CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913694f80a193dad',cH: 'KZMlooPf1CO5F7woVCneG26XXlnSIP_t5O1Xr_haUhQ-1739803744-1.2.1.1-csSRCTefJJqyfAnPBACcsSHADuxKV6wqytfbMsq6otyw2r0nDjkbaJw3IUoYNjbl',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=discrete%20controller&__cf_chl_tk=Bg42cGXCqIQ.XCJbunWb5hvUM68TS.JAoDdPWgi.EPQ-1739803744-1.0.1.1-7sBgVFfMHZQ6UsqWbxprOdpud_KCKAtLAjPx76Xz09I",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739803744',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=discrete%20controller&__cf_chl_f_tk=Bg42cGXCqIQ.XCJbunWb5hvUM68TS.JAoDdPWgi.EPQ-1739803744-1.0.1.1-7sBgVFfMHZQ6UsqWbxprOdpud_KCKAtLAjPx76Xz09I",md: "Ygl2fCWoZ5nAEvEPIyZmF1nyFKn7qVMZSuZO7tGTYoY-1739803744-1.2.1.1-3SM70pKzAHy7O19Sbmi4EODEXjF5xC5ywjNqIOj3extr5.XCkHzNGu2R7MXpR2kM5ZZ4bloAwaCC7ZEvm0nIYaQlf6sx.cLYSd1iNc2FYUFxz0YVGGx713gvC2AE7zOYf5ri1EuTR6G2.GlZZfh6MCVnLXeg9anJuNIzKpGvMWyliCUbpAoPUdJE.DOk23LcwviMsjalxS4lFI01MPG9Mzn.hlc9TKoyShkqq01iaSVi4Jmfcw4EoRB9tHogsAuvbUImqgQNlSAUYh2W99DdzlIxXI4_dr1FPomyP27jElIw_cb24eKhSIa5FLEWMRufyGKEJ.D4DDahuI._b2XG53ums56dGd2xRczCcAzoIdrmQoIHYaUmuZNkteeekhG4B778fbOEIBzmNDC0AasefgYFZetAe_tKy_U8sxNC9TkbGYmhO71qpGktTh91nKVlqnVvaBf4ijPV3_XbTzw035qUMYaA8vS2nUIMKvN8Kl1rV6PtLBJauyYL8D4hvvVcdx_tOoXXhGVpu_nIjuinZ7JNlCZXEEsC8zxoxlDcGRF.2ErFMvGEl98cblb.39EEgRwL37M8rUkjwgRgu_QBPLUbFGlLLc3Fn7a7GlZj6v2GzrkHlrFpsIOBETCIDknuQRsq89EJSScbUyJoKAGVaVS8gbelxMZs2C_9zR7_npK3ol3tR82.X5_b3GuWbqT5cAMPAVRPXv6sM2D.kjJk7vjwLBVekRjfWXKnaSuQL0bF0OOPUIfIeTtGbeYrx0vTslwrV5O_EV7Syms2bcRdXZqLKyJw.Yd_vc75jVuQ9nHaQhhDHIonhSP8xrLQ9BeXobiHFs8zPlP6vfVI67v27BxK6zHILPc7Dtthr34d7TocVggqwlqfOjuFNBt1ZQ_VsZt0UM8O0dgnp5ntDuuwy43KRb1oY1zgT1NlCCrcx1y2Yx.kf5vbx2tBEDDL_sXbd8hkOr_h18yHPfcqDwXWUXokHQ4Ujtovh0T4lO0gyXPa4Us1_bXrQAqURR4Szc5wxz6EKoOkuCrvmO7GZd2fa3462qtNysHya1E8LFNYIDLqBIREKTbQYyLQgdSPUB_7512gkSAuzM4hJsmrgdxqT3iqR_VQdXZlaKbNnqeBIqBL3BcLn_sJiWxhJkNmzLEa4ALV0jX1GETX97xWYk456HNc.Vbqsvll75z0cdUVUNmAaN_wwDNVq7YMQ04lUIM.mJHLoeTYmBJCqe.Cw44rLjqFZQgvu9VCcX.fTSkcpumPnkcDgkyczBB.xSfiMnIAzLbydHSRM.sNWmqk3_32oO8NHwuLOr_BdfZF6oMd9cAvSsvK3fo4XCEz79VTBWcejpLQhcKRxSWDTdT3eH6lVXYpA_9iEQrM7HQzXdB1AhY2LJEurMnpqbYkpN_wvX7v9zmTFbOuDjzaxET80gEWIrWe2MFqLGoPDD_K1yxceo8_UAN0q4WKSsl1khDRiY.T4CFuXbGmn0MhO6CBTr_QXsvMj6Ox6UNdql80M_CrIUHu45p5ykar0nmA9PesR09Z5HA5k6HcTFyBNR5XTiSREu6bCrbezEoOfAVULspgtuEEPynfGpJxSqQF4_dYmDS6DfeKRMoe4k4Hg8aWUXn4VFpAi2wxJt2JxNlU1eGNlUQduL0QMzVguH.XBMYzemsZJvVgU9X0wQQAii72Y4Gaj.AoA4iRo4RhxtLpJz.x7sMUUCZEIAZOYd9BaYdpLuIh0FM_wiCo9HKeiaBRr.EinacIGkuSXksbv7f3kWMkO0N9wx1Q9pnobDIYCUnKQv823q1WpnC_V3q2K3.29S7Ig.lRYuMjqF.v7orYjsOWt2QB8Y523Um83Uj.r2kJnC2NnP1CavVP3g8af8dwId3hdfHqVjHn6Fq8w0fJBkbSNsgZ0kbD2QsKsCJPmR4s.IuDPkJYOsq5AMljWvt2Ysb8Qg6Y8eB_BYitm3Jc.GtyjVWBI677HZ5NirdDJH0RTBlx",mdrd: "OohUgEkCefHel6j6SrmYRKxEraIksZ_L5sX6sLYF8yI-1739803744-1.2.1.1-5edw3zUfrEHxcYzGnNvTtXvuyIYC59BiL.C2hOM9GgFGWx6YafqFl_ciLAqxV59sYuZN3Mfvs2_ya6gDKxNZ0kz9H82o.mPhkCrjdSJcqrHFlq0h9Svdbn6UGgkC94UXEDs5YB5qschYhNYjz3RrS2ijsueIK0Sy_tvP_UczPosGdKNcEClcKMvLElGoikcOupPb2hkXAT.vPzycnLQ.vRm7VOYqulNhIvoHTpiNX1EtiVzqE1qYIwLvya8jlVeMq1j_KG6IQszNafSR2UlqCuT.ybEjozli4SpCWI7doUGxbP3FiaGWu3dXvP6zts8FUF9R8QSYqXb.dLZv.qXlUrn4hF4z1f80aIeu_Kt0iOLGmoaPDbwqZJ3lYgIOjWbZGfguxzQ6Ruqwy2o4aAAN209webI9p3OyafRm6_4U81vGW3MvA9K49Du6_LGeW3.tnzcRKlRR7.qOJSi.nRBEMeI75.X8cGstqz8EVhK3K04H_o5t_D7rozfbWsMi6zKfBPpdxDvWnWOOSJA7dFX3gpP3U3toCP327ry2MzQfDtrm.cee6uaqh.QTcM5Zzp0ENPS.HAuIrs17L8fS7Yh_0BpeDKdchBHhO7heosxseHS2Lb6POaIDAvHd74wSwwdTRBzr7IHzjfv2tqYs5Haeo2lpEtm__61gspVnINZNl4y8Edpbi0tdsrdUwrqKCjSlm3K1Bl2EfSnaFRSWWiywZ4tnH7EPaDrKQmvF0vivNxJ2_zfVnOGbvlcoBrdLoaqyAd5hqamUmBC1u7fLcEhRhPccdbfJ_dfTXyefLsX4YXv8DawQnE9C_RyJrnyE7Dgr0ZVpM7iVCMi5z26P1fLPSzOj00wuuDdtOXn.wslnTHVFYyIvInR.Eao7XSlxRUn_xWIl6rG42pQGWuXYrFV1qD2VqGE5HrqHJz_LHLNsbahfzEKrRKLPiJz0cnQ7QuJW6jWLDQQhjci5qBGqmwKm_ZBe.ycnu2m4Ed3n4CwLGFwF_04InVXsY_Rw5iBIkesVKmP8wPQ9JPiftGUqaM9TD28rfQevFlX_MpWJQ9R2sC5kGD36HEluaXNBW2Z4LD7KgJ5cAcZkFAURqtl8yHitmrnVUYVSI_mDYEMLR_1_U6NxN6XWxUMnkqoL.M00jW26oj2MCOfSU.q9B7WMbTV4kCVPXsjNXbAdVoEtPpSgIGZXGf2BE8B3GmjGzXm64P9y3QhsSuDGVP_9IjdkUQ5kx6qCumT9kQp9rAvnZT_8VqpQOXBB0fkl0xrTaCk_.pjrHFf66mxV0zyI0ToThQJHDUh3dyfLnm3_zOBpYbddjOz.TQmU926RnVr6zFDFFkOsleHEXgcDo6gwnsz4uxarP6NAqvZeSkOE3nZ8mkWOjx3Q9NN5UP85bmNpTqe4qDhBmrXckM4ni.WY8V8PpQo1AHZQZswefKtYp8CH0wDoGtwLPWNWXMr.2VZI0QY7yY1FMfOQaE6kagWc0ezISrepMkjd4Vi._nKntNmSv_CXrfSgcE_RniEgmQ6kRJ2JiXolLErDQNOFhPSTBnmzVYZd0bj7NXe4AlLJxM32AMoCbGQ.3Uu.g4QV6bVF3xsnoM0qA_hEwmyAZZob.JOTIswVeV1VFNWJLwMDuUrUhRe0P6av.TE0son9SZPrrOPsjBw4cAY6DYEPKgKbm4rzdpUUFEPjndwgNULrRRy.ggj15tvhMY5wrSXXW01ymoyZB9xxjsamuaqQo9MneEEoQs2g03mKL.hMjmwF0MqEcfgE21ylt0MVcebYXntx9YaHbkQUljwVAXVK4sM99jW_tp9Gq67jWQW12mi5gUsbvnFlXIsSxJlwX6dGH_Z2Q9BcXlwsAhke42RID6TJYhRXVbc57btO.rPC9dkZrwlb49yGCDwi9YdazLybxnhOj8sP9r.LAG523rzAieCL4SNDB20wWwqPfjN9Z_mDnWRdu1p0YAA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913694f80a193dad';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=discrete%20controller&__cf_chl_rt_tk=Bg42cGXCqIQ.XCJbunWb5hvUM68TS.JAoDdPWgi.EPQ-1739803744-1.0.1.1-7sBgVFfMHZQ6UsqWbxprOdpud_KCKAtLAjPx76Xz09I" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>