ruled by Amphiaraus's wife and Adrastus's sister, Eriphyle. When the expedition against Thebes was being assembled, Amphiaraus argued against it, and prophesied the disaster to come. However Eriphyle, having received from Polynices the <a href="/wiki/Necklace_of_Harmonia" title="Necklace of Harmonia">necklace of Harmonia</a>, forced Amphiaraus to join the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_sources">Late sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Late sources">edit</a>]</div> The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> (first century BC), the Latin poet <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a> (first century AD), the Greek mythographer <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a> (first or second century AD), and the Roman mythographer Hyginus, author of the <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a> (second century AD?), all gave accounts of the story of the Seven against Thebes. Each of these accounts is more or less complete, and consistent with earlier accounts. But there are a few differences, and several additional details. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diodorus_Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Diodorus Siculus">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, following Euripides, says that Polynices and Eteocles agreed to rule in alternate years. Being the oldest, Eteocles ruled the first year, after which he refused to give up the throne, and Polynices fled to Argos. There he married Adrastus' daughter Argia and Adrastus promised to restore Polynices to the Theban throne.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In Diodorus' account—unlike in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>—Tydeus' embassy and ambush occurs before the army is assembled. Tydeus travels from Argos to Thebes and back, and somewhere along the way is ambushed by fifty Thebans. Upon learning of the failure of Tydeus' mission, Adrastus begins organizing an expedition against Thebes.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Diodorus gives a more complete version of Amphiaraus' betrayal by his wife Eriphyle, consistent with the passing mentions in Homer and Pindar, and the account attributed to Asclepiades. Amphiaraus had foreseen his death, and because of this would not join Adrastus in his expedition against Thebes. But the two men agreed to let Eriphyle decide the issue, and because Polynices had given Eriphyle the golden <a href="/wiki/Necklace_of_Harmonia" title="Necklace of Harmonia">necklace of Harmonia</a>, she decides that the expedition should be undertaken, and that Amphiaraus should take part.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Adrastus recruits Capaneus, Hippomedon and Parthenopaeus, the son of Atalanta, to join himself, Polynices, Tydeus, and Amphiaraus as the seven leaders of the "notable army", the same list of Seven as in The Phoenician Women.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Omitting any mention of the Seven's stop at Nemea, Diodorus moves directly to the battle at Thebes. As always, Polynices and Eteocles kill each other, Capaneus dies while "impetuously ascending the wall by a scaling-ladder" (with no mention of a thunderbolt), the earth swallows Amphiaraus and his chariot, and all the rest of the Seven die, except Adrastus. As for the burial of the Seven, Diodorus (with no mention of Creon, Antigone or Theseus) says that the Thebans refused to allow Adrastus to remove the dead, so he goes home to Argos, and (as in Euripides' <a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Euripides)" title="The Suppliants (Euripides)">The Suppliants</a>) the Athenians recover the bodies and bury them.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hyginus">Hyginus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hyginus">edit</a>]</div> In his <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a>, Hyginus gives an account of the story, mostly in accord with earlier sources (67–74). Just as Diodorus does, Hyginus lists the same Seven as in The Phoenician Women: Adrastus, Polynices, Tydeus, Amphiaraus, Capaneus, Hippomedon, and Parthenopaeus. He adds that Capaneus and Hippomedon are the sons of sisters of Adrastus (70) (this is a different parentage for Hippomedon than in Oedipus at Colonus where he is the son of Taulus).<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The army stops at Nemea in search of water, Opheltes is killed by a snake, and the Seven establish funeral games in the child's honor (74).<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> At Thebes, an impious Capaneus is struck down by a Jovian thunderbolt while scaling the city walls, the earth swallows Amphiaraus, Polynices and Eteocles kill each other (68), and all the rest die except Adrastus (70). Hyginus gives a different account of Antigone's fate than in <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>' <a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles_play)" title="Antigone (Sophocles play)">Antigone</a>, possibly following Euripides' lost tragedy Antigone. Creon forbids burial of the Seven, including Polynices, but Antigone, and <a href="/wiki/Argia_of_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Argia of Argos">Argia</a>, Polynices wife, burn his corpse on Eteocles' funeral-pyre. They are caught, Argia escapes, and although Antigone is initially saved by Creon's son <a href="/wiki/Haemon" title="Haemon">Haemon</a>, she is eventually killed (72).<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Statius">Statius</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Statius">edit</a>]</div> Just as the <a href="/wiki/Theban_Cycle" title="Theban Cycle">Cyclic</a> <a href="/wiki/Thebaid_(Greek_poem)" title="Thebaid (Greek poem)">Thebaid</a> had been, the Latin poet <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Thebaid_(Latin_poem)" title="Thebaid (Latin poem)">Thebaid</a> (c. 92 AD), is devoted entirely to the story of the Seven against Thebes.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> An epic poem in 12 books, it begins with Oedipus cursing his sons Polynices and Eteocles, who he says have mistreated him (1.56–87). The brothers having agreed to rule Thebes in alternate years (1.138–139), Eteocles occupies the Theban throne, while Polynices is in exile for a year (1.164–165). One night during a raging storm, Polynices and Tydeus arrive at Adrastus' palace in Argos seeking refuge. They quarrel over the same bit of shelter, a fight breaks out, Adrastus is awoken, and separates them. He invites the two inside, and notices that Polynices wears a lion's pelt and that Tydeus a boar's skin and tusks, and by these signs, Adrastus recognizes in Polynices and Tydeus, the husbands that had been prophesied for his two daughters (1.401–512). The next day Polynices and Tydeus accept Adrastus' offer of his daughters <a href="/wiki/Argia_of_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Argia of Argos">Argia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deipyle" title="Deipyle">Deipyle</a> in marriage, and Adrastus promises to help the two regain their native kingdoms (2.152–200). Statius devotes most of Book 2 to Tydeus' embassy to Thebes. As in Diodorus' account, this occurs before the Argive army has been assembled.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Polynices, Tydesus and Adrastus agree that someone should be sent to Thebes to see if Eteocles will peacefully surrender the throne, and Tydeus volunteers. At Thebes, Tydeus engages in a long confrontation with Eteocles, who rejects Tydeus' arguments that, since his year of rule is over, he should give over the kingship to Polynices (2.363–451). On his way back to Argos, Tydeus is ambushed by fifty Thebans, but kills all of these but Maeon (2.482–703). In Book 3, on returning to Argos, Tydeus urges an immediate attack of Thebes (3.324–364). Adrastus consults the seers Amphiaraus and <a href="/wiki/Melampus" title="Melampus">Melampus</a> who receive ill omens (3.440–551). The Argive people demand war (3.575–597). Amphiaraus is forced to reveal what he has foreseen: death and defeat at Thebes (3.618–3.647). Argia now Polynices' wife, tearfully urges her father Adrastus to make war on Thebes, who begins assembling an army (3.678–721). In Book 4 the expedition sets out from Argos. Statius' Seven champions are the same as in The Phoenician Women, Diodorus, and Hyginus: Adrastus, Polynices, Tydeus, Hippomedon, Capaneus, Amphiaraus, and Parthenopaeus (4.32–250).<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a>, wishing to delay the Seven, causes a drought, and the Seven, in desperate need of water,<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> are forced to stop at Nemea (4.646–745). Statius devotes the rest of Book 4, through the end of Book 6, to the Death of Opheltes. At Nemea the Seven encounter <a href="/wiki/Hypsipyle" title="Hypsipyle">Hypsipyle</a> the nurse of Opheltes, the infant son of <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_(of_Nemea)" title="Lycurgus (of Nemea)">Lycurgus</a> the king of Nemea. While Hypsipyle leads the Seven to a spring, Opheltes is killed by a monstrous serpent. The Seven kill the serpent and save Hypsipyle from being put to death by Lycurgus. They hold funeral games in Opheltes' honor, which will become the <a href="/wiki/Nemean_Games" title="Nemean Games">Nemean Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In Book 7, the expedition arrives at Thebes, the fighting begins, and continues through Book 11. The earth swallows up Amphiaraus and his chariot (7.794–823). Tydeus is fatally wounded by Melanippus, but is brought Melanippus' severed head and Tydeus eats Melanippus' brains (8.716–766). Hippomedon, nearly drowned by the flooding river Ismenus, is killed by a "shower" of Theban spears (9.522–539). Parthenopaeus is killed by <a href="/wiki/Dryas_(mythology)" title="Dryas (mythology)">Dryas</a> (9.841–849). In response to a prophecy of the seer Tiresias, in order to save Thebes, Menoeceus sacrifices himself by leaping from the city walls (10.756–782). Capaneus climbs a tower and is killed by a Jovian thunderbolt (10.837–939). Polynices challenges Eteocles to single combat (11.239–249), Eteocles accepts (11.389–395) and the brothers kill each other (11.403–573).<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> In Book 12, Creon forbids the burial of Polynices and the Argive dead (12.94–103). Both searching the battlefield for Polynices, his wife Argia and his sister Antigone meet by chance over his dead body (12.362–408). They burn his corpse on Eteocles' funeral pyre, and are arrested (12.429–463). They are about to be executed when Theseus arrives threatening war (12.677–686). A battle ensues, Theseus kills Creon in single combat, enters the city as victor, and the bodies of the fallen warriors are burned and buried (12.720–809).<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apollodorus">Apollodorus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Apollodorus">edit</a>]</div> According to Apollodorus, Polynices and Eteocles agreed to rule Thebes in alternate years. He adds that while some say Eteocles ruled first, others say Polynices had the first year, after which he handed over the throne to Eteocles. However, in either case Eteocles refused to hand over the kingdom to Polynices. Exiled, Polynices took with him the necklace and robe of Harmonia and fled to Argos.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Like Asclepiades and Diodorus, Apollodorus says that Polynices bribed Amphiaraus' wife Eriphyle with the necklace, forcing Amphiaraus to go to war.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Apollodorus (agreeing with The Phoenician Women, Diodorus, Hyginus, and Statius) lists the Seven champions as: Adrastus, Amphiaraus, Capaneus, Hippomedon, Polynices, Tydeus, and Parthenopaeus. However he adds that "some" do not count Tydeus and Polynices among the Seven, but include Eteoclus, son of Iphis, and Mecisteus, a son of Talaus and brother of Adrastus.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Although in Oedipus at Colonus, Hippomedon is the son of Talaus (and so a brother of Adrastus), and in Hyginus he was the son of a sister of Adrastus, according to Apollodorus, Hippomedon was the son of <a href="/wiki/Aristomachus_(mythology)" title="Aristomachus (mythology)">Aristomachus</a>, another brother of Adrastus. Apollodorus notes however that "some" said Hippomedon was the son of Talaus.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> At funeral games for Opheltes held at Nemea he says that: <blockquote>Adrastus won the horse race, Eteoclus the footrace, Tydeus the boxing match, Amphiaraus the leaping and quoit-throwing match, Laodocus the javelin-throwing match, Polynices the wrestling match, and Parthenopaeus the archery match.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></blockquote> As in Homer, when the army had arrived just south of Thebes, Tydeus is sent on his embassy to Thebes and on his way back he is ambushed by fifty Thebans, and kills all but Maeon.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> At Thebes (as in Seven Against Thebes and The Phoenician Women) each of the Seven is assigned one of the seven gates of Thebes: <blockquote>Adrastus was stationed at the Homoloidian gate, Capaneus at the Ogygian, Amphiaraus at the Proetidian, Hippomedon at the Oncaidian, Polynices at the Hypsistan, Parthenopaeus at the Electran, and Tydeus at the Crenidian.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></blockquote> As in The Phoenician Women and Statius' Thebaid, in response to Tiresias' prophecy, Menoeceus sacrifices himself before the gates. Meanwhile, a battle having occurred outside the city gates, the Thebans have been driven back to their walls. Capaneus begins scaling them, but is struck down by Zeus, causing the Argive army to flee. Polynices and Eteocles fight a duel for the kingship and kill each other. Hippomedon is killed by Ismarus, Eteoclus is killed by Leades, Parthenopaeus is killed by Amphidicus (which, as Apollodorus points out, is different than what Euripides said, that Parthenopaeus was killed by Periclymenus).<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Tydeus is mortally wounded by Melanippus in the belly. Athena brought Tydeus a potion by which she intended to make him immortal. But Amphiaraus, who hated Tydeus for having instigated the war, perceived Athena's intention. So he cut off Melanippus' head, and gave it to Tydeus, who cut it open and ate the brains. This so disgusted Athena that she withheld the potion, as Amphiaraus intended. Although Melanippus is usually said to have been killed by Amphiaraus, a possible interpolation in Apollodorus' text says that, the wounded Tydeus managed to kill Melanippus himself.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Amphiaraus then fled the battlefield, and when he was about to be killed by Periclymenus' spear in the back, Zeus opened the earth. He was swallowed up, along with his chariot and charioteer (either Baton or Elato), and Zeus made him immortal. Because of his horse Arion, Adrastus is, as always, the only champion saved.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Apollodorus follows <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>' <a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles_play)" title="Antigone (Sophocles play)">Antigone</a> in his account of Antigone's heroism and death (without mentioning Haemon). And for the most part follows <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Euripides)" title="The Suppliants (Euripides)">The Suppliants</a> in his account of the recovery and burial of the dead: Adrastus fled to Athens, as a suppliant at the altar of Mercy sought the Athenian's aid, Theseus marched on Thebes, captured the city and recovered the dead, and Evadne jumped on her husband's burning pyre.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Project Gutenberg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14994/14994-h/14994-h.htm">EBook #14949</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> For discussion of the Seven against Thebes see Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA317">pp. 317–321</a>; Gantz, pp. 510–519; Tripp, s.v. Seven against Thebes; Parada, s.v. SEVEN AGAINST THEBES. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA317">p. 317</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA319">pp. 319–321</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Gantz, p. 510; West, p. 4; <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-works_days/2018/pb_LCL057.99.xml">156–165</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA325">p. 325</a>; West, pp. 4–5; Gantz, p. 522. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> For discussions of the quarrel between Polynices and Eteocles, see Gantz, pp. 502–506; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA315">pp. 314–317</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Gantz, pp. 502–503; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA315">p. 315</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA316">p. 316</a>; Gantz, pp. 503–506; Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA409">p. 409</a>; <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician Women">Phoenician Women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-phoenician_women/2002/pb_LCL011.219.xml">69–76</a>; Frazer's note 1 to <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.1">3.6.1</a>. The same story of shared rule is found in <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#65">4.65.1</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a> 67 (which has Oedipous ordain this alteration of rule after his self-blinding); and <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.1">3.6.1</a>. For another version of Polynices' exile given by <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.5.12">9.5.12</a>, see Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA316">pp. 316–317</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Gantz, p. 506; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA316">p. 316</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA316">pp. 315–317</a>; Gantz, pp. 508–510; Tripp, s.v. Seven against Thebes A; <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Euripides)" title="The Suppliants (Euripides)">The Suppliants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-suppliant_women/1998/pb_LCL009.27.xml">131–154</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-phoenician_women/2002/pb_LCL011.253.xml">408–429</a>; Hypsipyle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.283.xml">fr. 753c</a>; <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#65">4.65.1–3</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a> 69; <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebaid_(Latin_poem)" title="Thebaid (Latin poem)">Thebaid</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/statius-thebaid/2004/pb_LCL207.69.xml">1.390–512</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/statius-thebaid/2004/pb_LCL207.105.xml">2.152–205</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.1">3.6.1</a>, with Polynices and Tydeus wearing the pelts of a lion and boar in Hyginus and Statius, and with a lion and a boar on their shields in Apollodorus. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA317">pp. 317–318</a>; Gantz, pp. 508, 510; Tripp, s.v. Seven against Thebes B; <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, Nemean, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-nemean_odes/1997/pb_LCL485.101.xml">9.13–17</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/sophocles-fragments_known_plays/1996/pb_LCL483.75.xml">fr. 187 Lloyd-Jones</a>; <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#65">4.65.5–6</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.2">3.6.2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA318">p. 318</a>; Gantz, p. 510; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.350-4.400">4.376–381</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA318">p. 318</a>; Gantz, pp. 510–512; Tripp, s.vv. Opheltes, Seven against Thebes C; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.4">3.6.4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA318">pp. 318–319</a>; Gantz, pp. 502, 510, 512–513; Tripp, s.v. Seven against Thebes C; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.350-4.400">4.382–398</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.5">3.6.5</a>. Compare with <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#65">4.65.4</a>, where Tydeus' embassy and ambush occurs before the army is assembled, see Gantz, p. 513. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/15176/attributed-to-caivano-painter-campanian-neck-amphora-greek-south-italian-about-340-bc/">92.AE.86</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA330">p. 330</a>; Gantz, p. 519; Tripp, s.v. Seven against Thebes D; <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-phoenician_women/2002/pb_LCL011.309.xml">903–1018</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.7">3.6.7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA319">pp. 319–321</a>; Gantz, pp. 517–519; Tripp, s.v. Seven against Thebes D; Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA412">p. 412</a> (death of Tydeus); <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.7">3.6.7–8</a>. According to most accounts Amphiaraus was the slayer of Melanippus, however, a possible interpolation in Apollodorus says that Tydeus, though mortally wounded, managed to kill Melanippus himself, see Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA320">p. 320</a>; Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA412">p. 412</a>; Gantz, p. 518; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.8">3.6.8</a>, with Frazer's note 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Hard, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA321">321</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA322">322</a>; Gantz, 519–521; Tripp, s.v. Seven against Thebes E; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.7.1">3.7.1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Oldfather's note 16 to <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#65">4.65.9</a>; <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Theseus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg001.perseus-eng2:29.4">29.4–5</a>. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.27">9.27</a>, says that, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Battle of Plataea</a> (479 BC), the Athenians cited this event as one of the great achievements of Athens; compare with <a href="/wiki/Lysias" title="Lysias">Lysias</a>, Funeral Oration <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0540.tlg002.perseus-eng1:7">7–10</a>; <a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a> Panegyricus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0010.tlg011.perseus-eng1:54">54</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.39.2">1.39.2</a>, reports seeing the tombs of the Seven on the road leading out of Eleusis. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Hard, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA322">322</a>; Gantz, pp. 296–297, 521–522; Kovacs 1998, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-suppliant_women/1998/pb_LCL009.5.xml">pp. 4–6</a>, Sommerstein 2009b, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-attributed_fragments/2009/pb_LCL505.57.xml">pp. 56–57</a>; Frazer 1898a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/pausaniassdescr07pausgoog#page/n553/mode/2up">pp. 519–520</a>; Tripp, s.v. Seven against Thebes E; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.7.1">3.7.1</a>; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.103-14.153">14.114</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, Nemean <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-nemean_odes/1997/pb_LCL485.99.xml">9.24</a>, Olympian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-olympian_odes/1997/pb_LCL056.105.xml">6.15</a>; <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Euripides)" title="The Suppliants (Euripides)">The Suppliants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-suppliant_women/1998/pb_LCL009.111.xml">980–1072</a> (Evadne). </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Gantz, p. 513. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> For a discussion of the identities of the seven champions see Gantz, pp. 514–517. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Gantz, p. 515. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> For a discussion of early sources for these six, see Gantz, pp. 506–508, 510. For the two competing genealogies for Parthenopaeus, see Fowler 2013, pp. 411–412; Gantz, p. 188. Amphiaraus as the son of Oicles is attested as early as <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:15.222-15.264">15.243</a>. For the fathers of both Adrastus and Amphiaraus see <a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0199.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9">9.15–19</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, Nemean, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-nemean_odes/1997/pb_LCL485.99.xml">9.9–17</a>, Olympian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-olympian_odes/1997/pb_LCL056.105.xml">6.13–17</a>. For all six see <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a> 70 (which adds that "some" said that Amphiaraus was the son of Apollo); and <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.3">3.6.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:10.10.3">10.10.3</a> describes an Argive monument at Delphi depicting the champions which, according to Pausanias, included all of these six, except for Parthenopaeus. The omission is usually explained by the fact that the Archive monument excluded Parthenopaeus because he was not considered to be an Argive, see Gantz, p. 517. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Gantz, pp. 514–515; <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, Nemean <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-nemean_odes/1997/pb_LCL485.99.xml">9.24</a>, Olympian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-olympian_odes/1997/pb_LCL056.105.xml">6.15</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Gantz, p. 515; <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.20.5">2.20.5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Gantz, pp. 515–516; <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.193.xml">375ff.</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Gantz, p. 516; <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Euripides)" title="The Suppliants (Euripides)">The Suppliants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-suppliant_women/1998/pb_LCL009.99.xml">857–931</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_at_Colonus" title="Oedipus at Colonus">Oedipus at Colonus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/sophocles-oedipus_colonus/1994/pb_LCL021.553.xml">1301–1325</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Gantz, p. 516; <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-phoenician_women/2002/pb_LCL011.331.xml">1104–1138</a>; <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#65">4.65.7</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.3">3.6.3</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a> 70; <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebaid_(Latin_poem)" title="Thebaid (Latin poem)">Thebaid</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/statius-thebaid/2004/pb_LCL207.209.xml">4.32–250</a>. For Mecisteus as a son of Talaus and brother of Adrastus, see <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.546-2.580">2.565–566</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:23.664-23.699">23.677–680</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.9.13">1.9.13</a>. Mecisteus, although not mentioned as being one of the seven champions, is mentioned as a brother of Adrastus and a combatant at Thebes by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.67.3">5.67.3</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.18.1">9.18.1</a>, where he is said to have been killed (like Tydeus) by Melanippus. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a> 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Gantz, p. 516; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.3">3.6.3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.6">3.6.6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Gantz, pp. 515–516. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA321">p. 321</a>; Gantz, p. 515. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.193.xml">375ff.</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Euripides)" title="The Suppliants (Euripides)">The Suppliants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-suppliant_women/1998/pb_LCL009.99.xml">857–931</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_at_Colonus" title="Oedipus at Colonus">Oedipus at Colonus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/sophocles-oedipus_colonus/1994/pb_LCL021.553.xml">1301–1325</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-phoenician_women/2002/pb_LCL011.331.xml">1104–1138</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#65">4.65.7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a> 70. Hyginus does not match up the Seven with a gate but does say (Fabulae 69) that the gates were named after the seven daughters of <a href="/wiki/Amphion" title="Amphion">Amphion</a>, the builder of the gates: Thera, Cleodoxe, Astynome, Astycratia, Chias, Ogygia, and Chloris. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebaid_(Latin_poem)" title="Thebaid (Latin poem)">Thebaid</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/statius-thebaid/2004/pb_LCL207.209.xml">4.32–250</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.3">3.6.3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.6">3.6.6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Apollodorus, says that "some" include Eteoclus, son of Iphis among the Seven. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> See Sommerstein 2009a, note 91 to <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.217.xml">631</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> See Sommerstein 2009a, note 91 to <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.217.xml">631</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Apollodorus, says that "some" include Mecisteus among the Seven. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Gantz, pp. 502, 506–507; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.546-2.580">2.572</a> (king of Sicyon), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.103-14.153">14.121</a> (father-in-law of Tydeus), :<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:23.319-23.350">23.346–7</a> (possessor of Arion). </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Gantz, p. 510; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA318">p. 318</a>; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.350-4.400">4.376–381</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Gantz, pp. 512–513; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA319">p. 319</a>; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.350-4.400">4.382–398</a>. Compare with <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.5">3.6.5</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#65">4.65.4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Gantz, p. 513; Hard, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA318">318</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31p">319</a>; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.792-5.834">5.803–808</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Gantz, p. 513; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:10.254-10.294">10.285–290</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.401-4.445">4.401–410</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Gantz, p. 522; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.103-14.153">14.114</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Gantz, p. 507. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:11.321-11.360">11–326–27</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:15.222-15.264">15.243–247</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Gantz, p. 510; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA322">p. 322</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Campbell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/stesichorus_i-fragments/1991/pb_LCL476.137.xml">pp. 137–141</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Gantz, pp. 503, 508–9; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA316">p. 316</a>; Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA409">p. 409</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a> fr. 222A Campbell [= <a href="/wiki/Lille_Stesichorus" title="Lille Stesichorus">P. Lille</a> 76 + 73], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/stesichorus_i-fragments/1991/pb_LCL476.139.xml">lines 201-234</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> West, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Gantz, p. 502; <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.9.5">9.9.5</a>. For a discussion of the Thebaid and the surviving fragments see West, pp. 6–9, 43–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> West, pp. 6, pp. 44, 45 (fr. 1); Gantz, p. 502. West, p. 6, deduces from this opening line that the Thebaid (unlike Aeschylus' Seven against Thebes), was told from an Argive rather than a Theban point of view, and thus that "It was a story of disastrous failure, not of salvation from peril." </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> West, pp. 6, pp. 44–47 (frs. 2, 3); Gantz, pp. 505–503. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> West, pp. 52, 53 (fr. 11); Gantz, p. 517. For other possible mentions of Adrastus in the poem, see West, pp. 46–49 (frs. 4*, 7*). </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> West, pp. 48, 49 (fr. 6); Gantz, p. 510. For other possible mentions of Amphiaraus in the poem, see West pp. 48–51 (frs. 7*, 8*). </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> West, pp. 46–51; Gantz, p. 510. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> West, pp. 52, 53 (fr. 10 = <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.18.6">9.18.6</a>); Gantz, p. 510. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Gantz, p. 510; Fowler 2013, pp. 411–412. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Gantz, p. 502; Hesiod <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.223.xml">fr. 136 Most</a> [= Hes. fr. 193 MW]. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Gantz, p. 510; <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.19.6">5.19.6</a>. For the Chest's dating, see Frazer 1898b, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/pausaniassdescr02pausgoog#page/n628">pp. 600–601</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Gantz, p. 503; Hard, p. 316; Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA409">p. 409</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hellanicus_of_Lesbos" title="Hellanicus of Lesbos">Hellanicus</a> fr. 98 Fowler (Fowler 2000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA190">p. 190</a>) [= <a href="/wiki/FGrHist" class="mw-redirect" title="FGrHist">FGrHist</a> 4 F 98 = Schol. Euripides, The Phoenician Women 71. Vide Phere. fr. 96]; <a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens" title="Pherecydes of Athens">Pherecydes</a> fr. 96 Fowler (Fowler 2000, pp. 327–328) [= <a href="/wiki/FGrHist" class="mw-redirect" title="FGrHist">FGrHist</a> 3 F 96 = Schol. (MAB) Euripides, The Phoenician Women 71. Compare with <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_at_Colonus" title="Oedipus at Colonus">Oedipus at Colonus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/sophocles-oedipus_colonus/1994/pb_LCL021.551.xml">1292–1298</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Gantz, p. 510 (who assumes that "they" are the Seven); Bravo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mdQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104">p. 104</a>, (for whom "they" being the Seven is "plausible but not actually in evidence"); <a href="/wiki/Simonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Simonides">Simonides</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/simonides-fragments/1991/pb_LCL476.445.xml">fr. 553 Campbell</a> [= fr. 553 <a href="/wiki/Poetae_Melici_Graeci" class="mw-redirect" title="Poetae Melici Graeci">PMG</a> = <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deipnosophistae" title="Deipnosophistae">Deipnosophistae</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/atheneus_grammarian-learned_banqueters/2007/pb_LCL235.343.xml">9.396e</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Gantz, p. 510; Bravo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mdQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104">pp. 104–106</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0199.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9">9.10–24</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Gantz, p. 518; Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA412">p. 412</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens" title="Pherecydes of Athens">Pherecydes</a> fr. 97 Fowler (Fowler 2000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA328">p. 328</a>) [= <a href="/wiki/FGrHist" class="mw-redirect" title="FGrHist">FGrHist</a> 3 F 97 = Schol. (A, b codd. BC, T) Il. 5.126 (2.22.75 Erbse)]. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Gantz, p. 507; <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, Nemean, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-nemean_odes/1997/pb_LCL485.101.xml">9.13–17</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, Nemean, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-nemean_odes/1997/pb_LCL485.101.xml">9.18–22</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Gantz, pp. 510–511; Bravo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mdQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106">p. 106</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, Nemean <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-nemean_odes/1997/pb_LCL485.95.xml">8.50–51</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-nemean_odes/1997/pb_LCL485.99.xml">9.8–9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-nemean_odes/1997/pb_LCL485.115.xml">10.26–28</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Gantz, p. 518; <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, Nemean, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-nemean_odes/1997/pb_LCL485.103.xml">9.24–27</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, Nemean <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-nemean_odes/1997/pb_LCL485.113.xml">10.7–9</a>, Olympian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-olympian_odes/1997/pb_LCL056.105.xml">6.13–14</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Gantz, p. 296; <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, Nemean, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-nemean_odes/1997/pb_LCL485.101.xml">9.23–24</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, Olympian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-olympian_odes/1997/pb_LCL056.105.xml">6.13–17</a>. According to Pindar scholia, <a href="/wiki/Asclepiades_of_Tragilus" title="Asclepiades of Tragilus">Asclepiades</a> said that Pindar took this quote from the Cyclic Thebaid, see West, pp. 48, 49 (Thebaid fr. 6). </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA322">p. 322</a>; Gantz, p. 296; Sommerstein 2009b, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-attributed_fragments/2009/pb_LCL505.57.xml">pp. 56–57</a>; <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Theseus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg001.perseus-eng2:29.4">29.4–5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Sommerstein 2009b, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-attributed_fragments/2009/pb_LCL505.57.xml">p. 57 n. 1</a>; Gantz, p. 522; <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.39.2">1.39.2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Gantz, pp. 514–515; Hard, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA317">317</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA321">321</a>; Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA412">pp. 412–413</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Gantz, p. 515; <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.193.xml">42–56</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Gantz, p. 515; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA321">p. 321</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.193.xml">375–396</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.195.xml">414</a> (Melanippus). </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.197.xml">423–436</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.199.xml">449</a> (Polyphontes). </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.199.xml">458–471</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.201.xml">474</a> (Megareus). </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.203.xml">486–500</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.205.xml">504</a> (Hyperbius). </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.207.xml">527–549</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.209.xml">555</a> (Actor). </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.211.xml">568–596</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.215.xml">620</a> (Lasthenes). </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.217.xml">631–648</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.221.xml">672–673</a> (Eteocles). </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Gantz, pp. 518–519; <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.235.xml">792–819</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.267.xml">1005–1054</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Sommerstein 2009a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-seven_thebes/2009/pb_LCL145.147.xml">p. 147</a>; Gantz, p. 520; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA323">p. 323</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Gantz, p. 516 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles_play)" title="Antigone (Sophocles play)">Antigone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/sophocles-antigone/1994/pb_LCL021.17.xml">141–147</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles_play)" title="Antigone (Sophocles play)">Antigone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/sophocles-antigone/1994/pb_LCL021.17.xml">127–140</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles_play)" title="Antigone (Sophocles play)">Antigone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/sophocles-antigone/1994/pb_LCL021.7.xml">21–38</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Hard, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA322">322</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA323">323</a>; Gantz, p. 520; <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles_play)" title="Antigone (Sophocles play)">Antigone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/sophocles-antigone/1994/pb_LCL021.9.xml">45–99</a> (intention to bury Polinices), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/sophocles-antigone/1994/pb_LCL021.37.xml">384–443</a> (arrested), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/sophocles-antigone/1994/pb_LCL021.57.xml">568–943</a> (sentenced to death), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/sophocles-antigone/1994/pb_LCL021.115.xml">1221–1223</a> (hangs herself). </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Gantz, p. 520; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA323">p. 323</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Gantz, pp. 296, 522. For a discussion of the play see Kovacs 1998, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-suppliant_women/1998/pb_LCL009.3.xml">pp. 3–11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Kovacs 1998, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-suppliant_women/1998/pb_LCL009.5.xml">p. 4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Gantz, p. 509. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Euripides)" title="The Suppliants (Euripides)">The Suppliants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-suppliant_women/1998/pb_LCL009.27.xml">131–154</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Euripides)" title="The Suppliants (Euripides)">The Suppliants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-suppliant_women/1998/pb_LCL009.31.xml">155–161</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Kovacs 1998, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-suppliant_women/1998/pb_LCL009.5.xml">pp. 5–6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Euripides)" title="The Suppliants (Euripides)">The Suppliants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-suppliant_women/1998/pb_LCL009.105.xml">925–927</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Kovacs 1998, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-suppliant_women/1998/pb_LCL009.7.xml">p. 6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Frazer 1989a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/pausaniassdescr07pausgoog#page/n553/mode/2up">p. 518</a>; <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Euripides)" title="The Suppliants (Euripides)">The Suppliants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-suppliant_women/1998/pb_LCL009.87.xml">755–759</a>. Such graves are reported by <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Theseus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg001.perseus-eng2:29.5">29.5</a> as being "shown at Eleutherae". </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Gantz, p. 516; <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Euripides)" title="The Suppliants (Euripides)">The Suppliants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-suppliant_women/1998/pb_LCL009.99.xml">857–931</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Euripides)" title="The Suppliants (Euripides)">The Suppliants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-suppliant_women/1998/pb_LCL009.105.xml">934–936</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA322">p. 322</a>; Kovacs 1998, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-suppliant_women/1998/pb_LCL009.7.xml">pp. 6–7</a>; Gantz, p. 522; <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Euripides)" title="The Suppliants (Euripides)">The Suppliants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-suppliant_women/1998/pb_LCL009.111.xml">990–1071</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Kovacs 1998, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-suppliant_women/1998/pb_LCL009.7.xml">p. 7</a>; Sommerstein 2009b, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-attributed_fragments/2009/pb_LCL505.57.xml">p. 57 n. 1</a>; <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Euripides)" title="The Suppliants (Euripides)">The Suppliants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-suppliant_women/1998/pb_LCL009.127ῒ.xml">1114ff.</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Kovacs 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-phoenician_women/2002/pb_LCL011.203.xml">p. 203</a>. For a discussion of the play see Kovacs 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-phoenician_women/2002/pb_LCL011.203.xml">pp. 203–211</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA316">p. 316</a>; Gantz, p. 506. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA316">p. 316</a>; Gantz, p. 506; Kovacs 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-phoenician_women/2002/pb_LCL011.203.xml">p. 204</a>; <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-phoenician_women/2002/pb_LCL011.219.xml">67–76</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-phoenician_women/2002/pb_LCL011.253.xml">408–442</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Gantz, p. 516; <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-phoenician_women/2002/pb_LCL011.331.xml">1104–1138</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Kovacs 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-phoenician_women/2002/pb_LCL011.207.xml">p. 207</a>; <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-phoenician_women/2002/pb_LCL011.293.xml">740–752</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Kovacs 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-phoenician_women/2002/pb_LCL011.207.xml">pp. 207–208</a>; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA330">p. 330</a>; Gantz, p. 519; Tripp, s.v. Seven against Thebes D; <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-phoenician_women/2002/pb_LCL011.311.xml">911–1018</a>. Compare with <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a> 68; <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebaid_(Latin_poem)" title="Thebaid (Latin poem)">Thebaid</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/statius-thebaid/2004/pb_LCL498.181.xml">10.756–782</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.7">3.6.7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-phoenician_women/2002/pb_LCL011.335.xml">1153–1162</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-phoenician_women/2002/pb_LCL011.335.xml">1172–1186</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-phoenician_women/2002/pb_LCL011.339.xml">1217–1239</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-phoenician_women/2002/pb_LCL011.355.xml">1356–1424</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-phoenician_women/2002/pb_LCL011.363.xml">1356–1424</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Gantz, p. 511; Collard and Cropp, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.251.xml">p. 251</a>; Bravo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mdQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106">pp. 106–110</a>. For the extant fragments of the play with introduction and notes see Collard and Cropp, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.251.xml">pp. 250–321</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Gantz, p. 511; Collard and Cropp, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.251.xml">p. 251</a>; Bravo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mdQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">pp. 109–110</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Gantz, p. 511; Collard and Cropp, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.251.xml">p. 251</a>; <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, Hypsipyle <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.257.xml">test. iiia (Hypothesis)</a> [= <a href="/wiki/P._Oxy." class="mw-redirect" title="P. Oxy.">P. Oxy.</a> 2455 frs. 14–15, 3652 cols. i and ii.1-15] (Lycurgus as father), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.275.xml">fr. 752h.26–28</a> (Lycurgus as priest of Zeus), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.293.xml">fr. 757</a> (Eurydice as mother), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.293.xml">fr. 757.41–44</a> (Hypsipyle as nurse). Although Lycurgus is a king in later accounts, there is no indication of that here, see Bravo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mdQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107">p. 107</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, Hypsipyle <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.293.xml">fr. 757.41–44</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, Hypsipyle <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.273.xml">fr. 752h</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.283.xml">fr. 753</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, Hypsipyle <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.285.xml">fr. 753d</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.287.xml">fr. 754</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.287.xml">fr. 754a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, Hypsipyle <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.295.xml">fr. 757.37–68 (Collard and Cropp, pp. 294–297)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, Hypsipyle <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.297.xml">fr. 757.69–144 (Collard and Cropp, pp. 297–303</a>. The seer Amphiaraus describing his defense of Hypsipyle as relying "on piety", (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.297.xml">fr. 757.73</a>) is suggestive of the child's death having been ordained by the gods. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, Hypsipyle <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.311.xml">fr. 759a.58–110</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA409">p. 409</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_at_Colonus" title="Oedipus at Colonus">Oedipus at Colonus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/sophocles-oedipus_colonus/1994/pb_LCL021.551.xml">1292–1298</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens" title="Pherecydes of Athens">Pherecydes</a> fr. 96 Fowler (Fowler 2000, pp. 327–328). </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Gantz, p. 516; <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_at_Colonus" title="Oedipus at Colonus">Oedipus at Colonus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/sophocles-oedipus_colonus/1994/pb_LCL021.553.xml">1301–1325</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Gantz, p. 508, Kiso, p. 207; <a href="/wiki/Asclepiades_of_Tragilus" title="Asclepiades of Tragilus">Asclepiades</a> <a href="/wiki/FGrHist" class="mw-redirect" title="FGrHist">FGrHist</a> 12 F 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#65">4.65.1–3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Gantz, p. 513; <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#65">4.65.4</a>. Diodorus is unclear as to exactly when Tydeus' ambush occurred, according to Gantz, "conceivably" it occurred on his way to Thebes, rather than his return. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#65">4.65.4–6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Gantz, p. 516; <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#65">4.65.7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#65">4.65.8–9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Gantz, p. 516. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Bravo, pp. 117–118; Gantz, p. 511. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Gantz, pp. 520–521; Frazers note 1 to <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.7.1">3.7.1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> So also was the fifth-fourth-century BC Thebaid of <a href="/wiki/Antimachus" title="Antimachus">Antimachus</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Gantz, p. 513. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Gantz, p. 516. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> In Euripides' Hypsipyle, the Seven need water to perform a sacrificial libation, rather than because of a drought, see Bravo, pp. 108, 118–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Bravo, p. 118ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Gantz, p. 519. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Gantz, p. 521. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.1">3.6.1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.2">3.6.2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Gantz, p. 516; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.3">3.6.3</a>. For Mecisteus as a son of Talaus and brother of Adrastus, see <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.9.13">1.9.13</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Gantz, p. 516; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.3">3.6.3</a>. For Aristomachus as a son of Talaus and brother of Adrastus, see <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.9.13">1.9.13</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.4">3.6.4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Gantz, p. 513; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.5">3.6.5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.6">3.6.6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Hard, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA319">319</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA320">320</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.7">3.6.7–8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA320">p. 320</a>; Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA412">p. 412</a>; Gantz, p. 518; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.8">3.6.8</a>, with Frazer's note 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Hard, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA321">321</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.6.8">3.6.8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Gantz, p. 521; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.7.1">3.7.1</a>, with Frazer's notes. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a>, Odes, translated by Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0064%3Abook%3DEp%3Apoem%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li>Bravo, Jorge J., III, Excavations at Nemea IV: The Shrine of Opheltes, Univ of California Press, 2018. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520967878" title="Special:BookSources/9780520967878">9780520967878</a>.</li> <li>Collard, Christopher and Martin Cropp, Euripides Fragments: Oedipus-Chrysippus: Other Fragments, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 506. Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99631-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99631-1">978-0-674-99631-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL506/2009/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, Diodorus Siculus: The Library of History. Translated by C. H. Oldfather. Twelve volumes. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html">Online version by Bill Thayer</a>.</li> <li>Fowler, R. L. (2000), Early Greek Mythography: Volume 1: Text and Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198147404" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198147404">978-0198147404</a>.</li> <li>Fowler, R. L. (2013), Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198147411" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198147411">978-0198147411</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">Frazer, J. G.</a> (1898a), Pausanias's Description of Greece. Translated with a Commentary by J. G. Frazer. Vol II. Commentary on Book I. Macmillan, 1898. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/pausaniassdescr04pausgoog#page/n7/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/pausaniassdescr07pausgoog#page/n7/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">Frazer, J. G.</a> (1898b), Pausanias's Description of Greece. Translated with a Commentary by J. G. Frazer. Vol III. Commentary on Books II-V, Macmillan, 1898. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/pausaniassdescr02pausgoog#page/n4/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Gantz" title="Timothy Gantz">Gantz, Timothy</a>, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5360-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5360-9">978-0-8018-5360-9</a> (Vol. 1), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5362-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5362-3">978-0-8018-5362-3</a> (Vol. 2).</li> <li>Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415186360" title="Special:BookSources/9780415186360">9780415186360</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC">Google Books</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Histories_of_Herodotus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Histories of Herodotus">Histories</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._D._Godley" title="A. D. Godley">A. D. Godley</a> (translator), Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1920; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674991338" title="Special:BookSources/0674991338">0674991338</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+1.1.0">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1-1.32">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a>, in Apollodorus' Library and Hyginus' Fabulae: Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology, Translated, with Introductions by R. Scott Smith and Stephen M. Trzaskoma, Hackett Publishing Company, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-821-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-821-6">978-0-87220-821-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a>, To Demonicus. To Nicocles. Nicocles or the Cyprians. Panegyricus. To Philip. Archidamus., Translated by George Norlin, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 209, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1928. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99231-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99231-3">978-0-674-99231-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL209/1928/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0144%3Aspeech%3D1">Online version at Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li>Kiso, Akiko, "Notes on Sophocles' Epigoni", <a href="/wiki/Greek,_Roman,_and_Byzantine_Studies" title="Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies">Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies</a> 18 (1977): 207–26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/7711/4853">PDF</a>.</li> <li>Kovacs, David (1998), Euripides. Suppliant Women. Electra. Heracles, Edited and translated by David Kovacs, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 9, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99566-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99566-6">978-0-674-99566-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL009/1998/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li>Kovacs, David (2002), Euripides. Helen. Phoenician Women. Orestes, Edited and translated by David Kovacs, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 11. Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99600-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99600-7">978-0-674-99600-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL011/2002/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lloyd-Jones" title="Hugh Lloyd-Jones">Lloyd-Jones, Hugh</a>, Sophocles: Fragments, Edited and translated by Hugh Lloyd-Jones, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 483, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99532-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99532-1">978-0-674-99532-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL483/1996/pb_LCL483.v.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysias" title="Lysias">Lysias</a>, Lysias, translated by W. R. M. Lamb, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 244, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1930. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99269-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99269-6">978-0-674-99269-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL244/1930/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0154%3Aspeech%3D1">Online version at Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Most" title="Glenn W. Most">Most, G.W.</a> (2018a), Hesiod: The Shield, Catalogue of Women, Other Fragments, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>, No. 503, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2007, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99721-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99721-9">978-0-674-99721-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL503/2018/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Most" title="Glenn W. Most">Most, G.W.</a> (2018b), Hesiod, Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia, Edited and translated by Glenn W. Most, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 57, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99720-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99720-2">978-0-674-99720-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL057/2018/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li>Parada, Carlos, Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology, Jonsered, Paul Åströms Förlag, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7081-062-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7081-062-6">978-91-7081-062-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, Nemean Odes. Isthmian Odes. Fragments, Edited and translated by William H. Race. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 485. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99534-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99534-5">978-0-674-99534-5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL485/1997/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, Olympian Odes. Pythian Odes. Edited and translated by William H. Race. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 56. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99564-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99564-2">978-0-674-99564-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL056/1997/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. Lives, Volume I: Theseus and Romulus. Lycurgus and Numa. Solon and Publicola. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 46. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1914. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99052-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99052-4">978-0-674-99052-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL046/1914/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a2008.01.0067">Theseus at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li>Sommerstein, Alan H. (2009a), Aeschylus: Persians. Seven against Thebes. Suppliants. Prometheus Bound. Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 145. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99627-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99627-4">978-0-674-99627-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL145/2009/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li>Sommerstein, Alan H. (2009b), Aeschylus: Fragments, Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 505. Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99629-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99629-8">978-0-674-99629-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL505/2009/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles_play)" title="Antigone (Sophocles play)">Antigone</a> in Sophocles. Antigone. The Women of Trachis. Philoctetes. Oedipus at Colonus Edited and translated by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lloyd-Jones" title="Hugh Lloyd-Jones">Hugh Lloyd-Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 21, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99558-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99558-1">978-0-674-99558-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL021/1994/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, Oedipus at Colonus in Sophocles. Antigone. The Women of Trachis. Philoctetes. Oedipus at Colonus Edited and translated by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lloyd-Jones" title="Hugh Lloyd-Jones">Hugh Lloyd-Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 21, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99558-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99558-1">978-0-674-99558-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL021/1994/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebaid_(Latin_poem)" title="Thebaid (Latin poem)">Thebaid</a>, Volume I: Thebaid: Books 1-7, edited and translated by D. R. Shackleton Bailey, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 207, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01208-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01208-0">978-0-674-01208-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL207/2004/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebaid_(Latin_poem)" title="Thebaid (Latin poem)">Thebaid</a>, Volume II: Thebaid: Books 8-12. Achilleid, edited and translated by D. R. Shackleton Bailey, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 498. Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01209-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01209-7">978-0-674-01209-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL498/2004/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Simonides">Simonides</a>, Greek Lyric, Volume III: Stesichorus, Ibycus, Simonides, and Others, edited and translated by David A. Campbell, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 476, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99525-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99525-3">978-0-674-99525-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL476/1991/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li>Tripp, Edward, Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology, Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/069022608X" title="Special:BookSources/069022608X">069022608X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, M. L.</a>, Greek Epic Fragments: From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC, edited and translated by Martin L. West, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 497, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99605-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99605-2">978-0-674-99605-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL497/2003/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&oldid=1273091042">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_against_Thebes&oldid=1273091042</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seven_against_Thebes" title="Category:Seven against Thebes">Seven against Thebes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Characters_in_Seven_against_Thebes" title="Category:Characters in Seven against Thebes">Characters in Seven against Thebes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Septets" title="Category:Septets">Septets</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 January 2025, at 17:09 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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