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class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>October–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1418</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 144 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1418 እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1418 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B4%DB%B1%DB%B8_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۴۱۸ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۴۱۸ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE" title="১৪১৮ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৪১৮" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418_n%C3%AE" title="1418 nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1418 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418." title="1418. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1418." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B4%DB%B1%DB%B8_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۴۱۸ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۴۱۸ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418%E5%B9%B4" title="1418年 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1418年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418%EB%85%84" title="1418년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1418년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE" title="१४१८ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१४१८" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418." title="1418. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1418." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE" title="মারি ১৪১৮ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১৪১৮" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="1418-æм аз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1418-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1418 жыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1418 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418_(almanak_jilyen)" title="1418 (almanak jilyen) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1418 (almanak jilyen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418_%D0%B8" title="1418 и – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1418 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418._gads" title="1418. gads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1418. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418_m." title="1418 m. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1418 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE" title="१४१८ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="१४१८" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE" title="इ.स. १४१८ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १४१८" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B4%DB%B1%DB%B8" title="۱۴۱۸ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۴۱۸" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418_ni%C3%A8ng" title="1418 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1418 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%84%E1%81%81%E1%81%88" title="၁၄၁၈ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၄၁၈" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE" title="सन् १४१८ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सन् १४१८" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418%E5%B9%B4" title="1418年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1418年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%AA%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%AE" title="୧୪୧୮ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୪୧୮" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE" title="१४१८ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१४१८" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="1418 год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1418 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE" title="१४१८ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="१४१८" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418%D8%B9" title="1418ع – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1418ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A4%D9%A1%D9%A8" title="١٤١٨ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٤١٨" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418." title="1418. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1418." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="1418 ел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1418 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._1961" title="พ.ศ. 1961 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 1961" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_1418" title="Соли 1418 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1418" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418%D8%A1" title="1418ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1418ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418%E5%B9%B4" title="1418年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1418年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418%E5%B9%B4" title="1418年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1418年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418" title="1418 – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="1418" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1418%E5%B9%B4" title="1418年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1418年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly 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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_the_Fearless_assassination.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/John_the_Fearless_assassination.jpg/250px-John_the_Fearless_assassination.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/John_the_Fearless_assassination.jpg/375px-John_the_Fearless_assassination.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/John_the_Fearless_assassination.jpg/500px-John_the_Fearless_assassination.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, is assassinated shortly after taking control of Paris, setting off a massacre of thousands of the Armagnacs who supported King Charles</figcaption></figure> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar year</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Years</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Millennium</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th century</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Decades</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1390s" title="1390s">1390s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1400s_(decade)" title="1400s (decade)">1400s</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1410s" title="1410s">1410s</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1420s" title="1420s">1420s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1430s" title="1430s">1430s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1415" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1415">1415</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1416" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1416">1416</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1417" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1417">1417</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/AD_1418" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1418">1418</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1419" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1419">1419</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1420" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1420">1420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1421" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1421">1421</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Year_nav" title="Template:Year nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Year_nav" title="Template talk:Year nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Year_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Year nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:1418" title="Category:1418">1418 by topic</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Arts and science</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1410s_in_architecture" title="1410s in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1418_in_art" class="mw-redirect" title="1418 in art">Art</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sovereign_states_in_1418&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of sovereign states in 1418 (page does not exist)">Political entities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_1418" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state leaders in 1418">State leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_15th-century_religious_leaders" title="List of 15th-century religious leaders">Religious leaders</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Birth and death categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1418_births" title="Category:1418 births">Births</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:1418_deaths" title="Category:1418 deaths">Deaths</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Establishments and disestablishments categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1418_establishments" title="Category:1418 establishments">Establishments</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:1418_disestablishments" title="Category:1418 disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Art and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/1418_in_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="1418 in poetry">1418 in poetry</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template talk:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption style="font-size:125%"><span class="summary dtstart">1418 in various <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendars</a></span></caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a></td><td>1418<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MCDXVIII</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></td><td>2171</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></td><td>867<br />ԹՎ ՊԿԷ</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a></td><td>6168</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Balinese saka calendar</a></td><td>1339–1340</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a></td><td>824–825</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber calendar</a></td><td>2368</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English Regnal year</a></td><td>5 <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Hen. 5</a> – 6 <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Hen. 5</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></td><td>1962</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a></td><td>780</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a></td><td>6926–6927</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">丁酉</a>年 (Fire <a href="/wiki/Rooster_(zodiac)" title="Rooster (zodiac)">Rooster</a>)<br />4115 or 3908<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />戊戌年 (Earth <a href="/wiki/Dog_(zodiac)" title="Dog (zodiac)">Dog</a>)<br />4116 or 3909</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></td><td>1134–1135</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian calendar</a></td><td>2584</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a></td><td>1410–1411</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></td><td>5178–5179</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></i></td><td>1474–1475</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Shaka Samvat</a></i></td><td>1339–1340</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></i></td><td>4518–4519</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></td><td>11418</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></td><td>418–419</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a></td><td>796–797</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></td><td>820–821</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cei" title="Ōei">Ōei</a> 25<br />(応永２５年)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese calendar</a></td><td>1332–1333</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></td><td>1418<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MCDXVIII</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a></td><td>3751</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a></td><td>494 before <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">ROC</a><br />民前494年</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></td><td>−50</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a></td><td>1960–1961</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan calendar</a></td><td>阴火鸡年<br />(female Fire-<a href="/wiki/Rooster_(zodiac)" title="Rooster (zodiac)">Rooster</a>)<br />1544 or 1163 or 391<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />阳土狗年<br />(male Earth-<a href="/wiki/Dog_(zodiac)" title="Dog (zodiac)">Dog</a>)<br />1545 or 1164 or 392</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Year <b>1418</b> (<b><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">MCDXVIII</a></b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Saturday" title="Common year starting on Saturday">common year starting on Saturday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1418&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January–March"><span id="January.E2.80.93March"></span>January–March</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1418&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: January–March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_31" title="January 31">January 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea I of Wallachia">Mircea I</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Wallachia" title="List of princes of Wallachia">Prince of Wallachia</a> (now part of southern Romania), dies after a reign of 21 years and is succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Wallachia" title="Michael I of Wallachia">Mihail I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_7" title="February 7">February 7</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Lam_S%C6%A1n_uprising" title="Lam Sơn uprising">Lam Sơn uprising</a> in Chinese-occupied Vietnam beginsduring the <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tết">Tết</a> holiday as a group of 18 men led by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_L%E1%BB%A3i" title="Lê Lợi">Lê Lợi</a> begin a nine year rebellion against Ming dynasty China.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_20" title="February 20">February 20</a> – At <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zayn_al-Abidin_the_Great" title="Zayn al-Abidin the Great">Zayn al-Abidin</a>, already the <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> (Wazir) of the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Sultanate" title="Kashmir Sultanate">Kashmir Sultanate</a>, is crowned as the new Sultan after he overthrows his older brother, the Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shah_Miri" title="Ali Shah Miri">Ali Shah Miri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_21" title="March 21">March 21</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Concordats_of_Constance" title="Concordats of Constance">Concordats of Constance</a> are approved by the Council of Constance for signing by the various parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Creighton_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creighton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vitrigaila" title="Švitrigaila">Švitrigaila</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, son of the late Grand Duke Algirdas, is freed after nine years imprisonment at Lithuania's <a href="/wiki/Kremenets_Castle" title="Kremenets Castle">Kremenets Castle</a> after a group of 500 soldiers, led by Dashko Ostrogski, storm the castle.<sup id="cite_ref-matus_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matus-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April–June"><span id="April.E2.80.93June"></span>April–June</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1418&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: April–June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – The delegates from France and Germany sign the Concordats.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcati_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcati-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_22" title="April 22">April 22</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a> ends.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_13" title="May 13">May 13</a> – Spain approves and signs the <a href="/wiki/Concordats_of_Constance" title="Concordats of Constance">Concordats of Constance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcati_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcati-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_29" title="May 29">May 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Armagnac%E2%80%93Burgundian_Civil_War" title="Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War">Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War</a>:<a href="/wiki/John_the_Fearless" title="John the Fearless">John the Fearless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a>, captures <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, forcing King Charles VI to flee from the violence of John's partisans.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_3" title="June 3">June 3</a> – Because of the rebellion of his son, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_Yangnyeong" title="Grand Prince Yangnyeong">Grand Prince Yangnyeong</a> (Yi Che), King Taejong of Korea permanently disowns Yangnyeong as heir to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_12" title="June 12">June 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Armagnac%E2%80%93Burgundian_Civil_War" title="Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War">Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_VII,_Count_of_Armagnac" title="Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac">Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac</a>, is assassinated by the Burgundian followers of John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, and a massacre of suspected Armagnacs begins, with more than 1,000 and perhaps as many as 5,000 civilians killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Sizer_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sizer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–September"><span id="July.E2.80.93September"></span>July–September</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1418&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: July–September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_8" title="July 8">July 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">Chungnyeong</a> is named by his father, King Taejong of Korea, as the new heir to the throne as Grand Prince, replacing Yangnyeong.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">July 12</a> – England approves and signs the <a href="/wiki/Concordats_of_Constance" title="Concordats of Constance">Concordats of Constance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcati_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcati-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">July 29</a> – The Army of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, led by King Henry V, begins the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rouen_(1418%E2%80%931419)" title="Siege of Rouen (1418–1419)">siege of Rouen</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. The siege lasts almost six months before the Burgundian French defenders surrender<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">August 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Taejong_of_Joseon" title="Taejong of Joseon">King Taejong</a>, ruler of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> that encompasses most of Korea, agrees to abdicate his throne in order for his son <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">Prince Yi Do</a> to become the new monarch. Taejong then becomes the <a href="/wiki/Styles_and_titles_in_Joseon" title="Styles and titles in Joseon">King Emeritus</a> (<i>Sangwang</i>).</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_21" title="August 21">August 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Armagnac%E2%80%93Burgundian_Civil_War" title="Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War">Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War</a>: The massacre of the Armagnacs ends in Paris after as many as 5,000 people have been killed in retaliation for the assassination of John the Fearless.<sup id="cite_ref-Sizer_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sizer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_23" title="August 23">August 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Lascaris_di_Tenda" title="Beatrice Lascaris di Tenda">Beatrice Lascaris di Tenda</a>, Duchess of Milan as the wife of the Duke <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Maria_Visconti" title="Filippo Maria Visconti">Filippo Maria Visconti</a>, is secretly arrested for adultery and removed from the walled city of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> while its gates are locked.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On her husband's orders, she is transferred to the <i><a href="/wiki/Visconti_Castle_(Binasco)" title="Visconti Castle (Binasco)">Castello Visconteo</a></i> in nearby <a href="/wiki/Binasco" title="Binasco">Binasco</a>, where she, two of her maidens, and her lover, the troubadour Michele Orombelli, are tortured. Beatrice is beheaded on September 13, and her three accomplices are put to death on the same day.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_13" title="September 13">September 13</a> – Commissioned by the Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_Shaykh" title="Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh">Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh</a> of Egypt and supervised by the Shaykh's Emir Abu Bakr al-Yaghmuri, the rebuilding of the <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Uthman_Mosque" title="Ibn Uthman Mosque">Ibn Uthman Mosque</a> begins in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mosque will be completed in <a href="/wiki/1431" title="1431">1431</a> but will be destroyed almost 600 years later in <a href="/wiki/2024" title="2024">2024</a> by an airstrike from the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_18" title="September 18">September 18</a> – Prince Yi Do, son of Korea's King Emeritus Taejong, is enthroned as <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">King Sejong</a>, and will make major reforms during his reign of more than 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October–December"><span id="October.E2.80.93December"></span>October–December</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1418&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: October–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_2" title="October 2">October 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sim_On" title="Sim On">Sim On</a> is appointed as the new <a href="/wiki/Yeonguijeong" title="Yeonguijeong">Chief State Councillor of Korea</a> (<i>Yeonguijeong</i>) by the new monarch, King Sejong, but is only in power for three months before being arrested and subsequently executed.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_30" title="October 30">October 30</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> sign a treaty of commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">November 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg%E2%80%93Pomeranian_conflict" title="Brandenburg–Pomeranian conflict">Brandenburg–Pomeranian conflict</a>: In Germany, the Treaty of <a href="/wiki/Ueckerm%C3%BCnde" title="Ueckermünde">Ueckermünde</a> is signed by the Dukes of <a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stettin" title="Pomerania-Stettin">Pomerania-Stettin</a> (Otto II and Casimir V) with the Dukes of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Schwerin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a> (Albert V), <a href="/wiki/Werle" title="Werle">Mecklenburg-Werle</a> (Lord Christopher) and <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Stargard" title="Mecklenburg-Stargard">Mecklenburg-Stargard</a> (John III) to ally against the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brandenburg">Electorate of Brandenburg</a>, ruled by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a> elector <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg">Friedrich I</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_28" title="December 28">December 28</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Dauphin Charles</a>, crown prince of France, reclaims the city of <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a> from the Burgundians after a month-long siege.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_30" title="December 30">December 30</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Ming treasure voyages">Ming Chinese explorers</a>, commanded by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>, arrive in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> to open trade with the Arab kingdom, and the admiral is brought to the court of the Emir <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir_Ahmad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Al-Nasir Ahmad ibn Isma'il">Al Malik al Nasir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese stay until January 27.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_unknown">Date unknown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1418&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Gon%C3%A7alves_Zarco" title="João Gonçalves Zarco">João Gonçalves Zarco</a> leads one of the first <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese</a> expeditions to the <a href="/wiki/Madeira_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeira Islands">Madeira Islands</a>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1418&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Births"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_9" title="January 9">January 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Folch_III_de_Cardona" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Ramón Folch III de Cardona">Juan Ramón Folch III de Cardona</a>, Aragonese admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1485" title="1485">1485</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_14" title="March 14">March 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_II,_Count_of_Nassau-Weilburg" title="Philip II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg">Philip II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg</a> (1429–1492) (d. <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">April 20</a> – Earl David of Rookwood</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_16" title="May 16">May 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Cyprus" title="John II of Cyprus">John II of Cyprus</a>, King of Cyprus and <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and also titular King of Jerusalem from 1432 to 1458 (d. <a href="/wiki/1458" title="1458">1458</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_5" title="August 5">August 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malatesta_Novello" title="Malatesta Novello">Malatesta Novello</a>, Italian condottiero (d. <a href="/wiki/1465" title="1465">1465</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24" title="September 24">September 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cyprus" title="Anne of Cyprus">Anne of Cyprus</a>, Italian noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1462" title="1462">1462</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2" title="November 2">November 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Nadi" title="Gaspare Nadi">Gaspare Nadi</a>, Italian builder famous for his diary (<i>diario</i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1504" title="1504">1504</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_20" title="November 20">November 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Morley,_6th_Baron_Morley" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert de Morley, 6th Baron Morley">Robert de Morley, 6th Baron Morley</a>, Lord of Morley Saint Botolph (d. <a href="/wiki/1442" title="1442">1442</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_8" title="December 8">December 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Queen_Jeonghui" title="Queen Jeonghui">Queen Jeonghui</a>, Queen consort of Korea (d. <a href="/wiki/1483" title="1483">1483</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_12" title="December 12">December 12</a> – Archduke <a href="/wiki/Albert_VI_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert VI of Austria">Albert VI of Austria</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1463" title="1463">1463</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Peter II, Duke of Brittany">Peter II, Duke of Brittany</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1457" title="1457">1457</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isotta_Nogarola" title="Isotta Nogarola">Isotta Nogarola</a>, Italian writer and intellectual (d. <a href="/wiki/1466" title="1466">1466</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1418&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_31" title="January 31">January 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea I of Wallachia">Mircea I of Wallachia</a>, ruler of Wallachia (b. <a href="/wiki/1355" title="1355">1355</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_of_Nieheim" title="Dietrich of Nieheim">Dietrich of Nieheim</a>, German historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2" title="June 2">June 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Katherine_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine of Lancaster">Katherine of Lancaster</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_12" title="June 12">June 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bernard_VII,_Count_of_Armagnac" title="Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac">Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac</a>, Constable of France (b. <a href="/wiki/1360" title="1360">1360</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_2nd_Earl_of_Somerset" title="Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset">Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1401" title="1401">1401</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_11" title="December 11">December 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Piedmont" title="Louis of Piedmont">Louis of Piedmont</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1364" title="1364">1364</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ixtlilxochitl_I" title="Ixtlilxochitl I">Ixtlilxochitl I</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican">Mesoamerican</a> city-state of <a href="/wiki/Texcoco_(Aztec_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texcoco (Aztec site)">Texcoco</a>, and ally of the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foelke_Kampana" title="Foelke Kampana">Foelke Kampana</a>, Frisian lady and regent (b. <a href="/wiki/1355" title="1355">1355</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1418&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTreptow2000" class="citation book cs1">Treptow, Kurt W. (2000). <i>Vlad III Dracula: The Life and Times of the Historical Dracula</i>. The Center of Romanian Studies. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-98392-2-3" title="Special:BookSources/973-98392-2-3"><bdi>973-98392-2-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vlad+III+Dracula%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+the+Historical+Dracula&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=The+Center+of+Romanian+Studies&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=973-98392-2-3&rft.aulast=Treptow&rft.aufirst=Kurt+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1418" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2020" class="citation cs2">Anderson, James A. (2020), "The Ming invasion of Vietnam, 1407–1427", in Kang, David C.; Haggard, Stephan (eds.), <i>East Asia in the World: Twelve Events That Shaped the Modern International Order</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 92, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47987-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47987-5"><bdi>978-1-108-47987-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ming+invasion+of+Vietnam%2C+1407%E2%80%931427&rft.btitle=East+Asia+in+the+World%3A+Twelve+Events+That+Shaped+the+Modern+International+Order&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-47987-5&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1418" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHasan2005" class="citation cs2">Hasan, Mohibbul (2005) [first published 1959], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC"><i>Kashmir Under the Sultans</i></a> (Reprinted ed.), Delhi: Aakar Books, p. 70, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87879-49-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87879-49-7"><bdi>978-81-87879-49-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir+Under+the+Sultans&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=70&rft.edition=Reprinted&rft.pub=Aakar+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-87879-49-7&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Mohibbul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEUlwmXjE9DQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1418" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Creighton-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Creighton_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mandell Creighton, <i>A History of the Papacy during the Period of the Reformation, Vol. I: The Great Schism—The Council of Constance, 1378–1418</i> (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1882), pp. 406–407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matus-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matus_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatusas1991" class="citation book cs1">Matusas, Jonas (1991). <i>Švitrigaila Lietuvos didysis kunigaikštis (Svitrigaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania)</i> (2nd ed.). Vilnius: Mintis. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-417-00473-1" title="Special:BookSources/5-417-00473-1"><bdi>5-417-00473-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%A0vitrigaila+Lietuvos+didysis+kunigaik%C5%A1tis+%28Svitrigaila%2C+Grand+Duke+of+Lithuania%29&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pages=166&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Mintis&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=5-417-00473-1&rft.aulast=Matusas&rft.aufirst=Jonas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1418" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcati-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marcati_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcati_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcati_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanni Mercati, ed., <i>Raccolta di concordati su materie ecclesiastiche tra la Santa Sede e le autorità civili, 1098–1914</i> (Vatican City, 1954), vol. I, pp. 144–168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReich1915" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reich, Emil (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5F89AAAAYAAJ"><i>Select Documents Illustrating Mediæval and Modern History</i></a> (in French). P.S. King & Son. pp. <span class="nowrap">197–</span>198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Select+Documents+Illustrating+Medi%C3%A6val+and+Modern+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E198&rft.pub=P.S.+King+%26+Son&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5F89AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1418" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVaughan2005" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, Richard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSCA2apwD8IC"><i>John the Fearless</i></a>. The Dukes of Burgundy. Vol. 2 (reprinted new ed.). Boydell Press. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851159164" title="Special:BookSources/978-0851159164"><bdi>978-0851159164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+the+Fearless&rft.series=The+Dukes+of+Burgundy&rft.pages=263&rft.edition=reprinted+new&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0851159164&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSCA2apwD8IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1418" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPark2006" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Hong-Kyu (December 22, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297886659">"King Taejong as a statesman: From power to authority"</a>. <i>Korea Journal</i>. <b>46</b> (4)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korea+Journal&rft.atitle=King+Taejong+as+a+statesman%3A+From+power+to+authority&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2006-12-22&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Hong-Kyu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F297886659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1418" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sizer-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sizer_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sizer_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSizer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sizer, Michael (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/w/wsfh/0642292.0035.002?view=text;rgn=main">"The Calamity of Violence: Reading the Paris Massacres of 1418"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Western Society for French History</i>. <b>35</b>. Michigan Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Western+Society+for+French+History&rft.atitle=The+Calamity+of+Violence%3A+Reading+the+Paris+Massacres+of+1418&rft.volume=35&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Sizer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fw%2Fwsfh%2F0642292.0035.002%3Fview%3Dtext%3Brgn%3Dmain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1418" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hong Yi-Seop, <i>Sejong the Great</i> (Seoul: Sejong the Great Memorial Society, 2011), p.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWagner2006" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, J. A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65205034"><i>Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War</i></a>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32736-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32736-X"><bdi>0-313-32736-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65205034">65205034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Hundred+Years+War&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65205034&rft.isbn=0-313-32736-X&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F65205034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1418" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorio1565" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Corio" title="Bernardino Corio">Corio, Bernardino</a> (1565) [1503]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10162022"><i>Historia cōtinente da lorigine di Milano tutti li gesti, fatti, e detti preclari</i></a> [<i>History from the origin of Milan to all the gestures, facts, and famous sayings</i>] (in Italian). Venice: Giorgio De Cavalli. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/165998125">165998125</a> – via Munich Digitization Center (MDZ).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+c%C5%8Dtinente+da+lorigine+di+Milano+tutti+li+gesti%2C+fatti%2C+e+detti+preclari&rft.place=Venice&rft.pub=Giorgio+De+Cavalli&rft.date=1565&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F165998125&rft.aulast=Corio&rft.aufirst=Bernardino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fen%2Fview%2Fbsb10162022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1418" class="Z3988"></span> (reprinted 1856)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharon2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Sharon" title="Moshe Sharon">Sharon, Moshe</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2LtyFVNJmcC"><i>Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, G</i></a>. 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Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7001-3003-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-7001-3003-1"><bdi>3-7001-3003-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=29091.+T%C3%B3%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1+%27%CE%99%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%81%C3%AD%CF%89%CE%BD&rft.btitle=Prosopographisches+Lexikon+der+Palaiologenzeit&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=Verlag+der+%C3%96sterreichischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.date=1976%2F1996&rft.isbn=3-7001-3003-1&rft.aulast=Trapp&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft.au=Beyer%2C+Hans-Veit&rft.au=Walther%2C+Rainer&rft.au=Sturm-Schnabl%2C+Katja&rft.au=Kislinger%2C+Ewald&rft.au=Leontiadis%2C+Ioannis&rft.au=Kaplaneres%2C+Sokrates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1418" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeitzRischer1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heitz, Gerhard; Rischer, Henning (1995). <i>Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</i> (in German). Münster-Berlin: Koehler&Amelang. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7338-0195-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-7338-0195-4"><bdi>3-7338-0195-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+in+Daten.+Mecklenburg-Vorpommern&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster-Berlin&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Koehler%26Amelang&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=3-7338-0195-4&rft.aulast=Heitz&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft.au=Rischer%2C+Henning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1418" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChevalier1985">Chevalier 1985</a>, pp. 111–112, La naissance de la bonne ville : XIIIe au XVe siècle</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRay1987b" class="citation journal cs1">Ray, Haraprasad (1987b). "The Eighth Voyage of the Dragon that Never Was: An Enquiry into the Causes of Cessation of Voyages During Early Ming Dynasty". <i>China Report</i>. <b>23</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">157–</span>178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000944558702300202">10.1177/000944558702300202</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155029177">155029177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Report&rft.atitle=The+Eighth+Voyage+of+the+Dragon+that+Never+Was%3A+An+Enquiry+into+the+Causes+of+Cessation+of+Voyages+During+Early+Ming+Dynasty&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000944558702300202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155029177%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Haraprasad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1418" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ixtlilxochitl I."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Ixtlilxochitl_I.">"Ixtlilxochitl I." </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. Vol. III. 1900. p. 371.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ixtlilxochitl+I.&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.pages=371&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1418" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1418&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChevalier1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chevalier, Bernard (1985). <i>Histoire de Tours</i> (in French). Toulouse: Privat. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7089-8224-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7089-8224-9"><bdi>2-7089-8224-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Tours&rft.place=Toulouse&rft.pub=Privat&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=2-7089-8224-9&rft.aulast=Chevalier&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1418" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1418&oldid=1273806016">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1418&oldid=1273806016</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1418" title="Category:1418">1418</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_Appleton%27s_Cyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Appleton's Cyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Appleton's Cyclopedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 February 2025, at 03:16<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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