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data-fetch-key="data-v-0c31964b:0" tabindex="-1" class="category-view" data-v-0c31964b data-v-00263075><header data-v-0c31964b><h2 class="title" data-v-0c31964b>Modern Age</h2> </header> <section data-aos="woosh" data-aos-delay="0" class="snm-post-teaser horizontal" data-v-d7720576 data-v-0c31964b><h2 class="title" data-v-d7720576><a href="/en/2024/11/genevas-italian-side/" data-v-d7720576><span data-v-d7720576>Geneva’s Italian side</span> <svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-arrow-right" data-v-d7720576><path fill="#D44625" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M18.42 13H2v-2h16.42L14 6.374 15.312 5 22 12l-6.688 7L14 17.626 18.42 13z" clip-rule="evenodd" data-v-d7720576></path></svg></a></h2> <a href="/en/author/christophe-vuilleumier/" class="author" data-v-d7720576>Christophe Vuilleumier</a> <span class="date" data-v-d7720576>26.11.2024</span> <span class="excerpt" data-v-d7720576>The rise of Geneva, the home of Calvinism, owed much to the Turrettini family. Arriving there from Tuscany in the 16th century with ready money and access to an international network, they played no small part in buoying the city’s economy.</span> <figure class="image-container" style="--aspect-ratio:(4/3);" data-v-d7720576><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/foto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395-300x219.jpg 300w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/foto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395-1536x1121.jpg 1536w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/foto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395-450x329.jpg 450w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/foto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395-750x548.jpg 750w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/foto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395-900x657.jpg 900w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/foto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395-600x438.jpg 600w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/foto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395-1500x1095.jpg 1500w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/foto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395-1200x876.jpg 1200w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/foto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395.jpg 1600w" src="/app/uploads/foto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395-300x219.jpg" sizes="(max-width: 399px) 400px, (max-width: 799px) 800px, 500px" alt="The Turrettini family’s influence is evident wherever you look in Geneva. View over the Quai Turrettini, circa 1940." class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:50%;" data-v-d7720576></figure> </section><section data-aos="woosh" data-aos-delay="350" class="snm-post-teaser horizontal" data-v-d7720576 data-v-0c31964b><h2 class="title" data-v-d7720576><a href="/en/2024/11/cocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began/" data-v-d7720576><span data-v-d7720576>Cocoa in Ghana: how it all began</span> <svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-arrow-right" data-v-d7720576><path fill="#D44625" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M18.42 13H2v-2h16.42L14 6.374 15.312 5 22 12l-6.688 7L14 17.626 18.42 13z" clip-rule="evenodd" data-v-d7720576></path></svg></a></h2> <a href="/en/author/pascale/" class="author" data-v-d7720576>Pascale Meyer</a> <span class="date" data-v-d7720576>21.11.2024</span> <span class="excerpt" data-v-d7720576>Ghana is the world’s largest producer of cocoa. Pre-independence, the Basel Mission was one of the players making money from the cocoa trade in the Gold Coast region. It ran an agricultural research station there from the middle of the 19th century and attempted to cultivate the cocoa plant ‒ with varying degrees of success.</span> <figure class="image-container" style="--aspect-ratio:(4/3);" data-v-d7720576><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/kakao-trockenplatz-titel-300x225.jpg 300w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/kakao-trockenplatz-titel-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/kakao-trockenplatz-titel-450x338.jpg 450w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/kakao-trockenplatz-titel-750x563.jpg 750w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/kakao-trockenplatz-titel-900x675.jpg 900w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/kakao-trockenplatz-titel-600x450.jpg 600w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/kakao-trockenplatz-titel-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/kakao-trockenplatz-titel-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/kakao-trockenplatz-titel.jpg 1600w" src="/app/uploads/kakao-trockenplatz-titel-300x225.jpg" sizes="(max-width: 399px) 400px, (max-width: 799px) 800px, 500px" alt="Local workers and a supervisor dressed in ‘colonial whites’ at a cocoa drying area run by the Basel Mission Trading Company in Accra in what is now Ghana (1904/1905)." class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:50%;" data-v-d7720576></figure> </section><section data-aos="woosh" data-aos-delay="0" class="snm-post-teaser horizontal" data-v-d7720576 data-v-0c31964b><h2 class="title" data-v-d7720576><a href="/en/2024/11/the-american-revolutionary-war-through-the-eyes-of-a-swiss-immigrant/" data-v-d7720576><span data-v-d7720576>The American Revolutionary War through the eyes of a Swiss immigrant</span> <svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-arrow-right" data-v-d7720576><path fill="#D44625" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M18.42 13H2v-2h16.42L14 6.374 15.312 5 22 12l-6.688 7L14 17.626 18.42 13z" clip-rule="evenodd" data-v-d7720576></path></svg></a></h2> <a href="/en/author/maximilian-spitz/" class="author" data-v-d7720576>Maximilian Spitz</a> <span class="date" data-v-d7720576>14.11.2024</span> <span class="excerpt" data-v-d7720576>Hans Joachim Züblin from eastern Switzerland caused a furore in 18th century America. As minister John Zubly, he saw parallels between the Swiss Confederates and the rebels fighting against the British. He later changed sides, albeit with an unchanged outlook.</span> <figure class="image-container" style="--aspect-ratio:(4/3);" data-v-d7720576><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/snm-blog-john-zubly-300x225.jpg 300w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/snm-blog-john-zubly-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/snm-blog-john-zubly-450x338.jpg 450w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/snm-blog-john-zubly-750x563.jpg 750w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/snm-blog-john-zubly-900x675.jpg 900w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/snm-blog-john-zubly-600x450.jpg 600w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/snm-blog-john-zubly-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/snm-blog-john-zubly-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/snm-blog-john-zubly.jpg 1600w" src="/app/uploads/snm-blog-john-zubly-300x225.jpg" sizes="(max-width: 399px) 400px, (max-width: 799px) 800px, 500px" alt="John Zubly merged religion with politics and compared parts of Swiss history to the American resistance against Great Britain. Illustration by Marco Heer" class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:50%;" data-v-d7720576></figure> </section><section data-aos="woosh" data-aos-delay="350" class="snm-post-teaser horizontal" data-v-d7720576 data-v-0c31964b><h2 class="title" data-v-d7720576><a href="/en/2024/11/the-inventor-in-a-benedictine-cowl/" data-v-d7720576><span data-v-d7720576>The inventor in a Benedictine cowl</span> <svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-arrow-right" data-v-d7720576><path fill="#D44625" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M18.42 13H2v-2h16.42L14 6.374 15.312 5 22 12l-6.688 7L14 17.626 18.42 13z" clip-rule="evenodd" data-v-d7720576></path></svg></a></h2> <a href="/en/author/michael-van-orsouw/" class="author" data-v-d7720576>Michael van Orsouw</a> <span class="date" data-v-d7720576>12.11.2024</span> <span class="excerpt" data-v-d7720576>Father Athanasius Tschopp (1803–1882) was a monk in Einsiedeln, and something of a science whizz. Besides his daily monastic duties, he always found the time to make pioneering discoveries – one of his many accomplishments was inventing the precursor to the fax machine.</span> <figure class="image-container" style="--aspect-ratio:(4/3);" data-v-d7720576><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/blog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-300x225.jpg 300w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/blog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/blog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-450x338.jpg 450w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/blog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-750x563.jpg 750w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/blog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-900x675.jpg 900w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/blog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-600x450.jpg 600w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/blog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/blog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/blog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp.jpg 1600w" src="/app/uploads/blog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-300x225.jpg" sizes="(max-width: 399px) 400px, (max-width: 799px) 800px, 500px" alt="Athanasius Tschopp invented the precursor to the fax machine. Lithograph circa 1840. Coloured using AI." class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:21.3%;" data-v-d7720576></figure> </section><section data-aos="woosh" data-aos-delay="0" class="snm-post-teaser horizontal" data-v-d7720576 data-v-0c31964b><h2 class="title" data-v-d7720576><a href="/en/2024/11/murder-and-espionage-the-lessing-case/" data-v-d7720576><span data-v-d7720576>Murder and espionage: the Lessing case</span> <svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-arrow-right" data-v-d7720576><path fill="#D44625" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M18.42 13H2v-2h16.42L14 6.374 15.312 5 22 12l-6.688 7L14 17.626 18.42 13z" clip-rule="evenodd" data-v-d7720576></path></svg></a></h2> <a href="/en/author/patrik-sueess/" class="author" data-v-d7720576>Patrik Süess</a> <span class="date" data-v-d7720576>04.11.2024</span> <span class="excerpt" data-v-d7720576>The murder in 1835 of German student and spy Ludwig Lessing in Zurich uncovered a network of espionage and political activism among German exiles in Switzerland. His death increased international pressure on Switzerland to adopt a hard line against revolutionaries seeking refuge on Swiss soil.</span> <figure class="image-container" style="--aspect-ratio:(4/3);" data-v-d7720576><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titelbild-studentenmord-300x225.jpg 300w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titelbild-studentenmord-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titelbild-studentenmord-450x338.jpg 450w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titelbild-studentenmord-750x563.jpg 750w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titelbild-studentenmord-900x675.jpg 900w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titelbild-studentenmord-600x450.jpg 600w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titelbild-studentenmord-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titelbild-studentenmord-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titelbild-studentenmord.jpg 1600w" src="/app/uploads/titelbild-studentenmord-300x225.jpg" sizes="(max-width: 399px) 400px, (max-width: 799px) 800px, 500px" alt="On November 3, 1835, Ludwig Lessing still celebrates his 23rd birthday in Zurich, but he will not live to see the next morning. Illustration by Marco Heer." class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:50%;" data-v-d7720576></figure> </section><section data-aos="woosh" data-aos-delay="350" class="snm-post-teaser horizontal" data-v-d7720576 data-v-0c31964b><h2 class="title" data-v-d7720576><a href="/en/2024/10/the-famous-mountain-doctor-from-emmental/" data-v-d7720576><span data-v-d7720576>The famous mountain doctor from Emmental</span> <svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-arrow-right" data-v-d7720576><path fill="#D44625" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M18.42 13H2v-2h16.42L14 6.374 15.312 5 22 12l-6.688 7L14 17.626 18.42 13z" clip-rule="evenodd" data-v-d7720576></path></svg></a></h2> <a href="/en/author/katrin-brunner/" class="author" data-v-d7720576>Katrin Brunner</a> <span class="date" data-v-d7720576>31.10.2024</span> <span class="excerpt" data-v-d7720576>Through his sometimes unconventional methods, Michael Schüppach made a name for himself as a barber-surgeon well beyond the Emmental region.</span> <figure class="image-container" style="--aspect-ratio:(4/3);" data-v-d7720576><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titel-schueppach-300x225.jpg 300w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titel-schueppach-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titel-schueppach-450x338.jpg 450w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titel-schueppach-750x563.jpg 750w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titel-schueppach-900x675.jpg 900w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titel-schueppach-600x450.jpg 600w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titel-schueppach-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titel-schueppach-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titel-schueppach.jpg 1600w" src="/app/uploads/titel-schueppach-300x225.jpg" sizes="(max-width: 399px) 400px, (max-width: 799px) 800px, 500px" alt="Michael Schüppach in his ‘apothecary’ in Langnau im Emmental. Print, circa 1775." class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:50%;" data-v-d7720576></figure> </section><section data-aos="woosh" data-aos-delay="0" class="snm-post-teaser horizontal" data-v-d7720576 data-v-0c31964b><h2 class="title" data-v-d7720576><a href="/en/2024/10/the-story-of-the-universal-postal-union/" data-v-d7720576><span data-v-d7720576>The story of the Universal Postal Union</span> <svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-arrow-right" data-v-d7720576><path fill="#D44625" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M18.42 13H2v-2h16.42L14 6.374 15.312 5 22 12l-6.688 7L14 17.626 18.42 13z" clip-rule="evenodd" data-v-d7720576></path></svg></a></h2> <a href="/en/author/madeleine-herren/" class="author" data-v-d7720576>Madeleine Herren</a> <span class="date" data-v-d7720576>08.10.2024</span> <span class="excerpt" data-v-d7720576>On 9 October 1874, the Universal Postal Union was established in Bern, laying the foundation for modern communication. To this day, it allows the global exchange of letters and parcels and is a cornerstone of global postal traffic.</span> <figure class="image-container" style="--aspect-ratio:(4/3);" data-v-d7720576><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/weltpostverein-logo-blau-300x225.jpg 300w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/weltpostverein-logo-blau-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/weltpostverein-logo-blau-450x338.jpg 450w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/weltpostverein-logo-blau-750x563.jpg 750w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/weltpostverein-logo-blau-900x675.jpg 900w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/weltpostverein-logo-blau-600x450.jpg 600w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/weltpostverein-logo-blau-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/weltpostverein-logo-blau-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/weltpostverein-logo-blau.jpg 1600w" src="/app/uploads/weltpostverein-logo-blau-300x225.jpg" sizes="(max-width: 399px) 400px, (max-width: 799px) 800px, 500px" alt="Since 1948 the Universal Postal Union has been a specialised agency of the UN." class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:50%;" data-v-d7720576></figure> </section><section data-aos="woosh" data-aos-delay="350" class="snm-post-teaser horizontal" data-v-d7720576 data-v-0c31964b><h2 class="title" data-v-d7720576><a href="/en/2024/10/willisau-a-small-town-and-open-history-book/" data-v-d7720576><span data-v-d7720576>Willisau. A small town and open history book</span> <svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-arrow-right" data-v-d7720576><path fill="#D44625" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M18.42 13H2v-2h16.42L14 6.374 15.312 5 22 12l-6.688 7L14 17.626 18.42 13z" clip-rule="evenodd" data-v-d7720576></path></svg></a></h2> <a href="/en/author/kurt-messmer/" class="author" data-v-d7720576>Kurt Messmer</a> <span class="date" data-v-d7720576>03.10.2024</span> <span class="excerpt" data-v-d7720576>Small towns are rich in cultural history, remnants of which leave their mark on the public space and shape our historical awareness. Willisau is no exception: a small town that wears its biography openly, with an enticing mix of the typical and the unusual that is both instructive and appealing.</span> <figure class="image-container" style="--aspect-ratio:(4/3);" data-v-d7720576><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/willisau-aus-der-luft-titel-300x225.jpg 300w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/willisau-aus-der-luft-titel-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/willisau-aus-der-luft-titel-450x338.jpg 450w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/willisau-aus-der-luft-titel-750x563.jpg 750w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/willisau-aus-der-luft-titel-900x675.jpg 900w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/willisau-aus-der-luft-titel-600x450.jpg 600w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/willisau-aus-der-luft-titel-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/willisau-aus-der-luft-titel-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/willisau-aus-der-luft-titel.jpg 1600w" src="/app/uploads/willisau-aus-der-luft-titel-300x225.jpg" sizes="(max-width: 399px) 400px, (max-width: 799px) 800px, 500px" alt="Willisau, pictured before 2013" class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:73.5%;" data-v-d7720576></figure> </section>  <button class="more decoration" data-v-0c31964b>More posts</button></main>   <footer data-aos="woosh" class="footer" data-v-2d105d9d data-v-00263075><div class="center" data-v-2d105d9d><address data-aos="woosh" class="address" data-v-2d105d9d><h5 class="address-title" data-v-2d105d9d>Address & contact</h5> <div data-v-2d105d9d>Swiss National Museum</div> <div data-v-2d105d9d>Landesmuseum Zürich<br /> Museumstrasse 2<br /> P.O. 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Arriving there from Tuscany in the 16th century with ready money and access to an international network, they played no small part in buoying the city’s economy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca class=\"button\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fgenevas-italian-side\u002F\"\u003Eread more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",protected:p,rendered_internal:"\u003Cp\u003EThe rise of Geneva, the home of Calvinism, owed much to the Turrettini family. Arriving there from Tuscany in the 16th century with ready money and access to an international network, they played no small part in buoying the city’s economy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n"};ei.yoast_head="\u003C!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.6 (Yoast SEO v23.6) - https:\u002F\u002Fyoast.com\u002Fwordpress\u002Fplugins\u002Fseo\u002F --\u003E\n\u003Ctitle\u003EGeneva’s Italian side – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\u003C\u002Ftitle\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"The rise of Geneva, the home of Calvinism, owed much to the Turrettini family. 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Arriving there from Tuscany in the 16th century with ready money and access to an international network, they played no small part in buoying the city’s economy.\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fgenevas-italian-side\u002F\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fgenevas-italian-side\u002F#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffoto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffoto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395.jpg\",\"width\":1600,\"height\":1168,\"caption\":\"The Turrettini family’s influence is evident wherever you look in Geneva. View over the Quai Turrettini, circa 1940.\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F\",\"name\":\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"description\":\"Background and stories about the collection and exhibition\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002F2530f622d4cff9e6fb1709265d94348f\",\"name\":\"Christophe Vuilleumier\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002Fimage\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002Fa2a76777c493d294228e5e55795c1be1?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002Fa2a76777c493d294228e5e55795c1be1?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Christophe Vuilleumier\"},\"description\":\"Christophe Vuilleumier ist Historiker und Vorstandsmitglied der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Geschichte. Er hat verschiedene Beiträge zur Schweizer Geschichte des 17. und 20. Jahrhunderts publiziert.\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fchristophe-vuilleumier\u002F\"}]}\u003C\u002Fscript\u003E\n\u003C!-- \u002F Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003E";ei.lang=B;ei.translations={en:aC,de:155534,fr:157167};ei.snm_blocks=[{blockName:ap,blockData:{image:{id:bJ,url:bK,alt:au,title:au,height:bL,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:aY,url:bM},srcset:bN,poster:bO,square:bP},video:h,videoMobile:h,title:aX,caption:au,lead:bQ,author:{title:h,mail:h,website:h,link:bR,portrait:{id:bS,url:aD,alt:a,title:bT,height:N,width:N,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:p,srcset:bU,poster:bV,square:aD},id:R,name:bW,description:bX}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"The Turrettinis, originally natives of Lucca in Tuscany, moved to Geneva four centuries ago and have been one of the most influential families in the city ever since. Their wealth and international trading network were a boon for the 16th century stronghold of Calvinism. Unsurprisingly, the family itself also flourished.\r\n\r\nFrancesco Turrettini (1547-1628), a Protestant, was forced to flee Lucca and the Inquisition in 1574. He made his way to Geneva via Lyon and several other cities in Germany, Belgium and Switzerland, finally deciding to settle there permanently in 1592. The Italian silk merchant continued to run his business from this new base, amassing a considerable fortune in just a few years. By 1628 Turrettini had even became a member of the Council of Two Hundred, Geneva’s supreme legislative authority at the time. In other words, he played a prominent role in the city’s political life, a sign that he was now fully integrated in his adopted home town.\r\n\r\nHis son Jean had the imposing \u003Cem\u003EChâteau des Bois\u003C\u002Fem\u003E built just outside Geneva in 1631. From that point on, the manor house formed the centre of the Turrettin seigneury, an area in which the family held the power to administer high, middle and low justice until 1794."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:155559,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fzeichnung-chateau-des-bois.jpg",alt:ej,title:ej,height:729,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:aY,url:ek},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fzeichnung-chateau-des-bois-300x182.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fzeichnung-chateau-des-bois-450x273.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fzeichnung-chateau-des-bois-750x456.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fzeichnung-chateau-des-bois-900x547.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fzeichnung-chateau-des-bois-600x365.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fzeichnung-chateau-des-bois.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fzeichnung-chateau-des-bois-300x182.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fzeichnung-chateau-des-bois-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:"The\u003Cem\u003E Château des Bois\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, owned by the Turrettini family. 1877 lithograph.",source:{title:aY,url:ek}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Bankers, notaries, textile merchants, theologians, scientists, statesmen – members of each successive generation of the Turrettini family rose to the highest offices in the Republic of Geneva, gaining respect, prestige and riches in the process. And then, at the beginning of the 18th century, Françoise Turrettini entered the scene. The cousin of renowned theologian Jean-Alphonse Turrettini (1671-1737), known throughout Europe for his enlightened brand of Protestantism, she quickly became one of the most influential women in Geneva.\r\n\r\nIn 1715, at the age of 22, Françoise Turrettini married David Vasserot (1690-1727), a prosperous Dutch banker who had settled in Geneva. The scion of a rich and influential Huguenot family, Vasserot acquired a piece of land not far from the city in 1719. At that time, the estate, known as the Domaine de la Bâtie-Beauregard, fell under the rule of the Kingdom of France. The original de la Bâtie castle, built in 1278, had passed into the ownership of the House of Savoy in 1353 and been turned into a castellany. A little under 200 years later, the Savoyards were forced to yield the area to advancing Bernese troops, who elevated it to the status of a barony. Following several changes of ownership, the estate finally became part of French territory at the beginning of the 17th century, before passing into the hands of the Turrettini family just over a century later. As David Vasserot spent much of his time away on business, his wife Françoise became the de facto owner and lady of the manor, whose lands stretched from the villages of Collex and Bossy to the hamlet of Bellevue and covered a large area outside the gates of the city."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:155579,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgemalde-francoise-turrettini.jpg",alt:bY,title:bY,height:1580,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:el,url:em},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgemalde-francoise-turrettini-228x300.jpg 228w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgemalde-francoise-turrettini-1167x1536.jpg 1167w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgemalde-francoise-turrettini-342x450.jpg 342w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgemalde-francoise-turrettini-570x750.jpg 570w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgemalde-francoise-turrettini-684x900.jpg 684w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgemalde-francoise-turrettini-456x600.jpg 456w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgemalde-francoise-turrettini-1139x1500.jpg 1139w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgemalde-francoise-turrettini-911x1200.jpg 911w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgemalde-francoise-turrettini.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgemalde-francoise-turrettini-228x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgemalde-francoise-turrettini-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:bY,source:{title:el,url:em}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"In 1724, David Vasserot also purchased the fief of Vincy in the Gilly district of the canton of Vaud, where the couple built another castle. When the banker passed away three years later, Baroness Françoise Turrettini became the undisputed mistress of all she surveyed. The widow devoted herself to the upkeep of the estate, throwing herself into the task with determination and tenacity, and did not shy away from standing up to powerful men if need be. Men like architect David Jeanrenaud, who thought he could reroute a path without first seeking permission from Françoise Turrettini. But he had seriously misjudged the Baroness!\r\n\r\nIn 1747, Françoise Turrettini married for a second time. Her new husband was Baron Auguste Maurice de Donop, Minister of State and Foreign Affairs of Hesse-Kassel and knight of the Swedish Royal Order of the Seraphim. He knew Geneva well thanks to the religious links between the city and the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel, which had been Calvinist since the end of the 16th century. Auguste Maurice de Donop and Prince Frederick II of Hesse-Kassel had received a very warm welcome from Geneva’s clergymen in 1735, for which the two Germans were especially grateful to Jean-Alphonse Turrettini, the cousin of the Baroness. Françoise Turrettini’s subsequent marriage to the German nobleman was thus more of a political than an emotional alliance: it was intended to establish even closer ties between Geneva and Hesse-Kassel."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:155601,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fauguste-maurcie-de-donop-gemalde.jpg",alt:bZ,title:bZ,height:1572,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:en,url:eo},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fauguste-maurcie-de-donop-gemalde-229x300.jpg 229w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fauguste-maurcie-de-donop-gemalde-1173x1536.jpg 1173w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fauguste-maurcie-de-donop-gemalde-344x450.jpg 344w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fauguste-maurcie-de-donop-gemalde-573x750.jpg 573w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fauguste-maurcie-de-donop-gemalde-687x900.jpg 687w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fauguste-maurcie-de-donop-gemalde-458x600.jpg 458w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fauguste-maurcie-de-donop-gemalde-1145x1500.jpg 1145w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fauguste-maurcie-de-donop-gemalde-916x1200.jpg 916w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fauguste-maurcie-de-donop-gemalde.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fauguste-maurcie-de-donop-gemalde-229x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fauguste-maurcie-de-donop-gemalde-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:bZ,source:{title:en,url:eo}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Françoise Turrettini was henceforth also known as ‘Madame la Générale de Donop’. And this name somehow suited her, for she did not mellow with age. Having been accustomed to doing things all her own way for decades, the Baroness had no intention of suddenly changing. Not even for a friend of the family, who was famous throughout Europe and also happened to enjoy a close relationship with her son Horace-Jean Vasserot: Voltaire.\r\n\r\nFor eight whole years, from 1760 to 1768, Françoise Turrettini argued with the poet over the delicate subject of money. The Baroness had gifted Voltaire a piece of land near Collex, but he refused to pay the taxes on it. Unfortunately, we do not know how the disagreement was resolved. But it is safe to assume that ‘Madame la Générale de Donop’ stood her ground.\r\n\r\nThe Baroness died in 1771 at the age of 78. She had run a vast estate for more than 50 years and been welcomed at Europe’s royal courts. Françoise Turrettini played as prominent a role in Geneva’s development as her male relations and, like other members of this exalted family, left her mark on the city associated with Calvin."}}];ei.snm_model={categories:[{parent:h,order:ag,id:d,name:af,description:a,slug:ab,taxonomy:g,permalink:Z},{parent:h,order:M,id:i,name:O,description:a,slug:P,taxonomy:g,permalink:S},{parent:h,order:U,id:e,name:V,description:a,slug:W,taxonomy:g,permalink:_}],primaryCategory:d,comments:[],coordinates:{latitude:b_,longitude:b$},id:aC,author:{title:h,mail:h,website:h,link:bR,portrait:{id:bS,url:aD,alt:a,title:bT,height:N,width:N,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:p,srcset:bU,poster:bV,square:aD},id:R,name:bW,description:bX},language:B,availableLanguages:{de:{single:ep},fr:{single:eq}},slug:bI,title:aX,excerpt:bQ,postType:v,permalink:bl,thumbnail:{id:bJ,url:bK,alt:au,title:au,height:bL,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:aY,url:bM},srcset:bN,poster:bO,square:bP},date:er,readableDate:es,modifiedDate:et,readableModifiedDate:a,seoTitle:a,seoDescription:a};eu.id=aZ;eu.date="2024-11-21T08:00:00";eu.slug=ca;eu.type=v;eu.link=bm;eu.title={rendered:cb};eu.content={rendered:"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",protected:p};eu.excerpt={rendered:"\u003Cp\u003EGhana is the world’s largest producer of cocoa. Pre-independence, the Basel Mission was one of the players making money from the cocoa trade in the Gold Coast region. It ran an agricultural research station there from the middle of the 19th century and attempted to cultivate the cocoa plant ‒ with varying degrees of success.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca class=\"button\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fcocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began\u002F\"\u003Eread more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",protected:p,rendered_internal:"\u003Cp\u003EGhana is the world’s largest producer of cocoa. Pre-independence, the Basel Mission was one of the players making money from the cocoa trade in the Gold Coast region. It ran an agricultural research station there from the middle of the 19th century and attempted to cultivate the cocoa plant ‒ with varying degrees of success.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n"};eu.yoast_head="\u003C!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.6 (Yoast SEO v23.6) - https:\u002F\u002Fyoast.com\u002Fwordpress\u002Fplugins\u002Fseo\u002F --\u003E\n\u003Ctitle\u003ECocoa in Ghana: how it all began – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\u003C\u002Ftitle\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Ghana is the world’s largest producer of cocoa. Pre-independence, the Basel Mission was one of the players making money from the cocoa trade in the Gold Coast region. It ran an agricultural research station there from the middle of the 19th century and attempted to cultivate the cocoa plant ‒ with varying degrees of success.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fcocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cocoa in Ghana: how it all began\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ghana is the world’s largest producer of cocoa. Pre-independence, the Basel Mission was one of the players making money from the cocoa trade in the Gold Coast region. It ran an agricultural research station there from the middle of the 19th century and attempted to cultivate the cocoa plant ‒ with varying degrees of success.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fcocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FLandesmuseumZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-21T07:00:00+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-19T15:11:01+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel.jpg\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1600\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1200\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\u002Fjpeg\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Pascale Meyer\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Verfasst von\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Pascale Meyer\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Geschätzte Lesezeit\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"10 Minuten\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cscript type=\"application\u002Fld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003E{\"@context\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fcocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fcocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began\u002F\",\"name\":\"Cocoa in Ghana: how it all began – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fcocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began\u002F#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fcocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began\u002F#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-21T07:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-19T15:11:01+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002F41b293cf9f61860a8f54156ae0e9c1d5\"},\"description\":\"Ghana is the world’s largest producer of cocoa. Pre-independence, the Basel Mission was one of the players making money from the cocoa trade in the Gold Coast region. It ran an agricultural research station there from the middle of the 19th century and attempted to cultivate the cocoa plant ‒ with varying degrees of success.\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fcocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began\u002F\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fcocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began\u002F#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel.jpg\",\"width\":1600,\"height\":1200,\"caption\":\"Local workers and a supervisor dressed in ‘colonial whites’ at a cocoa drying area run by the Basel Mission Trading Company in Accra in what is now Ghana (1904\u002F1905).\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F\",\"name\":\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"description\":\"Background and stories about the collection and exhibition\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002F41b293cf9f61860a8f54156ae0e9c1d5\",\"name\":\"Pascale Meyer\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002Fimage\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002F415f3bec186cef05f0c23d1eba68df93?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002F415f3bec186cef05f0c23d1eba68df93?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Pascale Meyer\"},\"description\":\"Historikerin und Kuratorin am Schweizerischen Nationalmuseum\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fpascale\u002F\"}]}\u003C\u002Fscript\u003E\n\u003C!-- \u002F Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003E";eu.lang=B;eu.translations={en:aZ,fr:157203,de:156728};eu.snm_blocks=[{blockName:ap,blockData:{image:{id:cc,url:cd,alt:av,title:av,height:o,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:a_,url:a},srcset:ce,poster:cf,square:cg},video:h,videoMobile:h,title:"Cocoa in Ghana: how it all began",caption:av,lead:ch,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:h,link:ci,portrait:{id:cj,url:aE,alt:a,title:aF,height:ck,width:a$,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:p,srcset:cl,poster:cm,square:aE},id:cn,name:aF,description:co}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"In the 1830s, European businessmen began attempting to grow cash crops like coffee, cotton, peanuts and cocoa along the coast of present-day Ghana, at that time a British colony known as the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F07\u002Fthe-basel-missions-first-african-female-teacher\u002F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EGold Coast\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The cocoa tree, a member of the mallow family, is actually native to Central and South America, not Africa. The Swiss-based \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Ffritz-ramseyer-swiss-missionary-and-colonial-agent\u002F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EBasel Mission\u003C\u002Fa\u003E was among those involved in these first efforts to cultivate the plant in Africa. A 1906 report by missionary Josef Mohr reveals that the Mission had been running an agricultural research station in Akropong since 1857. Missionary Johannes Haas had been experimenting with native cultivars and with plants imported from Surinam. But neither he nor his successors were to succeed. It was a case of one step forward and two steps back, with insects and worms repeatedly thwarting them. Reinforcements sent from home did not fare any better: Johan Jakob Lang from Witikon and, later, Johann Gottlieb Auer, a missionary who would go on to become an American Methodist bishop, also failed to keep the pests and diseases in check. Nevertheless, Auer did manage to oversee four acres of coffee and cocoa plantations shortly before leaving the station in 1868. However, his successors all succumbed to tropical diseases and were forced to return home for health reasons. The missionaries finally abandoned the experiment in 1870. No longer able to recruit any Europeans to the Agriculture Station in Akropong, they handed it over to the “Africans”. Just who they meant by this, is not exactly clear."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:156743,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze.jpg",alt:cp,title:cp,height:1506,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:T,url:ev},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze-239x300.jpg 239w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze-359x450.jpg 359w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze-598x750.jpg 598w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze-717x900.jpg 717w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze-478x600.jpg 478w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze-1195x1500.jpg 1195w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze-956x1200.jpg 956w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze-239x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:cp,source:{title:T,url:ev}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"But the story of cocoa cultivation in Ghana did not end there, as Tetteh Quarshie (1842-1892) then arrived on the scene. He was born in Osu to a farmer named Mlekuboi. According to the records kept by the Basel Mission, he was freed from ‘pawnship’ by missionary Heinrich Bohner and given the opportunity to train as a blacksmith. He emigrated to the island of Fernando Po (a former Spanish colony now called Bioko) in the Gulf of Guinea, where he worked until 1869. He then returned home carrying several cocoa seeds, which he managed to smuggle into the country unnoticed. He planted them at Mampong, and some of the young plants thrived. He sold these seedlings to his neighbour, who then planted them in the hills at Akuapim, making these first attempts at propagation a success. Tetteh Quarshie has been revered in Ghana as a kind of national hero ever since. He is credited with having introduced cocoa to the country and thus with laying the foundation for what would later become Ghana’s main export commodity. His legacy is commemorated by a statue in Accra, the Tetteh Quarshie Memorial Hospital in Akuapim- Mampong and the Tetteh Quarshie Cocoa Farm & Exhibition Centre. Yet the question of who really succeeded in propagating cocoa trees, the Basel Mission or Quarshie, remains a matter of dispute. However, it is clear that, when planting his seeds, Quarshie was well aware that cocoa trees require shade – unlike the missionaries, who had left them fully exposed to direct sunlight."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:156755,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftetteh-quarshie.jpg",alt:cq,title:cq,height:1432,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:ew,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftetteh-quarshie-251x300.jpg 251w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftetteh-quarshie-377x450.jpg 377w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftetteh-quarshie-628x750.jpg 628w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftetteh-quarshie-754x900.jpg 754w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftetteh-quarshie-503x600.jpg 503w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftetteh-quarshie-1006x1200.jpg 1006w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftetteh-quarshie.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftetteh-quarshie-251x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftetteh-quarshie-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:cq,source:{title:ew,url:a}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"But, as rights and patents for plant breeders were unheard of at the time, Quarshie did not benefit financially from his success. His relatives were also left with nothing. In 1926, they petitioned the British Governor Gordon Guggisberg for financial assistance. In vain. After two years delay, the family was finally granted 250 pounds – a derisible sum given the huge profits being made by the British trading societies and the Basel Missionshandelsgesellschaft (BHG). Established in 1859 by those at the head of the Basel Mission, it continued to operate in the Gold Coast after the First World War under the name of Union Trading Company (UTC).\r\n\r\nAlthough cocoa was becoming an increasingly important crop in the region, it was still the British who were profiting most from its cultivation. By 1911, the then British colony had already become the world’s foremost cocoa producer. Nevertheless, many merchants, chiefs and smallholders in Ghana itself also reaped the benefits and rose to affluence. But in 1906, Basel missionary Josef Mohr warned that: “Cocoa is a blessing, although our judgement all too frequently suggests otherwise, (…) when we live and stand among the people and see what disastrous consequences are visited upon our careless, easy-going populace by this windfall, then we are forced to let out a sigh.” He goes on to complain about the deforestation of the jungle, about the greed of the local advocates, about quarrels and litigiousness, and about ‘pawnship’, a form of bondage rife in cocoa farming, in which people, especially the young, were pledged as collateral and sent to work in the fields as a means of repaying the debt. Incidentally, the practice of poor parents sending their children off to work was still common in Switzerland towards the end of the 19th century, e.g. the chimney sweeps in Ticino known as ‘spazzacamini’. But although he deplored these human rights abuses, the missionary also bemoaned the lack of human resources, e.g. messengers or porters, writing: ‘it is now impossible to find men or women in Akropong to carry foodstuffs from Accra to Akuapim for the missionaries” ‒ and all because of the temptation of the ‘brown gold’."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:156760,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana.jpg",alt:cr,title:cr,height:1216,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:a_,url:ex},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana-300x228.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana-1536x1167.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana-450x342.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana-750x570.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana-900x684.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana-600x456.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana-1500x1140.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana-1200x912.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana-300x228.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:cr,source:{title:a_,url:ex}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"The cocoa trade proved extremely lucrative for UTC – until 1937. That was when the cartel (also known as the pool) of European trading companies, of which UTC was a member, began to allocate buying quotas, and profits began to fall. The cartel was damaging to the country’s farmers: it put pressure on prices and prevented the up-and-coming African merchants from shipping cocoa to Europe on their own initiative. By 1947, the golden years were well and truly over: the \u003Cem\u003EGold Coast Cocoa Marketing Board\u003C\u002Fem\u003E prohibited the Europeans from continuing their operations in the Gold Coast. UTC gradually withdrew from the cocoa trade – 10 years prior to Ghana’s independence – and turned towards other, more lucrative areas of business."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:156772,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242.jpg",alt:cs,title:cs,height:1205,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:J,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242-1536x1157.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242-450x339.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242-750x565.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242-900x678.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242-600x452.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242-1500x1130.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242-1200x904.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242-300x226.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:cs,source:{title:J,url:a}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"On 12 November 1957, the Basel notary Dr Laurenz Zellweger authenticated a collection of historical documents from the Basel Mission Archives in his office: he confirmed that the Basel Mission had succeeded in cultivating cocoa plants from 1868 to 1874. Why the mission’s trading company felt the need to have its efforts to propagate the plant legally recognised remains unclear. A letter from Max Preiswerk, the Managing Director of UTC at the time, had preceded this process, but yields next to no information about what motivated it. Did UTC hope to claim the cultivation success (achieved by the Basel Mission) as its own in order to gain ground or attract government orders (e.g. for car exports)? The sources do not provide any answers to this question. What we do know is that UTC ensured the Swiss chocolate industry’s survival after the two world wars by providing it with raw material ‒ it was the only Swiss company purchasing cocoa in the Gold Coast during the colonial era, give or take a few years. And we also know that modern-day Ghana would go on to become the world’s largest cocoa producer in the 20th century."}},{blockName:ct,blockData:{title:"colonial — Switzerland’s Global Entanglements",image:a,caption:a,date:{start:"20240913",end:"20250119"},location:{title:"National Museum Zurich",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.landesmuseum.ch\u002Fcolonial"},text:"Swiss citizens and companies were heavily involved in the colonial system from the 16th century onwards. Some Swiss companies and private individuals took part in the transatlantic slave trade and earned a fortune from the trade in colonial goods and exploitation of slave labour. Swiss men and women travelled the globe as missionaries. Other Swiss, driven by poverty or a thirst for adventure, served as mercenaries in European armies sent to conquer colonial territory or crush uprisings by the indigenous population. Swiss experts also placed their knowledge at the disposal of the colonial powers. And the racial theories prevalent at the time, which were used to justify the colonial system, formed part of the curriculum at the universities of Zurich and Geneva.\r\n\r\nThe exhibition at the National Museum Zurich draws on the latest research findings and uses concrete examples, illustrated with objects, works of art, photographs and documents, to present the first-ever comprehensive overview of Switzerland's history of colonial entanglement. And by drawing parallels to contemporary issues, it also explores the question of what this colonial heritage means for present-day Switzerland."}}];eu.snm_model={categories:[{parent:h,order:ag,id:d,name:af,description:a,slug:ab,taxonomy:g,permalink:Z},{parent:h,order:ak,id:c,name:al,description:a,slug:am,taxonomy:g,permalink:an},{parent:h,order:M,id:i,name:O,description:a,slug:P,taxonomy:g,permalink:S},{parent:{parent:h,order:M,id:i,name:O,description:a,slug:P,taxonomy:g,permalink:S},order:z,id:K,name:cu,description:a,slug:cv,taxonomy:g,permalink:cw},{parent:h,order:U,id:e,name:V,description:a,slug:W,taxonomy:g,permalink:_},{parent:{parent:h,order:U,id:e,name:V,description:a,slug:W,taxonomy:g,permalink:_},order:z,id:ah,name:cx,description:a,slug:cy,taxonomy:g,permalink:cz},{parent:{parent:h,order:aw,id:m,name:aG,description:a,slug:aH,taxonomy:g,permalink:ba},order:z,id:E,name:ey,description:a,slug:ez,taxonomy:g,permalink:eA}],primaryCategory:ah,comments:[],coordinates:{latitude:a,longitude:a},id:aZ,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:h,link:ci,portrait:{id:cj,url:aE,alt:a,title:aF,height:ck,width:a$,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:p,srcset:cl,poster:cm,square:aE},id:cn,name:aF,description:co},language:B,availableLanguages:{fr:{single:eB},de:{single:eC}},slug:ca,title:cb,excerpt:ch,postType:v,permalink:bm,thumbnail:{id:cc,url:cd,alt:av,title:av,height:o,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:a_,url:a},srcset:ce,poster:cf,square:cg},date:eD,readableDate:eE,modifiedDate:eF,readableModifiedDate:a,seoTitle:a,seoDescription:a};eG.id=bb;eG.date="2024-11-14T08:00:00";eG.slug=cA;eG.type=v;eG.link=bn;eG.title={rendered:cB};eG.content={rendered:"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",protected:p};eG.excerpt={rendered:"\u003Cp\u003EHans Joachim Züblin from eastern Switzerland caused a furore in 18th century America. As minister John Zubly, he saw parallels between the Swiss Confederates and the rebels fighting against the British. He later changed sides, albeit with an unchanged outlook.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca class=\"button\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fthe-american-revolutionary-war-through-the-eyes-of-a-swiss-immigrant\u002F\"\u003Eread more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",protected:p,rendered_internal:"\u003Cp\u003EHans Joachim Züblin from eastern Switzerland caused a furore in 18th century America. As minister John Zubly, he saw parallels between the Swiss Confederates and the rebels fighting against the British. He later changed sides, albeit with an unchanged outlook.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n"};eG.yoast_head="\u003C!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.6 (Yoast SEO v23.6) - https:\u002F\u002Fyoast.com\u002Fwordpress\u002Fplugins\u002Fseo\u002F --\u003E\n\u003Ctitle\u003EThe American Revolutionary War through the eyes of a Swiss immigrant – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\u003C\u002Ftitle\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Hans Joachim Züblin from eastern Switzerland caused a furore in 18th century America. As minister John Zubly, he saw parallels between the Swiss Confederates and the rebels fighting against the British. He later changed sides, albeit with an unchanged outlook.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fthe-american-revolutionary-war-through-the-eyes-of-a-swiss-immigrant\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The American Revolutionary War through the eyes of a Swiss immigrant\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hans Joachim Züblin from eastern Switzerland caused a furore in 18th century America. As minister John Zubly, he saw parallels between the Swiss Confederates and the rebels fighting against the British. 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As minister John Zubly, he saw parallels between the Swiss Confederates and the rebels fighting against the British. He later changed sides, albeit with an unchanged outlook.\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fthe-american-revolutionary-war-through-the-eyes-of-a-swiss-immigrant\u002F\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fthe-american-revolutionary-war-through-the-eyes-of-a-swiss-immigrant\u002F#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly.jpg\",\"width\":1600,\"height\":1200,\"caption\":\"John Zubly merged religion with politics and compared parts of Swiss history to the American resistance against Great Britain. Illustration by Marco Heer\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F\",\"name\":\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"description\":\"Background and stories about the collection and exhibition\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002F39a00df266ae53f523d3b7a7307fd90b\",\"name\":\"Maximilian Spitz\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002Fimage\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002F81ee018d6283d13e6c0db116c732429f?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002F81ee018d6283d13e6c0db116c732429f?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Maximilian Spitz\"},\"description\":\"Maximilian Spitz studiert Geschichte am Institute of Intellectual History in St Andrews, Schottland.\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fmaximilian-spitz\u002F\"}]}\u003C\u002Fscript\u003E\n\u003C!-- \u002F Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003E";eG.lang=B;eG.translations={en:bb,de:153385,fr:156595};eG.snm_blocks=[{blockName:ap,blockData:{image:{id:cC,url:cD,alt:aI,title:aI,height:o,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:a,url:a},srcset:cE,poster:cF,square:cG},video:h,videoMobile:h,title:"The American Revolutionary War through the eyes of a Swiss immigrant",caption:"John Zubly merged religion with politics and compared parts of Swiss history to the American resistance against Great Britain. Illustration by Marco Heer.",lead:cH,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:a,link:cI,portrait:{id:cJ,url:cK,alt:a,title:cL,height:N,width:N,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:p,srcset:cM,poster:cN,square:cO},id:cP,name:cQ,description:cR}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Hans Joachim Züblin, born in St. Gallen in 1724, emigrated to the American colonies via England during the 1740s. He was following in the footsteps of his parents, who had undertaken the hazardous journey just over ten years earlier. He anglicised his name to John Joachim Zubly and lived in the colonies of South Carolina and Georgia, where he soon began work as a minister, delivering fervent sermons. However, the St. Gallen native had no official licence for his work. In 1758, the popular preacher finally obtained a position as a presbyterian minister for the Savannah parish in Georgia. Until then, Zubly had led a relatively unremarkable life in his adopted country.\r\n\r\nHe began to emerge from obscurity in the 1760s. Growing tensions between the American colonists and the government in the mother country of Great Britain incited Zubly to issue pamphlets expressing his political views. Zubly criticised the treatment of the Americans by the British government in debates and sermons, which were printed and disseminated. In a sermon from 1766, he railed against The \u003Cem\u003EStamp-Act Repealed\u003C\u002Fem\u003E measure, which the British government had imposed on the Americans the year before. In 1769, Zubly went further still by questioning the entire relationship with the mother country in his work \u003Cem\u003EA Humble Enquiry Into The Nature of the Dependency of the American Colonies upon the Parliament of Great-Britain\u003C\u002Fem\u003E."}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"Caught up in the war of independence",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"The conflict in the colonies simmered on. In 1770, British troops committed the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.history.com\u002Ftopics\u002Famerican-revolution\u002Fboston-massacre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EBoston Massacre\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, when five American colonists were killed by the Redcoats, as the British soldiers were known. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk\u002Feducation\u002Fresources\u002Fboston-tea-party\u002F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EBoston Tea Party\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, an act of rebellion whereby large quantities of tea were thrown off a British cargo ship in dock and destroyed, was met with repressive measures by the colonial power. In April 1775, there was a skirmish between British soldiers and rebel paramilitaries at Lexington and Concord. War had broken out."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:155454,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdarstellung-der-boston-tea-party.jpg",alt:cS,title:cS,height:688,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:T,url:eH},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdarstellung-der-boston-tea-party-300x172.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdarstellung-der-boston-tea-party-450x258.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdarstellung-der-boston-tea-party-750x430.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdarstellung-der-boston-tea-party-900x516.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdarstellung-der-boston-tea-party-600x344.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdarstellung-der-boston-tea-party.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdarstellung-der-boston-tea-party-300x172.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdarstellung-der-boston-tea-party-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:cS,source:{title:T,url:eH}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"That same year, Zubly wrote his much acclaimed sermon \u003Cem\u003EThe Law of Liberty\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. The Swiss-American minister’s published works earned him an invitation in July to the Second Provincial Congress of Georgia, where he delivered that sermon at the opening of the event. The text interprets some Bible verses to the effect that every individual has a divine right to freedom. When Zubly was invited to the Second Continental Congress, the sermon was printed and published, including a foreword and – most interesting of all – an annex with an account of the Swiss Confederation’s fight to gain freedom."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:153433,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fzubly-buch-the-law-of-liberty.jpg",alt:eI,title:eI,height:1726,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:eJ,url:eK},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fzubly-buch-the-law-of-liberty-209x300.jpg 209w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fzubly-buch-the-law-of-liberty-1068x1536.jpg 1068w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fzubly-buch-the-law-of-liberty-313x450.jpg 313w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fzubly-buch-the-law-of-liberty-521x750.jpg 521w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fzubly-buch-the-law-of-liberty-626x900.jpg 626w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fzubly-buch-the-law-of-liberty-417x600.jpg 417w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fzubly-buch-the-law-of-liberty-1043x1500.jpg 1043w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fzubly-buch-the-law-of-liberty-834x1200.jpg 834w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fzubly-buch-the-law-of-liberty.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fzubly-buch-the-law-of-liberty-209x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fzubly-buch-the-law-of-liberty-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:"Zubly’s \u003Cem\u003ELaw of Liberty\u003C\u002Fem\u003E was printed in 1775.",source:{title:eJ,url:eK}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"\u003Cem\u003EA Short and Concise ACCOUNT of the STRUGGLES of SWISSERLAND for LIBERTY\u003C\u002Fem\u003E was the title of the annex, which covered just under 200 years of Swiss history over 16 pages. Following an introduction about the Swiss Confederation being one of the few really free places in the world, it was an account of all the events that led to the founding of Switzerland. Once conquered by Julius Caesar, subsequently governed by various rulers, finishing with the terror brought by the tyranny of Albert I of Habsburg from Austria.\r\n\r\nBesides the stories of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.britishmuseum.org\u002Fcollection\u002Fterm\u002FBIOG159435\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EArnold von Melchtal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and Walter Fürst, William Tell’s shooting of the apple also plays a prominent role in Zubly’s accounts. It all culminates in the war of liberation waged by the Swiss Confederates, who ran the ‘foreign bailiffs’ out of the country after the death of Gessler and the ‘Burgenbruch’ (destruction of the castles). Zubly’s account of Swiss history also includes the Habsburgs’ failed attempt to strike back at the Swiss Confederacy, when they were routed at Morgarten. His message was unmistakeable: the Swiss Confederates – pious and simple mountain dwellers – were attacked by a superior power, whom they nevertheless were able to defeat because of their courage and with God on their side."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:153497,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdruckgrafik-tell-und-gessler.jpg",alt:cT,title:cT,height:839,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:J,url:eL},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdruckgrafik-tell-und-gessler-300x210.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdruckgrafik-tell-und-gessler-450x315.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdruckgrafik-tell-und-gessler-750x524.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdruckgrafik-tell-und-gessler-900x629.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdruckgrafik-tell-und-gessler-600x420.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdruckgrafik-tell-und-gessler.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdruckgrafik-tell-und-gessler-300x210.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdruckgrafik-tell-und-gessler-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:cT,source:{title:J,url:eL}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"John Zubly’s portrayal of the Swiss Confederation’s wars of liberation must have made a big impression on the American rebels. There were many parallels between the Swiss Confederates and the Americans: both were poor, subjugated by ‘foreign bailiffs’ and fighting a superior military power. From that perspective, Zubly’s support for American independence seemed a given. John Adams, founding father and second President of the United States, described the Swiss immigrant as a warm and zealous spirit.\r\n\r\nThen it all changed for Zubly: between 1775 and 1777, he was greatly criticised, arrested twice and ended up banned from Savannah, his place of residence – all through the actions of the American rebels. What caused the campaigner for freedom to be subjected to this treatment by his own side?"}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:155508,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FPortraet-John-Zubly-besser.jpg",alt:eM,title:eM,height:1588,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:eN,url:eO},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FPortraet-John-Zubly-besser-227x300.jpg 227w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FPortraet-John-Zubly-besser-1161x1536.jpg 1161w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FPortraet-John-Zubly-besser-340x450.jpg 340w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FPortraet-John-Zubly-besser-567x750.jpg 567w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FPortraet-John-Zubly-besser-680x900.jpg 680w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FPortraet-John-Zubly-besser-453x600.jpg 453w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FPortraet-John-Zubly-besser-1134x1500.jpg 1134w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FPortraet-John-Zubly-besser-907x1200.jpg 907w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FPortraet-John-Zubly-besser.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FPortraet-John-Zubly-besser-227x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FPortraet-John-Zubly-besser-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:"Illustration of John Zubly in the newspaper\u003Cem\u003E The Middletown News-Signal\u003C\u002Fem\u003E of 29 July 1912.",source:{title:eN,url:eO}}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"From prophet to sinner",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Zubly absented himself from the Second Continental Congress shortly after it was proclaimed, as he did not agree with the goal of a complete separation of the colonies from Great Britain. He had made a point of consistently advising against such a split as he wrote in his journal. Back in Savannah, which had since fallen fully under the control of rebel forces, the minister declined to swear allegiance to the Continental Congress. This led to Zubly’s arrest, although he was released shortly afterwards. From then on, if not even earlier, he was seen as a loyalist and no longer as a rebel.\r\n\r\nAfter he was rearrested in 1777, the rebels wanted to make an example of John Zubly to deter people with similar lukewarm patriotic sentiments. Zubly was banned from Savannah, his possessions were confiscated and his entire library thrown in the river. The exact size of this library is unknown, but contemporaries considered it extremely large and valuable."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:155476,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschlacht-von-savannah-1779.jpg",alt:cU,title:cU,height:815,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:eP,url:eQ},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschlacht-von-savannah-1779-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschlacht-von-savannah-1779-450x306.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschlacht-von-savannah-1779-750x509.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschlacht-von-savannah-1779-900x611.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschlacht-von-savannah-1779-600x408.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschlacht-von-savannah-1779.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschlacht-von-savannah-1779-300x204.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschlacht-von-savannah-1779-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:cU,source:{title:eP,url:eQ}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"When the British retook Savannah in 1779, Zubly returned, this time as a hardline loyalist to the crown. Zubly expressed his anger and contempt towards the American rebels in a sequence of essays, which he published in the pro-British newspaper \u003Cem\u003EThe Royal Georgia Gazette\u003C\u002Fem\u003E under the pseudonym \u003Cem\u003EHelvetius\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. There were nine essays in total, replete with quotes from the Bible and references to the great philosophers of the day, while also brimming with hate for the revolution. They were printed over two years until his death."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:155483,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fartikel-helvetius-royal-georgia-gazette.jpg",alt:eR,title:eR,height:1402,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:eS,url:eT},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fartikel-helvetius-royal-georgia-gazette-257x300.jpg 257w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fartikel-helvetius-royal-georgia-gazette-385x450.jpg 385w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fartikel-helvetius-royal-georgia-gazette-642x750.jpg 642w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fartikel-helvetius-royal-georgia-gazette-770x900.jpg 770w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fartikel-helvetius-royal-georgia-gazette-514x600.jpg 514w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fartikel-helvetius-royal-georgia-gazette-1027x1200.jpg 1027w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fartikel-helvetius-royal-georgia-gazette.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fartikel-helvetius-royal-georgia-gazette-257x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fartikel-helvetius-royal-georgia-gazette-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:"John Zubly’s nom de plume was \u003Cem\u003EHelvetius\u003C\u002Fem\u003E when writing about the rebels in the \u003Cem\u003ERoyal Georgia Gazette\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. An article from 1780.",source:{title:eS,url:eT}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"It remains to be clarified why Zubly had changed so significantly. Although a look at his political reasoning does shed some light on the matter. The educated minister drew excessively on certain natural law principles, especially those espoused by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEmer_de_Vattel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EEmer de Vattel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from French-speaking Switzerland. He also had deep Calvinist convictions, particularly with regard to \u003Cem\u003Edeterminism\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Zubly saw people’s fate as being determined by God, so to rebel against it was wrong, in his eyes. His religious convictions caused him to reject violent resistance against a ruler under the law. A people must accept their ruler who is there by divine right. This does explain his loyalty to the British king."}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"Identical, yet different",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Moreover, it would be mistaken to argue that this position conflicts with Zubly’s account of the heroic emergence of the Swiss Confederation. Granted, the annex to the \u003Cem\u003ELaw of Liberty\u003C\u002Fem\u003E sermon does come across as thoroughly rebellious and anti- monarchy. Zubly aimed to rectify this in his \u003Cem\u003EHelvetius\u003C\u002Fem\u003E essays, by arguing that, despite all the parallels with the Americans, there were also some major differences between them and the Swiss Confederates.\r\n\r\nThe Swiss never rebelled against their legitimate ruler, the Emperor. They only opposed the Habsburgs who were illegitimate usurpers, he said. The Swiss Confederates had shown mercy to their defeated foes after battle, even consistently making peace whenever possible. They were the chosen people and, as such, had always had God on their side. This contrasted with the Americans, for example a Benjamin Franklin or John Adams, who advocated a more uncompromising approach. The American rebels also sought no reconciliation with the enemy, unlike the Swiss Confederates, claimed Zubly."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:155496,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-schlacht-am-morgarten.jpg",alt:cV,title:cV,height:684,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:J,url:eU},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-schlacht-am-morgarten-300x171.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-schlacht-am-morgarten-450x257.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-schlacht-am-morgarten-750x428.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-schlacht-am-morgarten-900x513.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-schlacht-am-morgarten-600x342.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-schlacht-am-morgarten.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-schlacht-am-morgarten-300x171.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-schlacht-am-morgarten-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:cV,source:{title:J,url:eU}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Zubly’s history of Switzerland was meant to be a tool of instruction for the British government, not motivation for the rebels. Ultimately, the \u003Cem\u003ELaw of Liberty\u003C\u002Fem\u003E sermon plus annex was for the attention of the Secretary of State for the Colonies. Zubly wanted to criticise the British government, not delegitimise the king. However, the complexity of Zubly’s reasoning was not sufficiently recognised at the time, which is why the minister was not entirely accepted by the rebels or loyalists. The latter found him too rebellious, whereas the former saw him as too loyal to the crown. He was neither one nor the other. When he died in 1781, he was alone and broken in body and spirit. He didn’t live to see the successful outcome of the revolution – the uprising he had considered as condemned to fail."}}];eG.snm_model={categories:[{parent:h,order:ag,id:d,name:af,description:a,slug:ab,taxonomy:g,permalink:Z},{parent:h,order:aJ,id:q,name:aK,description:a,slug:aL,taxonomy:g,permalink:bc},{parent:h,order:U,id:e,name:V,description:a,slug:W,taxonomy:g,permalink:_},{parent:{parent:h,order:aq,id:k,name:ax,description:a,slug:ay,taxonomy:g,permalink:aM},order:z,id:I,name:eV,description:a,slug:eW,taxonomy:g,permalink:eX}],primaryCategory:q,comments:[],coordinates:{latitude:a,longitude:a},id:bb,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:a,link:cI,portrait:{id:cJ,url:cK,alt:a,title:cL,height:N,width:N,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:p,srcset:cM,poster:cN,square:cO},id:cP,name:cQ,description:cR},language:B,availableLanguages:{de:{single:eY},fr:{single:eZ}},slug:cA,title:cB,excerpt:cH,postType:v,permalink:bn,thumbnail:{id:cC,url:cD,alt:aI,title:aI,height:o,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:a,url:a},srcset:cE,poster:cF,square:cG},date:e_,readableDate:e$,modifiedDate:fa,readableModifiedDate:fb,seoTitle:a,seoDescription:a};fc.id=bo;fc.date="2024-11-12T08:00:00";fc.slug=fd;fc.type=v;fc.link=fe;fc.title={rendered:cW};fc.content={rendered:"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",protected:p};fc.excerpt={rendered:"\u003Cp\u003EFather Athanasius Tschopp (1803–1882) was a monk in Einsiedeln, and something of a science whizz. Besides his daily monastic duties, he always found the time to make pioneering discoveries – one of his many accomplishments was inventing the precursor to the fax machine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca class=\"button\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fthe-inventor-in-a-benedictine-cowl\u002F\"\u003Eread more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",protected:p,rendered_internal:"\u003Cp\u003EFather Athanasius Tschopp (1803–1882) was a monk in Einsiedeln, and something of a science whizz. Besides his daily monastic duties, he always found the time to make pioneering discoveries – one of his many accomplishments was inventing the precursor to the fax machine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n"};fc.yoast_head="\u003C!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.6 (Yoast SEO v23.6) - https:\u002F\u002Fyoast.com\u002Fwordpress\u002Fplugins\u002Fseo\u002F --\u003E\n\u003Ctitle\u003EThe inventor in a Benedictine cowl – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\u003C\u002Ftitle\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Father Athanasius Tschopp (1803–1882) was a monk in Einsiedeln, and something of a science whizz. Besides his daily monastic duties, he always found the time to make pioneering discoveries – one of his many accomplishments was inventing the precursor to the fax machine.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fthe-inventor-in-a-benedictine-cowl\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The inventor in a Benedictine cowl\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Father Athanasius Tschopp (1803–1882) was a monk in Einsiedeln, and something of a science whizz. Besides his daily monastic duties, he always found the time to make pioneering discoveries – one of his many accomplishments was inventing the precursor to the fax machine.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fthe-inventor-in-a-benedictine-cowl\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FLandesmuseumZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-12T07:00:00+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-10-31T08:55:33+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp.jpg\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1600\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1200\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\u002Fjpeg\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Michael van Orsouw\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Verfasst von\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Michael van Orsouw\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Geschätzte Lesezeit\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 Minuten\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cscript type=\"application\u002Fld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003E{\"@context\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fthe-inventor-in-a-benedictine-cowl\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fthe-inventor-in-a-benedictine-cowl\u002F\",\"name\":\"The inventor in a Benedictine cowl – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fthe-inventor-in-a-benedictine-cowl\u002F#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fthe-inventor-in-a-benedictine-cowl\u002F#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-12T07:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-10-31T08:55:33+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002F5b203bb24bab003f641bad27c120a0cc\"},\"description\":\"Father Athanasius Tschopp (1803–1882) was a monk in Einsiedeln, and something of a science whizz. Besides his daily monastic duties, he always found the time to make pioneering discoveries – one of his many accomplishments was inventing the precursor to the fax machine.\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fthe-inventor-in-a-benedictine-cowl\u002F\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fthe-inventor-in-a-benedictine-cowl\u002F#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp.jpg\",\"width\":1600,\"height\":1200,\"caption\":\"Athanasius Tschopp invented the precursor to the fax machine. Lithograph circa 1840. Coloured using AI.\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F\",\"name\":\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"description\":\"Background and stories about the collection and exhibition\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002F5b203bb24bab003f641bad27c120a0cc\",\"name\":\"Michael van Orsouw\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002Fimage\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002F69c457aab5aaea645881df4db764ce52?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002F69c457aab5aaea645881df4db764ce52?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Michael van Orsouw\"},\"description\":\"Michael van Orsouw ist promovierter Historiker, Bühnenpoet und Schriftsteller. Er veröffentlicht regelmässig historische Bücher.\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fmichael-van-orsouw\u002F\"}]}\u003C\u002Fscript\u003E\n\u003C!-- \u002F Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003E";fc.lang=B;fc.translations={en:bo,fr:156023,de:154190};fc.snm_blocks=[{blockName:ap,blockData:{image:{id:ff,url:fg,alt:bd,title:bd,height:o,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:fh},source:{title:fi,url:fj},srcset:fk,poster:fl,square:fm},video:h,videoMobile:h,title:"The inventor in a Benedictine cowl",caption:bd,lead:fn,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:{title:cX,url:cY,target:cZ},link:c_,portrait:{id:c$,url:aN,alt:a,title:da,height:ai,width:ai,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:p,srcset:db,poster:dc,square:aN},id:A,name:dd,description:de}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"When a baby boy called Jakob Kaspar Tschopp came into the world on 10 April 1803 on a farm in Knutwil in the canton of Lucerne, no-one would have had an inkling of the adventures life had in store for him. Regina and Kaspar Tschopp-Felber sent their boy to Einsiedeln monastery school and, at a mere 17 years of age, he decided to enter the monastery. Six years later, Jakob Kaspar Tschopp became Father Athanasius and was ordained as a priest.\r\n\r\nFather Athanasius taught physics at the monastery school and founded the ‘physikalische Kabinett’ (physics laboratory), a type of inventor’s laboratory. However, his interests extended beyond the science of the day. He was also a lecturer in theology and the catechist, responsible for teaching the Catholic faith, in Einsiedeln parish. The technically skilled Athanasius worked successively as a mentor to monks, and as sub-prior and deacon of Einsiedeln (1846–1855).\r\n\r\nBut Father Athanasius was capable of much more than that: in 1823, at the age of just 20, he made a new wind instrument and called it the ‘Ventilhorn’ (valved horn). At the age of 32, he invented the ‘Konotomograph’ an instrument to draw ellipses, parabolas and hyperbolas. This allowed the physicist to produce parabolic concave mirrors easily and with maximum precision."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:154436,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp.jpg",alt:df,title:df,height:1564,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:fo,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-230x300.jpg 230w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-1179x1536.jpg 1179w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-345x450.jpg 345w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-575x750.jpg 575w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-691x900.jpg 691w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-460x600.jpg 460w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-1151x1500.jpg 1151w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-921x1200.jpg 921w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-230x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:df,source:{title:fo,url:a}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Then, around 1840, he went on to invent the electromagnetic ‘Copirtelegraphenapparat’, the precursor to the fax machine. Einsiedeln mechanic Meinrad Theiler – about whom more later – made the machine, also known as a printing telegraph, on Tschopp’s instructions. The core component of the printing telegraph was a rotating drum on which a message could be written in colour. An electric needle scanned the drum as it turned and transmitted the message as an electronic signal to the receiving device, which wrote a copy of the message on the paper placed over the rotating drum. Eureka! Father Athanasius had invented an early version of the fax machine."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:154432,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-telegraf-zeichnung.jpg",alt:dg,title:dg,height:708,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:fp,url:fq},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-telegraf-zeichnung-300x177.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-telegraf-zeichnung-450x266.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-telegraf-zeichnung-750x443.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-telegraf-zeichnung-900x531.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-telegraf-zeichnung-600x354.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-telegraf-zeichnung.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-telegraf-zeichnung-300x177.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-telegraf-zeichnung-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:dg,source:{title:fp,url:fq}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Athanasius could not fail to notice the potential of his invention, as people in those days could only communicate by talking or letter. But as a man of the cloth, he was also confronted by the Catholic church’s lack of support (and even hostility) towards technology and technological progress: a German priest called the railway a “thing of the devil”, while electricity was described as “the devil in the wires”.\r\n\r\nFather Athanasius sought protection from such attitudes by making an official request to the federal authorities in Bern to implement the telegraph system in Switzerland. Schwyz Cantonal Council also lent its support to Athanasius Tschopp and recommended his invention to the country’s executive body. However, the Federal Council decided against the new system, although it did acknowledge the great achievement of Tschopp and Theiler. Their reasoning was that the invention was too complicated. The Federal Council argued that the system would not only require telegraphers but also mechanics to restart the machine when it stopped working, which allegedly happened often.\r\n\r\nWhen the federal postal and construction department subsequently set up its first telegraph facility, it was looking for two people to run the operation. Meinrad Theiler from Einsiedeln, Father Athanasius’s mechanic, applied for the position of telegraph facility manager in Bern (an alternative route to Bern for the monk’s invention). However, Theiler’s application was not considered. Instead, he was offered a rather degrading position as a battery cleaner, which he politely declined."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:154439,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftelefon-meinrad-theiler.jpg",alt:dh,title:dh,height:1674,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:fr,url:fs},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftelefon-meinrad-theiler-215x300.jpg 215w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftelefon-meinrad-theiler-1101x1536.jpg 1101w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftelefon-meinrad-theiler-323x450.jpg 323w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftelefon-meinrad-theiler-538x750.jpg 538w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftelefon-meinrad-theiler-645x900.jpg 645w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftelefon-meinrad-theiler-430x600.jpg 430w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftelefon-meinrad-theiler-1075x1500.jpg 1075w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftelefon-meinrad-theiler-860x1200.jpg 860w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftelefon-meinrad-theiler.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftelefon-meinrad-theiler-215x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftelefon-meinrad-theiler-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:dh,source:{title:fr,url:fs}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"However, Theiler was not deterred, and he continued to look for buyers for the (in the interim updated) printing telegraph, travelling to Paris and London to close a deal. He was more successful there and in June 1854, he filed his first patent in London for improvements in printing telegraphs. And the printing telegraph was rolled out nationwide as a ticker to relay stock market prices. The adventure-seeking Father Athanasius also felt compelled to leave the country. He boarded the Atlantic steamer and travelled to America, where he became prior of the Einsiedeln daughter monastery in Saint Meinrad in the state of Indiana.\r\n\r\nThe Theiler-Tschopp partnership did finally achieve recognition in Switzerland. Their printing telegraph was awarded the bronze medal at the III. Swiss commercial exhibition in Bern in 1857. Theiler was in London at the time; Tschopp was in America. They both returned to Switzerland shortly after due to health issues. Theiler applied again for a position with the federal telegraph facility. However, despite his international experience, he failed to secure employment as regional boss. So, he returned to London where he founded “M. Theiler & Sons, Telegraph Engineers”. He died in London in 1873. One of the sons mentioned in the company name, Richard Theiler, then founded the \u003Cem\u003EElectrotechnische Institut Theiler\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, the predecessor company to \u003Cem\u003ELandis+Gyr\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in Zug."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:154442,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-klosterbrueder.jpg",alt:di,title:di,height:1603,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:ft,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-klosterbrueder-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-klosterbrueder-1150x1536.jpg 1150w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-klosterbrueder-337x450.jpg 337w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-klosterbrueder-561x750.jpg 561w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-klosterbrueder-674x900.jpg 674w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-klosterbrueder-449x600.jpg 449w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-klosterbrueder-1123x1500.jpg 1123w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-klosterbrueder-898x1200.jpg 898w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-klosterbrueder.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-klosterbrueder-225x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fathanasius-tschopp-klosterbrueder-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:di,source:{title:ft,url:a}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Father Athanasius did not pursue his scientific career, restricting himself to working as a minister and building works master for Einsiedeln Benedictine Monastery. In the nearby Au convent in Trachslau, he assumed the role of confessor and chaplain, thus operating as a kind of convent manager and contact to the outside world. A worldly figure like the Father was needed there, as the convent was in touch with Austrian \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2023\u002F08\u002Fbernese-whey-receives-royal-approval\u002F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EEmpress Elisabeth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at the time. After the death of her daughter, Sisi had sought spiritual help in the monastery and had been closely linked to the Benedictine nuns from Au ever since.\r\n\r\nThe Father ‘thought of everything’, to quote a convent script. Tschopp devised new designs for the convent’s weaving mill, made drawings and templates for the embroidery, helped make artistic models of relics, and created new records of ownership and above all of income earned by the convent. He also found the time to add his name to the annals of authors. He wrote pilgrimage tracts, religious tales and a ‘Schweizergeschichte für Schulen’ (history of Switzerland for schools). He died in 1882 in Einsiedeln at the age of 79, the \u003Cem\u003ENidwaldner Volksblatt\u003C\u002Fem\u003E newspaper described him as an ‘ingenious inventor’ – whose inventions did not receive the acclaim they deserved."}}];fc.snm_model={categories:[{parent:h,order:ag,id:d,name:af,description:a,slug:ab,taxonomy:g,permalink:Z},{parent:h,order:aJ,id:q,name:aK,description:a,slug:aL,taxonomy:g,permalink:bc},{parent:{parent:h,order:M,id:i,name:O,description:a,slug:P,taxonomy:g,permalink:S},order:z,id:r,name:dj,description:a,slug:dk,taxonomy:g,permalink:dl}],primaryCategory:r,comments:[],coordinates:{latitude:fu,longitude:fv},id:bo,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:{title:cX,url:cY,target:cZ},link:c_,portrait:{id:c$,url:aN,alt:a,title:da,height:ai,width:ai,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:p,srcset:db,poster:dc,square:aN},id:A,name:dd,description:de},language:B,availableLanguages:{fr:{single:"linventeur-en-habit-de-benedictin"},de:{single:"der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte"}},slug:fd,title:cW,excerpt:fn,postType:v,permalink:fe,thumbnail:{id:ff,url:fg,alt:bd,title:bd,height:o,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:fh},source:{title:fi,url:fj},srcset:fk,poster:fl,square:fm},date:1731398400,readableDate:"12.11.2024",modifiedDate:1730368533,readableModifiedDate:a,seoTitle:a,seoDescription:a};fw.id=dm;fw.date="2024-11-04T08:00:00";fw.slug=fx;fw.type=v;fw.link=fy;fw.title={rendered:dn};fw.content={rendered:"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",protected:p};fw.excerpt={rendered:"\u003Cp\u003EThe murder in 1835 of German student and spy Ludwig Lessing in Zurich uncovered a network of espionage and political activism among German exiles in Switzerland. His death increased international pressure on Switzerland to adopt a hard line against revolutionaries seeking refuge on Swiss soil.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca class=\"button\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fmurder-and-espionage-the-lessing-case\u002F\"\u003Eread more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",protected:p,rendered_internal:"\u003Cp\u003EThe murder in 1835 of German student and spy Ludwig Lessing in Zurich uncovered a network of espionage and political activism among German exiles in Switzerland. His death increased international pressure on Switzerland to adopt a hard line against revolutionaries seeking refuge on Swiss soil.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n"};fw.yoast_head="\u003C!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.6 (Yoast SEO v23.6) - https:\u002F\u002Fyoast.com\u002Fwordpress\u002Fplugins\u002Fseo\u002F --\u003E\n\u003Ctitle\u003EMurder and espionage: the Lessing case – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\u003C\u002Ftitle\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"The murder in 1835 of German student and spy Ludwig Lessing in Zurich uncovered a network of espionage and political activism among German exiles in Switzerland. His death increased international pressure on Switzerland to adopt a hard line against revolutionaries seeking refuge on Swiss soil.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fmurder-and-espionage-the-lessing-case\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Murder and espionage: the Lessing case\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The murder in 1835 of German student and spy Ludwig Lessing in Zurich uncovered a network of espionage and political activism among German exiles in Switzerland. His death increased international pressure on Switzerland to adopt a hard line against revolutionaries seeking refuge on Swiss soil.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fmurder-and-espionage-the-lessing-case\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FLandesmuseumZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-04T07:00:00+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-10-30T07:39:13+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-studentenmord.jpg\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1600\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1200\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\u002Fjpeg\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Patrik Süess\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Verfasst von\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Patrik Süess\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Geschätzte Lesezeit\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"14 Minuten\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cscript type=\"application\u002Fld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003E{\"@context\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fmurder-and-espionage-the-lessing-case\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fmurder-and-espionage-the-lessing-case\u002F\",\"name\":\"Murder and espionage: the Lessing case – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fmurder-and-espionage-the-lessing-case\u002F#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fmurder-and-espionage-the-lessing-case\u002F#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-studentenmord.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-04T07:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-10-30T07:39:13+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002F122e76d1321aedb7b28247793aefdfba\"},\"description\":\"The murder in 1835 of German student and spy Ludwig Lessing in Zurich uncovered a network of espionage and political activism among German exiles in Switzerland. His death increased international pressure on Switzerland to adopt a hard line against revolutionaries seeking refuge on Swiss soil.\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fmurder-and-espionage-the-lessing-case\u002F\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fmurder-and-espionage-the-lessing-case\u002F#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-studentenmord.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-studentenmord.jpg\",\"width\":1600,\"height\":1200,\"caption\":\"On November 3, 1835, Ludwig Lessing still celebrates his 23rd birthday in Zurich, but he will not live to see the next morning. Illustration by Marco Heer.\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F\",\"name\":\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"description\":\"Background and stories about the collection and exhibition\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002F122e76d1321aedb7b28247793aefdfba\",\"name\":\"Patrik Süess\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002Fimage\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002F79a6508874ce59a5b93e26fd4c523daa?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002F79a6508874ce59a5b93e26fd4c523daa?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Patrik Süess\"},\"description\":\"Patrik Süess ist freischaffender Historiker.\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fpatrik-sueess\u002F\"}]}\u003C\u002Fscript\u003E\n\u003C!-- \u002F Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003E";fw.lang=B;fw.translations={en:dm,de:153939,fr:155789};fw.snm_blocks=[{blockName:ap,blockData:{image:{id:fz,url:fA,alt:be,title:be,height:o,width:w,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:p,srcset:fB,poster:fC,square:fD},video:h,videoMobile:h,title:dn,caption:be,lead:fE,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:a,link:fF,portrait:{id:fG,url:aO,alt:a,title:fH,height:bp,width:bp,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:p,srcset:fI,poster:aO,square:aO},id:fJ,name:fK,description:fL}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Ludwig Lessing, from Freienwalde near Berlin and a law student at the University of Zurich since the 1834\u002F35 winter semester, celebrated his 23rd birthday on 3 November 1835. Friends gave him a straw garland and clay tobacco pipe. He attended lectures in the morning and met his good friend Carl Cratz and an acquaintance called Karl August Baron von Eyb in the afternoon in the \u003Cem\u003ECafé Littéraire\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Lessing told them that he would not be at his usual haunt ‘Grüne Häusli’, a popular bar among German students, later that evening as he had “another appointment”. He also told his landlady Mrs Locher-v. Muralt that he was going to a meeting which he had promised to attend that evening. Mrs Locher-v. Muralt found him to be in very good spirits. Following a brief visit to the museum reading room, Lessing left at 6.30pm and walked along the Sihl river towards the Enge district. His subsequent movements are unknown."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:154505,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweinplatz-zurich-johannes-ruff-e-rara.jpg",alt:a,title:"[Weinplatz,-Zürich]--[Johannes-Ruff]-e-rara",height:857,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:fM,url:fN},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweinplatz-zurich-johannes-ruff-e-rara-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweinplatz-zurich-johannes-ruff-e-rara-450x321.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweinplatz-zurich-johannes-ruff-e-rara-750x536.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweinplatz-zurich-johannes-ruff-e-rara-900x643.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweinplatz-zurich-johannes-ruff-e-rara-600x429.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweinplatz-zurich-johannes-ruff-e-rara.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweinplatz-zurich-johannes-ruff-e-rara-300x214.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweinplatz-zurich-johannes-ruff-e-rara-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:"Weinplatz Zurich, right beside the \u003Cem\u003ECafé Littéraire\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Graphic print by Johannes Ruff, ca. 1835.",source:{title:fM,url:fN}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"The following morning, milkman Heinrich Wydler found Lessing’s body beside the Sihl between Enge and Zurich, lying on his front and covered by his coat. He was holding a pocketknife in his left hand, which he had evidently used to defend himself. The autopsy revealed that Ludwig Lessing had been subjected to a brutal attack and stabbed 49 times."}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"A safe haven for the revolutionary minded?",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"The Zurich police immediately suspected a politically motivated murder, as Lessing had close ties with politically active German students and refugees in the city. These middle class and republican activists, pursued in their own country as ‘demagogues’, rejected the post-Napoleonic return of the monarchic system, calling instead for liberal reforms and German national unification."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:33533,url:fO,alt:fP,title:fP,height:1080,width:1736,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:fQ,url:fR},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F11\u002FDer-Denker-Club-gnm-300x187.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F11\u002FDer-Denker-Club-gnm-768x478.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F11\u002FDer-Denker-Club-gnm-1024x637.jpg 1024w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F11\u002FDer-Denker-Club-gnm-1500x933.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F11\u002FDer-Denker-Club-gnm.jpg 1736w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F11\u002FDer-Denker-Club-gnm-300x187.jpg",square:fO},size:F,caption:"The Zurich police immediately suspected a politically motivated murder, as Lessing had close ties with politically active German students and refugees in the city. These middle class and republican activists, pursued in their own country as ‘demagogues’, rejected the post-Napoleonic return of the monarchic system, calling instead for liberal reforms and German national unification.\r\n\r\n\"The Thinkers' Club – Also a New German Society\" \u002F\u002F Caricature on freedom of speech in Germany, print graphic, around 1820.\r\n\r\n ",source:{title:fQ,url:fR}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Switzerland was a popular safe haven at the time for people fleeing political persecution in Germany and Austria; the regenerated cantons offered them a relatively safe and free environment for political organisation and agitation, perhaps understandably so as the liberal governments and large sections of the population sympathised with the democratic-republican leanings of the refugees. The clandestine political organisation \u003Cem\u003EYoung Germany\u003C\u002Fem\u003E was founded in Bern with the involvement of Italian career revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini. Its aim, as reflected in its slogan “liberty, equality, humanity”, was republican revolution in Germany. \u003Cem\u003EYoung Germany\u003C\u002Fem\u003E was in the habit of meeting at the \u003Cem\u003ECafé Littéraire\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in Zurich, the same place where Lessing was often to be found."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:154267,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgeorg-buchner-franzos-werkausgabe-wiki.jpg",alt:fS,title:fS,height:1419,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:T,url:fT},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgeorg-buchner-franzos-werkausgabe-wiki-254x300.jpg 254w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgeorg-buchner-franzos-werkausgabe-wiki-381x450.jpg 381w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgeorg-buchner-franzos-werkausgabe-wiki-634x750.jpg 634w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgeorg-buchner-franzos-werkausgabe-wiki-761x900.jpg 761w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgeorg-buchner-franzos-werkausgabe-wiki-507x600.jpg 507w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgeorg-buchner-franzos-werkausgabe-wiki-1015x1200.jpg 1015w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgeorg-buchner-franzos-werkausgabe-wiki.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgeorg-buchner-franzos-werkausgabe-wiki-254x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgeorg-buchner-franzos-werkausgabe-wiki-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:"Author Georg Büchner also sought refuge from political persecution in Switzerland, or more precisely Zurich, where he was awarded a PhD in 1836 for his work on the nervous system of the barbel (fish). He died in 1837. A portrait from the first edition of his complete works by Karl Emil Franzos, 1879.",source:{title:T,url:fT}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"The revolutionary movement was especially popular among the academic German youth. These refugees, who were often members of banned fraternities, flocked to the new Swiss universities in Zurich and Bern:"}},{blockName:"acf\u002Fquote",blockData:{quote:"The new University of Zurich, not least due to its hiring of liberally-minded professors, including politically persecuted academics from Germany, immediately following its foundation (…), was seen by neighbouring countries bent on restoration as a hotbed of radicalism, which made it even more attractive to political exiles.",author:" from Jodocus Donatus Hubertus Temme: Der Studentenmord in Zürich. Criminalgeschichte, 1872 (‘The murder of a student in Zurich. A criminal history’). "}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"In December 1834, Prussia banned its citizens from studying at the Universities of Bern and Zurich.\r\n\r\nLudwig Lessing was one of the students who identified with the revolutionary ideals. He played a leading role in establishing a clandestine fraternity in Berlin. Then he was arrested – and became willing to cooperate when in custody: Lessing was prepared to make a statement to the authorities in return for an amnesty and being allowed to continue his studies in peace. He was even prepared to keep providing information on the revolutionary student scene to the authorities. In other words, this was the start of Ludwig Lessing’s role as an informer for the Prussian police or the Frankfurt ‘Bundes-Central-Behörde’ (federal central authority), which gathered information on political activities at home and abroad for the whole German Confederation. The authorities built up a spy network to provide this information, and it operated across borders including in Switzerland."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:154263,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffra-wachensturm-1833-wiki.jpg",alt:do0,title:do0,height:875,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:T,url:fU},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffra-wachensturm-1833-wiki-300x219.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffra-wachensturm-1833-wiki-450x328.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffra-wachensturm-1833-wiki-750x547.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffra-wachensturm-1833-wiki-900x656.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffra-wachensturm-1833-wiki-600x438.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffra-wachensturm-1833-wiki.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffra-wachensturm-1833-wiki-300x219.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffra-wachensturm-1833-wiki-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:do0,source:{title:T,url:fU}}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"Lessing: the spy in Switzerland",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"In Bern\u003Cem\u003E,\u003C\u002Fem\u003E where he began to study medicine in 1834, Lessing was told to infiltrate political movements. He immediately assumed the role of agent provocateur and exhorted the German tradesmen in Bern to rise up against the “tyrannical yoke” of the German aristocracy – then reported back to Berlin on the threat posed by the revolutionaries. However, Lessing was not a good spy: he didn’t know much and failed to operate in a structured and systematic way. He was also something of a busybody who was allegedly involved in some top secret political goings-on. This soon led his countrymen to suspect him of working as a spy. When the newspaper ‘Berner Volksfreund’ openly expressed this suspicion, Lessing moved to Zurich where he remained a member of \u003Cem\u003EYoung Germany\u003C\u002Fem\u003E."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:154257,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fstellungnahme-bvf-18351119-0758-enparch-1.jpg",alt:fV,title:fV,height:1178,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:fW,url:fX},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fstellungnahme-bvf-18351119-0758-enparch-1-300x295.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fstellungnahme-bvf-18351119-0758-enparch-1-450x442.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fstellungnahme-bvf-18351119-0758-enparch-1-750x736.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fstellungnahme-bvf-18351119-0758-enparch-1-900x884.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fstellungnahme-bvf-18351119-0758-enparch-1-600x589.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fstellungnahme-bvf-18351119-0758-enparch-1.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fstellungnahme-bvf-18351119-0758-enparch-1-300x295.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fstellungnahme-bvf-18351119-0758-enparch-1-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:"Article in Berner Volksfreund of 19 November 1835 on the labelling of Lessing as a “spy”: “\u003Cem\u003EWhoever says the Volksfreund started the rumour that Lessing was a spy, is lying. The Volksfreund even offers to prove that this rumour first arose in German circles, and we are in no way trying to harm the person in question or his friends. Our intention is simply to serve the Fatherland by issuing a timely warning.”\u003C\u002Fem\u003E",source:{title:fW,url:fX}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"What did his friends in Zurich, who were also members of this secret fraternity, know about Lessing’s double life as a spy? Did they know that he was also reporting back to Germany about them? It’s hard to say as the presiding judge in Zurich, Hans Konrad von Meiss, was unable to get a word out of them. Baron von Eyb had known Lessing well and they shared a box at the theatre, but he claimed to have no knowledge of an organisation called\u003Cem\u003E Young Germany\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. In reality, however, Eyb held a prominent position in the republican clubs present in the towns and cities of central Switzerland, as he was the treasurer of \u003Cem\u003EYoung Germany\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Julius Thankmar Alban admitted to having been a close friend of Lessing but claimed he knew nothing about politics – in spite of having been head of \u003Cem\u003EYoung Germany\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in Zurich since 1835 and having travelled with Lessing in August to a conspiratorial meeting in Ticino.\r\n\r\nFriedrich Gustav Ehrhardt had visited Lessing at his home on a number of occasions and in August 1835 had even engaged in a duel with him, but he claimed to have no interest in political associations. In actual fact, Ehrhardt was a “fanatical central figure in the radical refugee movement”, to quote a contemporary account of the case ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.ch\u002Fbooks\u002Fedition\u002FDer_Studentenmord_in_Z%C3%BCrich\u002FKxz618bPUewC?hl=de&gbpv=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EDer Studentenmord in Zürich. Criminalgeschichte\u003C\u002Fa\u003E’ (‘The murder of a student in Zurich. A criminal history’). He produced the early communist magazine ‘Das Nordlicht’ with Lessing’s friend Carl Cratz. The travelling cobbler Friedrich Herrscher said that Cratz and Ehrhardt had warned him about Lessing being a “spy” and that he, Herrscher, had attempted to warn Lessing that the students and tradesmen were planning to kill him."}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"When the Prussian envoy to Switzerland, Theodor von Rochow, claimed to have learned from a reliable source that Alban and Cratz had lured Lessing to Enge on the pretext of meeting a lady and then killed him, they were both arrested. However, they vigorously denied the charge. As political undesirables, they were used to being questioned and were adept at sidestepping awkward questions. As the authorities were unable to make anything stick against them, Alban und Cratz were duly released.\r\n\r\nIn the end, August Baron von Eyb was the only person who faced charges. During the proceedings, it emerged that he wasn’t a baron at all and that his real name was Zacharias Aldinger. He had also been spying for the police since July 1834 as a key player in \u003Cem\u003EYoung Germany\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in Switzerland. His reports on the latest happenings among the political exiles in Switzerland were even delivered personally to Austrian State Chancellor Metternich. However, the only charge that stood up in court against Eyb\u002FAldinger was passport forgery."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:154233,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Furteil-google-books.jpg",alt:fY,title:fY,height:1346,width:fZ,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:f_,url:f$},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Furteil-google-books-178x300.jpg 178w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Furteil-google-books-267x450.jpg 267w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Furteil-google-books-446x750.jpg 446w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Furteil-google-books-535x900.jpg 535w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Furteil-google-books-357x600.jpg 357w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Furteil-google-books-713x1200.jpg 713w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Furteil-google-books.jpg 800w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Furteil-google-books-178x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Furteil-google-books-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:"The published ruling of Zurich Criminal Court, 1837.\r\n\r\n ",source:{title:f_,url:f$}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"The failure to bring Lessing’s murderer(s) to justice may well have had something to do with a lack of interest among certain influential figures in Zurich’s political and legal circles. Not only did these people sympathise with the exiles and their ideas, they were also keen to avoid anyone looking too closely at their own affairs. And with good reason, quite a few revolutionary-minded Zurich cantonal councillors had protected the politically active refugees and even given them financial support in some cases.\r\n\r\nEven the President of the Zurich Supreme Court, Friedrich Ludwig Keller, could be considered one of Lessing’s enemies: in a letter to his handlers, Lessing claimed that Keller was a member of Mazzini’s \u003Cem\u003EYoung Europe\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and that he had misappropriated funds held by \u003Cem\u003EYoung Germany\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. And that’s not all: Lessing described Keller as a “devious” man of “poor character”, who “although he had a wife and children, also had relationships with other women”, according to the contemporary account by Jodocus Donatus Hubertus Temme."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:154223,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffriedrich-ludwig-keller-1799-1860-wiki.jpg",alt:ga,title:ga,height:1498,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:T,url:gb},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffriedrich-ludwig-keller-1799-1860-wiki-240x300.jpg 240w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffriedrich-ludwig-keller-1799-1860-wiki-360x450.jpg 360w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffriedrich-ludwig-keller-1799-1860-wiki-601x750.jpg 601w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffriedrich-ludwig-keller-1799-1860-wiki-721x900.jpg 721w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffriedrich-ludwig-keller-1799-1860-wiki-481x600.jpg 481w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffriedrich-ludwig-keller-1799-1860-wiki-961x1200.jpg 961w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffriedrich-ludwig-keller-1799-1860-wiki.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffriedrich-ludwig-keller-1799-1860-wiki-240x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffriedrich-ludwig-keller-1799-1860-wiki-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:"President of the Zurich Supreme Court, Friedrich Ludwig Keller, was accused of being a member of \u003Cem\u003EYoung Europe\u003C\u002Fem\u003E by Ludwig Lessing.",source:{title:T,url:gb}}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"Nationwide repercussions",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Ludwig Lessing’s murder played a big part in the enactment of the ‘Fremdenconclusum’ by the meeting of delegates from the separate cantons, known as the ‘Tagsatzung’ on 11 August 1836. It stipulated that refugees, “who abused the safe haven granted to them by the cantons and jeopardised the inner security and peace or neutrality of Switzerland and its international relations (…),” should be deported. This was Switzerland’s response to foreign pressure. The Confederation had long been a thorn in the side of the conservative powers of the Holy Alliance (Russia, Austria and Prussia) due to its relatively liberal and democratic political development and accommodating asylum policy. The three nations saw Switzerland as a hotbed of political unrest and a revolutionary tinderbox. The question of political refugees was a longstanding source of diplomatic conflict. At the end of 1834, Austria even threatened to block the border and impose a trade embargo unless Switzerland tightened up its regulation of aliens and expelled political exiles wanted in their home countries.\r\n\r\nFollowing the enactment of the ‘Fremdenconclusum’ – which was incidentally repealed just two years later − Carl Cratz and Zacharias Aldinger, alias Baron von Eyb, plus 154 other political refugees were expelled from Switzerland. Julius Alban, however, was allowed to remain at the University of Zurich.\r\n\r\nFriedrich Ehrhardt, one of Zurich’s most active political exiles, was so well shielded that he actually secured employment at the Zurich District Court in spite of being a suspect in the Lessing case. As early as 1836, he joined the law firm of Zurich Cantonal Parliament President (and subsequently Federal Councillor) Jonas Furrer. Following his naturalisation, Ehrhardt became Zurich public prosecutor and a colonel in the Swiss army. The pinnacle of the erstwhile communist’s career came when he was appointed legal counsel to railway pioneer Alfred Escher. Nonetheless, suspicion over his involvement in Ludwig Lessing’s murder hung over him until his death in 1896."}}];fw.snm_model={categories:[{parent:h,order:ag,id:d,name:af,description:a,slug:ab,taxonomy:g,permalink:Z},{parent:h,order:U,id:e,name:V,description:a,slug:W,taxonomy:g,permalink:_},{parent:{parent:h,order:aw,id:m,name:aG,description:a,slug:aH,taxonomy:g,permalink:ba},order:z,id:ac,name:gc,description:a,slug:gd,taxonomy:g,permalink:ge}],primaryCategory:ac,comments:[],coordinates:{latitude:a,longitude:a},id:dm,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:a,link:fF,portrait:{id:fG,url:aO,alt:a,title:fH,height:bp,width:bp,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:p,srcset:fI,poster:aO,square:aO},id:fJ,name:fK,description:fL},language:B,availableLanguages:{de:{single:"mord-im-schatten-der-spionage-der-fall-lessing"},fr:{single:"laffaire-lessing-un-assassinat-sur-fond-despionnage"}},slug:fx,title:dn,excerpt:fE,postType:v,permalink:fy,thumbnail:{id:fz,url:fA,alt:be,title:be,height:o,width:w,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:p,srcset:fB,poster:fC,square:fD},date:1730707200,readableDate:"04.11.2024",modifiedDate:1730277553,readableModifiedDate:a,seoTitle:a,seoDescription:a};gf.id=bq;gf.date="2024-10-31T08:00:00";gf.slug=gg;gf.type=v;gf.link=gh;gf.title={rendered:br};gf.content={rendered:"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",protected:p};gf.excerpt={rendered:"\u003Cp\u003EThrough his sometimes unconventional methods, Michael Schüppach made a name for himself as a barber-surgeon well beyond the Emmental region.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca class=\"button\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fthe-famous-mountain-doctor-from-emmental\u002F\"\u003Eread more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",protected:p,rendered_internal:"\u003Cp\u003EThrough his sometimes unconventional methods, Michael Schüppach made a name for himself as a barber-surgeon well beyond the Emmental region.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n"};gf.yoast_head="\u003C!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.6 (Yoast SEO v23.6) - https:\u002F\u002Fyoast.com\u002Fwordpress\u002Fplugins\u002Fseo\u002F --\u003E\n\u003Ctitle\u003EThe famous mountain doctor from Emmental – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\u003C\u002Ftitle\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Through his sometimes unconventional methods, Michael Schüppach made a name for himself as a barber-surgeon well beyond the Emmental region.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fthe-famous-mountain-doctor-from-emmental\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The famous mountain doctor from Emmental\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Through his sometimes unconventional methods, Michael Schüppach made a name for himself as a barber-surgeon well beyond the Emmental region.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fthe-famous-mountain-doctor-from-emmental\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FLandesmuseumZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-10-31T07:00:00+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-08-29T05:28:01+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-schueppach.jpg\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1600\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1200\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\u002Fjpeg\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Katrin Brunner\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Verfasst von\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Katrin Brunner\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Geschätzte Lesezeit\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 Minuten\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cscript type=\"application\u002Fld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003E{\"@context\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fthe-famous-mountain-doctor-from-emmental\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fthe-famous-mountain-doctor-from-emmental\u002F\",\"name\":\"The famous mountain doctor from Emmental – Swiss National Museum - 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Print, circa 1775.\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F\",\"name\":\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"description\":\"Background and stories about the collection and exhibition\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002F094ef05f49c23bb79f25214f19faf327\",\"name\":\"Katrin Brunner\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002Fimage\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002Fef21d55b857bfaf9de7088fb45ceb2f1?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002Fef21d55b857bfaf9de7088fb45ceb2f1?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Katrin Brunner\"},\"description\":\"Katrin Brunner ist selbstständige Journalistin mit Schwerpunkt Geschichte und Chronistin von Niederweningen.\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fkatrin-brunner\u002F\"}]}\u003C\u002Fscript\u003E\n\u003C!-- \u002F Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003E";gf.lang=B;gf.translations={en:bq,de:150827,fr:153234};gf.snm_blocks=[{blockName:ap,blockData:{image:{id:gi,url:gj,alt:bf,title:bf,height:o,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:J,url:gk},srcset:gl,poster:gm,square:gn},video:h,videoMobile:h,title:br,caption:bf,lead:go,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:h,link:dp,portrait:{id:dq,url:aP,alt:a,title:aQ,height:aR,width:aR,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:p,srcset:dr,poster:ds,square:aP},id:dt,name:aQ,description:du}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"The poet Johann Wolfgang von \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2017\u002F02\u002Fgoethes-heart-throb-for-young-miss-herzlieb\u002F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EGoethe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and his companion, Duke Carl August, were flabbergasted when they stood before the “… very peculiar and very fat…” Michael (also known as Michel) Schüppach on 17 October 1779. They had imagined the famous doctor somehow differently. On top of that, Schüppach was ill tempered on that particular day. He was suffering from digestive problems and his wife Marie Flückiger was away. She was the mountain doctor’s assistant and translated whenever French-speaking patients came to see him."}},{blockName:gp,blockData:{left:{image:{id:151093,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmarie-fluckiger.jpg",alt:gq,title:gq,height:1410,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:J,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fpermalink.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F100057874"},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmarie-fluckiger-255x300.jpg 255w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmarie-fluckiger-383x450.jpg 383w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmarie-fluckiger-638x750.jpg 638w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmarie-fluckiger-766x900.jpg 766w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmarie-fluckiger-511x600.jpg 511w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmarie-fluckiger-1021x1200.jpg 1021w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmarie-fluckiger.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmarie-fluckiger-255x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmarie-fluckiger-320x320.jpg"},caption:"Because his wife Marie Flückiger was away,"},right:{image:{id:151098,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdichter-goethe.jpg",alt:gr,title:gr,height:1758,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:"Wikimedia \u002F National Library of Wales",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:Goethe,_1828_(5236531).jpg"},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdichter-goethe-205x300.jpg 205w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdichter-goethe-1048x1536.jpg 1048w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdichter-goethe-307x450.jpg 307w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdichter-goethe-512x750.jpg 512w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdichter-goethe-614x900.jpg 614w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdichter-goethe-410x600.jpg 410w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdichter-goethe-1024x1500.jpg 1024w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdichter-goethe-819x1200.jpg 819w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdichter-goethe.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdichter-goethe-205x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdichter-goethe-320x320.jpg"},caption:"... Johann Wolfgang von Goethe met an ill-tempered Schüppach."},joint:{caption:a,source:h}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Michael Schüppach was born in Biglen in the canton of Bern in 1707, the eldest of seven children. He left school at 16 and embarked on an apprenticeship as a barber-surgeon, an occupation that covered haircutting and beard shaving, but also included medical training to treat wounds and perform surgery. The young Michael was so good with patients that he was able to take over Hans Fuhrer’s barber shop in Langnau im Emmental aged just 20."}},{blockName:ct,blockData:{title:"The role of the barber-surgeon",image:a,caption:a,date:{start:p,end:p},location:{title:a,url:a},text:"From as early as the Middle Ages, barber-surgeons were medically trained to treat wounds and diseases, as well as shaving, hair cutting and personal grooming. The services of barber-surgeons were so in demand that they were often called on to treat soldiers during wartime. However, the quality of training varied according to the knowledge of teachers and the talent and ambition of students."}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"Between chemistry and natural healing",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Schüppach’s interest went well beyond what he was taught in the classroom. He was an excellent observer. Goethe described how he inspected his visitors with his “…piercing, light-coloured eyes…”, almost as though he could see right inside them. As a proponent of the humoral medical theory – which at the time was already contested outside of Emmental – he was nevertheless very successful in his diagnoses. By observing his patients and examining their urine, he provided many a successful therapy.\r\n\r\nSchüppach was a lifelong learner and knew as much about natural healing as he did about chemistry. He usually mixed his own tinctures and healing potions and sometimes gave them curious names such as \u003Cem\u003E‘Blüemliherz’\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (little flower heart), \u003Cem\u003E‘Freudenöl’\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (pleasure oil) and \u003Cem\u003E‘liebreicher Himmelstau’\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (loving sundew). Schüppach also kept a diary about his patients, documenting their ailments, treatments, and the prescribed medicines with painstaking precision."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:151118,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwunderarzt-mit-tinktur.jpg",alt:dv,title:dv,height:1351,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:J,url:gs},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwunderarzt-mit-tinktur-266x300.jpg 266w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwunderarzt-mit-tinktur-400x450.jpg 400w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwunderarzt-mit-tinktur-666x750.jpg 666w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwunderarzt-mit-tinktur-799x900.jpg 799w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwunderarzt-mit-tinktur-533x600.jpg 533w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwunderarzt-mit-tinktur-1066x1200.jpg 1066w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwunderarzt-mit-tinktur.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwunderarzt-mit-tinktur-266x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwunderarzt-mit-tinktur-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:dv,source:{title:J,url:gs}}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"A trailblazer for tourism",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Goethe wasn’t really sick when he stopped in Langnau on his tour of Switzerland. He was merely curious. Others who were interested and apparently sick also headed to Emmental. Schüppach’s illustrious patients included priest, philosopher and practitioner of the (now discredited) practice of physiognomics, Johann Caspar Lavater; travel writer César de Saussure; mathematician and physicist Samuel Rudolf Jeanneret from Grandson; and Rosine King of Wyttenbach, whose diabetes Michael Schüppach failed to cure.\r\n\r\nBut not everyone admired the mountain doctor from Emmental. One of his harshest critics was Albrecht von Haller (1708–77), a famous physician and natural scientist from Bern. Without ever visiting Schüppach, von Haller dubbed the Langnau doctor as a “market trader”, basing his views mainly on reports by Jakob Köchlin. Köchlin, also a doctor, was from Alsace and had visited Schüppach “the farmer from Langnau” in 1775.\r\n\r\nBut all this criticism didn’t harm the mountain doctor’s popularity in the slightest. At peak times he would see between 80 and 90 patients in his small practice. His guests would often stay overnight or for several days. In 1733 Schüppach acquired the \u003Cem\u003EGasthof Bären Inn\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in Langnau, to practise there and also to be able to offer accommodation. In 1739 a spa building was added to the house and laboratory. Schüppach therefore built his own little empire and, in doing so, launched tourism in the region."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:151662,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fresidenz-schuppach.jpg",alt:dw,title:dw,height:860,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:J,url:gt},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fresidenz-schuppach-300x215.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fresidenz-schuppach-450x323.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fresidenz-schuppach-750x538.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fresidenz-schuppach-900x645.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fresidenz-schuppach-600x430.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fresidenz-schuppach.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fresidenz-schuppach-300x215.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fresidenz-schuppach-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:dw,source:{title:J,url:gt}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"What Michael Schüppach may have lacked in medical training, he made up for with his knowledge of human nature. He had a remarkable ability to read people. Equally remarkable was his openness to new treatment methods. For example, he purchased an electrostatic generator – a revolutionary device at the time that was designed to heal people thought to be possessed by the devil using targeted electrical current. Unfortunately, we don’t know how successful it was.\r\n\r\nDespite his numerous medical successes, Schüppach was a child of his time and – like most of his local patients – he was highly superstitious. His practice in Langnau contained many a superstitious remedy, such as pulverised gemstones, spiders, toads and even the horn of a ‘unicorn’ (narwhal tusk)."}},{blockName:gp,blockData:{left:{image:{id:151124,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Felektrisiermaschine-schuppach.jpg",alt:dx,title:dx,height:821,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:"Picture provided",url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Felektrisiermaschine-schuppach-300x205.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Felektrisiermaschine-schuppach-450x308.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Felektrisiermaschine-schuppach-750x513.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Felektrisiermaschine-schuppach-900x616.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Felektrisiermaschine-schuppach-600x411.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Felektrisiermaschine-schuppach.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Felektrisiermaschine-schuppach-300x205.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Felektrisiermaschine-schuppach-320x320.jpg"},caption:dx},right:{image:{id:151111,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fnarwal.jpg",alt:dy,title:dy,height:812,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:T,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:Natural_history_of_the_animal_kingdom_for_the_use_of_young_people_-_in_three_parts,_comprising_I._Mammalia_-_II._Birds_-_Part_III._Reptiles,_amphibia,_fishes,_insects,_worms,_molluscs,_zoophytes,_%26c._(14565573838).jpg"},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fnarwal-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fnarwal-450x305.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fnarwal-750x508.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fnarwal-900x609.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fnarwal-600x406.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fnarwal.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fnarwal-300x203.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fnarwal-320x320.jpg"},caption:dy},joint:{caption:a,source:h}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Business was booming, as shown by the entries in Schüppach’s consultation books. Patients sometimes came from far away to see him, allowing the doctor’s family to enjoy a comfortable life and lending Langnau a decidedly international flair. But his success was eyed with suspicion by some of his colleagues. Michael Schüppach treated and operated on people, although he had no professional qualifications. He also trained apprentices and even carried out examinations to assist with the murder case of Hans Heimberger, who was found battered to death in a small barn in Trub in 1754.\r\n\r\nSchüppach had to be admonished twice before he finally obtained his master’s certificate from the \u003Cem\u003EBernische Chirurgische Societät\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in 1746 and from then on was able to use the title \u003Cem\u003E‘Medicinae et Chirurgiae Practico’\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\r\n\r\nYet Schüppach seemed not to pay much heed to his own medical advice. Contemporary pictures and descriptions suggest that he was a corpulent and ponderous man who was usually sedentary when he saw patients. At the age of 74 he suffered a fatal stroke and was subsequently forgotten for many years."}}];gf.snm_model={categories:[{parent:h,order:ag,id:d,name:af,description:a,slug:ab,taxonomy:g,permalink:Z},{parent:{parent:h,order:M,id:i,name:O,description:a,slug:P,taxonomy:g,permalink:S},order:z,id:K,name:cu,description:a,slug:cv,taxonomy:g,permalink:cw},{parent:{parent:h,order:aw,id:m,name:aG,description:a,slug:aH,taxonomy:g,permalink:ba},order:z,id:ao,name:"Education",description:a,slug:"education",taxonomy:g,permalink:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fsociety\u002Feducation\u002F"},{parent:h,order:dz,id:b,name:dA,description:a,slug:bj,taxonomy:g,permalink:gu}],primaryCategory:d,comments:[],coordinates:{latitude:gv,longitude:gw},id:bq,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:h,link:dp,portrait:{id:dq,url:aP,alt:a,title:aQ,height:aR,width:aR,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:p,srcset:dr,poster:ds,square:aP},id:dt,name:aQ,description:du},language:B,availableLanguages:{de:{single:"emmentaler-wunderarzt"},fr:{single:"le-medecin-emmentalois-qui-faisait-des-miracles"}},slug:gg,title:br,excerpt:go,postType:v,permalink:gh,thumbnail:{id:gi,url:gj,alt:bf,title:bf,height:o,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:J,url:gk},srcset:gl,poster:gm,square:gn},date:1730361600,readableDate:"31.10.2024",modifiedDate:1724916481,readableModifiedDate:a,seoTitle:a,seoDescription:a};gx.id=bs;gx.date="2024-10-08T08:00:00";gx.slug=gy;gx.type=v;gx.link=gz;gx.title={rendered:bt};gx.content={rendered:"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",protected:p};gx.excerpt={rendered:"\u003Cp\u003EOn 9 October 1874, the Universal Postal Union was established in Bern, laying the foundation for modern communication. To this day, it allows the global exchange of letters and parcels and is a cornerstone of global postal traffic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca class=\"button\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fthe-story-of-the-universal-postal-union\u002F\"\u003Eread more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",protected:p,rendered_internal:"\u003Cp\u003EOn 9 October 1874, the Universal Postal Union was established in Bern, laying the foundation for modern communication. To this day, it allows the global exchange of letters and parcels and is a cornerstone of global postal traffic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n"};gx.yoast_head="\u003C!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.6 (Yoast SEO v23.6) - https:\u002F\u002Fyoast.com\u002Fwordpress\u002Fplugins\u002Fseo\u002F --\u003E\n\u003Ctitle\u003EThe story of the Universal Postal Union – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\u003C\u002Ftitle\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"On 9 October 1874, the Universal Postal Union was established in Bern, laying the foundation for modern communication. To this day, it allows the global exchange of letters and parcels and is a cornerstone of global postal traffic.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fthe-story-of-the-universal-postal-union\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The story of the Universal Postal Union\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"On 9 October 1874, the Universal Postal Union was established in Bern, laying the foundation for modern communication. To this day, it allows the global exchange of letters and parcels and is a cornerstone of global postal traffic.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fthe-story-of-the-universal-postal-union\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FLandesmuseumZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-10-08T06:00:00+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-10-07T12:16:56+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-logo-blau.jpg\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1600\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1200\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\u002Fjpeg\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Madeleine Herren\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Verfasst von\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Madeleine Herren\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Geschätzte Lesezeit\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"15 Minuten\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cscript type=\"application\u002Fld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003E{\"@context\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fthe-story-of-the-universal-postal-union\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fthe-story-of-the-universal-postal-union\u002F\",\"name\":\"The story of the Universal Postal Union – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fthe-story-of-the-universal-postal-union\u002F#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fthe-story-of-the-universal-postal-union\u002F#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-logo-blau.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-10-08T06:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-10-07T12:16:56+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002Fcf231344aef3b7024ff09589513e3942\"},\"description\":\"On 9 October 1874, the Universal Postal Union was established in Bern, laying the foundation for modern communication. To this day, it allows the global exchange of letters and parcels and is a cornerstone of global postal traffic.\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fthe-story-of-the-universal-postal-union\u002F\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fthe-story-of-the-universal-postal-union\u002F#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-logo-blau.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-logo-blau.jpg\",\"width\":1600,\"height\":1200,\"caption\":\"Since 1948 the Universal Postal Union has been a specialised agency of the UN.\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F\",\"name\":\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"description\":\"Background and stories about the collection and exhibition\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002Fcf231344aef3b7024ff09589513e3942\",\"name\":\"Madeleine Herren\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002Fimage\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002F025ca02cc8072e256a438f91d9798db5?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002F025ca02cc8072e256a438f91d9798db5?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Madeleine Herren\"},\"description\":\"Prof. em. Dr. Madeleine Herren ist die ehemalige Direktorin des Europainstituts der Universität Basel und emeritierte Professorin für Neuere Allgemeine Geschichte.\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fmadeleine-herren\u002F\"}]}\u003C\u002Fscript\u003E\n\u003C!-- \u002F Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003E";gx.lang=B;gx.translations={en:bs,de:154124,fr:154972};gx.snm_blocks=[{blockName:ap,blockData:{image:{id:gA,url:gB,alt:bg,title:bg,height:o,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:T,url:gC},srcset:gD,poster:gE,square:gF},video:h,videoMobile:h,title:bt,caption:bg,lead:gG,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:a,link:gH,portrait:{id:gI,url:gJ,alt:a,title:gK,height:N,width:N,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:p,srcset:gL,poster:gM,square:gN},id:gO,name:gP,description:gQ}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"In the plush Empire room of Bern’s former guild hall, the delegates of the International Postal Congress convened for the last meeting on 9 October 1874 to sign the Treaty of Bern establishing the General Postal Union (later renamed the Universal Postal Union). In attracting another international organisation to Bern (following the International Telecommunication Union), Switzerland as a host state had therefore pulled off a politically significant move for a second time. Once again – and not for the last time – Switzerland was to be the ‘depositary’ of an international treaty and to assume overall control of an international organisation.\r\n\r\nThe Universal Postal Union (UPU) is one of the key institutions of Switzerland’s foreign policy, as the country was entrusted with a growing number of new international organisations in the second half of the 19th century, pursuing a policy of multilateralism \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dodis.ch\u002Fen\u002Fq13\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003Ebefore the concept even existed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The UPU unified its member states into a single postal territory. The mutual recognition of charges and transit dues made it instantly possible for letters, postcards and parcels to be delivered across borders, and soon for money to be transferred, too – worldwide and with a steadily growing membership spanning all continents.\r\n\r\nEven the founding congress went well beyond the customary diplomatic conferences of the ‘Concert of Europe’. The founding members who gathered in Bern hailed from no fewer than 22 countries, with representatives even travelling from the Ottoman Empire, Egypt and the United States. The Neuchâtel federal councillor \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdodis.ch\u002FP32913\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EEugène Borel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E chaired the congress as head of the post department and was gifted a silver tea set at the last meeting by the conference participants as a thank you. The tea set attracted its fair share of press attention, and not only because of its hefty CHF 3,000 price tag. The attention was also due to the fact that the expectations of the new organisation were engraved on the silver platter, namely \u003Cem\u003ELibre échange postal\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (free movement of post) – \u003Cem\u003EUnion générale des postes\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (general postal union) – \u003Cem\u003EUniformité des taxes\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (uniformity of charges) and world peace no less through a \u003Cem\u003ERapprochement des peuples\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (rapprochment of peoples)."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:154133,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-br-eugene-borel-1870.jpg",alt:dB,title:dB,height:1708,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:J,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-br-eugene-borel-1870-211x300.jpg 211w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-br-eugene-borel-1870-1079x1536.jpg 1079w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-br-eugene-borel-1870-316x450.jpg 316w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-br-eugene-borel-1870-527x750.jpg 527w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-br-eugene-borel-1870-632x900.jpg 632w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-br-eugene-borel-1870-422x600.jpg 422w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-br-eugene-borel-1870-1054x1500.jpg 1054w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-br-eugene-borel-1870-843x1200.jpg 843w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-br-eugene-borel-1870.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-br-eugene-borel-1870-211x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-br-eugene-borel-1870-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:dB,source:{title:J,url:a}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"The press and the diplomatic corps followed the founding congress in Bern with great interest. It should be noted, however, that the idea of an international union of national postal administrations was already over ten years old by the time the treaty was signed, and had not originated in Bern. The man who is actually considered the father of the Universal Postal Union is German postal official Heinrich von Stephan (1831–97), whom Eugène Borel visited in Berlin ahead of the conference. A portrait painted in 1897 shows Heinrich von Stephan, who was ennobled in 1885, in dress uniform with a huge globe turned to show the Red Sea and Suez Canal.\r\n\r\nStephan is key to understanding the UPU and its significance in the history of international organisations. Evidently, the distribution of mail was not about state use of new technologies; the princely house of Thurn and Taxis had already made money from European mail transportation in the 16th century. For Stephan, it was about enforcing a state monopoly and in the case of Germany, this was done through sheer military might. Following the Austro-Prussian War, the Thurn and Taxis family were forced to give up the postal business and, when the German Reich was founded, a postal system was established for the new nation state."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:154162,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FGemaelde-Heinrich-von-Stephan-1897.jpg",alt:dC,title:dC,height:1863,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:gR,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FGemaelde-Heinrich-von-Stephan-1897-193x300.jpg 193w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FGemaelde-Heinrich-von-Stephan-1897-989x1536.jpg 989w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FGemaelde-Heinrich-von-Stephan-1897-290x450.jpg 290w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FGemaelde-Heinrich-von-Stephan-1897-483x750.jpg 483w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FGemaelde-Heinrich-von-Stephan-1897-580x900.jpg 580w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FGemaelde-Heinrich-von-Stephan-1897-386x600.jpg 386w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FGemaelde-Heinrich-von-Stephan-1897-966x1500.jpg 966w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FGemaelde-Heinrich-von-Stephan-1897-1159x1800.jpg 1159w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FGemaelde-Heinrich-von-Stephan-1897-773x1200.jpg 773w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FGemaelde-Heinrich-von-Stephan-1897.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FGemaelde-Heinrich-von-Stephan-1897-193x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002FGemaelde-Heinrich-von-Stephan-1897-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:dC,source:{title:gR,url:a}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"The subordination of former cross-border players and institutions to the modern nation state that emerged in the 19th century, characterises one of the central objectives of the first generation of international organisations, and at the same time indicates a structural dilemma. The assertion of state authority always had to be relativised when it came to exploiting the opening of a global market. In this grey zone, cross-border networks began to develop, building on very different ideas, and involving anarchists and state postal and colonial administrations as well as Swiss export firms and pacifist proponents of liberal internationalism.\r\n\r\nThis broad spectrum was reflected in the Universal Postal Union of the 19th century – but the organisation was not only demanded by a very wide range of different actors. It also had an almost unavoidable influence on people’s lives, whether because they had started writing letters, or witnessed the explosive expansion of post offices in their local areas, or as merchants who had benefited from the establishment of parcel post and free postage for sample shipments. The UPU internationalised and globalised the postal system as a state monopoly. This key feature has become increasingly problematic in the 21st century, as private online and courier services now call into question the model and challenge the Universal Postal Union, which has been a UN specialised agency since 1948."}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"An international organisation for millions of people",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Just 16 months after the founding congress, in 1876, a second international Postal Union conference was held in Bern, this time in the Chamber of the Council of States, and was chaired by Borel’s successor, federal councillor Joachim Heer. The conference had been called because the application for membership of British India entailed identical requirements for the European colonial powers. The Universal Postal Union had thus become an organisation with global reach. The next Postal Union Congress, held in Paris in 1878, took account of this, and from then on the organisation was renamed the \u003Cem\u003EUnion Postale Universelle\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Universal Postal Union) – and also consisted of colonial officials.\r\n\r\nAt the conference in Paris, diplomat and Swiss delegate Johann Konrad Kern highlighted the vast scale of the Universal Postal Union, which had grown to 38 member states, and covered a population of 652 million people. He wanted to show that the organisation was continually growing, and therefore shaping people’s everyday lives. The global machinery of the UPU allowed millions of migrants to exchange letters with their families at home. People made use of the new medium of postcards that bore the logo of the Universal Postal Union. The postage stamps recognised by the UPU, which actually were only meant to regulate the transfer charges, became visual carriers of national identity and collectors’ items for philatelists the world over."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:154155,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-weltpostverein-1905.jpg",alt:dD,title:dD,height:774,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:J,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-weltpostverein-1905-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-weltpostverein-1905-450x290.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-weltpostverein-1905-750x484.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-weltpostverein-1905-900x581.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-weltpostverein-1905-600x387.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-weltpostverein-1905.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-weltpostverein-1905-300x194.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-weltpostverein-1905-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:dD,source:{title:J,url:a}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"At the 1900 World Postal Congress, again held in Bern, delegates decided to erect a monument to mark the organisation’s 25th anniversary, leading to a high-profile contest. The winner, French sculptor René de St.Marceaux, created a work entitled\u003Cem\u003E ‘autour du monde’\u003C\u002Fem\u003E featuring personified stereotypes of the five continents floating around a mighty globe.\r\n\r\nThe monument, which was displayed in close proximity to the Federal Palace, was not a hit with everyone. But it provided the UPU with a recognisable symbol that became a part of Swiss cultural heritage before the First World War and is still used to this day. The cosmopolitan chocolatier and pacifist Theodor Tobler distributed poster stamps in the artificial language Ido with his company’s products, one of which featured the motif of the Universal Postal Union monument – but instead of letters, the continents were slipping each other milk chocolate bars."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:154382,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-denkmal-postkarte-1909.jpg",alt:dE,title:dE,height:770,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:gS,url:gT},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-denkmal-postkarte-1909-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-denkmal-postkarte-1909-450x289.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-denkmal-postkarte-1909-750x481.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-denkmal-postkarte-1909-900x578.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-denkmal-postkarte-1909-600x385.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-denkmal-postkarte-1909.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-denkmal-postkarte-1909-300x193.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-denkmal-postkarte-1909-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:dE,source:{title:gS,url:gT}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"At this point, the expansion of postal traffic and the coordination of post offices through an international agency seemed to fulfil more of an administrative than a foreign policy function. While in the early days, the agency in Bern was headed up by a former federal councillor, the office itself had fewer than ten members of staff. But the founding generation of these international organisations had one of the most powerful narratives of the 19th century at its disposal: statistics gleaned from global data. The information provided in this way was nowhere near as technical nor as neutral as its publishers claimed. The \u003Cem\u003E‘Statistiques des services postaux’\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (postal services statistics) published by the Bern agency were used to communicate the continuous enlargement of the single postal territory. But from the seemingly innocuous announcements on mail traffic, it was not difficult to gauge the international situation. For example, in 1878, the Universal Postal Union announced that postal traffic in the Russian Empire had significantly declined. This was not due to a political crisis but to the end of the Russo-Turkish war. The UPU interpreted it as far fewer letters being sent after the return of the Russian troops."}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Although the agencies were small, they were a cost-effective investment for the host country entrusted with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdodis.ch\u002F59538\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003Eoverall supervision\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as their administration was funded by membership fees. The same also applied to the prestigious post of director, which Eugène Borel took up after just two years on the Federal Council. In the late 19th century, it was considered inevitable, particularly in French diplomatic circles, that the international organisations in Bern were a golden parachute for outgoing federal councillors – considering the non-existent pension of federal councillors at the time, Borel’s annual salary of CHF 15,000 as reported in the press was indeed noteworthy."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:154361,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-weltpostverein-1900-mit-personlichkeiten.jpg",alt:dF,title:dF,height:758,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:J,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-weltpostverein-1900-mit-personlichkeiten-300x190.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-weltpostverein-1900-mit-personlichkeiten-450x284.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-weltpostverein-1900-mit-personlichkeiten-750x474.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-weltpostverein-1900-mit-personlichkeiten-900x569.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-weltpostverein-1900-mit-personlichkeiten-600x379.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-weltpostverein-1900-mit-personlichkeiten.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-weltpostverein-1900-mit-personlichkeiten-300x190.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpostkarte-weltpostverein-1900-mit-personlichkeiten-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:dF,source:{title:J,url:a}}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"Fragile freight for bee keepers",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"The \u003Cem\u003ERecueil de renseignements sur l’organisation des administrations de l’Union et sur leurs services internes\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, a publication by the Universal Postal Union released in 1911, is an example of how the UPU as part of the international history of transport and infrastructure can provide an insight into the micro history of global events. The influence of stakeholder groups is obvious, but is in no way limited to major enterprises – for example, bee keepers made sure that it was possible to send live queens. Key stakeholders such as the Basel Chamber of Commerce influenced the debate on delivery costs at Post Congresses and occasionally intervened directly via transnational channels to ensure that post from London would be delivered to Basel by 6am rather than 10am."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:154181,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelblatt-publikation-weltpostverein-1911.jpg",alt:gU,title:gU,height:1609,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:gV,url:gW},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelblatt-publikation-weltpostverein-1911-224x300.jpg 224w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelblatt-publikation-weltpostverein-1911-1146x1536.jpg 1146w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelblatt-publikation-weltpostverein-1911-336x450.jpg 336w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelblatt-publikation-weltpostverein-1911-559x750.jpg 559w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelblatt-publikation-weltpostverein-1911-671x900.jpg 671w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelblatt-publikation-weltpostverein-1911-447x600.jpg 447w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelblatt-publikation-weltpostverein-1911-1119x1500.jpg 1119w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelblatt-publikation-weltpostverein-1911-895x1200.jpg 895w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelblatt-publikation-weltpostverein-1911.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelblatt-publikation-weltpostverein-1911-224x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelblatt-publikation-weltpostverein-1911-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:"Title page from the publication \u003Cem\u003ERecueil de renseignements sur l’organisation des administrations de l’Union et sur leurs services internes\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, by the Universal Postal Union, 1911.",source:{title:gV,url:gW}}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"Postal accounts for women and discounts for ruling princes",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Postal regulations may seem dry, but if we take a closer look, they reveal some unexpected discoveries. For example, women in some UPU member states could open their own accounts and withdraw money, even without a father or husband. Considering the political and legal discrimination against women at the time, such regulations are striking, especially as they not only applied in France, Belgium and Japan, but also in the British colonies in Africa and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgallica.bnf.fr\u002Fark:\u002F12148\u002Fbpt6k65716170\u002Ff794.item\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EUganda\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. At the same time, the regulations enforced prevalent privileges. For example, in the German Reich, the ruling princes, and their wives and widows, enjoyed unlimited free postage. And if you’ve ever wondered how the many animals, plants and geological artefacts were transported to the newly-built museums in major cities in the West in the 19th century, the Universal Postal Union also has the answers: for the British Empire, the acronym \u003Cem\u003EO.H.M.S\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (On Her\u002FHis Majesty’s Service) was used to transport \u003Cem\u003E‘spécimens d’histoire naturelle’\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (national history specimens) to museums free of charge."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:154202,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbrief-im-namen-ihrer-koniglichen-hoheit-porte-billiger.jpg",alt:dG,title:dG,height:601,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:T,url:gX},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbrief-im-namen-ihrer-koniglichen-hoheit-porte-billiger-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbrief-im-namen-ihrer-koniglichen-hoheit-porte-billiger-450x225.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbrief-im-namen-ihrer-koniglichen-hoheit-porte-billiger-750x376.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbrief-im-namen-ihrer-koniglichen-hoheit-porte-billiger-900x451.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbrief-im-namen-ihrer-koniglichen-hoheit-porte-billiger-600x301.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbrief-im-namen-ihrer-koniglichen-hoheit-porte-billiger.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbrief-im-namen-ihrer-koniglichen-hoheit-porte-billiger-300x150.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbrief-im-namen-ihrer-koniglichen-hoheit-porte-billiger-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:dG,source:{title:T,url:gX}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"The regulations compiled and published by the Universal Postal Union also contained substantial evidence of asymmetrical power relations. On the one hand, this involved extensive scope for censorship. In Japan, for example, nothing could be placed in the post that appeared to be \u003Cem\u003E“dangerous to public order”\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Nearly all the regulations prohibited the sending of pornographic or indecent material in the broadest sense of the term. But on the other, the list of prohibited articles also reflected the state of scientific knowledge: for example, the sending of bacteria by post was not permitted.\r\n\r\nBesides such everyday examples, the membership of the Universal Postal Union, the rapid integration of the colonies, and the long-delayed admission of China also reflect the global power dynamics at the time. The late recognition of China as a member of the Universal Postal Union is a telling example of how the West and Japan covered the Chinese territory with post offices, thereby not only enjoying economic advantages but also asserting claims to political power primarily in the East Asian trading metropolises and the major ports."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:154375,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-peter-kropotokine-1880.jpg",alt:dH,title:dH,height:1258,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:T,url:gY},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-peter-kropotokine-1880-286x300.jpg 286w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-peter-kropotokine-1880-429x450.jpg 429w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-peter-kropotokine-1880-715x750.jpg 715w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-peter-kropotokine-1880-859x900.jpg 859w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-peter-kropotokine-1880-572x600.jpg 572w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-peter-kropotokine-1880-1145x1200.jpg 1145w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-peter-kropotokine-1880.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-peter-kropotokine-1880-286x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fportrat-peter-kropotokine-1880-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:dH,source:{title:T,url:gY}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"The Universal Postal Union presents an interesting challenge to our understanding of global interconnectedness and multilateral decision-making. The organisation has been part of everyday life since 1874, is essential for accessing the global market, and is a key example of how Switzerland expanded its multilateral foreign policy in the shadow of technical cooperation. But in the founding phase, expectations went even further, with the Universal Postal Union held up as a means of peaceful conflict resolution. The founding treaty set out arbitration proceedings for the resolution of disputes in mail traffic that were even cited in the Hague Conventions. But the appeal of global interconnectedness also has its drawbacks besides the consolidation of asymmetrical power relations. The Federal Council probably didn’t much like the fact that anarchist aristocrat Peter Kropotkin, who was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fedlex.admin.ch\u002Feli\u002Ffga\u002F1881\u002F3_715__\u002Fde\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003Eexpelled\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from Switzerland in 1881, was also an ardent admirer of the Universal Postal Union."}},{blockName:ct,blockData:{title:"Collaboration",image:a,caption:a,date:{start:p,end:p},location:{title:a,url:a},text:"This text was born of a collaboration between the Swiss National Museum and the Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland research centre (Dodis). Madeleine Herren is Chair of the Dodis Commission and co-editor of the source edition \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dodis.ch\u002Fen\u002Fq13\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDie Schweiz und die Konstruktion des Multilateralismus\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (‘Switzerland and the construction of multilateralism’) volume 1, published in 2023."}}];gx.snm_model={categories:[{parent:h,order:ag,id:d,name:af,description:a,slug:ab,taxonomy:g,permalink:Z},{parent:h,order:M,id:i,name:O,description:a,slug:P,taxonomy:g,permalink:S},{parent:h,order:U,id:e,name:V,description:a,slug:W,taxonomy:g,permalink:_}],primaryCategory:e,comments:[],coordinates:{latitude:gZ,longitude:g_},id:bs,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:a,link:gH,portrait:{id:gI,url:gJ,alt:a,title:gK,height:N,width:N,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:p,srcset:gL,poster:gM,square:gN},id:gO,name:gP,description:gQ},language:B,availableLanguages:{de:{single:"die-gruendung-des-weltpostvereins"},fr:{single:"lhistoire-de-lunion-postale-universelle"}},slug:gy,title:bt,excerpt:gG,postType:v,permalink:gz,thumbnail:{id:gA,url:gB,alt:bg,title:bg,height:o,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:T,url:gC},srcset:gD,poster:gE,square:gF},date:1728374400,readableDate:"08.10.2024",modifiedDate:1728310616,readableModifiedDate:a,seoTitle:a,seoDescription:a};g$.id=bu;g$.date="2024-10-03T08:00:36";g$.slug=ha;g$.type=v;g$.link=hb;g$.title={rendered:dI};g$.content={rendered:"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",protected:p};g$.excerpt={rendered:"\u003Cp\u003ESmall towns are rich in cultural history, remnants of which leave their mark on the public space and shape our historical awareness. Willisau is no exception: a small town that wears its biography openly, with an enticing mix of the typical and the unusual that is both instructive and appealing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca class=\"button\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fwillisau-a-small-town-and-open-history-book\u002F\"\u003Eread more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",protected:p,rendered_internal:"\u003Cp\u003ESmall towns are rich in cultural history, remnants of which leave their mark on the public space and shape our historical awareness. Willisau is no exception: a small town that wears its biography openly, with an enticing mix of the typical and the unusual that is both instructive and appealing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n"};g$.yoast_head="\u003C!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.6 (Yoast SEO v23.6) - https:\u002F\u002Fyoast.com\u002Fwordpress\u002Fplugins\u002Fseo\u002F --\u003E\n\u003Ctitle\u003EWillisau. A small town and open history book – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\u003C\u002Ftitle\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Small towns are rich in cultural history, remnants of which leave their mark on the public space and shape our historical awareness. Willisau is no exception: a small town that wears its biography openly, with an enticing mix of the typical and the unusual that is both instructive and appealing.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fwillisau-a-small-town-and-open-history-book\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Willisau. A small town and open history book\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Small towns are rich in cultural history, remnants of which leave their mark on the public space and shape our historical awareness. Willisau is no exception: a small town that wears its biography openly, with an enticing mix of the typical and the unusual that is both instructive and appealing.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fwillisau-a-small-town-and-open-history-book\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FLandesmuseumZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-10-03T06:00:36+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-10-03T06:00:55+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-titel.jpg\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1600\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1200\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\u002Fjpeg\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Kurt Messmer\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Verfasst von\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kurt Messmer\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Geschätzte Lesezeit\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"12 Minuten\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cscript type=\"application\u002Fld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003E{\"@context\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fwillisau-a-small-town-and-open-history-book\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fwillisau-a-small-town-and-open-history-book\u002F\",\"name\":\"Willisau. A small town and open history book – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fwillisau-a-small-town-and-open-history-book\u002F#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fwillisau-a-small-town-and-open-history-book\u002F#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-titel.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-10-03T06:00:36+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-10-03T06:00:55+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002Fd8e368b9fa9afb323d8d4b137ab46b71\"},\"description\":\"Small towns are rich in cultural history, remnants of which leave their mark on the public space and shape our historical awareness. 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A small town and open history book",caption:"Towers and walls separate medieval towns from the outside world. Inside these walls, enclosed rows of houses lend the narrow streets and squares their special atmosphere. As here in Willisau, pictured before 2013.",lead:hi,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:a,link:hj,portrait:{id:hk,url:hl,alt:a,title:L,height:ai,width:ai,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:p,srcset:hm,poster:hn,square:ho},id:hp,name:L,description:hq}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"The history of a town follows a chronology; exploring a town means taking one step after another, with scant regard for dates and subjects. Nevertheless, a full picture emerges at the end, made up of multiple parts, and with multiple meanings. Alongside a wealth of verifiable facts, we are left with many stimulating, unanswered questions. Welcome to Willisau, district capital and heart of the Lucerne hinterland."}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"The Lower Gate. A monument in the truest sense",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"A storybook entrance to the town. Magnificent, this gate tower with its monumental clock, gold numerals against black and red. But wait: isn’t the archway a little too large? Were the wagons that passed through it in the Middle Ages really loaded that high? – Aha, the gate dates back to 1980, is made of concrete, the arched opening tall and wide enough that even fire engines and double-decker buses can drive through it."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:153486,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-untertor.jpg",alt:dJ,title:dJ,height:1222,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:L,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-untertor-300x229.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-untertor-1536x1173.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-untertor-450x344.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-untertor-750x573.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-untertor-900x687.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-untertor-600x458.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-untertor-1500x1146.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-untertor-1200x917.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-untertor.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-untertor-300x229.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-untertor-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:dJ,source:{title:L,url:a}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"The key dates of the Lower Gate: first mentioned in 1347, it burned down in 1471 and was rebuilt. It burned down again in 1704 and was rebuilt. It was pulled down in 1854 but not rebuilt until newly erected in 1980 based on pictures of the original design.\r\n\r\nWe can look at this in one of two ways: a) A gap of this kind serves to remind us of the urban defortification in the 19th century, which placed town and country on an equal footing. The gap must be left as it is. Replacing it with a new building after 126 years falsifies history, a trend typical of the 1970s, when ‘historic’ buildings sprang up all over the place; b) Careful! We shouldn’t read too much historically into the gap between buildings. Today’s gate has a ‘Hollywood’ feel? Does anyone actually think it’s the same gate as in 1347, 1471 or 1704? – It's up to you to decide."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:153447,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-1962.jpg",alt:dK,title:dK,height:1116,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:hr,url:hs},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-1962-300x209.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-1962-1536x1071.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-1962-450x314.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-1962-750x523.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-1962-900x628.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-1962-600x419.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-1962-1500x1046.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-1962-1200x837.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-1962.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-1962-300x209.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-1962-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:dK,source:{title:hr,url:hs}}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"The old hospital. Light and shade",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"A town has a hospital, a village doesn’t. From the time that towns were founded, hospitals tended to the needy. This was where the old and the sick, single mothers and orphaned children, the physically and mentally impaired, beggars and outsiders could find food, lodging and care, initially for a short period, later permanently. Pilgrims were also given shelter here, and provisions for their journey."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:153444,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-alter-spittel.jpg",alt:ht,title:ht,height:1186,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:L,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-alter-spittel-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-alter-spittel-1536x1139.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-alter-spittel-450x334.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-alter-spittel-750x556.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-alter-spittel-900x667.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-alter-spittel-600x445.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-alter-spittel-1500x1112.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-alter-spittel-1200x890.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-alter-spittel.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-alter-spittel-300x222.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-alter-spittel-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:"Willisau, the old hospital, exterior. The tradition of exterior arcades dates back to the late Middle Ages and in some cases remains part of today’s building code in the Old Town. There is a lot of leeway regarding form, material and colour, as seen especially in Schaalgasse. Worth taking a detour.",source:{title:L,url:a}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"In 1861, sisters from the Ingenbohl convent took over the care and supervision of the needy, applying the latest medical methods: sickbeds were often placed in the restored, extra-wide arcades in the belief that light and air would help speed recovery. But a shadier side was lurking close by. The rules of the ‘poorhouse‘, as the hospital was known in 1903, stated that: “Inmates are strictly forbidden from visiting hostelries and coffee houses and all private homes in the area and beyond; as punishment, offenders will be placed under house arrest for one to three days with bread and water.” A detailed catalogue of threatened punishments. The wrongdoers were locked up in wooden detention cells. No light, only shade."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:153480,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-spittel-verwahrungszellen.jpg",alt:hu,title:hu,height:818,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:hv,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-spittel-verwahrungszellen-300x205.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-spittel-verwahrungszellen-450x307.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-spittel-verwahrungszellen-750x511.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-spittel-verwahrungszellen-900x614.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-spittel-verwahrungszellen-600x409.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-spittel-verwahrungszellen.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-spittel-verwahrungszellen-300x205.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-spittel-verwahrungszellen-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:"Willisau, hospital, 19th century detention cells, each with two sliding hatches: one for food (centre) and one for removing the chamberpot (bottom). At that time, the detention cells were also used to confine patients who were resistant to calming medication.",source:{title:hv,url:a}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Is the world any better today than at the time of the ‘poorhouse’ in 1903? In any case, the former hospital site is now a different world, housing a toy library with play equipment for children in the arcades."}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"Small-scale animal husbandry causing occasional trouble for the owners",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Just a few metres away from the former poorhouse, the rural character of this small town remains evident. Solid wooden doors in the ground-floor brickwork at the rear of the buildings on Kirchgasse by the church remind us that livestock was once kept here."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:153453,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-bauten-am-schlossrain.jpg",alt:dL,title:dL,height:1593,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:L,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-bauten-am-schlossrain-226x300.jpg 226w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-bauten-am-schlossrain-1157x1536.jpg 1157w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-bauten-am-schlossrain-339x450.jpg 339w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-bauten-am-schlossrain-565x750.jpg 565w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-bauten-am-schlossrain-678x900.jpg 678w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-bauten-am-schlossrain-452x600.jpg 452w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-bauten-am-schlossrain-1130x1500.jpg 1130w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-bauten-am-schlossrain-904x1200.jpg 904w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-bauten-am-schlossrain.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-bauten-am-schlossrain-226x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-bauten-am-schlossrain-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:dL,source:{title:L,url:a}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Until fairly recently, many people produced their own food as a way of making ends meet. They grew fruit, vegetables and berries in the garden. Small animals yielded meat, milk, eggs, wool and pelts. Livestock was kept in some of the housebarns on Schlossrain right up to the 1950s. If you wanted to play a trick on one of the owners, you opened the door to their barn, preferably during the Sunday service. The result: once high mass was over, the process of retrieving the animals from all over the Old Town could begin."}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"The town hall – an erstwhile merchants’ hall and theatre",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"A medieval town was essentially a fortified market. Which meant that \u003Cem\u003E‘Kauff-haus und Mezig’\u003C\u002Fem\u003E ‒ merchants’ hall and butcher’s ‒ should occupy a central location. In Willisau, markets were initially held on the square before the church, then, from 1720, in the newly erected merchants’ hall more or less in the middle of the main street."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:153474,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-rathaus.jpg",alt:hw,title:hw,height:1241,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:L,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-rathaus-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-rathaus-1536x1191.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-rathaus-450x349.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-rathaus-750x582.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-rathaus-900x698.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-rathaus-600x465.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-rathaus-1500x1163.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-rathaus-1200x931.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-rathaus.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-rathaus-300x233.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-rathaus-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:"The merchants’ hall in Willisau. It increasingly became known as the Town Hall from 1912, when a civic meeting space was created on the first floor. The building acquired its current Jugendstil facade at the same time. The ground floor continued to serve as a slaughterhouse until the 1950s. The space is now dedicated to culture.",source:{title:L,url:a}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"The market function of these early merchants’ halls can be seen in the names given to the individual storeys. In Willisau, the ground floor ‘Schaal’ housed a hall where meat was sold, a drapers’ hall occupied the first floor \u003Cem\u003E‘Tuchlaube’\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, where corn was also traded and weekly and annual markets held. Today, an iron rod measuring the length of two ells at the entrance to the building reminds us that cloth was once traded here. In the ‘town hall’ of neighbouring Sursee, we find a ‘Sust’ where goods were stored for trading, an \u003Cem\u003E‘Ankenwaage’\u003C\u002Fem\u003E where butter was officially weighed and a drapers’ hall. Sempach has a butcher’s and a drapers’ hall. In Lucerne, markets are still held next to the town hall, whose first floor bears the name of the erstwhile granary (\u003Cem\u003E‘Kornschütte’\u003C\u002Fem\u003E). Functional names that provide a glimpse of the past.\r\n\r\nIn many places, market halls were also used as dance halls and theatres. But it’s rare to come across purpose-built stages and auditoriums, especially of such elegance as here, in merchants’ halls."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:153477,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-rathausbuhne.jpg",alt:hx,title:hx,height:fZ,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:aS,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-rathausbuhne-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-rathausbuhne-450x300.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-rathausbuhne-750x500.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-rathausbuhne-900x600.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-rathausbuhne-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-rathausbuhne.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-rathausbuhne-300x200.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-rathausbuhne-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:"Theatre auditorium in Willisau Town Hall. The Willisau Society of Theatre- and Music-Lovers was founded in 1804, the authorities approved the fitting out of a theatre on the second floor of the merchants’ hall in 1811. When the building underwent a complete restoration in 1991, the theatre space was relocated to the top floor.",source:{title:aS,url:a}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Typical: the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798 transformed subjects into citizens with equal rights, a previously unthinkable achievement. All too soon, the bourgeoisie began banding together in the urban centres forming all kinds of associations. Willisau’s Society of Theatre- and Music-Lovers is an early example of that.\r\n\r\nAtypical: in 1811, the omens for the establishment of a thriving theatre in Willisau were particularly auspicious. The Society of Theatre- and Music-Lovers was able to acquire the seating ‒ ascending rows of wooden benches ‒ from the nearby St. Urban monastery, and the town’s very own fine artist Xaver Hecht painted a magnificent stage curtain showing a landscape with the Greek god Apollo at its centre, lyre in hand, surrounded by three music-making cherubs and three dancing Graces. As the god of the arts and music, he is simultaneously seen flying through the sky in his horse-drawn chariot. Willisau’s Baroque theatre is a true gem."}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"Gasthaus Adler. The façade paintings and their meaning",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"A few steps in the direction of the Upper Gate, on the other side of the street, the Adler and Sternen restaurants hark back to the Peasants’ War of 1653, the most significant uprising of the old Swiss Confederacy in an era when the term ‘revolution’ was beginning to appear in sources throughout Europe for the very first time. The rebellious peasants, looked down on by the powers-that-be as ‘miserable beggars’, boldly set up a league of their own in opposition to that of the ruling authorities. Their ‘lords and masters’ seized on this as an excuse to exact bitter, ruthless revenge."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:153483,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-um-1760.jpg",alt:hy,title:hy,height:863,width:hz,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:hA,url:hB},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-um-1760-300x173.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-um-1760-450x259.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-um-1760-750x432.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-um-1760-900x518.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-um-1760-600x345.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-um-1760-1200x690.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-um-1760.jpg 1500w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-um-1760-300x173.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-um-1760-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:"Willisau, with the Bailiff’s Castle [B], built adjoining an existing tower in 1695, high above the town. Representative architecture as a demonstration of power. There could be no clearer way of flaunting the gap between the ruling elite and their subjects. Gone were the days in which the bailiff appointed by Lucerne lived cheek by jowl with the lower strata of society on the main street of the Old Town. David Herrliberger: Topographie der Eydgenossschaft, Zurich 1754–1773 (detail).",source:{title:hA,url:hB}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Remarkably, in 1653, a time of religious conflict, both the peasants and those who governed them succeeded in forming alliances that bridged the confessional divide. The rebels were driven by their determination to put up resistance, the ruling authorities by their determination to hold on to the reins of power."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:153441,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-adler.jpg",alt:hC,title:hC,height:1877,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:L,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-adler-192x300.jpg 192w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-adler-982x1536.jpg 982w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-adler-288x450.jpg 288w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-adler-479x750.jpg 479w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-adler-575x900.jpg 575w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-adler-384x600.jpg 384w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-adler-959x1500.jpg 959w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-adler-1151x1800.jpg 1151w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-adler-767x1200.jpg 767w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-adler.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-adler-192x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-adler-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:"Willisau, the Adler inn, façade paintings created in 1943 to commemorate the 1653 Peasants’ War. At top, four peasant leaders, from left to right, Antoni Farnbühler, Niklaus Leuenberger, Christian Schibi and local man Johann Jakob Peyer. The text records that the rebels assembled here and states where they came from: “from Entlebuch, Emmental and [the Lucerne] hinterland, from Gäu, Freiamt and Upper Aargau, from Solothurn and from Basel-Land”.",source:{title:L,url:a}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"The painting was created in the middle of the Second World War, in 1942\u002F43, when people were still afraid that Switzerland, “the little porcupine”, could be overrun by the German army “on the way back home”. Seen against this backdrop, the paintings on the façade of the Adler become an act of spiritual national defence. After all, in those dangerous times, farmers were called upon to put up resistance. They were expected to launch the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2023\u002F06\u002Fthe-swiss-railways-and-food-security\u002F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E‘Anbauschlacht’\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a programme to increase Swiss food production that also conjured up the unity of town and country. Willisau, a small rural town, was pre-destined for this role. The paintings show the Peasants’ War, but they really refer to the Second World War."}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"Street resurfacing and a source that can only be consulted once",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"In 2013, Farnbühler, Leuenberger, Schibi and Peyer, the four peasant leaders of 1653, still looked down on the church square. As the former marketplace, it promised to reveal particularly valuable information about the town’s past. Time and money would be needed to unearth this intelligence, buried in the ground. Time was pressing, money not forthcoming. It was March, the resurfacing of the main street was scheduled for completion by September. To cut costs, the cantonal government reduced the scope of the rescue excavation originally planned for the church square by 80%; the archaeological survey of the main street was abandoned completely. The cantonal archaeologists and the Wiggertal Heritage Society fought back using every available means, but in vain. The leader of the dig stated that: “Traces of the lives of at least 30 to 40 generations will be removed without being documented. Leaving behind a terrain with no history.”"}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:153459,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-gassensanierung-2013.jpg",alt:dM,title:dM,height:hD,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:hE,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-gassensanierung-2013-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-gassensanierung-2013-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-gassensanierung-2013-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-gassensanierung-2013-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-gassensanierung-2013-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-gassensanierung-2013.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-gassensanierung-2013-300x225.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-gassensanierung-2013-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:dM,source:{title:hE,url:a}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Written sources are the diametric opposite of archaeological finds. A document like the Federal Charter can be analysed over and over again. Archaeological finds, on the other hand, can only be dug up once. And even though the original site of the find is documented using state-of-the-art techniques during excavation, it is ultimately destroyed. How could it not be? No archaeologist digs in the same piece of ground twice, not even in Willisau."}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"The parish church. An elephant in the town centre",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"The church square. Willisau has the largest church in the region outside of Lucerne itself. But what does largest, highest, longest actually mean? The colonnade in the Neoclassical style, designed by Josef Purtschert, the great master-builder from Pfaffnau, not far from St. Urban, is classy. The ceiling frescoes and altar pictures were created by Xaver Hecht, the same Willisau artist who designed the stage curtain in the town’s theatre. Most amazing of all is the building’s 800-year history, spread over four construction phases that could hardly be more distinctive."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:153468,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-pfarrkirche.jpg",alt:hF,title:hF,height:o,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:L,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-pfarrkirche-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-pfarrkirche-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-pfarrkirche-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-pfarrkirche-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-pfarrkirche-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-pfarrkirche-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-pfarrkirche-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-pfarrkirche-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-pfarrkirche.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-pfarrkirche-300x225.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-pfarrkirche-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:"Willisau, Parish Church of Saints Peter and Paul, 1810. The location dominant, the size colossal, the building phases conspicuous.",source:{title:L,url:a}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Something is not quite right here. The tower, erected after 1200, was originally Romanesque, as can be seen from the round-arched windows and simple capitals. An additional storey was added in 1647 along with a bulbous dome, thus lending the church a Baroque profile. In 1810, the new building in the Neoclassical style transcended all the previous dimensions, dwarfing even the heightened tower. Yet the church bells remained restricted in their range, a situation that could not go unchanged. In 1929, a monumental, copper-plated bell tower was placed atop the church roof: the elephant, as it is rather amusingly referred to in Willisau. Seven new bells, some of them huge, have been ringing out over town and country ever since, only nowadays ever fewer faithful respond to their summons.\r\n\r\nA 1959 volume dedicated to monumental art in Willisau states in a footnote that: “In the interest of preserving our cultural heritage, the coming generation will face the task of removing this tower, which spoils the appearance of the church and the town as a whole.” The elephant, a pioneering work of reinforced concrete, has long since been placed under heritage protection."}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"“Innocent little child”. An eternity without joy and sorrow",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"A child is stillborn. Is there anything sadder? Surely even the most hard-hearted of Christians must believe that the child will go directly to heaven. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F11\u002Frisen-from-the-dead\u002F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EBut that was not always so\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. If you were not baptised, you had no place in paradise, and parents were not permitted to lay their unbaptised infants to rest in the cemetery as it stood on consecrated ground. Until around 1970, unbaptised babies were buried in the \u003Cem\u003E‘Chilelöchli’\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, a shaft on the other side of the cemetery wall."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:153471,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-pfarrkirche-schlossrain.jpg",alt:hG,title:hG,height:o,width:hD,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:L,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-pfarrkirche-schlossrain-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-pfarrkirche-schlossrain-338x450.jpg 338w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-pfarrkirche-schlossrain-563x750.jpg 563w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-pfarrkirche-schlossrain-675x900.jpg 675w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-pfarrkirche-schlossrain-450x600.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-pfarrkirche-schlossrain.jpg 900w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-pfarrkirche-schlossrain-225x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-pfarrkirche-schlossrain-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:"Willisau Parish Church, Schlossrain. The iron grille leads to a passageway through the cemetery wall to the place where unbaptised children were buried – outside consecrated ground. A small plaque was erected in 1970 reading: “Suffer the little children to come unto me, and forbid them not: for of such is the kingdom of God,” Mark 10: 14. There are no dates, names or other information. Perhaps the basin of holy water serves to retrospectively bless the unbaptised children who were left here for all eternity?",source:{title:L,url:a}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"“Entrusting to God’s mercy,” the Roman Missal of 1970 made funeral rites for unbaptised infants possible for the first time. Popular belief had come to the aid of grieving parents decades previously, easing their suffering by imagining that while children who died without being baptised might not see “the glory of God”, they would at least go to a place where they would be free of suffering. Unbaptised innocents condemned to an eternity without joy. Not the Dark Ages, but the second half of the 20th century."}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"Living and working under the same roof 500 years ago",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Constructed in 1590, the building at Müligass 5, a stone’s throw from the children’s burial site, would not have looked out of place in a row of houses in any town in the late Middle Ages. A survivor of the last great fire of 1704, it is the very model of a typical urban house of the period: workshop and shop on the ground floor, living-cum-dining room and kitchen on the first floor, bedrooms on the second, an attic at the very top."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:153465,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-muligass.jpg",alt:hH,title:hH,height:1648,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:L,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-muligass-218x300.jpg 218w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-muligass-1118x1536.jpg 1118w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-muligass-328x450.jpg 328w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-muligass-546x750.jpg 546w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-muligass-655x900.jpg 655w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-muligass-437x600.jpg 437w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-muligass-1092x1500.jpg 1092w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-muligass-874x1200.jpg 874w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-muligass.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-muligass-218x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-muligass-320x320.jpg"},size:D,caption:"Willisau, Müligass 5. A wooden structure of vertical posts and horizontal beams sits atop the ground-level masonry, a construction method common at the time that would later be superseded by half-timbering. The house has ribbon windows with large openings and is double the width of the house next door with its mere two-bay frontage. The gable roof overhang provides protection and adds to the representative character.",source:{title:L,url:a}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"The fire that raged through the town in 1704 put an end to building with wood. When it came to reconstruction, the townspeople looked around the surrounding area for ‘good stone’. The surviving timber houses on Müligass were plastered to keep them in line with the trend, upgrading them from wooden house to stone house. The former wooden façades dating from the 16th century were only uncovered again during the restoration of the 1980s. A crazy story. Today, life at Müligass 5 in Willisau is (almost) as it was in the olden days: the ground floor houses a pottery studio and shop, with living quarters upstairs."}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"The miracle of the Holy Blood. How many stories does humankind need?",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Five buildings further along from Müligass 5, the Upper Gate marks the end of the Old Town heading towards the Napf region. The Chapel of the Holy Blood stands just outside the gate. A story tells of three men who met here to amuse themselves playing cards. On losing all of his money, one of the men irately thrust his sword into the air, crying out that he hoped it would run through the body of Christ. Drops of blood then fell onto the table, and the blasphemer was carried off by the Devil. The second gambler was struck down during a vain attempt to wash off the blood in the nearby river Wigger. The third man, plagued to death by lice, collapsed at the town gate. The drops of blood were cut out of the tabletop and kept in a chapel that was built shortly thereafter to commemorate the miracle."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:153462,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-heiligblutwunder-ch-000076-6-urk-481-8587.jpg",alt:hI,title:hI,height:1454,width:o,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:hJ,url:hK},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-heiligblutwunder-ch-000076-6-urk-481-8587-248x300.jpg 248w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-heiligblutwunder-ch-000076-6-urk-481-8587-371x450.jpg 371w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-heiligblutwunder-ch-000076-6-urk-481-8587-619x750.jpg 619w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-heiligblutwunder-ch-000076-6-urk-481-8587-743x900.jpg 743w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-heiligblutwunder-ch-000076-6-urk-481-8587-495x600.jpg 495w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-heiligblutwunder-ch-000076-6-urk-481-8587-990x1200.jpg 990w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-heiligblutwunder-ch-000076-6-urk-481-8587.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-heiligblutwunder-ch-000076-6-urk-481-8587-248x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-heiligblutwunder-ch-000076-6-urk-481-8587-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:"The Willisau miracle of the Holy Blood: illustration from the 1498 letter of indulgence for the Chapel of the Holy Blood in Willisau. Three gamblers stand around a card table on which lie dice. The man in the middle has just thrown his sword heavenward with his left hand. Christ, accompanied by the Virgin Mary, raises his finger in reprimand. Drops of blood have fallen onto the table. The gambler on the left brandishes his sword, like the course fellow he is; the gambler on the right points at the wrongdoer.",source:{title:hJ,url:hK}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"If we go in search of the origins of the legend, we need look no further than the surrounding area. In 1447, a sacred host was stolen in nearby Ettiswil, a well-documented event. In the unsettled times of the 15th century, the news spread like wildfire. A pilgrimage began, bringing in revenue and causing an upswing in the village’s fortunes, while relegating the small town of Willisau to a backwater. Lessons were learned. Five years later, in 1452, Willisau had its very own Chapel of the Holy Blood. But the oldest record of the legend was yet to come. It finally appeared in 1498. However, three key elements were missing: the date of the heinous deed, the name of the culprit, the number of drops of blood. Diebold Schilling, who otherwise found any kind of sensation impossible to resist, doesn’t mention the holy blood of Willisau with a single word in his 1513 chronicle. By saying nothing, Schilling speaks volumes.\r\n\r\nNow that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F06\u002Freformation-in-the-countryside\u002F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EReformation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E had split the Christian church, the priest of Willisau knew what was owing to his faith. In 1564, at the start of the Counter-Reformation, he fleshed out the legend with precise details: the sacrilegious act had taken place on 7 July 1392, the miscreant was one Uli Schröter, there had been five drops of blood – clearly echoing the five stigmata of Christ. There could be no question of allowing any “small splashes or droplets landing to the side” to cause confusion."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:153438,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-ablassfest.jpg",alt:hL,title:hL,height:1067,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:aS,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-ablassfest-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-ablassfest-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-ablassfest-450x300.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-ablassfest-750x500.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-ablassfest-900x600.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-ablassfest-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-ablassfest-1500x1000.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-ablassfest-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-ablassfest.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-ablassfest-300x200.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-ablassfest-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:"Willisau, feast day known locally as the ‘Apliss’. Procession to the Parish Church via Müligass. This major atonement procession takes place on the second Sunday after Whitsun each year. Beneath the canopy, the Holy Blood Monstrance containing a drop of blood from the card table is carried through the streets of Willisau – “the most important festival of the year”. Photo taken in 2009.",source:{title:aS,url:a}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"Towards the end of the Catholic Revival, the legend of the Holy Blood established a firm foothold in popular belief. A series of eight pictures created in 1638, now in the Bailiff’s Castle, portrays the legend in dramatic fashion. The chapel as it exists today was built in 1674. The representative Baroque building was endowed with a new series of eight pictures in 1684. Detail upon detail. The power of images. And once again we find that the further in time we move from an event, the more exact our knowledge of it becomes. The act of reconstruction turns into a history lesson."}},{blockName:G,blockData:{title:"Moving with the times",size:H}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"On the way back to the Lower Gate, we pause for one last look. History provides us with a basic model that can be understood as a legacy to preserve and develop in equal measure. Even an old town should remain vibrant and not frozen in time."}},{blockName:s,blockData:{image:{id:153456,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-chilegass.jpg",alt:dN,title:dN,height:1143,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:f},source:{title:L,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-chilegass-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-chilegass-1536x1097.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-chilegass-450x321.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-chilegass-750x536.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-chilegass-900x643.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-chilegass-600x429.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-chilegass-1500x1072.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-chilegass-1200x857.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-chilegass.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-chilegass-300x214.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-chilegass-320x320.jpg"},size:F,caption:dN,source:{title:L,url:a}}},{blockName:l,blockData:{text:"How specifically does regeneration work? In thousands of ways. A sizeable building was erected in Willisau in 2002, not far from the Parish Church: the same centuries-old footprint, ridge height, roof form, and eaves height – yet the building is still very much of its own time. Respect for what has gone before without any attempt to play up the past. An approach that would also work for building ensembles or whole parts of a town. Civilisation can be understood as a process, regeneration as an opportunity."}}];g$.snm_model={categories:[{parent:h,order:ag,id:d,name:af,description:a,slug:ab,taxonomy:g,permalink:Z},{parent:{parent:h,order:M,id:i,name:O,description:a,slug:P,taxonomy:g,permalink:S},order:z,id:t,name:bw,description:a,slug:bx,taxonomy:g,permalink:by},{parent:h,order:aq,id:k,name:ax,description:a,slug:ay,taxonomy:g,permalink:aM},{parent:{parent:h,order:aq,id:k,name:ax,description:a,slug:ay,taxonomy:g,permalink:aM},order:z,id:ad,name:"Architecture",description:a,slug:"architecture-en",taxonomy:g,permalink:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fculture\u002Farchitecture-en\u002F"}],primaryCategory:ad,comments:[{id:"7818",date:"5. Oktober 2024",time:"10:12",author:"Sridhar Prayaga",note:"Thank you for a very interesting article Hr Messmer. I should be reaching Willisau \"one\u002Fsome day\" following the ViaJacobi route. And your article will make that stretch even more interesting. Rümlang is celebrating 1100 years. Is there an article on\u002Fin Rümlang?",replies:[]}],coordinates:{latitude:hM,longitude:hN},id:bu,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:a,link:hj,portrait:{id:hk,url:hl,alt:a,title:L,height:ai,width:ai,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:p,srcset:hm,poster:hn,square:ho},id:hp,name:L,description:hq},language:B,availableLanguages:{fr:{single:"willisau-une-petite-ville-au-grand-patrimoine-historique"},de:{single:"willisau-eine-kleinstadt-als-offenes-geschichtsbuch"}},slug:ha,title:dI,excerpt:hi,postType:v,permalink:hb,thumbnail:{id:hc,url:hd,alt:bv,title:bv,height:o,width:w,focus:{x:f,y:he},source:{title:aS,url:a},srcset:hf,poster:hg,square:hh},date:1727942436,readableDate:hO,modifiedDate:1727942455,readableModifiedDate:hO,seoTitle:a,seoDescription:a};return {layout:"default",data:[{}],fetch:{"data-v-0c31964b:0":{category:ed,posts:[ei,eu,eG,fc,fw,gf,gx,g$],page:hP,total:hQ,totalPages:37}},error:h,state:{options:{general:{isBlogBanner:bk,algoliaIndex:"prod_snm_blog"},pages:{landing:{id:dO,date:"2018-10-30T10:14:09",slug:hR,type:bz,link:hS,title:{rendered:hT},content:{rendered:"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",protected:p},excerpt:{rendered:a,protected:p},yoast_head:"\u003C!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.6 (Yoast SEO v23.6) - https:\u002F\u002Fyoast.com\u002Fwordpress\u002Fplugins\u002Fseo\u002F --\u003E\n\u003Ctitle\u003ESwiss history blog - Swiss national museum\u003C\u002Ftitle\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"The Swiss National Museum’s blog provides information about historical events, presents objects from the past or places topical news in a historical context. 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To also receive the blog newsletter, click on «Adjust settings» in the newsletter of the Swiss National Museum, which you received at this address.",previewNotFoundTitle:"Preview not found",previewNotFoundText:"The preview has expired or could not be found",imageOf:"Image % of",backButton:"Back",sliderLeft:"To the left",sliderRight:"To the right",mapSearch:"Search location",mapBackgroundTitle:"Select background",mapBackgroundBasis:"Classic map",mapBackgroundSatellite:"Satellite image",mapBackgroundHistory:"Historic map",mapFilterTitle:"mapFilterTitle",mapFilterAll:"mapFilterAll"}},menu:{visible:p},adminBar:{visible:p},banner:{visible:p},nonce:"0838a8cc93",i18nTransition:p,author:{authors:[]},category:{categories:[ed]},comment:{comments:[]},post:{post:p,posts:[ei,eu,eG,fc,fw,gf,gx,g$]},route:{name:"category-category___en",path:eb,hash:a,query:{},params:{firstCategory:ab,secondCategory:jl,thirdCategory:jl},fullPath:eb,meta:{},from:{name:h,path:ec,hash:a,query:{},params:{},fullPath:ec,meta:{}}},i18n:{routeParams:{}}},serverRendered:bk,routePath:eb,config:{algoliaApiKey:"QAQEHLLWP9",algoliaApplicationId:"94b5ff7e52342d74d0962965962016e1",_app:{basePath:ec,assetsPath:"\u002F_nuxt\u002F",cdnURL:h}}}}("",799,85,62,105,"50","category",null,80,50,798,"acf\u002Ftext",132,117,1200,false,75,486,"acf\u002Fimage",110,59,"post",1600,10866,0,"0",94,"en",39551,"small",97,"regular","acf\u002Ftitle","h2",120,"Swiss National Museum",89,"Kurt Messmer","12",400,"Economy","economy",134,82,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Feconomy\u002F","Wikimedia","13","Politics","politics",38183,128,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fmodern-age\u002F","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fpolitics\u002F",84,123,"modern-age",42425,40622,"raw","Modern Age","4",38674,600,57,"5","20th \u002F 21st century","20-21-century","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002F20-21-century\u002F",143,"acf\u002Ftitle-fullbleed","15",33376,114,53,"The Turrettini family’s influence is evident wherever you look in Geneva. View over the Quai Turrettini, circa 1940.","Local workers and a supervisor dressed in ‘colonial whites’ at a cocoa drying area run by the Basel Mission Trading Company in Accra in what is now Ghana (1904\u002F1905).","14","Culture","culture",42250,39239,42809,157109,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F01\u002FChristophe_Vuilleumier.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F03\u002Ficon-1.jpg","Pascale Meyer","Society","society","John Zubly merged religion with politics and compared parts of Swiss history to the American resistance against Great Britain. Illustration by Marco Heer","11","Religion","religion-en","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fculture\u002F","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F07\u002Fvan-orsouw-autor.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002Fpatrik-sueess.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F12\u002FKatrin-Brunner.jpg","Katrin Brunner",500,"Stadtarchiv Willisau, Bruno Bieri","series",40263,41213,40465,"Geneva’s Italian side","Bibliothèque de Genève",157206,"Mission 21, Bestand der Basler Mission",1000,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fsociety\u002F",156563,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Freligion-en\u002F","Athanasius Tschopp invented the precursor to the fax machine. Lithograph circa 1840. Coloured using AI.","On November 3, 1835, Ludwig Lessing still celebrates his 23rd birthday in Zurich, but he will not live to see the next morning. Illustration by Marco Heer.","Michael Schüppach in his ‘apothecary’ in Langnau im Emmental. Print, circa 1775.","Since 1948 the Universal Postal Union has been a specialised agency of the UN.",139,35740,"article",true,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fgenevas-italian-side\u002F","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fcocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began\u002F","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fthe-american-revolutionary-war-through-the-eyes-of-a-swiss-immigrant\u002F",156033,300,153207,"The famous mountain doctor from Emmental",154923,"The story of the Universal Postal Union",154243,"Willisau, pictured before 2013","Tourism","tourism","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Feconomy\u002Ftourism\u002F","page","22","Series",645,32953,37286,156,1397,"Modern Age Archive – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog","genevas-italian-side",155662,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffoto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395.jpg",1168,"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bge-geneve.ch\u002Ficonographie\u002Foeuvre\u002Fvg-n13x18-03472","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffoto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395-300x219.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffoto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395-1536x1121.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffoto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395-450x329.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffoto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395-750x548.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffoto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395-900x657.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffoto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395-600x438.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffoto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395-1500x1095.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffoto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395-1200x876.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffoto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395.jpg 1600w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffoto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395-300x219.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffoto-des-quai-turrettini-in-genf-1940-e1729611554395-320x320.jpg","The rise of Geneva, the home of Calvinism, owed much to the Turrettini family. Arriving there from Tuscany in the 16th century with ready money and access to an international network, they played no small part in buoying the city’s economy.","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fchristophe-vuilleumier\u002F",22784,"Christophe_Vuilleumier","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F01\u002FChristophe_Vuilleumier-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F01\u002FChristophe_Vuilleumier-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F01\u002FChristophe_Vuilleumier.jpg 400w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F01\u002FChristophe_Vuilleumier-300x300.jpg","Christophe Vuilleumier","Christophe Vuilleumier is a historian and board member of the Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Geschichte (Swiss Historical Society). He has published a number of articles on 17th and 20th century Swiss history.","Portrait of Baroness Françoise Turrettini, painted by Nicolas de Largillière, 1721.","The new husband: Baron Auguste Maurice de Donop, painted in the studio of Louis Tocqué, circa 1748.","46.20538982183319","6.140600749264616","cocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began","Cocoa in Ghana: how it all began",156734,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel.jpg 1600w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel-300x225.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel-320x320.jpg","Ghana is the world’s largest producer of cocoa. Pre-independence, the Basel Mission was one of the players making money from the cocoa trade in the Gold Coast region. It ran an agricultural research station there from the middle of the 19th century and attempted to cultivate the cocoa plant ‒ with varying degrees of success.","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fpascale\u002F",983,1042,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F03\u002Ficon-1-288x300.jpg 288w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F03\u002Ficon-1-768x800.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F03\u002Ficon-1-983x1024.jpg 983w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F03\u002Ficon-1.jpg 1000w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F03\u002Ficon-1-288x300.jpg",8,"Historian and curator at the Swiss national museum","Fruit and seed of the cocoa tree. The dried nibs can be turned into cocoa mass, the basic ingredient of chocolate.","Memorial to cocoa pioneer Tetteh Quarshie in Mampong, Ghana.","Sacks of cocoa being organised for further transport in what is now Ghana.","School mural depicting cocoa farming, between 1900 and 1950.","acf\u002Finfobox","Research","research","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Feconomy\u002Fresearch\u002F","Colonialism","colonialism","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fpolitics\u002Fcolonialism\u002F","the-american-revolutionary-war-through-the-eyes-of-a-swiss-immigrant","The American Revolutionary War through the eyes of a Swiss immigrant",156614,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly.jpg 1600w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly-300x225.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly-320x320.jpg","Hans Joachim Züblin from eastern Switzerland caused a furore in 18th century America. As minister John Zubly, he saw parallels between the Swiss Confederates and the rebels fighting against the British. He later changed sides, albeit with an unchanged outlook.","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fmaximilian-spitz\u002F",155524,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmaximilian-spitz.jpg","Maximilian-Spitz","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmaximilian-spitz-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmaximilian-spitz-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmaximilian-spitz-160x160.jpg 160w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmaximilian-spitz-320x320.jpg 320w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmaximilian-spitz.jpg 400w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmaximilian-spitz-300x300.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmaximilian-spitz-320x320.jpg",255,"Maximilian Spitz","Maximilian Spitz studies history at the Institute of Intellectual History in St Andrews, Scotland.","A 1773 portrayal of the Boston Tea Party.","Zubly used the valiant William Tell as an example of how to fight courageously against a powerful foe. Print, 19th century.","The attack on Savannah, portrayed by Arthur Ignatius Keller.","The “Swiss Confederates, the chosen people” always had right on their side according to John Zubly. Including at the battle of Morgarten shown above.","The inventor in a Benedictine cowl","geschichte-texte.ch","https:\u002F\u002Fgeschichte-texte.ch\u002F","_blank","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fmichael-van-orsouw\u002F",28467,"van-orsouw-autor","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F07\u002Fvan-orsouw-autor-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F07\u002Fvan-orsouw-autor-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F07\u002Fvan-orsouw-autor.jpg 600w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F07\u002Fvan-orsouw-autor-300x300.jpg","Michael van Orsouw","Michael van Orsouw has a PhD in history and is a performance poet and author. He regularly publishes historical books.","Athanasius Tschopp: much more than a praying priest.","Technical drawings by Tschopp’s ‘Copirtelegraphenapparat’: messages were transferred via rolling drum.","An early model of a telephone from Theiler’s workshop: currently exhibited in London.","Father Athanasius seated with two brothers.","Technology","technology","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Feconomy\u002Ftechnology\u002F",155780,"Murder and espionage: the Lessing case","The charge on the Frankfurt Guardhouse on 3 April 1833 led to the founding of the Bundeszentralbehörde (federal central authority). Reproduction of a coloured woodcut by Francois Georgin.","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fkatrin-brunner\u002F",39516,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F12\u002FKatrin-Brunner-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F12\u002FKatrin-Brunner-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F12\u002FKatrin-Brunner.jpg 500w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F12\u002FKatrin-Brunner-300x300.jpg",104,"Katrin Brunner is a self-employed journalist specialising in history and chronicler of Niederweningen.","Portrait of Michael Schüppach, 1774.","Michael Schüppach’s empire on a print from the 1770s: the doctor’s home (1), the guest house (2) and the laboratory (3).","Hand-operated electrostatic generator belonging to Michael Schüppach.","Picture of a narwhal (front) in a biology schoolbook from the UK, 1889","21","Article","Carte de visite of federal councillor Eugène Borel, circa 1870.","Heinrich von Stephan, painted by Georg Barlösius, 1897.","Postcard of the Universal Postal Union from 1905.","The Universal Postal Union monument on a postcard from 1909.","In 1900, Eugène Ruffy, another former federal councillor, became director of the Universal Postal Union. Postcard to mark the 25th anniversary.","OMG! OHMS (On Her\u002FHis Majesty’s Service), letter from England, late 1970s.","Russian aristocrat Peter Kropotkin was a keen proponent of the idea of a universal postal union. But in Switzerland he was persona non grata. Portrait, circa 1880.","Willisau. A small town and open history book","Willisau, Lower Gate, erected in 1980. As seen from the railway station looking towards the Old Town.","Willisau from the air, 1962. The gap where the Lower Gate was re-erected in 1980 can be seen at the bottom of the photo.","Willisau, buildings on Schlossrain. Stable doors as witnesses to the past.","Willisau, 2013, street resurfacing work in front of the Town Hall, with the Lower Gate in the background. Plans for an archaeological dig on the main street were shelved permanently.","Willisau, Chilegass 13. Old template, new interpretation.",21881,148538,87425,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fseries\u002F","Alexander Rechsteiner",5780,156124,155689,155075,89986,42122,42116,"3","Ernst Ziegler",53170,"\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fmodern-age\u002F","\u002F",{},4,"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website","de-CH",{},"The Château des Bois, owned by the Turrettini family. 1877 lithograph.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bge-geneve.ch\u002Ficonographie\u002Foeuvre\u002Fvg-2515-04","Wikimédia \u002F MAH Geneva","https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:Nicolas_de_largilliere,_ritratto_di_francesca_turrettini_come_diana,_1721.JPG","MAH Museum of Art and History, Geneva","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mahmah.ch\u002Fcollection\u002Foeuvres\u002Fportrait-du-baron-auguste-maurice-de-donop-portant-lordre-royal-suedois-des","turrettini","la-facette-italienne-de-geneve",1732608000,"26.11.2024",1731926598,{},"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:Theobroma_cacao_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-137.jpg ","Philipp Kessler","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bmarchives.org\u002Fitems\u002Fshow\u002F84437","Nature","nature-en","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fsociety\u002Fnature-en\u002F","aux-origines-de-la-culture-du-cacao-au-ghana","kakao-in-ghana-das-raetsel-um-den-zuchterfolg",1732176000,"21.11.2024",1732032661,{},"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:Boston_Tea_Party_w.jpg","Zubly’s Law of Liberty was printed in 1775.","Internet Archive","https:\u002F\u002Farchive.org\u002Fdetails\u002Fwsb3f20_images\u002Fwsb3f20\u002Fpage\u002Fn1\u002Fmode\u002F2up","https:\u002F\u002Fpermalink.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F100527010","Illustration of John Zubly in the newspaper The Middletown News-Signal of 29 July 1912.","Source: Google Books \u002F Middletown News-Signal","https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.ch\u002Fbooks?id=DrlkAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA3&dq=zubly&article_id=4639,2418881&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiS_ZL-lJiJAxXH_rsIHSMgJQQQ6AF6BAgFEAI#v=onepage&q=zubly&f=false","Wikimedia \u002F National Archives at College Park","https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:Attack_on_Savannah,_10-08-1779_-_NARA_-_532940.jpg","John Zubly’s nom de plume was Helvetius when writing about the rebels in the Royal Georgia Gazette. An article from 1780.","Georgia Historic Newspapers","https:\u002F\u002Fgahistoricnewspapers.galileo.usg.edu\u002Flccn\u002Fsn83016191\u002F1780-08-03\u002Fed-1\u002Fseq-1\u002F#words=helvetius","https:\u002F\u002Fpermalink.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F100747077","Literature","literature","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fculture\u002Fliterature\u002F","john-zubly","la-revolution-americaine-sous-langle-suisse",1731571200,"14.11.2024",1731671683,"15.11.2024",{},"the-inventor-in-a-benedictine-cowl","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fthe-inventor-in-a-benedictine-cowl\u002F",154416,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp.jpg","21.3","Zentralbibliothek Zürich","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.e-rara.ch\u002Fzuz\u002Fcontent\u002Ftitleinfo\u002F14789968","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp.jpg 1600w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-300x225.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-320x320.jpg","Father Athanasius Tschopp (1803–1882) was a monk in Einsiedeln, and something of a science whizz. Besides his daily monastic duties, he always found the time to make pioneering discoveries – one of his many accomplishments was inventing the precursor to the fax machine.","Klosterarchiv Einsiedeln","Technische Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Telegraphen- und Telephonverwaltung, 1942","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5169\u002Fseals-873255","Science Museum London","https:\u002F\u002Fcollection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk\u002Fobjects\u002Fco33037\u002Fearly-set-of-telephone-apparatus","University of Basel","47.12614685399369","8.750903098499833",{},"murder-and-espionage-the-lessing-case","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fmurder-and-espionage-the-lessing-case\u002F",155776,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-studentenmord.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-studentenmord-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-studentenmord-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-studentenmord-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-studentenmord-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-studentenmord-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-studentenmord-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-studentenmord-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-studentenmord-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-studentenmord.jpg 1600w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-studentenmord-300x225.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-studentenmord-320x320.jpg","The murder in 1835 of German student and spy Ludwig Lessing in Zurich uncovered a network of espionage and political activism among German exiles in Switzerland. His death increased international pressure on Switzerland to adopt a hard line against revolutionaries seeking refuge on Swiss soil.","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fpatrik-sueess\u002F",24551,"patrik-sueess","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002Fpatrik-sueess.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002Fpatrik-sueess-150x150.jpg 150w",88,"Patrik Süess","Patrik Süess is a freelance historian.","e-rara","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.e-rara.ch\u002Fzuz\u002Fcontent\u002Ftitleinfo\u002F15508649","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F11\u002FDer-Denker-Club-gnm.jpg","\"The Thinkers' Club – Also a New German Society\" \u002F\u002F Caricature on freedom of speech in Germany, print graphic, around 1820","Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Foto: Georg Janssen","http:\u002F\u002Fobjektkatalog.gnm.de\u002Fobjekt\u002FHB23444","A portrait of Georg Büchner from the first edition of his complete works by Karl Emil Franzos, 1879.","https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:Georg_B%C3%BCchner_-_Franzos-Werkausgabe_!04.jpg?uselang=en","https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:FRA_Wachensturm_1833.jpg?uselang=en","Article in Berner Volksfreund of 19 November 1835 on the labelling of Lessing as a “spy”","e-newspaperarchives","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.e-newspaperarchives.ch\u002F?a=d&d=BVF18351119-01.2.3.4&srpos=5&e=-------en-20-BVF-1--img-txIN-ludwig+lessing-------0-----","The published ruling of Zurich Criminal Court, 1837.",800,"Google Books","https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.ch\u002Fbooks?id=LiKA8NsRTo8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=de&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=true","President of the Zurich Supreme Court, Friedrich Ludwig Keller, was accused of being a member of Young Europe by Ludwig Lessing.","https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:Friedrich_Ludwig_Keller_(1799-1860).jpg","Crime","crime","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fsociety\u002Fcrime\u002F",{},"the-famous-mountain-doctor-from-emmental","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fthe-famous-mountain-doctor-from-emmental\u002F",151086,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-schueppach.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fpermalink.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F100105467","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-schueppach-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-schueppach-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-schueppach-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-schueppach-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-schueppach-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-schueppach-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-schueppach-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-schueppach-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-schueppach.jpg 1600w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-schueppach-300x225.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-schueppach-320x320.jpg","Through his sometimes unconventional methods, Michael Schüppach made a name for himself as a barber-surgeon well beyond the Emmental region.","acf\u002Fimage-column","A portrait of Marie Flückiger from 1774.","Portrait of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.","https:\u002F\u002Fpermalink.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F100109683","https:\u002F\u002Fpermalink.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F100094523","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Farticle\u002F","46.94221034691882","7.7846760449605314",{},"the-story-of-the-universal-postal-union","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fthe-story-of-the-universal-postal-union\u002F",154390,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-logo-blau.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:Flag_of_UPU.svg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-logo-blau-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-logo-blau-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-logo-blau-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-logo-blau-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-logo-blau-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-logo-blau-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-logo-blau-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-logo-blau-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-logo-blau.jpg 1600w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-logo-blau-300x225.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fweltpostverein-logo-blau-320x320.jpg","On 9 October 1874, the Universal Postal Union was established in Bern, laying the foundation for modern communication. To this day, it allows the global exchange of letters and parcels and is a cornerstone of global postal traffic.","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fmadeleine-herren\u002F",154395,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmadeleine-herren.jpg","Madeleine-Herren","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmadeleine-herren-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmadeleine-herren-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmadeleine-herren-160x160.jpg 160w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmadeleine-herren-320x320.jpg 320w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmadeleine-herren.jpg 400w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmadeleine-herren-300x300.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmadeleine-herren-320x320.jpg",252,"Madeleine Herren","Professor emeritus Madeleine Herren is former director of the Institute of European Global Studies at the University of Basel and emeritus professor of modern history.","© CC BY SA 4.0 Museumsstiftung Post und Telekommunikation","e-pics","https:\u002F\u002Fba.e-pics.ethz.ch\u002F#detail-asset=ab4fe96c-56c6-4ec0-add0-6e7b1bb9b255","Title page from the publication Recueil de renseignements sur l’organisation des administrations de l’Union et sur leurs services internes, by the Universal Postal Union, 1911.","gallica \u002F Bibliothèque nationale de France","https:\u002F\u002Fgallica.bnf.fr\u002Fark:\u002F12148\u002Fbpt6k65716170","https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:Official_Paid_Scan.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:Atelier_Nadar_-_Pierre_Kropotkine.jpg","46.93899633980568","7.471899871966831",{},"willisau-a-small-town-and-open-history-book","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fwillisau-a-small-town-and-open-history-book\u002F",153450,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-titel.jpg","73.5","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-titel-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-titel-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-titel-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-titel-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-titel-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-titel-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-titel-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-titel-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-titel.jpg 1600w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-titel-300x225.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwillisau-aus-der-luft-titel-320x320.jpg","Small towns are rich in cultural history, remnants of which leave their mark on the public space and shape our historical awareness. Willisau is no exception: a small town that wears its biography openly, with an enticing mix of the typical and the unusual that is both instructive and appealing.","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fkurt-messmer\u002F",4737,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F07\u002FKurt-Messmer_sq.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F07\u002FKurt-Messmer_sq-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F07\u002FKurt-Messmer_sq-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F07\u002FKurt-Messmer_sq-450x450.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F07\u002FKurt-Messmer_sq-160x160.jpg 160w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F07\u002FKurt-Messmer_sq.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F07\u002FKurt-Messmer_sq-320x320.jpg 320w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F07\u002FKurt-Messmer_sq-300x300.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F07\u002FKurt-Messmer_sq-320x320.jpg",29,"Kurt Messmer is a historian with a focus on history in public space.","ETH Library, Zurich, Werner Friedli","https:\u002F\u002Fba.e-pics.ethz.ch\u002F#detail-asset=ab6247fb-5e57-44a8-b178-227560f15f25","Willisau, the old hospital, exterior","Willisau, hospital, 19th century detention cells","Kantonale Denkmalpflege Luzern, Fotohaus Schaller Willisau","The merchants’ hall in Willisau.","Theatre auditorium in Willisau Town Hall","David Herrliberger: Topographie der Eydgenossschaft, Zurich 1754–1773 (detail).",1500,"Zurich Central Library","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.e-rara.ch\u002Fzuz\u002Fcontent\u002Fzoom\u002F12329452 ","Willisau, the Adler inn",900,"Kantonsarchäologie Luzern","Willisau, Parish Church of Saints Peter and Paul, 1810.","Willisau Parish Church, Schlossrain.","Willisau, Müligass 5","The Willisau miracle of the Holy Blood: illustration from the 1498 letter of indulgence for the Chapel of the Holy Blood in Willisau.","Staatsarchiv Luzern","https:\u002F\u002Fquery-staatsarchiv.lu.ch\u002Fdetail.aspx?ID=1115458 ","Willisau, feast day known locally as the ‘Apliss’.","47.120652713940736","7.99096130831853","03.10.2024",1,296,"home","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F","Swiss National Museum History Blog","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F06\u002Feuropes-highest-open-air-lift\u002F","47.00173974619526","8.39631784146008","Europe’s highest open-air lift","The Bürgenstock: an idyllic ensemble with hotels, mountains, lake and lift. Postcard from 1928.","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F12\u002Fswitzerlands-first-motorway\u002F","Transportation","transportation","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Feconomy\u002Ftransportation\u002F","47.03375","8.29503","Switzerland’s first motorway","Switzerland's first motorway ran from Lucerne to Ennethorw. Illustration by Marco Heer.","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2017\u002F09\u002Fthe-ossola-republic\u002F","War\u002Fbattle","war-battle","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fpolitics\u002Fwar-battle\u002F","46.11545110852343","8.291156542791294","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F12\u002FAndrej.jpg","Andrej Abplanalp","The Ossola Republic","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F09\u002FPartisanen_im_Kampf.jpg","Im Oktober 1944 kam es im Val Formazza nahe der Schweizer Grenze zu einem Kampf zwischen den sich zurückziehenden Partisanen und den deutschen und faschistischen Truppen. Einige Widerstandskämpfer konnten in die Schweiz flüchten.","09.09.2024","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fthe-genesis-of-modern-mountain-rescue\u002F","46.615927946921076","8.195679213316776","The birth of aerial mountain rescue","With their feet, the stranded passengers wrote the French word “fini” (meaning “finish”) in the snow to stop the dangerous air drops of supplies.","19.11.2024","Subscribe to the blog","We will inform you about new articles every two weeks.","Enter your email address","beige","The execution of Ernst S.","9.113310","47.423985","Visiting the Rigi used to make people ill, why?","8.485467561045732","47.056767897967035","Escape to Switzerland",96,"Emperor Haile Selassie, God of the Rastafarians","7.509459851780047","47.04796350886161",102,153,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fvisiting-the-rigi-used-to-make-people-ill-why\u002F","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2022\u002F01\u002Femperor-haile-selassie-god-of-the-rastafarians\u002F","Exhibitions","exhibitions","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fexhibitions\u002F","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F04\u002Fmurielle-schlup.jpg",521,"Emperor Haile Selassie (1892-1975), who was crowned ‘King of Kings’ in Addis Ababa in 1930, was believed in Ethiopia to have been chosen by God. The Rastafarians in Jamaica even ‘recognised’ him as their Messiah and God. A look at the dual ‘careers’ of a 20th-century figure who was as remarkable as he was controversial.","Haile Selassie I in his limousine during his state visit to Bern on 25 November 1954. His headdress is decorated with a lion’s mane.",149095,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F06\u002Fsexuality-in-the-middle-ages\u002F","Middle Ages","middle-ages","Detail from The Garden of Earthly Delights by Hieronymus Bosch, 1490-1500.","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fthe-execution-of-ernst-s\u002F",334,"Ernst Schrämli in uniform and in civilian attire at his arrest in January 1942.","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F04\u002FS.jpg","article-not-found","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Farticle-not-found\u002F","Article not found","1","2",92,"Search",void 0));</script><script src="/_nuxt/3fbaa83.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/58093a8.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/6b9286a.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/b94f6da.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/1cd886d.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/a3fb2e5.js" defer></script><script data-n-head="ssr" src="https://api3.geo.admin.ch/loader.js?version=4.4.2" data-body="true"></script> </body> </html>