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<span>Approval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_and_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_and_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Design and description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_and_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Crew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Service</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Service-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Service subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Hampton_Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Battle of Hampton Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Hampton_Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Duel_of_the_ironclads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duel_of_the_ironclads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Duel of the ironclads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duel_of_the_ironclads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events_after_the_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_after_the_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Events after the battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events_after_the_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Drewry's_Bluff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Drewry's_Bluff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Battle of Drewry's Bluff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Drewry's_Bluff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repairs_and_refit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repairs_and_refit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Repairs and refit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repairs_and_refit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_voyage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_voyage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Final voyage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_voyage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rediscovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rediscovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Rediscovery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rediscovery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rediscovery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rediscovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Recovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1)" title="Монитор (кораб) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Монитор (кораб)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="USS Monitor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="USS Monitor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="USS Monitor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="USS Monitor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_(laev_1862)" title="Monitor (laev 1862) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Monitor (laev 1862)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="USS Monitor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="یواس‌اس مانیتور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یواس‌اس مانیتور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="USS Monitor" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_%EB%AA%A8%EB%8B%88%ED%84%B0" title="USS 모니터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="USS 모니터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80" title="USS Մոնիտոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="USS Մոնիտոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="USS Monitor" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8_(%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94,_1862)" title="מוניטור (אונייה, 1862) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוניטור (אונייה, 1862)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="USS Monitor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="USS Monitor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC_(%E8%A3%85%E7%94%B2%E8%89%A6)" title="モニター (装甲艦) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モニター (装甲艦)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_%C2%ABMonitor%C2%BB" title="USS «Monitor» – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="USS «Monitor»" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="USS Monitor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="USS Monitor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="USS Monitor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="USS Monitor" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="USS Monitor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Оклопњача Монитор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оклопњача Монитор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="USS Monitor" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="USS Monitor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="USS Monitor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="USS Monitor" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q857891#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:USS_Monitor" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=USS_Monitor&params=35_0_6_N_75_24_23_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°0′6″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°24′23″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.00167°N 75.40639°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.00167; -75.40639</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First ironclad of the US Navy, 1861–1862</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the first USS <i>Monitor</i>, a Civil War ironclad. For the World War II vehicle landing ship, see <a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor_(LSV-5)" title="USS Monitor (LSV-5)">USS <i>Monitor</i> (LSV-5)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Monitor_at_sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/USS_Monitor_at_sea.jpg/300px-USS_Monitor_at_sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/USS_Monitor_at_sea.jpg/450px-USS_Monitor_at_sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/USS_Monitor_at_sea.jpg/600px-USS_Monitor_at_sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="416" /></a></span><div>Drawing of <i>Monitor</i> at sea</div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">History</th></tr> <tr><th height="30" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:left;padding-left:2px;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/54px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/107px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span style="padding-left:1em">United States</span></th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Name</td><td><i>Monitor</i></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Ordered</td><td>4 October 1861</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Builder</td><td><a href="/wiki/Continental_Iron_Works" title="Continental Iron Works">Continental Iron Works</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenpoint,_Brooklyn" title="Greenpoint, Brooklyn">Greenpoint, Brooklyn</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Cost</td><td>$275,000</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Laid down</td><td>25 October 1861</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Launched</td><td>30 January 1862</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Commissioned</td><td>25 February 1862</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Fate</td><td>Lost at sea during a storm, 31 December 1862 (off <a href="/wiki/Cape_Hatteras" title="Cape Hatteras">Cape Hatteras</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Status</td><td>Wreck located 27 August 1973, partially salvaged</td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">General characteristics</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Type</td><td><a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">Monitor</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Displacement</td><td>987 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a> (1,003 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">t</a>)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Tons burthen</td><td>776 tons (<a href="/wiki/Builder%27s_Old_Measurement" title="Builder's Old Measurement">bm</a>)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Length</td><td>179 ft (54.6 m)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Beam</td><td>41 ft 6 in (12.6 m)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Draft</td><td>10 ft 6 in (3.2 m)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Installed power</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">2 × <a href="/wiki/Fire-tube_boiler" title="Fire-tube boiler">fire-tube boilers</a></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">320 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower#Indicated_horsepower" title="Horsepower">ihp</a> (240 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt">kW</a>)</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Propulsion</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">1 × <a href="/wiki/Marine_steam_engine#Vibrating_lever" title="Marine steam engine">vibrating-lever steam engine</a></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">1 × <a href="/wiki/Propeller_shaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Propeller shaft">propeller shaft</a></li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Speed</td><td>6 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (11 km/h; 6.9 mph)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Complement</td><td>49 officers and enlisted men</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armament</td><td>2 × 11 in (280 mm) <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a> <a href="/wiki/Dahlgren_gun" title="Dahlgren gun">Dahlgren guns</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armor</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">Gun turret</a>: 8 in (203 mm)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Belt_armor" title="Belt armor">Waterline belt</a>: 3–5 in (76–127 mm)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a>: 1 in (25 mm)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Pilot_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot house">Pilot house</a>: 9 in (229 mm)</li> </ul></td></tr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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.pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_North_Carolina_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="USS Monitor is located in North Carolina"><img alt="USS Monitor is located in North Carolina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/USA_North_Carolina_location_map.svg/250px-USA_North_Carolina_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/USA_North_Carolina_location_map.svg/375px-USA_North_Carolina_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/USA_North_Carolina_location_map.svg/500px-USA_North_Carolina_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="849" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.156%;left:97.781%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="USS Monitor"><img alt="USS Monitor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of North Carolina</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="USS Monitor is located in the United States"><img alt="USS Monitor is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.898%;left:86.12%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="USS Monitor"><img alt="USS Monitor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Nearest city</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">Cape Hatteras, North Carolina</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">9.9 acres (4.0 ha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Built</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">1861–1862</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Architect</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">John Ericsson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Architectural style</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">Ironclad warship</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/74002299">74002299</a><sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background: #A8EDEF">Significant dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">11 October 1974</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Designated NHL</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">23 June 1986</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>USS <i>Monitor</i></b> was an <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad warship</a> built for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and completed in early 1862, the first such ship commissioned by the Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Monitor</i> played a central role in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Battle of Hampton Roads</a> on 9 March under the command of Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/John_L._Worden" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Worden">John L. Worden</a>, where she fought the <a href="/wiki/Casemate_ironclad" title="Casemate ironclad">casemate ironclad</a> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Virginia" title="CSS Virginia">CSS <i>Virginia</i></a> (built on the hull of the scuttled steam frigate <a href="/wiki/USS_Merrimack_(1855)" title="USS Merrimack (1855)">USS <i>Merrimack</i></a>) to a stalemate. The design of the ship was distinguished by its <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">revolving turret</a>, which was designed by American inventor <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Timby" title="Theodore Timby">Theodore Timby</a>; it was quickly duplicated and established the <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">monitor class and type</a> of armored warship built for the American Navy over the next several decades. </p><p>The remainder of the ship was designed by Swedish-born engineer and inventor <a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">John Ericsson</a>, and built in only 101 days in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York, on the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a> beginning in late 1861. <i>Monitor</i> presented a new concept in ship design and employed a variety of new inventions and innovations in ship building that caught the attention of the world. The impetus to build <i>Monitor</i> was prompted by the news that the Confederates had raised the scuttled <i>Merrimack</i> and were building an iron-plated armored vessel named the <i>Virginia</i> on her hull in the old Federal naval shipyard at <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Naval_Shipyard" title="Norfolk Naval Shipyard">Gosport</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a>, that could effectively engage the Union ships blockading <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a> harbor and the <a href="/wiki/James_River" title="James River">James River</a> leading northwest to <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> (capital of the Confederacy). They could ultimately advance unchallenged on <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, up the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> and other seacoast cities. Before <i>Monitor</i> could reach Hampton Roads, the Confederate ironclad had already destroyed the sail <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Cumberland_(1842)" title="USS Cumberland (1842)">USS <i>Cumberland</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Congress_(1841)" title="USS Congress (1841)">USS <i>Congress</i></a> and had run the steam frigate <a href="/wiki/USS_Minnesota_(1855)" title="USS Minnesota (1855)">USS <i>Minnesota</i></a> aground. That night, <i>Monitor</i> arrived and, just as <i>Virginia</i> set to finish off <i>Minnesota</i> and <i>St. Lawrence</i> on the second day, the new Union ironclad confronted the Confederate ship, preventing her from wreaking further destruction on the wooden Union ships. A four-hour battle ensued, each ship pounding the other with close-range cannon fire, although neither ship could destroy or seriously damage the other. This was the first battle fought between armored warships and marked a turning point in naval warfare. </p><p>The Confederates were forced to scuttle and destroy <i>Virginia</i> as they withdrew in early May 1862 from Norfolk and its naval shipyard, while <i>Monitor</i> sailed up the James River to support the Union Army during the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Campaign">Peninsula Campaign</a> under General-in-Chief <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a>. The ship participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drewry%27s_Bluff" title="Battle of Drewry's Bluff">Battle of Drewry's Bluff</a> later that month, and remained in the area giving support to General McClellan's forces on land until she was ordered to join the <a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union Navy blockaders</a> off North Carolina in December. On her way there, she <a href="/wiki/Shipwrecking#Instability_and_foundering" title="Shipwrecking">foundered</a> while under tow during a storm off <a href="/wiki/Cape_Hatteras" title="Cape Hatteras">Cape Hatteras</a> on the last day of the year. <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s wreck was discovered in 1973 and has been partially salvaged. Her guns, <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">gun turret</a>, engine, and other relics are on display at the <a href="/wiki/Mariners%27_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariners' Museum">Mariners' Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News, Virginia</a>, a few miles from the site of her most important military action. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conception">Conception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Conception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the concept of ships protected by armor existed before the advent of the ironclad <i>Monitor</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett212_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett212-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the need for iron plating on ship arose only after the explosive <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shell</a>-firing <a href="/wiki/Paixhans_gun" title="Paixhans gun">Paixhans gun</a> was introduced to naval warfare in the 1820s. The use of heavy iron plating on the sides of warships was not practical until steam propulsion matured enough to carry its great weight. Developments in gun technology had progressed by the 1840s so that no practical thickness of wood could withstand the power of a shell.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the United States began construction in 1854 of a steam-powered ironclad warship, <i><a href="/wiki/Stevens_Battery" title="Stevens Battery">Stevens Battery</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner50_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner50-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but work was delayed and the designer, <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Stevens" title="Robert L. Stevens">Robert Stevens</a>, died in 1856, stalling further work. Since there was no pressing need for such a ship at the time, there was little demand to continue work on the unfinished vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was France that introduced the first operational armored ships as well as the first shell guns and rifled cannons.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett64_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett64-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experience during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> of 1854–1855 showed that armored ships could withstand repeated hits without significant damage when French ironclad <a href="/wiki/Floating_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating batteries">floating batteries</a> defeated Russian coastal fortifications during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kinburn_(1855)" title="Battle of Kinburn (1855)">Battle of Kinburn</a>. Ericsson claimed to have sent the French <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon III">Napoléon III</a> a proposal for a monitor-type design, with a gun turret, in September 1854, but no record of any such submission could be found in the archives of the French Ministry of the Navy (<i><a href="/wiki/Ministre_de_la_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministre de la Marine">Ministre de la Marine</a></i>) when they were searched by naval historian <a href="/wiki/James_Phinney_Baxter_III" title="James Phinney Baxter III">James Phinney Baxter III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French followed those ships with the first ocean-going ironclad, the <a href="/wiki/Armored_frigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored frigate">armored frigate</a> <a href="/wiki/French_ironclad_Gloire" title="French ironclad Gloire"><i>Gloire</i></a> in 1859, and the British responded with <a href="/wiki/HMS_Warrior_(1860)" title="HMS Warrior (1860)">HMS <i>Warrior</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner50_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner50-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a>'s attitude towards ironclads changed quickly when it was learned that the Confederates were converting the captured <a href="/wiki/USS_Merrimack_(1855)" title="USS Merrimack (1855)">USS <i>Merrimack</i></a> to an ironclad at the naval shipyard in Norfolk, Virginia. Subsequently, the urgency of <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s completion and deployment to Hampton Roads was driven by fears of what the Confederate ironclad, now renamed <i>Virginia</i>, would be capable of doing, not only to Union ships but to cities along the coast and riverfronts. Northern newspapers published daily accounts of the Confederates' progress in converting the <i>Merrimack</i> to an ironclad; this prompted the Union Navy to complete and deploy <i>Monitor</i> as soon as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Word of <i>Merrimack</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s reconstruction and conversion was confirmed in the North in late February 1862 when <a href="/wiki/Mary_Louvestre" title="Mary Louvestre">Mary Louvestre</a> of Norfolk, a freed slave who worked as a housekeeper for one of the Confederate engineers working on <i>Merrimack</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made her way through Confederate lines with news that the Confederates were building an ironclad warship. Concealed in her dress was a message from a Union sympathizer who worked in the Navy Yard warning that the former <i>Merrimack</i>, renamed <i>Virginia</i> by the Confederates, was nearing completion.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon her arrival in Washington Louvestre managed to meet with <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a> and informed him that the Confederates were nearing the completion of their ironclad, which surprised Welles. Convinced by the papers Louvestre was carrying, he had production of <i>Monitor</i> sped up. Welles later recorded in his memoirs that "Mrs. Louvestre encountered no small risk in bringing this information ...".<sup id="cite_ref-Allen115_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen115-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tomblin161_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomblin161-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approval">Approval</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Approval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ericcson,_designer_of_the_USS_Monitor_-_Charles_D._Fredricks_%26_Co.,_%22Specialit%C3%A9,%22_587_Broadway,_New_York_LCCN2016646196_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/John_Ericcson%2C_designer_of_the_USS_Monitor_-_Charles_D._Fredricks_%26_Co.%2C_%22Specialit%C3%A9%2C%22_587_Broadway%2C_New_York_LCCN2016646196_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-John_Ericcson%2C_designer_of_the_USS_Monitor_-_Charles_D._Fredricks_%26_Co.%2C_%22Specialit%C3%A9%2C%22_587_Broadway%2C_New_York_LCCN2016646196_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/John_Ericcson%2C_designer_of_the_USS_Monitor_-_Charles_D._Fredricks_%26_Co.%2C_%22Specialit%C3%A9%2C%22_587_Broadway%2C_New_York_LCCN2016646196_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-John_Ericcson%2C_designer_of_the_USS_Monitor_-_Charles_D._Fredricks_%26_Co.%2C_%22Specialit%C3%A9%2C%22_587_Broadway%2C_New_York_LCCN2016646196_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/John_Ericcson%2C_designer_of_the_USS_Monitor_-_Charles_D._Fredricks_%26_Co.%2C_%22Specialit%C3%A9%2C%22_587_Broadway%2C_New_York_LCCN2016646196_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-John_Ericcson%2C_designer_of_the_USS_Monitor_-_Charles_D._Fredricks_%26_Co.%2C_%22Specialit%C3%A9%2C%22_587_Broadway%2C_New_York_LCCN2016646196_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>John Ericsson designed <i>Monitor</i></figcaption></figure> <p>After the United States received word of the construction of <i>Virginia</i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> appropriated $1.5 million on 3 August 1861 to build one or more armored steamships. It also ordered the creation of a board to inquire into the various designs proposed for armored ships. The Union Navy advertised for proposals for "iron-clad steam vessels of war" on 7 August and Welles appointed three senior officers as the <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_Board" title="Ironclad Board">Ironclad Board</a> the following day. Their task was to "examine plans for the completion of iron-clad vessels" and consider its costs.<sup id="cite_ref-r5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ericsson originally made no submission to the board, but became involved when <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Bushnell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelius Bushnell">Cornelius Bushnell</a>, the sponsor of the proposal that became the armored <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloop</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Galena_(1862)" title="USS Galena (1862)">USS <i>Galena</i></a>, needed to have his design reviewed by a <a href="/wiki/Naval_architect" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval architect">naval constructor</a>. The board required a guarantee from Bushnell that his ship would float despite the weight of its armor<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_H._DeLamater" title="Cornelius H. DeLamater">Cornelius H. DeLamater</a> of New York City recommended that Bushnell consult with his friend Ericsson.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two first met on 9 September and again on the following day, after Ericsson had time to evaluate <i>Galena</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> design. During this second meeting, Ericsson showed Bushnell a model of his own design, the future <i>Monitor</i>, derived from his 1854 design. Bushnell got Ericsson's permission to show the model to Welles, who told Bushnell to show it to the board.<sup id="cite_ref-t4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon review of Ericsson's unusual design, the board was skeptical, concerned that such a vessel would not float, especially in rough seas, and rejected the proposal of a completely iron laden ship. <a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="President Lincoln">President Lincoln</a>, who had also examined the design, overruled them. Ericsson assured the board his ship would float exclaiming, "The sea shall ride over her and she shall live in it like a duck".<sup id="cite_ref-Ward-p99_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-p99-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 September, after further deliberations, the board accepted Ericsson's proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-t4_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ironclad Board evaluated 17 different designs, but recommended only three for procurement on 16 September, including Ericsson's <i>Monitor</i> design.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three ironclad ships selected differed substantially in design and degree of risk. <i>Monitor</i> was the most innovative design by virtue of its low <a href="/wiki/Freeboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeboard">freeboard</a>, shallow<a href="/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">-draft</a> iron hull, and total dependence on steam power. The riskiest element of its design was its rotating <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">gun turret</a>, something that had not previously been tested by any navy.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ericsson's guarantee of delivery in 100 days proved to be decisive in choosing his design despite the risk involved.<sup id="cite_ref-r711_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r711-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_description">Design and description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design and description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monitor_model2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Monitor_model2.jpg/310px-Monitor_model2.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Monitor_model2.jpg/465px-Monitor_model2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Monitor_model2.jpg/620px-Monitor_model2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Model of <i>Monitor</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Monitor_plans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/USS_Monitor_plans.jpg/310px-USS_Monitor_plans.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/USS_Monitor_plans.jpg/465px-USS_Monitor_plans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/USS_Monitor_plans.jpg/620px-USS_Monitor_plans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Inboard plans of <i>Monitor</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Monitor</i> was an unusual vessel in almost every respect and was sometimes sarcastically described by the press and other critics as "Ericsson's folly", "cheesebox on a raft"<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "Yankee cheesebox".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent feature on the vessel was a large cylindrical gun turret mounted <a href="/wiki/Amidships" class="mw-redirect" title="Amidships">amidships</a> above the low-freeboard upper <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hull</a>, also called the "raft". This extended well past the sides of the lower, more traditionally shaped hull. A small armored <a href="/wiki/Pilot_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot house">pilot house</a> was fitted on the upper deck towards the bow, however, its position prevented <i>Monitor</i> from firing her guns straight forward.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker171_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker171-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Ericsson's prime goals in designing the ship was to present the smallest possible target to enemy gunfire.<sup id="cite_ref-t8_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship was 179 feet (54.6 m) <a href="/wiki/Long_overall" class="mw-redirect" title="Long overall">long overall</a>, had a <a href="/wiki/Beam_(nautical)" title="Beam (nautical)">beam</a> of 41 feet 6 inches (12.6 m) and had a maximum draft of 10 feet 6 inches (3.2 m). <i>Monitor</i> had a tonnage of 776 <a href="/wiki/Tons_burthen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tons burthen">tons burthen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(ship)" title="Displacement (ship)">displaced</a> 987 long tons (1,003 t). Her crew consisted of 49 officers and enlisted men.<sup id="cite_ref-s9_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s9-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ship was powered by a single-cylinder horizontal <a href="/wiki/Marine_steam_engine#Vibrating_lever" title="Marine steam engine">vibrating-lever steam engine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ck2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ck2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also designed by Ericsson, which drove a 9-foot (2.7 m) propeller,<sup id="cite_ref-t8_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose shaft was nine inches in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The engine used steam generated by two horizontal <a href="/wiki/Fire-tube_boiler" title="Fire-tube boiler">fire-tube boilers</a><sup id="cite_ref-c4_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at a maximum pressure of 40 <a href="/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a> (276 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a>; 3 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram-force" title="Kilogram-force">kgf/cm<sup>2</sup></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 320-<a href="/wiki/Horsepower#Indicated_horsepower" title="Horsepower">indicated-horsepower</a> (240 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt">kW</a>) engine was designed to give the ship a top speed of 8 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (15 km/h; 9.2 mph), but <i>Monitor</i> was 1–2 knots (1.9–3.7 km/h; 1.2–2.3 mph) slower in service.<sup id="cite_ref-ck2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ck2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The engine had a <a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">bore</a> of 36 inches (914 mm) and a <a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">stroke</a> of 22 inches (559 mm).<sup id="cite_ref-s9_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s9-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship carried 100 long tons (100 t) of coal.<sup id="cite_ref-ck2_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ck2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ventilation for the vessel was supplied by two <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal</a> blowers near the stern, each of which was powered by a 6-horsepower (4.5 kW) steam engine. One fan circulated air throughout the ship, but the other one forced air through the boilers, which depended on this forced draught. Leather belts connected the blowers to their engines and they would stretch when wet, often disabling the fans and boilers. The ship's pumps were steam operated and water would accumulate in the ship if the pumps could not get enough steam to work.<sup id="cite_ref-t8_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s turret measured 20 ft (6.1 m) in diameter and 9 ft (2.7 m) high, constructed with 8 inches (20 cm) of armor (11 inches in front at the gun ports) rendering the overall vessel somewhat top heavy. Its rounded shape helped to deflect cannon shot.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pair of steam-powered <a href="/wiki/Donkey_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkey engine">donkey engines</a> rotated the turret through a set of gears; a full rotation was made in 22.5 seconds during testing on 9 February 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fine control of the turret proved to be difficult; as there was no brake the steam engines would have to be placed in reverse if the turret overshot its mark, or another full rotation would have to be made. The only way to see out of the turret was through the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(A-L)#gunport" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)">gun ports</a>; when the guns were not in use, or withdrawn for reloading during battle, heavy iron port stoppers would swing down into place to close the gunports.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Including the guns, the turret weighed approximately 160 long tons (163 t); the entire weight rested on an iron spindle that had to be jacked up using a wedge before the turret could rotate.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_p._225_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson_p._225-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spindle was 9 inches (23 cm) in diameter which gave it ten times the strength needed in preventing the turret from sliding sideways.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When not in use, the turret rested on a brass ring on the deck that was intended to form a watertight seal. In service, however, this proved to leak heavily, despite <a href="/wiki/Caulking" class="mw-redirect" title="Caulking">caulking</a> by the crew.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_p._225_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson_p._225-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gap between the turret and the deck proved to be a problem as debris and shell fragments entered the gap and jammed the turrets of several <a href="/wiki/Passaic-class_monitor" title="Passaic-class monitor"><i>Passaic</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">monitors</a>, which used the same turret design, during the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Charleston_Harbor" title="First Battle of Charleston Harbor">First Battle of Charleston Harbor</a> in April 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Direct hits on the turret with heavy shot could bend the spindle, which could also jam the turret.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To gain access to the turret from below, or to hoist up powder and shot during battle, the turret had to rotate to face <a href="/wiki/Starboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Starboard">starboard</a>, which would line up the entry hatch in the floor of the turret with an opening in the deck below.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roof of the turret was lightly built to facilitate any needed exchange of the ship's guns and to improve ventilation, with only gravity holding the roof plates in place.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MonitorTurretInt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/MonitorTurretInt.jpg/220px-MonitorTurretInt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/MonitorTurretInt.jpg/330px-MonitorTurretInt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/MonitorTurretInt.jpg/440px-MonitorTurretInt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Side view of the cutaway replica of the turret in the <a href="/wiki/Mariners%27_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariners' Museum">Mariners' Museum</a>, with only one 11-inch (280 mm) <a href="/wiki/Dahlgren_gun" title="Dahlgren gun">Dahlgren gun</a> mounted</figcaption></figure> <p>The turret was intended to mount a pair of 15-inch (380 mm) <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a> <a href="/wiki/Dahlgren_gun" title="Dahlgren gun">Dahlgren guns</a>, but they were not ready in time and 11-inch (280 mm) guns were substituted,<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_p._225_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson_p._225-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> weighing approximately 16,000 pounds (7,300 kg) each. <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s guns used the standard propellant charge of 15 pounds (6.8 kg) specified by the 1860 ordnance for targets "distant", "near", and "ordinary", established by the gun's designer Dahlgren himself.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They could fire a 136-pound (61.7 kg) round shot or shell up to a range of 3,650 yards (3,340 m) at an elevation of +15°.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The top of the armored deck was only about 18 inches (460 mm) above the <a href="/wiki/Waterline" title="Waterline">waterline</a>. It was protected by two layers of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-inch (13 mm) wrought iron armor. The sides of the "raft" consisted of three to five layers of 1-inch (25 mm) iron plates, backed by about 30 inches (762 mm) of pine and oak. Three of the plates extended the full 60-inch (1,524 mm) height of the side, but the two innermost plates did not extend all the way down. Ericsson originally intended to use either six 1-inch plates or a single outer 4-inch (100 mm) plate backed by three <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>-inch (19 mm) plates, but the thicker plate required too much time to roll.<sup id="cite_ref-c5_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c5-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two innermost plates were riveted together while the outer plates were bolted to the inner ones. A ninth plate, only <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inch (19 mm) thick and 15 inches (381 mm) wide, was bolted over the <a href="/wiki/Butt_joint" title="Butt joint">butt joints</a> of the innermost layer of armor. Glass <a href="/wiki/Porthole" title="Porthole">portholes</a> in the deck provided natural light for the interior of the ship; in action these were covered by iron plates.<sup id="cite_ref-t8_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the duel between the two ironclads at Hampton Roads there was concern by some Navy officials who witnessed the battle that <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s design might allow for easy boarding by the Confederates. In a letter dated 27 April 1862 Lieutenant Commander O.C. Badger wrote to Lieutenant H. A. Wise, Assistant Inspector of Ordnance, advising the use of "liquid fire", scalding water from the boiler through hoses and pipes, sprayed out via the vents and pilothouse window, to repel enemy boarders.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise who was aboard and inspected <i>Monitor</i> after the battle responded in a letter of 30 April 1862: "With reference to the Monitor, the moment I jumped on board of her after the fight I saw that a steam tug with twenty men could have taken the upper part of her in as many seconds ... I hear that hot water pipes are arranged so as to scald the assailants when they may dare to set foot on her."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chance to employ such a tactic never arose. There are conflicting accounts as to whether such an anti-personnel provision was installed.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrison140_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison140-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Launch_USS_Monitor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="drawing showing the Launch of USS Monitor into the East River at Brooklyn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Launch_USS_Monitor.jpg/220px-Launch_USS_Monitor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Launch_USS_Monitor.jpg/330px-Launch_USS_Monitor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Launch_USS_Monitor.jpg/440px-Launch_USS_Monitor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption>Launch of <i>Monitor</i>, 1862</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Commodore_(rank)" title="Commodore (rank)">Commodore</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_(1790%E2%80%931877)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Smith (1790–1877)">Joseph Smith</a>, Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Yards_and_Docks" title="Bureau of Yards and Docks">Bureau of Yards and Docks</a>, sent Ericsson formal notice of the acceptance of his proposal on 21 September 1861. Six days later, Ericsson signed a contract with Bushnell, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Winslow" title="John F. Winslow">John F. Winslow</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Augustus_Griswold" title="John Augustus Griswold">John A. Griswold</a> which stated that the four partners would equally share in the profits or the losses incurred by the construction of the ironclad. There was one major delay, however, over the signing of the actual contract with the government.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Welles insisted that if <i>Monitor</i> did not prove to be a "complete success", the builders would have to refund every cent to the government.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winslow balked at this draconian provision and had to be persuaded by his partners to sign after the Navy rejected his attempt to amend the contract. The contract was finally signed on 4 October for a price of $275,000<sup id="cite_ref-McPherson375_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPherson375-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be paid in installments as work progressed.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Preliminary work had begun well before that date, however, and Ericsson's consortium contracted with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Rowland" title="Thomas F. Rowland">Thomas F. Rowland</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Iron_Works" title="Continental Iron Works">Continental Iron Works</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bushwick_Inlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushwick Inlet">Bushwick Inlet</a> (in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Greenpoint,_Brooklyn" title="Greenpoint, Brooklyn">Greenpoint, Brooklyn</a>) on 25 October for construction of <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s hull. Her <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> was laid the same day. The turret was built and assembled at the <a href="/wiki/Novelty_Iron_Works" title="Novelty Iron Works">Novelty Iron Works</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, disassembled and shipped to Bushwick Inlet where it was reassembled.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship's steam engines and machinery were constructed at the <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_H._DeLamater" title="Cornelius H. DeLamater">DeLamater Iron Works</a>, also in Manhattan.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson,_James_L_2005_400_pages_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson,_James_L_2005_400_pages-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chief Engineer <a href="/wiki/Alban_C._Stimers" title="Alban C. Stimers">Alban C. Stimers</a>, who once served aboard <i>Merrimack</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thulesius109_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thulesius109-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was appointed Superintendent of the ship while she was undergoing construction.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although never formally assigned to the crew, he remained aboard her as an inspector during her maiden voyage and battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Thulesius109_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thulesius109-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Construction progressed in fits and starts, plagued by a number of short delays in the delivery of iron and occasional shortages of cash, but they did not delay the ship's progress by more than a few weeks. The hundred days allotted for her construction passed on 12 January, but the Navy chose not to penalize the consortium.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Monitor", meaning "one who admonishes and corrects wrongdoers",<sup id="cite_ref-McPherson375_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPherson375-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was proposed by Ericsson on 20 January 1862 and approved by Assistant Secretary of the Navy <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Fox" title="Gustavus Fox">Gustavus Fox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Ericsson stood on its deck in defiance of all his critics who thought she would never float,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Monitor</i> was <a href="/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship naming and launching">launched</a> on 30 January 1862 to the cheers of the watching crowd, even those who had bet that the ship would sink straight to the bottom,<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_p._237_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson_p._237-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ship_commissioning" title="Ship commissioning">commissioned</a> on 25 February.<sup id="cite_ref-mon_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mon-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even before <i>Monitor</i> was commissioned, she ran an unsuccessful set of <a href="/wiki/Sea_trial" title="Sea trial">sea trials</a> on 19 February. Valve problems with the main engine and one of the fan engines prevented her from reaching the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard" title="Brooklyn Navy Yard">Brooklyn Navy Yard</a> from Bushwick Inlet and she had to be towed there the next day. These issues were easily fixed and <i>Monitor</i> was ordered to sail for Hampton Roads on 26 February, but her departure had to be delayed one day to load ammunition. On the morning of 27 February the ship entered the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a> preparatory to leaving New York, but proved to be all but unsteerable and had to be towed back to the navy yard. Upon examination, the steering gear controlling the <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudder</a> had been improperly installed and Rowland offered to realign the rudder, which he estimated to take only a day. Ericsson, however, preferred to revise the steering gear by adding an extra set of <a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">pulleys</a> as he believed it would take less time. His modification proved to be successful during trials on 4 March.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_p._237_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson_p._237-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gunnery trials were successfully performed the previous day, although Stimers twice nearly caused disasters as he did not understand how the <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">recoil</a> mechanism worked on Ericsson's <a href="/wiki/Gun_carriage" title="Gun carriage">carriage</a> for the 11-inch guns. Instead of tightening them to reduce the recoil upon firing, he loosened them so that both guns struck the back of the turret, fortunately without hurting anybody or damaging the guns.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Monitor</i> employed over forty patented inventions and marked a significant departure from the dominant naval vessels of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward-p99_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-p99-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ericsson's innovative turret design, although not without flaws, facilitated the widespread adoption of rotating guns on warships in navies worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because <i>Monitor</i> was an experimental craft, urgently needed, hurriedly constructed, and almost immediately put to sea, a number of problems were discovered during her maiden voyage to Hampton Roads and during the battle there.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet she was still able to challenge <i>Virginia</i> and prevent her from further destroying the remaining ships in the Union <a href="/wiki/Flotilla" title="Flotilla">flotilla</a> blockading Hampton Roads.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the "boom time" of the Civil War, Ericsson could have made a fortune with his inventions used in <i>Monitor</i>, but instead gave the U.S. government all his <i>Monitor</i> patent rights saying it was his "contribution to the glorious Union cause".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crew">Crew</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Crew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original officers at the time of <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s commissioning were: </p> <table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption><b>Officers of USS <i>Monitor</i> at commissioning</b><br />(25 February 1862) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/John_Lorimer_Worden" title="John Lorimer Worden">John Lorimer Worden</a>, Commanding Officer </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Greene_(naval_officer)" title="Samuel Greene (naval officer)">Samuel Greene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Executive_officer#Military" title="Executive officer">Executive Officer</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">   </span>Third Assistant Engineer, Robinson W. Hands </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Master_(naval)" title="Master (naval)">Acting Master</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_N._Stodder" title="Louis N. Stodder">Louis N. Stodder</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">   </span>Fourth Assistant Engineer, Mark T. Sunstrom </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acting Master, J.N. Webber </td> <td><span class="nowrap">   </span>Acting Assistant Paymaster, William F. Keeler </td></tr> <tr> <td>First Assistant Engineer, Isaac Newton Jr. </td> <td><span class="nowrap">   </span>Acting Assistant Surgeon, Daniel C. Logue<sup id="cite_ref-Quarstein40_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quarstein40-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Assistant Engineer, Albert B. Campbell </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Lorimer_Worden_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving showing Commander Worden likeness in 1862" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_Lorimer_Worden_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-John_Lorimer_Worden_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_Lorimer_Worden_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-John_Lorimer_Worden_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_Lorimer_Worden_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-John_Lorimer_Worden_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Commander Worden in 1862</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> crew were all volunteers and totaled 49 officers and enlisted men. The ship required ten officers: a commander, an executive officer, four engineers, one medical officer, two masters and a paymaster.<sup id="cite_ref-Quarstein40_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quarstein40-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before Worden was allowed to select, assemble, and commit a crew to <i>Monitor</i>, the vessel had to be completed.<sup id="cite_ref-Quarstein40-41_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quarstein40-41-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four of the officers were <a href="/wiki/Line_officer" title="Line officer">line officers</a> and responsible for the handling of the vessel and operation of guns during battle, while the engineering officers were considered a class unto themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Quarstein40-41_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quarstein40-41-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> turret, Greene and Stodder supervised loading and firing of the two eleven-inch (280 mm) Dahlgrens. Each gun was crewed by eight men.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Worden's report of 27 January 1862 to Welles, he stated he believed 17 men and 2 officers would be the maximum number in the turret that allowed the crew to work without getting in each other's way.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MonitorCrew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photo showing original Officers of Monitor in 1862" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MonitorCrew.jpg/290px-MonitorCrew.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MonitorCrew.jpg/435px-MonitorCrew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MonitorCrew.jpg/580px-MonitorCrew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption>USS <i>Monitor</i> officers on deck, posed by her armored gun turret, while the ship was in the James River, Virginia, 9 July 1862. The US Navy Library identifies them as:<br /><b>Top row, left to right</b>: <br /> Second Assistant Engineer Albert B. Campbell · Third Assistant Engineer Mark Trueman Sunstrom · Acting Assistant Paymaster William F. Keeler · Lieutenant L. Howard Newman (Executive Officer of USS <i>Galena</i>) <br /><b>Middle row, left to right</b>:<br /> Acting Master <a href="/wiki/Louis_N._Stodder" title="Louis N. Stodder">Louis N. Stodder</a> · Master's Mate George Frederickson · Acting Volunteer Lieutenant William Flye · Acting Assistant Surgeon Daniel C. Logue · Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Greene_(naval_officer)" title="Samuel Greene (naval officer)">Samuel Greene</a>. <br /><b>Seated on deck in front, left to right</b>:<br /> Third Assistant Engineer Robinson W. Hands · Acting Master E.V. Gager.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />A similar photograph shows <i>Monitor</i> officer First Assistant Engineer Isaac Newton.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Monitor</i> also required petty officers: among them was Daniel Toffey, Worden's nephew. Worden had selected Toffey to serve as his captain's clerk. Two black Americans were also among the enlisted men in the crew.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Living quarters for the senior officers consisted of eight separate well-furnished cabins, each provided with a small oak table and chair, an oil lamp, shelves and drawers and a canvas floor covering covered with a rug. The entire crew were given goat-skin mats to sleep on. Lighting for each living area was provided by small skylights in the deck above, which were covered by an iron hatch during battle. The officer's wardroom was located forward of the berth deck where officers would eat their meals, hold meetings or socialize during what little spare time they had. It was well furnished with an oriental rug, a large oak table and other such items. Ericsson had personally paid for the costs of all the officer's furnishings.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many details of <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s history and insights of everyday crew life have been discovered from correspondence sent from the various crew members to family and friends while serving aboard the ironclad. In particular the correspondence of <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Spencer_Geer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Spencer Geer (page does not exist)">George S. Geer</a>, who sent more than 80 letters, often referred to as <i>The Monitor Chronicles</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to his wife Martha during the entire time of <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s service provide many details and insights into every chapter of the ironclad's short-lived history, offering a rare perspective of a sailor's experience on the naval front during the Civil War. The letters of Acting Paymaster <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Frederick_Keeler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Frederick Keeler (page does not exist)">William F. Keeler</a> to his wife Anna also corroborate many of the accounts of affairs that took place aboard <i>Monitor</i>. The letters of Geer and Keeler are available for viewing and are housed at the <a href="/wiki/Mariners%27_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariners' Museum">Mariners' Museum</a> in Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other crew members were interviewed later in life, like <a href="/wiki/Louis_N._Stodder" title="Louis N. Stodder">Louis N. Stodder</a>, one of the last crew members to abandon <i>Monitor</i> minutes before she sank in a storm at sea,<sup id="cite_ref-Still,_1988,_p._20_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Still,_1988,_p._20-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was the last surviving crew member of <i>Monitor</i> and lived well into the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service">Service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 6 March 1862, the ship departed New York bound for <a href="/wiki/Fort_Monroe" title="Fort Monroe">Fort Monroe</a>, Virginia, towed by the ocean-going <a href="/wiki/Tug" class="mw-redirect" title="Tug">tug</a> <i>Seth Low</i> and accompanied by the gunboats <a href="/wiki/USS_Currituck_(1843)" title="USS Currituck (1843)"><i>Currituck</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Sachem_(1861)" title="USS Sachem (1861)"><i>Sachem</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worden, not trusting the seal between the turret and the hull, and ignoring Ericsson's advice,<sup id="cite_ref-Konstam40_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konstam40-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wedged the former in the up position and stuffed <a href="/wiki/Oakum" title="Oakum">oakum</a> and sail cloth in the gap.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rising seas that night washed the oakum away and water poured underneath the turret, as well as through the <a href="/wiki/Hawsepipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawsepipe">hawsepipe</a>, various hatches, ventilation pipes, and the two <a href="/wiki/Funnel_(ship)" title="Funnel (ship)">funnels</a>, so that the belts for the ventilation and boiler fans loosened and fell off and the fires in the boilers were nearly extinguished over the course of the next day; this created a toxic atmosphere in the engine room that knocked out most of the engine-room crew. First Assistant Engineer Isaac Newton ordered the engine room abandoned and had the able-bodied crew drag the afflicted engine room hands to the top of the turret where the fresh air could revive them.<sup id="cite_ref-Konstam40_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konstam40-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Newton and Stimers worked desperately to get the blowers to work, but they too succumbed to the noxious fumes and were taken above.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One <a href="/wiki/Fireman_(steam_engine)" title="Fireman (steam engine)">fireman</a> was able to punch a hole in the fan box, drain the water, and restart the fan. Later that night, the wheel ropes controlling the ship's rudder jammed, making it nearly impossible to control the ship's heading in the rough seas. <i>Monitor</i> was now in danger of <a href="/wiki/Shipwrecking" title="Shipwrecking">foundering</a>, so Worden signaled <i>Seth Low</i> for help and had <i>Monitor</i> towed to calmer waters closer to shore so she was able to restart her engines later that evening. She rounded <a href="/wiki/Cape_Charles_(headland)" title="Cape Charles (headland)">Cape Charles</a> around 3:00 pm on 8 March and entered <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>, reaching <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a> at 9:00 pm, well after the first day's fighting in the Battle of Hampton Roads had concluded.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Hampton_Roads">Battle of Hampton Roads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Battle of Hampton Roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Battle of Hampton Roads</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Monitor_and_Merrimac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting showing Monitor engaging Virginia, 9 March 1862" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Monitor_and_Merrimac.jpg/220px-The_Monitor_and_Merrimac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Monitor_and_Merrimac.jpg/330px-The_Monitor_and_Merrimac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Monitor_and_Merrimac.jpg/440px-The_Monitor_and_Merrimac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4460" data-file-height="3100" /></a><figcaption>USS <i>Monitor</i> engaging <a href="/wiki/CSS_Virginia" title="CSS Virginia">CSS <i>Virginia</i></a>, 9 March 1862</figcaption></figure> <p>On 8 March 1862, <i>Virginia</i>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)" title="Commander (United States)">Commander</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Franklin Buchanan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Davis216_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis216-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was ready to engage the Union flotilla blockading the James River.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Virginia</i> was powered by <i>Merrimack</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s original engines, which had been condemned by the US Navy before her capture. The ship's chief engineer, H. Ashton Ramsay, served in <i>Merrimack</i> before the Civil War broke out and knew of the engines' unreliability, but Buchanan pushed forward undaunted.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson6_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson6-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The slow-moving <i>Virginia</i> attacked the Union blockading squadron in Hampton Roads, Virginia, destroying the sail frigates <i>Cumberland</i> and <i>Congress</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in the battle, the steam frigate <a href="/wiki/USS_Minnesota_(1855)" title="USS Minnesota (1855)">USS <i>Minnesota</i></a> ran aground while attempting to engage <i>Virginia</i>, and remained stranded throughout the battle. <i>Virginia</i>, however, was unable to attack <i>Minnesota</i> before daylight faded. That day Buchanan was severely wounded in the leg and was relieved of command by <a href="/wiki/Catesby_ap_Roger_Jones" title="Catesby ap Roger Jones">Catesby ap Roger Jones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Days before the battle a telegraph cable was laid between Fortress Monroe, which overlooked Hampton Roads, and Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington was immediately informed of the dire situation after the initial battle. Many were now concerned <i>Virginia</i> would put to sea and begin bombarding cities such as New York while others feared she would ascend the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> and attack Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an emergency meeting among President Lincoln, Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. Stanton">Edwin M. Stanton</a>, Secretary Welles and other senior naval officers, inquiries were made about <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s ability to stop <i>Virginia</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s prospect of further destruction. When the temperamental Stanton learned that <i>Monitor</i> had only two guns he expressed contempt and rage as he paced back and forth, further increasing the anxiety and despair among members of the meeting. Assurances from Admiral Dahlgren and other officers that <i>Virginia</i> was too massive to effectively approach Washington and that <i>Monitor</i> was capable of the challenge offered him no consolation. After further deliberations Lincoln was finally assured but Stanton remained almost in a state of terror and sent telegrams to various governors and mayors of the coastal states warning them of the danger.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Stanton approved a plan to load some sixty canal boats with stone and gravel and sink them in the Potomac, but Welles was able to convince Lincoln at the last moment that such a plan would only prevent <i>Monitor</i> and other Union ships from reaching Washington and that the barges should only be sunk if and when <i>Virginia</i> was able to make her way up the Potomac.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 9:00 pm, <i>Monitor</i> finally arrived on the scene only to discover the destruction that <i>Virginia</i> had already wrought on the Union fleet. Worden was ordered upon reaching Hampton Roads to anchor alongside <a href="/wiki/USS_Roanoke_(1855)" title="USS Roanoke (1855)">USS <i>Roanoke</i></a> and report to Captain John Marston where Worden was briefed of the situation and received further orders to protect the grounded <i>Minnesota</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By midnight, under the cover of darkness, <i>Monitor</i> quietly pulled up alongside and behind the <i>Minnesota</i> and waited.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner553_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner553-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Duel_of_the_ironclads">Duel of the ironclads</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Duel of the ironclads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next morning at about 6:00 am <i>Virginia</i>, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/CSS_Jamestown" title="CSS Jamestown"><i>Jamestown</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS_Patrick_Henry" title="CSS Patrick Henry"><i>Patrick Henry</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/CSS_Teaser" title="CSS Teaser"><i>Teaser</i></a>, got underway from <a href="/wiki/Sewell%27s_Point" title="Sewell's Point">Sewell's Point</a> to finish off <i>Minnesota</i> and the rest of the blockaders, but were delayed sailing out into Hampton Roads because of heavy fog until about 8:00 am.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Monitor</i> Worden was already at his station in the pilot house while Greene took command of the turret.<sup id="cite_ref-Still18_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Still18-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samuel Howard, Acting Master of <i>Minnesota</i>, who was familiar with Hampton Roads with its varying depths and shallow areas, had volunteered to be the pilot the night before and thus was accepted, while Quarter Master <a href="/wiki/Peter_Williams_(Medal_of_Honor)" title="Peter Williams (Medal of Honor)">Peter Williams</a> steered the vessel throughout the battle (Williams was later awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> for this act).<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speaking tube used to communicate between the pilothouse and the turret had broken early in the action so Keeler and Toffey had to relay commands from Worden to Greene.<sup id="cite_ref-Quarstein78_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quarstein78-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greene_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <i>Virginia</i> approached, she began firing at <i>Minnesota</i> from more than a mile away, a few of her shells hitting the vessel. When the firing was heard in the distance, Greene sent Keeler to the pilot house for permission to open fire as soon as possible where Worden ordered,<sup id="cite_ref-Still18_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Still18-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoehling155_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoehling155-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Tell Mr. Greene not to fire till I give the word, to be cool and deliberate, to take sure aim and not waste a shot."<sup id="cite_ref-Hoehling155_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoehling155-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Monitor</i>, to the surprise of <i>Virginia</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s crew, had emerged from behind <i>Minnesota</i> and positioned herself between her and the grounded ship, preventing the Confederate ironclad from further engaging the vulnerable wooden ship at close range. At 8:45 am Worden gave the order to fire where Greene fired the first shots of the battle between the two ironclads which harmlessly deflected off the Confederate ironclad. During the battle <i>Monitor</i> fired solid shot, about once every eight minutes, while <i>Virginia</i> fired shell exclusively.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ironclads fought, generally at close range, for about four hours, ending at 12:15 pm,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ranging from a few yards to more than a hundred. Both ships were constantly in motion, maintaining a circular pattern. Because of <i>Virginia</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s weak engines, great size and weight, and a draft of 22 ft (6.7 m), she was slow and difficult to maneuver, taking her half an hour to complete a 180-degree turn.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the engagement, the controls of the machinery driving <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s turret spindle began to malfunction, making it extremely difficult to turn and stop the turret itself at a given position, so the crew simply let the turret continuously turn and fired their guns "on the fly" as they bore on <i>Virginia</i>. <i>Monitor</i> received several direct hits on the turret, causing some bolts to violently shear off and ricochet around inside. The deafening sound of the impact stunned some of the crew, causing nose and ear bleeding.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leckie211_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leckie211-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, neither vessel was able to sink or seriously damage the other. At one point, <i>Virginia</i> attempted to ram, but only struck <i>Monitor</i> a glancing blow and did no damage. The collision did, however, aggravate the damage to <i>Virginia</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s bow from when she had previously rammed <i>Cumberland</i>. <i>Monitor</i> was also unable to do significant damage to <i>Virginia</i>, possibly because her guns were firing with reduced charges, on advice from Commander <a href="/wiki/John_A._Dahlgren" title="John A. Dahlgren">John Dahlgren</a>, the gun's designer, who lacked the "preliminary information" needed to determine what amount of charge was needed to "pierce, dislocate or dislodge iron plates" of various thicknesses and configurations.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson,_James_L_2005_400_pages_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson,_James_L_2005_400_pages-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dahlgren279_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahlgren279-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the battle Stodder was stationed at the wheel that controlled the turning of the turret, but at one point when he was leaning against its side the turret received a direct hit directly opposite to him which knocked him clear across the inside, rendering him unconscious. He was taken below to recover and relieved by Stimers.<sup id="cite_ref-Greene_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two vessels were pounding each other at such close range that they collided five times.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 11:00 am <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s supply of shot in the turret had been exhausted. With one of the gun port covers jammed shut, she hauled off to shallow waters to resupply the turret and repair the damaged hatch, which could not be fixed. During the lull in the battle, Worden climbed through the gun port out onto the deck to get a better view of the overall situation. <i>Virginia</i>, seeing <i>Monitor</i> turn away, turned her attention to the <i>Minnesota</i> and fired shots that set the wooden vessel ablaze, also destroying the nearby <a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">tugboat</a> <i>Dragon</i>. When the turret was resupplied with ammunition, Worden returned to battle with only one gun able to fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Field56_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field56-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the end of the engagement, Worden directed Williams to steer <i>Monitor</i> around the stern of the Confederate ironclad; <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_Wood" title="John Taylor Wood">Lieutenant Wood</a> fired <i>Virginia</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s 7-inch Brooke gun at <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Pilothouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilothouse">pilothouse</a>, striking the forward side directly beneath the sight hold, cracking the structural "iron log" along the base of the narrow opening just as Worden was peering out.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worden was heard to cry out, <i>My eyes—I am blind!</i> Others in the pilothouse had also been hit with fragments and were also bleeding.<sup id="cite_ref-Holzer14_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holzer14-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temporarily blinded by shell fragments and gunpowder residue from the explosion, and believing the pilothouse to be severely damaged, Worden ordered Williams to sheer off into shallow water, where <i>Virginia</i> with her deep draft could not follow. There <i>Monitor</i> drifted idly for about twenty minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson32_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson32-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time the pilothouse was struck Worden's injury was only known to those in the pilothouse and immediately nearby. With Worden severely wounded, command passed to the executive officer, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Greene_(naval_officer)" title="Samuel Greene (naval officer)">Samuel Greene</a>. Taken by surprise, he was briefly undecided as to what action to take next,<sup id="cite_ref-Holzer14_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holzer14-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but after assessing the damage soon ordered <i>Monitor</i> to return to the battle area.<sup id="cite_ref-Greene_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Field56_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field56-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after <i>Monitor</i> withdrew, <i>Virginia</i> had run aground, at which time Jones came down from the spar deck to find the gun crews not returning fire. Jones demanded to know why and was briefed by Lieutenant <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_R._Eggleston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John R. Eggleston (page does not exist)">Eggleston</a> that powder was low and precious, and given <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s resistance to shot after two hours of battle, maintained that continued firing at that point would be a waste of ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker171_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker171-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Virginia</i> soon managed to break away and headed back towards Norfolk for needed repairs, believing that <i>Monitor</i> had withdrawn from battle. Greene did not pursue <i>Virginia</i><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, like Worden, was under orders to stay with and protect <i>Minnesota</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an action for which he was later criticized. </p><p>As a result of the duel between the two ironclads, <i>Monitor</i> had been struck twenty-two times, including nine hits to the turret and two hits to the pilothouse. She had managed to fire forty-one shots from her pair of Dahlgren guns. <i>Virginia</i> had sustained ninety-seven indentations to her armor from the fire of <i>Monitor</i> and other ships. Neither ship had sustained any significant damage. In the opinion of <i>Virginia</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s commander Jones and her other officers, <i>Monitor</i> could have sunk their ship had she hit the vessel at the waterline.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson32_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson32-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strategically, the battle between these two ships was considered the most definitive naval battle of the Civil War. The battle itself was largely considered a draw, though it could be argued <i>Virginia</i> did slightly more damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson32_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson32-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Monitor</i> did successfully defend <i>Minnesota</i> and the rest of the Union blockading force, while <i>Virginia</i> was unable to complete the destruction she started the previous day. The battle between the two ironclads marked a turning point in the way naval warfare would be fought in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strategically, nothing had changed: the Union still controlled Hampton Roads and the Confederates still held several rivers and Norfolk,<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it a strategic victory for the North. The battle of the ironclads led to what was referred to as "Monitor fever" in the North. During the course of the war improved designs based on <i>Monitor</i> emerged; 60 ironclads were built.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner553_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner553-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Events_after_the_battle">Events after the battle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Events after the battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Monitor_James_River_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/USS_Monitor_James_River_1862.jpg/290px-USS_Monitor_James_River_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/USS_Monitor_James_River_1862.jpg/435px-USS_Monitor_James_River_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/USS_Monitor_James_River_1862.jpg/580px-USS_Monitor_James_River_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>Officers at right are (left to right): Third Assistant Engineer Robinson W. Hands, Acting Master <a href="/wiki/Louis_N._Stodder" title="Louis N. Stodder">Louis N. Stodder</a>, Second Assistant Engineer Albert B. Campbell and Acting Volunteer Lieutenant William Flye (with binoculars). <i>Monitor</i> on the <a href="/wiki/James_River" title="James River">James River</a>, Virginia, 9 July 1862.</figcaption></figure> <p>Immediately following the battle Stimers telegraphed Ericsson, congratulating and thanking him for making it possible to confront the Confederate ironclad and for "saving the day". No sooner than <i>Monitor</i> had weighed anchor, numerous small boats and spectators on shore flocked around the ship to congratulate the crew for what they regarded as their victory over <i>Virginia</i>. Assistant Secretary Fox, who observed the entire battle from aboard <i>Minnesota</i>, came aboard <i>Monitor</i> and jokingly told her officers, "Well gentlemen, you don't look as though you just went through one of the greatest naval conflicts on record". A small tug soon came alongside and the blinded Worden was brought up from his cabin while crew members and spectators cheered. He was taken to Fort Monroe for preliminary treatment, then to a hospital in Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stimers and Newton soon began repairing the damage to the pilot house, and reconfigured the sides from an upright position to a slope of thirty degrees to deflect shot. During this time, Mrs. Worden personally brought news of her husband's progress and recovery and was optimistic, informing the crew his eyesight would soon return but he would be laid up for some time. She also informed them President Lincoln had personally paid Worden a visit extending his gratitude.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worden was later taken to his summer home in New York and remained unconscious for three months.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to Naval service in 1862 as captain of <a href="/wiki/USS_Montauk_(1862)" title="USS Montauk (1862)">USS <i>Montauk</i></a>, another <i>Monitor</i>-type ironclad. </p><p>The Confederates were also celebrating what they considered a victory, as crowds of spectators gathered along the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_River_(Virginia)" title="Elizabeth River (Virginia)">Elizabeth River</a>, cheering and waving flags, handkerchiefs and hats as <i>Virginia</i>, displaying the captured <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(flag)" title="Ensign (flag)">ensign</a> of <i>Congress</i>, passed along up the river. The Confederate government was ecstatic and immediately promoted Buchanan to Admiral.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the Union and Confederacy soon came up with plans for defeating the other's ironclad. Oddly, these did not depend on their own ironclads. The Union Navy chartered a large ship (the <a href="/wiki/Sidewheeler" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidewheeler">sidewheeler</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Vanderbilt" title="USS Vanderbilt">USS <i>Vanderbilt</i></a>) and reinforced her bow with steel specifically to be used as a <a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">naval ram</a>, provided <i>Virginia</i> steamed far enough out into Hampton Roads.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 April, <i>Virginia</i>, accompanied by a number of gunboats, steamed into Hampton Roads to Sewell's Point at the southeast edge, almost over to <a href="/wiki/Newport_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Newport News">Newport News</a>, in a challenge to lure <i>Monitor</i> into battle. <i>Virginia</i> fired a few shots ineffectively at very long range while <i>Monitor</i> returned fire, remaining near Fort Monroe, ready to fight if <i>Virginia</i> came to attack the Federal force congregated there.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, <i>Vanderbilt</i> was in position to ram <i>Virginia</i> if she approached the fort, but <i>Virginia</i> did not take the bait.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a further attempt to entice <i>Monitor</i> closer to the Confederate side so she could be boarded, the James River Squadron moved in and captured three merchant ships, the brigs <i>Marcus</i> and <i>Sabout</i>, and the schooner <i>Catherine T. Dix</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These had been grounded and abandoned when they sighted <i>Virginia</i> entering the Roads. Their flags were then hoisted "<a href="/wiki/Distress_signal#Flags" title="Distress signal">Union-side down</a>" to taunt <i>Monitor</i> into a fight as they were towed back to Norfolk. In the end, both sides had failed to provoke a fight on their terms.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Navy">Confederate Navy</a> originally had devised a plan by which the <a href="/wiki/James_River_Squadron" title="James River Squadron">James River Squadron</a> would swarm <i>Monitor</i> with a party of men to board and capture the vessel, and disable her by using heavy hammers to drive iron wedges under and disable the turret, and by covering the pilothouse with a wet sail effectively blinding the pilot. Others would throw combustibles down the ventilation openings and smoke holes. At one point Jones made such an attempt to board the vessel, but she managed to slip away around the stern of <i>Virginia</i> in time.<sup id="cite_ref-Field56_129-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field56-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a second confrontation on 8 May, when <i>Virginia</i> came out while <i>Monitor</i> and four other Federal ships bombarded Confederate batteries at Sewell's Point. The Federal ships retired slowly to Fort Monroe, hoping to lure <i>Virginia</i> into the Roads. She did not follow, however, and after firing a gun to windward as a sign of contempt, anchored off Sewell's Point. Later, when Confederate forces abandoned Norfolk on 11 May 1862, they were forced to destroy <i>Virginia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Drewry's_Bluff"><span id="Battle_of_Drewry.27s_Bluff"></span>Battle of Drewry's Bluff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Battle of Drewry's Bluff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Drewry%27s_Bluff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Battle_of_Drewry%27s_Bluff.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Drewry%27s_Bluff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Battle_of_Drewry%27s_Bluff.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Drewry%27s_Bluff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Battle_of_Drewry%27s_Bluff.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Drewry%27s_Bluff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drewry%27s_Bluff" title="Battle of Drewry's Bluff">Battle of Drewry's Bluff</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drewry%27s_Bluff" title="Battle of Drewry's Bluff">Battle of Drewry's Bluff</a></div> <p>After the destruction of <i>Virginia</i>, <i>Monitor</i> was free to assist the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">General McClellan's</a> campaign against Richmond. As the Navy always gave command to officers based on seniority, Greene was replaced with Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Selfridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas O. Selfridge">Thomas O. Selfridge</a> the day after the battle. Two days later, Selfridge was in turn relieved by Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/William_Nicholson_Jeffers" title="William Nicholson Jeffers">William Nicholson Jeffers</a> on 15 May 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fuller178_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller178-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Monitor</i> was now part of a flotilla under the command of Admiral <a href="/wiki/John_Rodgers_(American_Civil_War_naval_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rodgers (American Civil War naval officer)">John Rodgers</a> aboard <i>Galena</i>, and, along with three other gunboats, steamed up the James River and engaged the Confederate batteries at <a href="/wiki/Drewry%27s_Bluff" title="Drewry's Bluff">Drewry's Bluff</a>. The force had instructions to coordinate their efforts with McClellan's forces on land and push on towards Richmond to bombard the city into surrender if possible. Without any assistance, the task force got within 8 mi (13 km) of the Confederate capital but could not proceed further because of sunken vessels and debris placed in the river that blocked further passage. There were also artillery batteries at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Darling" title="Fort Darling">Fort Darling</a> overlooking and guarding the approach, along with other heavy guns and sharpshooters positioned along the river banks. The fort was strategically situated on the west bank of the James River atop of a <a href="/wiki/Hill" title="Hill">bluff</a> some 200 ft (61 m) above and overlooking the bend in the river.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuller178_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller178-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stern90_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern90-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Monitor</i> was of little help in the assault because the confinement and small gun ports of her turret would not allow her to elevate her guns sufficiently to engage the Confederate batteries at close range, so she had to fall back and fire at a greater distance,<sup id="cite_ref-Stern90_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern90-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the other gunboats were unable to overcome the fortifications on their own.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson,_James_L_2005_400_pages_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson,_James_L_2005_400_pages-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <i>Monitor</i> received only a few hits, without incurring any damage, the Confederates, many of whom were former crew members of <i>Virginia</i> well aware of her ability to withstand cannon shot even at close range,<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concentrated their guns on the other ships, especially <i>Galena</i>, which sustained considerable damage and moderate casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern90_151-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern90-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a near four-hour artillery duel and sustaining numerous hits overall, the flotilla was unable to neutralize the fortification and had to turn back.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not a single Union ship reached Richmond until near the end of the war, when the city was finally evacuated by the Confederates.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern90_151-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern90-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USSMonitor1862.4.ws.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/USSMonitor1862.4.ws.jpg/220px-USSMonitor1862.4.ws.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/USSMonitor1862.4.ws.jpg/330px-USSMonitor1862.4.ws.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/USSMonitor1862.4.ws.jpg/440px-USSMonitor1862.4.ws.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>1862 picture of USS <i>Monitor</i> crew; the African American crewman in the right foreground is Siah Carter<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After the battle at Drewry's Bluff <i>Monitor</i> remained on the James River providing support, along with the <i>Galena</i> and other gunboats, to McClellan's troops at various points along the river including <a href="/wiki/Harrison%27s_Landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrison's Landing">Harrison's Landing</a><sup id="cite_ref-Quarstein149_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quarstein149-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which ended in August. However most of the time spent on the river was marked with inactivity and hot weather which had a negative effect on the morale of <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s crew. During the long, hot, summer, several crew members became sick and were transferred to Hampton Roads while various officers were replaced including Newton, while Jeffers was replaced by Commander <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Stevens,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas H. Stevens, Jr.">Thomas H. Stevens, Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 15 August. By the end of August, <i>Monitor</i> was ordered back to Hampton Roads and dropped anchor nearby the sunken <i>Cumberland</i> at Newport News Point on 30 August, much to the approval of the crew. <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s sole purpose now was to blockade the James River from any advances made by the newly constructed <a href="/wiki/CSS_Virginia_II" title="CSS Virginia II"><i>Virginia II</i></a>, an ironclad ram.<sup id="cite_ref-Quarstein149_156-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quarstein149-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repairs_and_refit">Repairs and refit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Repairs and refit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Butler_Gunn_Diaries-_Volume_19,_page_91,_March_29,_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Thomas_Butler_Gunn_Diaries-_Volume_19%2C_page_91%2C_March_29%2C_1862.jpg/220px-Thomas_Butler_Gunn_Diaries-_Volume_19%2C_page_91%2C_March_29%2C_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Thomas_Butler_Gunn_Diaries-_Volume_19%2C_page_91%2C_March_29%2C_1862.jpg/330px-Thomas_Butler_Gunn_Diaries-_Volume_19%2C_page_91%2C_March_29%2C_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Thomas_Butler_Gunn_Diaries-_Volume_19%2C_page_91%2C_March_29%2C_1862.jpg/440px-Thomas_Butler_Gunn_Diaries-_Volume_19%2C_page_91%2C_March_29%2C_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3059" data-file-height="4562" /></a><figcaption>[Top photo] picture of the <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s crew; [Bottom Picture] Lieutenant Jeffers, second commander of the <i>Monitor</i> four months after the fight at Hampton Roads in 1862</figcaption></figure> <p>In September Captain <a href="/wiki/John_P._Bankhead" title="John P. Bankhead">John P. Bankhead</a> received orders to take command of <i>Monitor</i>, relieving Stevens, and was sent to Hampton Roads to take charge of the vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-Bankhead_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bankhead-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after Bankhead assumed command, <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s engines and boilers were condemned by a board of survey which recommended that they be overhauled completely.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 September the ironclad was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard" title="Washington Navy Yard">Washington Navy Yard</a> for repairs<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arriving there on 3 October.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon arrival at Washington <i>Monitor</i> and her crew were greeted by a crowd of thousands of cheering admirers who came to see the ship that "saved the nation". <i>Monitor</i> was now a premier tourist attraction and the crowd was soon allowed on board to tour the vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time the vessel was picked clean of artifacts for souvenirs by the touring civilians that came aboard. When Stodder and others came to close up the dock and ship one evening Stodder noted, "When we came up to clean that night there was not a key, doorknob, <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(furniture)" title="Escutcheon (furniture)">escutcheon</a> – there wasn't a thing that hadn't been carried away."<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before <i>Monitor</i> was put into <a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">dry dock</a> for repairs, Lincoln, Fox, various officials and a few of Worden's close friends arrived to ceremoniously review the vessel and pay respect to the crew and former commander Worden, who after a long and partial recovery arrived for the occasion. Entire army regiments were also directed to come by the navy yard and review the ship and honor the crew. <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s crew assembled on deck in formation with their officers in front, while Lincoln, Fox and other guests stood near the turret. When Worden, with part of his face blackened from the wounds he received at Hampton Roads, came aboard, the heavy guns in the navy yard were fired in <a href="/wiki/Salute#Heavy_arms:_gun_salutes" title="Salute">salute</a>. Lincoln came forward and greeted Worden and then introduced him to some of the others. After his formal greeting the crew swarmed around Worden and embraced and shook hands with their former commander and thanked God for his recovery and return. Worden called each of them by name and spoke friendly to and complimented each of them personally. When order was restored the President gave a short speech about Worden's career. At Fox's request, Worden gave a speech to the gathering about his voyage from New York to Hampton Roads, the trials they were faced with along the way and of the great battle between <i>Monitor</i> and <i>Virginia</i>, while paying <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> to many of the officers and men involved. In closing he gave special thanks to Ericsson, Lincoln, Welles and all who made construction of <i>Monitor</i> possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson323_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson323-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <i>Monitor</i> was undergoing repairs her crew was put aboard <a href="/wiki/USS_King_Philip" title="USS King Philip">USS <i>King Philip</i></a> and were eventually granted a furlough by Bankhead who himself went on leave.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For approximately six weeks the vessel remained in dry dock while her bottom was scraped clean, the engines and boilers were overhauled, the entire vessel was cleaned and painted, and a number of improvements made, including an iron shield around the top of the turret.<sup id="cite_ref-Bankhead_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bankhead-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To make the vessel more seaworthy, a 30-foot (9 m) funnel-shaped <a href="/wiki/Smokestack" class="mw-redirect" title="Smokestack">smokestack</a> was placed over the smoke outlet while taller fresh air vents were installed. The <a href="/wiki/Berth_deck" class="mw-redirect" title="Berth deck">berth deck</a> below was also enlarged and raised by removing some of the side storerooms and placing them below, thus reducing the height of the interior which now barely allowed the crew to stand upright. Several cranes were also added while interior improvements were made making the confining environment more livable. A large blower that operated with its own engine was installed which drew fresh air down through the pilothouse. During this time the two Dahlgren guns were each engraved with large letters, <i>MONITOR & MERRIMAC – WORDEN</i> and <i>MONITOR & MERRIMAC – ERICSSON</i>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional iron plates were installed covering the dents from the previous battles. Each plate was inscribed with the name of the source from where the shell causing the dent was made. i.e. <i>Merrimack, Fort Darling</i>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson323_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson323-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stanchions" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanchions">Stanchions</a> were also installed around the perimeter of the freeboard with a rope strung through each making it safer to walk about the deck amid stormy weather and rough seas.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson323_166-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson323-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Monitor</i> was finally taken out of dry dock on 26 October. By November the ship was fully repaired and ready to return to service.<sup id="cite_ref-Bankhead_159-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bankhead-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_voyage">Final voyage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Final voyage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Leslie%27s_scenes_and_portraits_of_the_Civil_War_(1894)_(14576335338).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Frank_Leslie%27s_scenes_and_portraits_of_the_Civil_War_%281894%29_%2814576335338%29.jpg/220px-Frank_Leslie%27s_scenes_and_portraits_of_the_Civil_War_%281894%29_%2814576335338%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Frank_Leslie%27s_scenes_and_portraits_of_the_Civil_War_%281894%29_%2814576335338%29.jpg/330px-Frank_Leslie%27s_scenes_and_portraits_of_the_Civil_War_%281894%29_%2814576335338%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Frank_Leslie%27s_scenes_and_portraits_of_the_Civil_War_%281894%29_%2814576335338%29.jpg/440px-Frank_Leslie%27s_scenes_and_portraits_of_the_Civil_War_%281894%29_%2814576335338%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3048" data-file-height="2936" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of USS <i>Monitor</i> sinking, with <a href="/wiki/USS_Rhode_Island_(1860)" title="USS Rhode Island (1860)">USS <i>Rhode Island</i></a> in the background</figcaption></figure> <p>On 24 December 1862, orders were issued directing <i>Monitor</i> to <a href="/wiki/Beaufort,_North_Carolina" title="Beaufort, North Carolina">Beaufort, North Carolina</a> to join <a href="/wiki/USS_Passaic_(1862)" title="USS Passaic (1862)">USS <i>Passaic</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Montauk_(1862)" title="USS Montauk (1862)">USS <i>Montauk</i></a> for a joint Army-Navy expedition against Wilmington, North Carolina, where she would join the blockade off <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a>. The orders were received by the crew on Christmas Day, some of whom had been aboard <i>Monitor</i> on her harrowing journey from New York to Hampton Roads in March and were not pleased with the prospect of taking to the high seas once again. Dana Greene remarked, "I do not consider this steamer a sea going vessel".<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crew celebrated Christmas aboard <i>Monitor</i> while berthed at Hampton Roads in what was described as a most merry fashion, while many other celebrations were occurring along the shore. The ship's cook was paid one dollar to prepare a meal for the crew befitting the day; it was received with mixed opinion. That day, <i>Monitor</i> was made ready for sea, her crew under strict orders not to discuss the impending voyage with anyone, but bad weather delayed her departure until 29 December.<sup id="cite_ref-Quarstein-p106_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quarstein-p106-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the design of <i>Monitor</i> was well-suited for river combat, her low freeboard and heavy turret made her highly unseaworthy in rough waters. Under the command of <a href="/wiki/John_P._Bankhead" title="John P. Bankhead">John P. Bankhead</a>, <i>Monitor</i> put to sea on 31 December, under tow from the steamship <a href="/wiki/USS_Rhode_Island_(1860)" title="USS Rhode Island (1860)">USS <i>Rhode Island</i></a>, as a heavy storm developed off <a href="/wiki/Cape_Hatteras,_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Hatteras, North Carolina">Cape Hatteras, North Carolina</a>. Using chalk and a blackboard, Bankhead wrote messages alerting <i>Rhode Island</i> that if <i>Monitor</i> needed help she would signal with a red lantern.<sup id="cite_ref-Quarstein171_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quarstein171-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Monitor</i> was soon in trouble as the storm increased in ferocity. Large waves were splashing over and completely covering the deck and pilot house so the crew temporarily rigged the wheel atop the turret which was manned by helmsman Francis Butts.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water continued flooding into the vents and ports and the ship began rolling uncontrollably in the high seas. Sometimes she would drop into a wave with such force the entire hull would tremble. Leaks were beginning to appear everywhere. Bankhead ordered the engineers to start the <a href="/wiki/Worthington_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Worthington pump">Worthington pumps</a>, which temporarily stemmed the rising waters, but soon <i>Monitor</i> was hit by a squall and a series of violent waves and water continued to work its way into the vessel. Right when the Worthington pump could no longer keep pace with the flooding, a call came from the engine room that water was gaining there. Realizing the ship was in serious trouble, Bankhead signaled <i>Rhode Island</i> for help and hoisted the red lantern next to <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s white running light atop the turret. He then ordered the anchor dropped to stop the ship's rolling and pitching with little effect, making it no easier for the rescue boats to get close enough to receive her crew. He then ordered the towline cut and called for volunteers,<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stodder, along with crewmates John Stocking,<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and James Fenwick volunteered and climbed down from the turret, but eyewitnesses said that as soon as they were on the deck Fenwick and Stocking were quickly swept overboard and drowned. Stodder managed to hang onto the safety lines around the deck and finally cut through the 13 in (33 cm) towline with a hatchet.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 11:30 pm. Bankhead ordered the engineers to stop engines and divert all available steam to the large Adams <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_pump" title="Centrifugal pump">centrifugal steam pump</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Voyage_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voyage-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but with reduced steam output from a boiler being fed wet coal, it too was unable to stem the rapidly rising water.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After all of the steam pumps had failed, Bankhead ordered some of the crew to man the <a href="/wiki/Hand_pump" title="Hand pump">hand pumps</a> and organized a <a href="/wiki/Bucket_brigade" title="Bucket brigade">bucket brigade</a>, but to no avail.<sup id="cite_ref-Quarstein149_156-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quarstein149-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greene and Stodder were among the last men to abandon ship and remained with Bankhead who was the last surviving man to abandon the sinking <i>Monitor</i>. In his official report of <i>Monitor</i> to the Navy Department, Bankhead praised Greene and Stodder for their heroic efforts and wrote, "I would beg leave to call the attention of the Admiral and of the Department of the particularly good conduct of Lieutenant Greene and Acting Master Louis N. Stodder, who remained with me until the last, and by their example did much toward inspiring confidence and obedience on the part of the others."<sup id="cite_ref-Still,_1988,_p._20_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Still,_1988,_p._20-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a frantic rescue effort, <i>Monitor</i> finally capsized and sank, stern first,<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> approximately 16 miles (26 km) southeast off Cape Hatteras with the loss of sixteen men,<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including four officers, some of whom remained in the turret, which detached as the ship capsized. Forty-seven men were rescued by the life boats from <i>Rhode Island</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bankhead, Greene and Stodder barely managed to get clear of the sinking vessel and survived the ordeal,<sup id="cite_ref-Voyage_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voyage-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but suffered from exposure from the icy winter sea.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his initial recovery, Bankhead filed his official report, as did the commanding officers of the <i>Rhode Island</i>, stating officers and men of both <i>Monitor</i> and <i>Rhode Island</i> did everything within their ability to keep <i>Monitor</i> from sinking. The Navy did not find it necessary to commission a board of inquiry to investigate the affair and took no action against Bankhead or any of his officers.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some time later a controversy emerged over why <i>Monitor</i> sank. In the <i>Army and Navy Journal</i>, Ericsson accused the crew of drunkenness during the storm, being consequently unable to prevent the vessel from sinking. Stodder vigorously defended the crew and rebuked Ericsson's characterization of the crew and events and wrote to Pierce that Ericsson "covers up defects by blaming those that are now dead", pointing out that there were a number of unavoidable events and circumstances that led to the ship's sinking, foremost being the overhang between the upper and lower hulls which came loose and partially separated during the storm from slamming into the violent waves. Stodder's account was corroborated by other shipmates.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rediscovery">Rediscovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rediscovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Navy tested an "underwater locator" in August 1949 by searching an area south of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Hatteras_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Hatteras Light">Cape Hatteras Lighthouse</a> for the wreck of <i>Monitor</i>. It found a 140-foot (42.7 m) long object bulky enough to be a shipwreck, in 310 feet (94.5 m) of water that was thought to be <i>Monitor</i>, but powerful currents negated attempts by divers to investigate.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retired <a href="/wiki/Rear_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Admiral">Rear Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ellsberg" title="Edward Ellsberg">Edward Ellsberg</a> proposed using external <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontoon (boat)">pontoons</a> to raise the wreck in 1951, the same method of <a href="/wiki/Marine_salvage" title="Marine salvage">marine salvage</a> he had used on the sunken <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_S-51" title="USS S-51"><i>S-51</i></a>, for the cost of $250,000.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four years later, <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Marx" title="Robert F. Marx">Robert F. Marx</a> claimed to have discovered the wreck based on the idea she had drifted into shallow water north of the <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouse</a> before sinking. Marx said he had dived on the wreck and placed a Coke bottle with his name on it in one of the gun barrels, although he never provided any proof of his story.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Monitor_Anchor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo showing anchor of the Monitor at the Mariner's Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/USS_Monitor_Anchor.JPG/220px-USS_Monitor_Anchor.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/USS_Monitor_Anchor.JPG/330px-USS_Monitor_Anchor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/USS_Monitor_Anchor.JPG/440px-USS_Monitor_Anchor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s anchor at the Mariners' Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Interest in locating the ship revived in the early 1970s and <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> sponsored an expedition in August 1973 to search for the wreck using a towed <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> system. The Duke team was led by John G. Newton<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (no known relation to the Isaac Newton that served on the <i>Monitor</i>). On 27 August, <i>Monitor</i> was discovered almost 111 years after sinking, near <a href="/wiki/Cape_Hatteras" title="Cape Hatteras">Cape Hatteras</a> at 230 feet (70 m) depth at coordinates <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=USS_Monitor&params=35_0_6_N_75_24_23_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°0′6″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°24′23″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.00167°N 75.40639°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.00167; -75.40639</span></span></span></a></span></span>. They sent a camera down to photograph the wreck, but the pictures were so fuzzy as to be useless; on a second attempt the camera snagged something on the wreck and was lost. The sonar images did not match what they expected the wreck to look like until they realized that the sinking vessel had turned over while descending and was resting at the bottom upside down. The team announced their discovery on 8 March 1974. Another expedition was mounted that same month to confirm the discovery and the research <a href="/wiki/Submersible" title="Submersible">submersible</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoa_Sea_Probe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcoa Sea Probe (page does not exist)">Alcoa Sea Probe</a></i> was able to take still photos and video of the wreck that confirmed it was <i>Monitor</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These photos revealed that the wreck was disintegrating and the discovery raised another issue. Since the Navy had formally abandoned the wreck in 1953, it could be exploited by divers and private salvage companies as it lay outside North Carolina's territorial limits.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To preserve the ship, the wreck, and everything around it, a .5-<a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical-mile</a> (0.93 km; 0.58 mi) radius was designated as the <a href="/wiki/Monitor_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Monitor National Marine Sanctuary">Monitor National Marine Sanctuary</a>, the first U.S. <a href="/wiki/Marine_sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine sanctuary">marine sanctuary</a>, on 30 January 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Monitor</i> was also designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> on 23 June 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, scientists were finally able to view the wreckage in person as the submersible <i><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Sea_Link" title="Johnson Sea Link">Johnson Sea Link</a></i> was used to inspect it. The <i>Sea Link</i> was able to ferry divers down to the sunken vessel and retrieve small artifacts.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. Navy interest in raising the entire ship ended in 1978 when Captain <a href="/wiki/Willard_Franklyn_Searle" title="Willard Franklyn Searle">Willard F. Searle Jr.</a> calculated the cost and possible damage expected from the operation: $20 million to stabilize the vessel in place, or as much as $50 million to bring all of it to the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-orlando1998_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orlando1998-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research continued and artifacts continued to be recovered, including the ship's 1,500-pound (680 kg) anchor in 1983. The growing number of relics required conservation and a proper home so the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA), in charge of all U.S. marine sanctuaries, selected the Mariners' Museum on 9 March 1987 after considering proposals from several other institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recovery">Recovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Recovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UpsideDownTurret1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo showing recovery of turret as it hoisted up and breaks the surface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/UpsideDownTurret1.jpg/220px-UpsideDownTurret1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/UpsideDownTurret1.jpg/330px-UpsideDownTurret1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/UpsideDownTurret1.jpg/440px-UpsideDownTurret1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Replica of <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s turret in the Mariners' Museum as it was recovered</figcaption></figure> <p>Initial efforts in 1995 by Navy and NOAA divers to raise the warship's propeller were foiled by an abnormally stormy season off Cape Hatteras. Realizing that raising the whole wreck was impractical for financial reasons as well as the inability to bring up the wreck intact, NOAA developed a comprehensive plan to recover the most significant parts of the ship, namely her engine, propeller, guns, and turret. It estimated that the plan would cost over 20 million dollars to implement over four years. The Department of Defense Legacy Resource Management Program contributed $14.5 million. The Navy divers, mainly from its two <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Diving_and_Salvage_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit">Mobile Diving and Salvage Units</a>, would perform the bulk of the work necessary in order to train in deep sea conditions and evaluate new equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another effort to raise <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s propeller was successful on 8 June 1998, although the amount of effort required to work in the difficult conditions off Cape Hatteras was underestimated and the fewer than 30 divers used were nearly overwhelmed. The 1999 dive season was mostly research oriented as divers investigated the wreck in detail, planning how to recover the engine and determining if they could stabilize the hull so that it would not collapse onto the turret. In 2000, the divers <a href="/wiki/Shoring" title="Shoring">shored</a> up the port side of the hull with bags of <a href="/wiki/Grout" title="Grout">grout</a>, installed the engine recovery system, an external framework to which the engine would be attached, in preparation for the next season, and made over five times as many dives as they had the previous season.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2001 dive season concentrated on raising the ship's steam engine and <a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">condenser</a>. Hull plates had to be removed to access the engine compartment and both the engine and the condenser had to be separated from the ship, the surrounding wreckage and each other. A <a href="/wiki/Mini_Rover_ROV" title="Mini Rover ROV">Mini Rover ROV</a> was used to provide visibility of the wreck and divers to the support staff above water. The engine was raised on 16 July and the condenser three days later by the <a href="/wiki/Crane_barge" class="mw-redirect" title="Crane barge">crane barge</a> <i>Wotan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">Saturation diving</a> was evaluated by the Navy that dive season on <i>Monitor</i> and proved to be very successful, allowing divers to maximize their time on the bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Surface_supplied_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface supplied diving">surface-supplied divers</a> evaluated the use of <a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">heliox</a> due to the depth of the wreck. It also proved to be successful once the <a href="/wiki/Dive_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive table">dive tables</a> were adjusted.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE2001_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE2001-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_020717-N-0331L-004_Monitor_salvage_and_recovery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/US_Navy_020717-N-0331L-004_Monitor_salvage_and_recovery.jpg/220px-US_Navy_020717-N-0331L-004_Monitor_salvage_and_recovery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/US_Navy_020717-N-0331L-004_Monitor_salvage_and_recovery.jpg/330px-US_Navy_020717-N-0331L-004_Monitor_salvage_and_recovery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/US_Navy_020717-N-0331L-004_Monitor_salvage_and_recovery.jpg/440px-US_Navy_020717-N-0331L-004_Monitor_salvage_and_recovery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>A Navy diver prepares "the spider"</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:246px;max-width:246px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_020805-N-0872M-503_USS_Monitor_gun_turret_pulled_from_the_water_during_salvage_operation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/US_Navy_020805-N-0872M-503_USS_Monitor_gun_turret_pulled_from_the_water_during_salvage_operation.jpg/244px-US_Navy_020805-N-0872M-503_USS_Monitor_gun_turret_pulled_from_the_water_during_salvage_operation.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/US_Navy_020805-N-0872M-503_USS_Monitor_gun_turret_pulled_from_the_water_during_salvage_operation.jpg/366px-US_Navy_020805-N-0872M-503_USS_Monitor_gun_turret_pulled_from_the_water_during_salvage_operation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/US_Navy_020805-N-0872M-503_USS_Monitor_gun_turret_pulled_from_the_water_during_salvage_operation.jpg/488px-US_Navy_020805-N-0872M-503_USS_Monitor_gun_turret_pulled_from_the_water_during_salvage_operation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Monitor_gun_turret_loaded_onto_barge.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/USS_Monitor_gun_turret_loaded_onto_barge.PNG/190px-USS_Monitor_gun_turret_loaded_onto_barge.PNG" decoding="async" width="190" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/USS_Monitor_gun_turret_loaded_onto_barge.PNG/285px-USS_Monitor_gun_turret_loaded_onto_barge.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/USS_Monitor_gun_turret_loaded_onto_barge.PNG/380px-USS_Monitor_gun_turret_loaded_onto_barge.PNG 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="552" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><b>LEFT:</b> The turret, moments after it reached the surface, secure in the "spider" lifting frame. <b>RIGHT:</b> The turret is loaded onto the <a href="/wiki/Crane_barge" class="mw-redirect" title="Crane barge">crane barge</a> <i>Wotan</i>.</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Monitor_diver_2016.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/USS_Monitor_diver_2016.PNG/220px-USS_Monitor_diver_2016.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/USS_Monitor_diver_2016.PNG/330px-USS_Monitor_diver_2016.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/USS_Monitor_diver_2016.PNG/440px-USS_Monitor_diver_2016.PNG 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">diver</a> examines the wreck in 2016.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Monitor_diver_light.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/USS_Monitor_diver_light.PNG/220px-USS_Monitor_diver_light.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/USS_Monitor_diver_light.PNG/330px-USS_Monitor_diver_light.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/USS_Monitor_diver_light.PNG/440px-USS_Monitor_diver_light.PNG 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption>A diver shines a light at the wreck.</figcaption></figure> <p>Much like the previous year, the 2002 dive season was dedicated to lifting the 120-long-ton (120 t) turret to the surface. Around 160 divers were assigned to remove the parts of the hull, including the armor belt, that lay on top of the turret using chisels, <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cutting_torch" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutting torch">cutting torches</a> and 20,000 psi (140 MPa; 1,410 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>) <a href="/wiki/Hydrodemolition" title="Hydrodemolition">hydroblasters</a>. They removed as much of the debris from inside the turret as possible to reduce the weight to be lifted. This was usually <a href="/wiki/Concretion" title="Concretion">concreted</a> coal as one of the ship's coal bunkers had ruptured and dumped most of its contents into the turret. The divers prepared the turret roof for the first stage of the lift by excavating underneath the turret and placed steel beams and angle irons to reinforce it for its move onto a lifting platform for the second stage. A large, eight-legged lifting frame, nicknamed the "spider", was carefully positioned over the turret to move it onto the platform and the entire affair would be lifted by the crane mounted on the <i>Wotan</i>. The divers discovered one skeleton in the turret on 26 July before the lift and spent a week carefully chipping about half of it free of the concreted debris; the other half was inaccessible underneath the rear of one of the guns.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Cristobal_(2002)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Storm Cristobal (2002)">Tropical Storm Cristobal</a> bearing down on the recovery team, and time and money running out,<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the team made the decision to raise the turret on 5 August 2002, after 41 days of work, and the gun turret broke the surface at 5:30 pm to the cheers of everyone aboard <i>Wotan</i> and other recovery ships nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As archaeologists examined the contents of the turret after it had been landed aboard <i>Wotan</i>, they discovered a second skeleton, but removing it did not begin until the turret arrived at the Mariners' Museum for conservation. The remains of these sailors were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Joint_POW/MIA_Accounting_Command" title="Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command">Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command</a> (JPAC) at <a href="/wiki/Hickam_Air_Force_Base" title="Hickam Air Force Base">Hickam Air Force Base</a>, Hawaii, in the hope that they could be identified.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only 16 of the crew were not rescued by <i>Rhode Island</i> before <i>Monitor</i> sank and the <a href="/wiki/Forensic_anthropologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensic anthropologist">forensic anthropologists</a> at JPAC were able to rule out the three missing black crewmen based on the shape of the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femurs</a> and skulls.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the most promising of the 16 candidates were crew members Jacob Nicklis, Robert Williams and William Bryan,<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a decade passed without their identities being discovered. On 8 March 2013 their remains were buried at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> with full military honors.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003 NOAA divers and volunteers returned to the <i>Monitor</i> with the goal of obtaining overall video of the site to create a permanent record of the current conditions on the wreck after the turret recovery. Jeff Johnston of the <a href="/wiki/Monitor_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Monitor National Marine Sanctuary">Monitor National Marine Sanctuary</a> (MNMS) also wanted a definitive image of the vessel's pilothouse. During the dives, <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s iron pilothouse was located near the bow of the vessel and documented for the first time by videographer Rick Allen, of <a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Productions" title="Nautilus Productions">Nautilus Productions</a>, in its inverted position.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservation of the propeller was completed nearly three years after its recovery, and it is on display in the Monitor Center at the Mariners' Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013, conservation of the engine, its components, the turret and the guns continues.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dahlgren guns were removed from the turret in September 2004 and placed in their own conservation tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among some of the artifacts recovered from the sunken vessel was a red signal lantern, possibly the one used to send a distress signal to <i>Rhode Island</i> and the last thing to be seen before <i>Monitor</i> sank in 1862 – it was the first object recovered from the site in 1977. A gold wedding band was also recovered from the hand of the skeletal remains of one of <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s crew members found in the turret.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a> Shipyard in Newport News constructed a full-scale non-seaworthy static replica of <i>Monitor</i>. The replica was laid down in February 2005 and completed just two months later on the grounds of the Mariners' Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Monitor National Marine Sanctuary conducts occasional dives on the wreck to monitor and record any changes in its condition and its environment.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Funeral_procession_USS_Monitor_Arlington_National_Cemetery.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A funeral procession with two coffins wrapped in the United States flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/Funeral_procession_USS_Monitor_Arlington_National_Cemetery.PNG/235px-Funeral_procession_USS_Monitor_Arlington_National_Cemetery.PNG" decoding="async" width="235" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/Funeral_procession_USS_Monitor_Arlington_National_Cemetery.PNG/353px-Funeral_procession_USS_Monitor_Arlington_National_Cemetery.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/Funeral_procession_USS_Monitor_Arlington_National_Cemetery.PNG/470px-Funeral_procession_USS_Monitor_Arlington_National_Cemetery.PNG 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USS-Monitor-Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A headstone in a cemetery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/USS-Monitor-Memorial.jpg/199px-USS-Monitor-Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/USS-Monitor-Memorial.jpg/299px-USS-Monitor-Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/USS-Monitor-Memorial.jpg/398px-USS-Monitor-Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4009" data-file-height="3123" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><b>LEFT:</b> The funeral procession for the two unidentified <i>Monitor</i> sailors at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlington, Virginia">Arlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, on March 8, 2013. <b>RIGHT:</b> The USS <i>Monitor</i> Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery marks the grave of the two unknowns.</div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/File:Monitor_Monument_jeh.JPG" title="File:Monitor Monument jeh.JPG">Greenpoint <i>Monitor Monument</i></a> in <a href="/wiki/McGolrick_Park" title="McGolrick Park">McGolrick Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, depicts a sailor from <i>Monitor</i> pulling on a <a href="/wiki/Capstan_(nautical)" title="Capstan (nautical)">capstan</a>. The sculptor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_de_Filippo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio de Filippo (page does not exist)">Antonio de Filippo</a> was commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/State_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="State of New York">State of New York</a> in the 1930s for a bronze statue to commemorate the Battle of Hampton Roads, John Ericsson, and the crew of the ship. It was dedicated on 6 November 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A vandal doused it with white paint on 7 January 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995 the U.S. Postal Service issued a stamp commemorating USS <i>Monitor</i> and CSS <i>Virginia</i> depicting the two ships while engaged in their famous battle at Hampton Roads. For an image of the stamp, see footnote link.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 150th anniversary of the ship's loss prompted several events in commemoration. A memorial to <i>Monitor</i> and her lost crew members was erected in the Civil War section of <a href="/wiki/Hampton_National_Cemetery" title="Hampton National Cemetery">Hampton National Cemetery</a> by NOAA's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Marine_Sanctuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of National Marine Sanctuaries">Office of National Marine Sanctuaries</a>, together with the U.S. Navy and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs">U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs</a>, and dedicated on 29 December 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenpoint_Monitor_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greenpoint Monitor Museum (page does not exist)">Greenpoint Monitor Museum</a> commemorated the ship and her crew with an event on 12 January 2013 at the grave sites of those <i>Monitor</i> crew members buried in <a href="/wiki/Green-Wood_Cemetery" title="Green-Wood Cemetery">Green-Wood Cemetery</a> in Brooklyn, followed by a service in the cemetery's chapel.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New Jersey–based indie rock band <a href="/wiki/Titus_Andronicus_(band)" title="Titus Andronicus (band)">Titus Andronicus</a> named their critically acclaimed<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> second album, 2010's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monitor_(album)" title="The Monitor (album)">The Monitor</a></i>, for the ship. Featured on the album's sleeve are the crewmen of <i>Monitor</i>, taken from a tintype portrait. The album's interwoven references to the Civil War include speeches and writings from the period, as well as the side-long closing track "The Battle of Hampton Roads". The latter refers to the <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s encounter with CSS <i>Virginia</i> in prominent detail. Singer/guitarist Patrick Stickles commented while making the album that he was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Burns" title="Ken Burns">Ken Burns</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Civil_War_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Civil War (TV series)">The Civil War</a></i> and the ship itself so much that he decided to name Titus Andronicus's second album in its honor.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">Monitor (warship)</a></div> <p><i>Monitor</i> gave her name to a new type of <a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">mastless</a>, low-freeboard warship that mounted its armament in turrets. Many more were built, including <a href="/wiki/River_monitor" title="River monitor">river monitors</a>, and they played key roles in Civil War battles on the Mississippi and James Rivers. The <a href="/wiki/Breastwork_monitor" title="Breastwork monitor">breastwork monitor</a> was developed during the 1860s by Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_James_Reed" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward James Reed">Edward Reed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Constructor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Constructor">Chief Constructor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, as an improvement of the basic Monitor design. Reed gave these ships a superstructure to increase seaworthiness and raise the freeboard of the gun turrets so they could be worked in all weathers. The superstructure was armored to protect the bases of the turrets, the funnels and the ventilator ducts in what he termed a <a href="/wiki/Breastwork_(fortification)" title="Breastwork (fortification)">breastwork</a>. The ships were conceived as harbor defense ships with little need to leave port. Reed took advantage of the lack of masts and designed the ships with one twin-gun turret at each end of the superstructure, each able to turn and fire in a 270° arc.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ships were described by Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Alexander_Ballard" title="George Alexander Ballard">George Alexander Ballard</a> as being like "full-armoured knights riding on donkeys, easy to avoid but bad to close with".<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reed later developed the design into the <a href="/wiki/Devastation-class_ironclad" title="Devastation-class ironclad"><i>Devastation</i> class</a>, the first ocean-going <a href="/wiki/Turret_ship" title="Turret ship">turret ships</a> without masts, the direct ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">pre-dreadnought battleships</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnoughts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The battle between the <i>Monitor</i> and the Confederate ironclad <a href="/wiki/CSS_Virginia" title="CSS Virginia">CSS <i>Virginia</i></a> was reenacted using scale models in the 1936 film <i><a href="/wiki/Hearts_in_Bondage" title="Hearts in Bondage">Hearts in Bondage</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Republic_Pictures" title="Republic Pictures">Republic Pictures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle was also dramatized in the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Made-for-television_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Made-for-television movie">made-for-television movie</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ironclads_(film)" title="Ironclads (film)">Ironclads</a></i>, produced by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/28px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/42px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/56px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_early_American_naval_history#American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of early American naval history">Bibliography of American Civil War naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_early_United_States_naval_history" title="Bibliography of early United States naval history">Bibliography of early United States naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monitors_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of monitors of the United States Navy">List of monitors of the United States Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_North_Carolina" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in North Carolina">List of National Historic Landmarks in North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Dare_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Dare County, North Carolina">National Register of Historic Places listings in Dare County, North Carolina</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first ironclad warship commissioned by the United States was the wooden-hulled <a href="/wiki/City-class_ironclad" title="City-class ironclad">City-class ironclad</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Carondelet" title="USS Carondelet">USS <i>Carondelet</i></a> commissioned on 15 January 1862. She was manned by Union Navy officers and enlisted personnel and supervised by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">United States Department of the Navy</a>, but the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Gunboat_Flotilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Gunboat Flotilla">Western Gunboat Flotilla</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Theater">Western Theater</a> was funded by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._War_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. War Department">U.S. War Department</a>, and at her commissioning the <i>Carondelet</i> was <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> (United States Army) owned, rather than U.S. Navy property.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Accounts vary. Some sources claim she stole and was carrying the ship's plans, rather than a letter from a third party.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allen115_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen115-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tomblin161_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomblin161-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Members of the Ironclad board included Commodores <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_(admiral)" title="Joseph Smith (admiral)">Joseph Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Paulding" title="Hiram Paulding">Hiram Paulding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Davis" title="Charles Henry Davis">Charles H. Davis</a>. The board lacked experienced shipbuilders but was compensated by the fact that two of the members had years of shipyard experience.<sup id="cite_ref-r5_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British trials of a turret designed by Captain <a href="/wiki/Cowper_Coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowper Coles">Cowper Coles</a> on board the <a href="/wiki/Floating_battery" title="Floating battery">floating battery</a> <a href="/wiki/Aetna-class_ironclad_floating_battery" title="Aetna-class ironclad floating battery">HMS <i>Trusty</i></a> began the same month.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ericsson later admitted that this was a serious flaw in the ship's design and that the pilot house should have been placed atop the turret.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#Bibliography">Bibliography:</a> Marvel, William, ed. (2000). <i>The Monitor Chronicles: One Sailor's Account ...</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buchanan was commander of the Washington Navy Yard when the war broke out.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Before setting out to engage the Union blockade Buchanan had quizzed Ramsay and learned of the history of their questionable reliability.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson6_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson6-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Serving aboard <i>Congress</i> was Buchanan's brother, McKean Buchanan.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis216_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis216-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Accounts vary, some claim the battle lasted no more than three and a half hours,<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker171_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker171-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some claim as many as five hours.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a letter of 19 March 1862, to Captain A. A. Harwood, Chief of Bureau of Ordnance and hydrography, Dahlgren emphasized "A subject so important cannot be perfected without much reflection and extensive experiment. But we lack almost the preliminary information indispensable to commence with."<sup id="cite_ref-Dahlgren279_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahlgren279-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevens previously served as commander of <a href="/wiki/USS_Maratanza" title="USS Maratanza">USS <i>Maratanza</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Quarstein149_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quarstein149-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the actual engravings the men's names are inscribed below those of the ships' names. e.g. MONITOR & MERRIMA WORDEN</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Keeler in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy, (Washington: D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1863)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Research and case law in the 1970s and 1980s determined that the U.S. Navy abandonment of the USS <i>Monitor</i> consisted only of striking the vessel from the <a href="/wiki/Navy_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy List">Navy List</a>, an action more accurately described as a decision to 'surplus' ships, not a legal abandonment of the warship as an item of federal property. In fact, aside from express authority from Congress, the act of abandonment is outside the authority of any agency, including the Navy. The Navy can decommission a ship, but must follow 'surplus property' procedures administered by the <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a> to actually dispose of the ship."<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nris-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. 9 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Silverstone">Silverstone, 2006</a>, pp. 109, 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett212-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bennett212_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bennett">Bennett, 1900</a>, pp. 212–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Baxter">Baxter, 1933</a>, pp. 3–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardiner50-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gardiner50_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gardiner50_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gardiner">Gardiner, 1992</a>, pp. 50–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Konstam2">Konstam, 2002</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett64-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bennett64_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bennett">Bennett, 1900</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Baxter">Baxter, 1933</a>, pp. 184–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Clancy">Clancy, 2013</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#cia">CIA: Historical Document: Black Dispatches</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Davis96">Davis, 1996</a>, pp. 214–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sutherland">Sutherland, 2004</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen115-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen115_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen115_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Allen">Allen, 2008</a>, pp. 115–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomblin161-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tomblin161_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tomblin161_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tomblin">Tomblin, 2009</a>, p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r5-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r5_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r5_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Roberts99">Roberts, 1999</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Roberts99">Roberts, 1999</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Baxter">Baxter, 1933</a>, p. 253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-t4-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t4_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-t4_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Thompson90">Thompson, 1990</a>, p. 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward-p99-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ward-p99_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward-p99_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ward">Ward, Burns and Burns, 1990</a>, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Roberts99">Roberts, 1999</a>, pp. 7, 16–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, pp. 41–43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r711-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r711_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Roberts99">Roberts, 1999</a>, pp. 7–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Thulesius">Thulesius, 2007</a>, pp. 108, 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bushnell">Bushnell, Ericsson, Welles, 1899</a>, pp. 17, 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#McCordock">McCordock, 1938</a>, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker171-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker171_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker171_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker171_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tucker">Tucker, 2006</a>, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-t8-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t8_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-t8_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-t8_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-t8_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Thompson90">Thompson, 1990</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s9-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s9_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s9_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Silverstone">Silverstone</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ck2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ck2_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ck2_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ck2_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chesneau">Campbell, 1979</a>, p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Broadwater">Broadwater, 2012</a>, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c4-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c4_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Canney">Canney, 1993</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Thompson90">Thompson, 1990</a>, p. 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mindell">Mindell, 2000</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#McCordock">McCordock, 1938</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Thompson90">Thompson, 1990</a>, p. 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Reed">Reed, 1869</a>, pp. 253–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Broadwater">Broadwater, 2012</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wilson">Wilson, 1896</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Clancy">Clancy, 2013</a>, pp. 211–212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Field">Field, 2011</a>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Olmstead">Olmstead, Stark & Spencer, 1997</a>, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c5-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c5_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Canney">Canney, 1993</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rawson">Rawson, 1898</a>, pp. 285–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rawson">Rawson, 1898</a>, pp. 293–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrison140-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garrison140_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Garrison">Garrison, 1994</a>, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gentile">Gentile, 1993</a>, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Baxter">Baxter, 1968</a>, pp. 258–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#McPherson">McPherson, 1988</a>, pp. 374–375</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McPherson375-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McPherson375_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPherson375_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#McPherson">McPherson, 1988</a>, p. 375</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Baxter">Baxter, 1968</a>, pp. 257–259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Thompson90">Thompson, 1990</a>, pp. 229, 234–237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson,_James_L_2005_400_pages-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson,_James_L_2005_400_pages_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson,_James_L_2005_400_pages_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson,_James_L_2005_400_pages_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nelson2009">Nelson, 2009</a> p. 467</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein10">Quarstein, 2010</a>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thulesius109-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thulesius109_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thulesius109_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Thulesius">Thulesius, 2007</a>, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bennett">Bennett, 1900</a>, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein10">Quarstein, 2010</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Thompson90">Thompson, 1990</a>, pp. 236–237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mariner">Mariners' Museum article, 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein99">Quarstein, 1999</a>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson_p._237-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_p._237_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_p._237_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Thompson90">Thompson, 1990</a>, p. 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mon-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mon_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#DANFS">DANFS: <i>Monitor</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bennett">Bennett, 1900</a>, p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Clancy">Clancy, 2013</a>, pp. 27–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Clancy">Clancy, 2013</a>, pp. 30–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein10">Quarstein, 2010</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Park">Park, 2007</a>, p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein06">Quarstein, 2006</a>, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein06">Quarstein, 2006</a>, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Thulesius">Thulesius, 2007</a>, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quarstein40-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quarstein40_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quarstein40_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein10">Quarstein, 2010</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quarstein40-41-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quarstein40-41_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quarstein40-41_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein">Quarstein, 2010</a>, pp. 40–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Konstam">Konstam, 2002</a>, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rawson">Rawson and Woods, 1897</a>, p. 534</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/OnlineLibrary/photos/images/h61000/h61931l.htm">"Navy Photograph NH # 61931"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116001911/https://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/OnlineLibrary/photos/images/h61000/h61931l.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navy+Photograph+NH+%23+61931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FOnlineLibrary%2Fphotos%2Fimages%2Fh61000%2Fh61931l.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/OnlineLibrary/photos/images/h00001/h00575l.htm">"Navy Photograph NH# 575"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116001909/https://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/OnlineLibrary/photos/images/h00001/h00575l.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navy+Photograph+NH%23+575&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FOnlineLibrary%2Fphotos%2Fimages%2Fh00001%2Fh00575l.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein">Quarstein, 2010</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein10">Quarstein, 2010</a>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Geer">George S. 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href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Baxter">Baxter, 1933</a>, p. 297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Welles">Welles Diary</a>, Vol. I, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Welles">Welles Diary</a>, Vol. I, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein99">Quarstein, 1999</a>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Field">Field, 2011</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner553-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner553_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner553_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wagner">Wagner, 2002</a>, p. 553</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein99">Quarstein, 1999</a>, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Still18-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Still18_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Still18_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Still">Still, 1988</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Field">Field, 2011</a>, pp. 38, 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein10">Quarstein, 2010</a>, pp. 181, 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quarstein78-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quarstein78_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein10">Quarstein, 2010</a>, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greene-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greene_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greene_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greene_116-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Green">Greene letter, 1862</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoehling155-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoehling155_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoehling155_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hoehling">Hoehling, 1993</a>, p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Maclay">Maclay, 1894</a>, p. 314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ward">Ward, Burns and Burns, 1990</a>, pp. 95, 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Varhola">Varhola, 1999</a>, p. 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#McPherson">McPherson, 1988</a>, pp. 373–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Clancy">Clancy, 2013</a>, pp. 109–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leckie211-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leckie211_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Leckie">Leckie, 1990</a>, p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dahlgren279-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dahlgren279_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahlgren279_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dahlgren">Dahlgren, 1882</a>, p. 279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Maclay">Maclay, 1894</a>, p. 313</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ward">Ward, Burns and Burns, 1990</a>, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Field56-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Field56_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Field56_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Field56_129-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Field">Field, 2011</a>, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Field">Field, 2011</a>, pp. 36–37, 56–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holzer14-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holzer14_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holzer14_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Holzer06">Holzer, Mulligan, 2006</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson32-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson32_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson32_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson32_132-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wilson">Wilson, 1896</a>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Baxter">Baxter, 1933</a>, p. 294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Still88">Still, 1988</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Holzer06">Holzer, Mulligan, 2006</a>, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein10">Quarstein, 2010</a>, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Konstam">Konstam, 2002</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Davis75">Davis, 1975</a>, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein10">Quarstein, 2010</a>, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein10">Quarstein, 2010</a>, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Still88">Still, 1988</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein12">Quarstein, 2012</a>, p. 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein10">Quarstein, 2010</a>, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bennett">Bennett, 1900</a>, pp. 136–137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Broadwater">Broadwater, 2012</a>, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein10">Quarstein, 2010</a>, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Anderson">Anderson, 1989</a>, pp. 77–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein12">Quarstein, 2012</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Davis75">Davis, 1975</a>, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fuller178-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fuller178_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fuller178_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fuller">Fuller, 2008</a>, p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stern90-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stern90_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern90_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern90_151-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern90_151-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stern">Stern, 1962</a>, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#McCordock">McCordock, 1938</a>, p. 349</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wagner">Wagner, Galleghar, Finkelman, 2002</a>, p. 530</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wagner">Wagner, Galleghar, Finkelman, 2002</a>, p. 574</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navsource.org/archives/01/monitor.htm">"Navsource archives"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116001909/http://www.navsource.org/archives/01/monitor.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navsource+archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navsource.org%2Farchives%2F01%2Fmonitor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quarstein149-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quarstein149_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quarstein149_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quarstein149_156-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quarstein149_156-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein10">Quarstein, 2010</a>, pp. 149–150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tucker06">Tucker, 2006</a>, p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bankhead-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bankhead_159-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bankhead_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bankhead_159-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mariner2013">Mariener's Museum, 2013: <i>John P. Bankhead</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Still">Still, 1988</a>, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein06">Quarstein, 2006</a>, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Thulesius">Thulesius, 2007</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein10">Quarstein, 2006</a>, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarsstein10">Quarstein, 2010</a>, pp. 155–156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein06">Quarstein, 2006</a>, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson323-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson323_166-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson323_166-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson323_166-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nelson2009">Nelson, 2009</a>, p. 323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Worden">Worden, Greene, 1912</a>, pp. 1–6, 21–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein10">Quarstein, 2010</a>, p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein10">Quarstein, 2010</a>, pp. 156–157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Still88">Still, 1988</a>, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein99">Quarstein, 1999</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quarstein-p106-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quarstein-p106_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein10">Quarstein, 2010</a>, p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quarstein171-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quarstein171_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein10">Quarstein, 2010</a>, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Thulesius">Thulesius, 2007</a>, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein10">Quarstein, 2010</a>, p. 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His real name was Wells Wentz; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2013/may/lost-men-monitor">US Naval Institute Magazine 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116001912/https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2013/may/lost-men-monitor">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>-thus he is listed under his real name in the USS Monitor Cenotaph memorial gravestone</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mariner30">Mariner's Museum, Article: The Last Voyage of the USS Monitor</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voyage-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Voyage_179-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voyage_179-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mariner24">Mariner's Museum, Article: Last Voyage</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarstein10">Quarstein, 2010</a>, pp. 171–72;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Broadwater">Broadwater, 2012</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2013/may/lost-men-monitor">"The Lost Men of the Monitor"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2019</span>. <q>In the end, 16 of the brave men onboard the Monitor never met the year of 1863.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=monitor.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=USS+Monitor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonitor.noaa.gov%2Fshipwrecks%2Fuss_monitor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Broadwater">Broadwater, 2012</a>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Holloway">Holloway, 2013</a>, pp. 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mariner2013">Mariner's Museum, Article: John P. 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NYP Holdings<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=Vandal+covers+B%27klyn+Civil+War+statue+in+white+paint&rft.date=2013-01-07&rft.aulast=Calder&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypost.com%2Fp%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fbrooklyn%2Fvandal_covers_klyn_civil_war_statue_SemeCY6SzZQtc3soGEd80M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SNPM">Smithsonian National Postal Museum</a>. An image of the stamp is available at Arago: people, postage & the post online, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140602125521/http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=192338&pg=1&mode=1&tid=2043413">Monitor*Virginia stamp</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicles" class="citation web cs1">Ricles, Shannon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monitor.noaa.gov/150th/news_monument.html">"USS Monitor Monument Dedication"</a>. <i>USS Monitor: Preserving a Legacy</i>. Monitor National Marine Sanctuary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USS+Monitor%3A+Preserving+a+Legacy&rft.atitle=USS+Monitor+Monument+Dedication&rft.aulast=Ricles&rft.aufirst=Shannon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonitor.noaa.gov%2F150th%2Fnews_monument.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greenpointmonitormuseum.org/events/eventanouncementindex.htm">"The Greenpoint Monitor Museum"</a>. The Greenpoint Monitor Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Greenpoint+Monitor+Museum&rft.pub=The+Greenpoint+Monitor+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreenpointmonitormuseum.org%2Fevents%2Feventanouncementindex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?id=6195&name=Titus+Andronicus">"Robert Christgau: CG: Titus Andronicus"</a>. <i>robertchristgau.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=robertchristgau.com&rft.atitle=Robert+Christgau%3A+CG%3A+Titus+Andronicus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertchristgau.com%2Fget_artist.php%3Fid%3D6195%26name%3DTitus%2BAndronicus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLymangrover" class="citation web cs1">Lymangrover, Jason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-monitor-mw0001960073">"The Monitor – Titus Andronicus"</a>. AllMusic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Monitor+%E2%80%93+Titus+Andronicus&rft.pub=AllMusic&rft.aulast=Lymangrover&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fthe-monitor-mw0001960073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131026225028/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jMWgputRLo&feature=c4-overview-vl&list=PL933F6FD8C6FBAF34">"Titus Andronicus- The Making of the Monitor Pt 1"</a>. 12 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jMWgputRLo">the original</a> on 26 October 2013 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Titus+Andronicus-+The+Making+of+the+Monitor+Pt+1&rft.date=2010-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D4jMWgputRLo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Parkes">Parkes, 1990</a>, p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ballard">Ballard, 1980</a>, p. 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chesneau">Chesneau & Kolesnik, 1979</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2020" class="citation web cs1">Erickson, Hal (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/movie/hearts-in-bondage-v94629">"Hearts in Bondage (1936)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AllMovie" title="AllMovie">AllMovie</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMovie&rft.atitle=Hearts+in+Bondage+%281936%29&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Hal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmovie.com%2Fmovie%2Fhearts-in-bondage-v94629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills2011" class="citation book cs1">Wills, Brian Steel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0iadcMKIPGYC&pg=PA176"><i>Gone with the Glory: The Civil War in Cinema</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461739579" title="Special:BookSources/9781461739579"><bdi>9781461739579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gone+with+the+Glory%3A+The+Civil+War+in+Cinema&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781461739579&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Brian+Steel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0iadcMKIPGYC%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Allen" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Thomas B. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harriettubmansec00alle"><i>Harriet Tubman, Secret Agent: How Daring Slaves and Free Blacks Spied for the Union During the Civil War</i></a></span>. National Geographic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4263-0401-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4263-0401-9"><bdi>978-1-4263-0401-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harriet+Tubman%2C+Secret+Agent%3A+How+Daring+Slaves+and+Free+Blacks+Spied+for+the+Union+During+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4263-0401-9&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharriettubmansec00alle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Anderson" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Bern (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byseabyrivernava0000ande"><i>By Sea and by River: The Naval History of the Civil War</i></a>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80367-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80367-3"><bdi>978-0-306-80367-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+Sea+and+by+River%3A+The+Naval+History+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80367-3&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Bern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbyseabyrivernava0000ande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ballard" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Alexander_Ballard" title="George Alexander Ballard">Ballard, G. A., Admiral</a> (1980). <i>The Black Battlefleet</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-924-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-924-5"><bdi>978-0-87021-924-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Battlefleet&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-87021-924-5&rft.aulast=Ballard&rft.aufirst=G.+A.%2C+Admiral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Baxter" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Phinney_Baxter_III" title="James Phinney Baxter III">Baxter, James Phinney, 3rd</a> (1968) [1933]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductionofi00baxt"><i>The Introduction of the Ironclad Warship</i></a></span>. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/695838727">695838727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Introduction+of+the+Ironclad+Warship&rft.place=Hamden%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Archon+Books&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F695838727&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=James+Phinney%2C+3rd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductionofi00baxt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bennett" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Lieutenant, U.S. Navy, Frank M. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9xiZsRXWVRYC"><i>The </i>Monitor<i> and the Navy under Steam</i></a>. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monitor+and+the+Navy+under+Steam&rft.place=Boston+and+New+York&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin+and+Company&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Bennett%2C+Lieutenant%2C+U.S.+Navy&rft.aufirst=Frank+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9xiZsRXWVRYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Broadwater" class="citation book cs1">Broadwater, John D. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ht7Im50Mec8C"><i>USS </i>Monitor<i>: A Historic Ship Completes Its Final Voyage</i></a>. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-473-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-473-6"><bdi>978-1-60344-473-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=USS+Monitor%3A+A+Historic+Ship+Completes+Its+Final+Voyage&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60344-473-6&rft.aulast=Broadwater&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dht7Im50Mec8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Brown" class="citation book cs1">Brown, David K. (2003). <i><span></span></i>Warrior<i> to </i>Dreadnought<i>: Warship Development 1860–1905</i> (reprint of the 1997 ed.). London: Caxton Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84067-529-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84067-529-0"><bdi>978-1-84067-529-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warrior+to+Dreadnought%3A+Warship+Development+1860%E2%80%931905&rft.place=London&rft.edition=reprint+of+the+1997&rft.pub=Caxton+Editions&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84067-529-0&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1979" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). "United States of America — 'The Old Navy' 1860–1882". In Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2"><i>Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905</i></a></span>. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 114–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8317-0302-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8317-0302-4"><bdi>0-8317-0302-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=United+States+of+America+%E2%80%94+%27The+Old+Navy%27+1860%E2%80%931882&rft.btitle=Conway%27s+All+the+World%27s+Fighting+Ships+1860%E2%80%931905&rft.place=Greenwich&rft.pages=114-136&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8317-0302-4&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=N.+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Canney" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Canney, Donald L. (1993). <i>The Old Steam Navy</i>. Vol. 2: The Ironclads, 1842–1885. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-586-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-586-5"><bdi>978-0-87021-586-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Steam+Navy&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87021-586-5&rft.aulast=Canney&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Clancy" class="citation book cs1">Clancy, Paul (2013). <i>Ironclad; The Epic Battle, Calamitous Loss, and Historic Recovery of the USS </i>Monitor<i><span></span></i>. New York: Koehler Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-938467-11-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-938467-11-0"><bdi>978-1-938467-11-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ironclad%3B+The+Epic+Battle%2C+Calamitous+Loss%2C+and+Historic+Recovery+of+the+USS+Monitor&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Koehler+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-938467-11-0&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="cia" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160902054550/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/black-dispatches/">"Black Dispatches: Black American Contributions to Union Intelligence During the Civil War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 7 July 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/black-dispatches/">the original</a> on 2 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+Dispatches%3A+Black+American+Contributions+to+Union+Intelligence+During+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2008-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fcsi-publications%2Fbooks-and-monographs%2Fblack-dispatches%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Davis96" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_C._Davis" title="Kenneth C. 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New York: William Morrow and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-11814-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-11814-3"><bdi>978-0-688-11814-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don%27t+Know+Much+About+the+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Co.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-688-11814-3&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdontknowmuchabou00davi_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Davis75" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Davis_(historian)" title="William C. Davis (historian)">Davis, William C.</a> (1975). <i>Duel Between the First Ironclads</i> (Book club ed.). Garden City, New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1551282">1551282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duel+Between+the+First+Ironclads&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.edition=Book+club&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1551282&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Crimson" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1951/4/16/uss-monitor-can-be-raised-says/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'USS <i>Monitor</i> Can Be Raised,' Says Top Underwater Salvaging Expert"</a>. <i>The Harvard Crimson</i>. 16 April 1951<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Crimson&rft.atitle=%27USS+Monitor+Can+Be+Raised%2C%27+Says+Top+Underwater+Salvaging+Expert&rft.date=1951-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F1951%2F4%2F16%2Fuss-monitor-can-be-raised-says%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Dinsmore" class="citation book cs1">Dinsmore, David A.; Broadwater, John D. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120928042750/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/xmlui/handle/123456789/9000">"1998 NOAA Research Expedition to the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary"</a>. In Hamilton, RW; Pence, DF; Kesling, DE (eds.). <i>Assessment and Feasibility of Technical Diving Operations for Scientific Exploration</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/9000">the original</a> on 28 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1998+NOAA+Research+Expedition+to+the+Monitor+National+Marine+Sanctuary&rft.btitle=Assessment+and+Feasibility+of+Technical+Diving+Operations+for+Scientific+Exploration&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Dinsmore&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Broadwater%2C+John+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.rubicon-foundation.org%2F9000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Erickson98" class="citation news cs1">Erickson, Mark St. John (4 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604184849/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/dp-news-ussmonitor98_5,0,3504569.story?page=2">"Sands of time: Part 5 of 5"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel" title="Orlando Sentinel">Orlando Sentinel</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/dp-news-ussmonitor98_5,0,3504569.story?page=2">the original</a> on 4 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orlando+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Sands+of+time%3A+Part+5+of+5&rft.date=1998-01-04&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Mark+St.+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandosentinel.com%2Fnews%2Fdp-news-ussmonitor98_5%2C0%2C3504569.story%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Field" class="citation book cs1">Field, Ron (2011). <i>Confederate Ironclad vs Union Ironclad: Hampton Roads</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-141-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-141-5"><bdi>978-1-78096-141-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confederate+Ironclad+vs+Union+Ironclad%3A+Hampton+Roads&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-78096-141-5&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fuller" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Howard J (2008). <i>Clad in Iron: The American Civil War and the Challenge of British Naval Power</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-297-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-297-3"><bdi>978-1-59114-297-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clad+in+Iron%3A+The+American+Civil+War+and+the+Challenge+of+British+Naval+Power&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-297-3&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Howard+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gardiner" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1992). <i>Steam, Steel and Shellfire: the Steam Warship 1815–1905</i>. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-774-7"><bdi>978-1-55750-774-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steam%2C+Steel+and+Shellfire%3A+the+Steam+Warship+1815%E2%80%931905&rft.place=London&rft.series=Conway%27s+History+of+the+Ship&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-774-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Garrison" class="citation book cs1">Garrison, Webb (1994). <i>Civil War Curiosities: Strange Stories, Oddities, Events and Coincidents</i>. Nashville, Tennessee: Rutledge Hill Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56865-527-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56865-527-7"><bdi>978-1-56865-527-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War+Curiosities%3A+Strange+Stories%2C+Oddities%2C+Events+and+Coincidents&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=Rutledge+Hill+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56865-527-7&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=Webb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gentile" class="citation book cs1">Gentile, Gary (1993). <i>Ironclad Legacy: Battles of the USS </i>Monitor<i><span></span></i>. Gary Gentile Productions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9621453-8-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9621453-8-4"><bdi>978-0-9621453-8-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ironclad+Legacy%3A+Battles+of+the+USS+Monitor&rft.pub=Gary+Gentile+Productions&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-9621453-8-4&rft.aulast=Gentile&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Holloway" class="citation book cs1">Holloway, Anna (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204054403/http://www.marinersmuseum.org/sites/default/files/holloway-last_voyage_monitor.pdf"><i>The Last Voyage of the USS </i>Monitor<i><span></span></i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Newport News, VA: The Mariner's Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinersmuseum.org/sites/default/files/holloway-last_voyage_monitor.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Fordham University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-2481-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-2481-4"><bdi>978-0-8232-2481-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Hampton+Roads%3A+New+Perspectives+on+the+USS+Monitor+and+CSS+Virginia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-2481-4&rft.aulast=Holzer&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft.au=Mulligan%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcPZfXUj5l4sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Konstam" class="citation book cs1">Konstam, Angus (2002). <i>Hampton Roads 1862: First Clash of the Ironclads</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-410-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-410-8"><bdi>978-1-84176-410-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hampton+Roads+1862%3A+First+Clash+of+the+Ironclads&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-410-8&rft.aulast=Konstam&rft.aufirst=Angus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span> 96 pages.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Konstam2" class="citation book cs1">Konstam, Angus (25 January 2002). <i>Union Monitor 1861–65</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-306-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-306-4"><bdi>978-1-84176-306-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Union+Monitor+1861%E2%80%9365&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002-01-25&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-306-4&rft.aulast=Konstam&rft.aufirst=Angus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Leckie" class="citation book cs1">Leckie, Robert (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nonediedinvainsa00leck"><i>None Died in Vain: The Saga of the American Civil War</i></a></span>. New York: Harper-Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-016280-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-016280-1"><bdi>978-0-06-016280-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=None+Died+in+Vain%3A+The+Saga+of+the+American+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper-Collins&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-06-016280-1&rft.aulast=Leckie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnonediedinvainsa00leck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Maclay" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Stanton_Maclay" title="Edgar Stanton Maclay">Maclay, Edgar Stanton</a> (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UHWpn7IEuMoC"><i>A history of the United States Navy, from 1775 to 1893</i></a>. New York: D. Appleton & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+United+States+Navy%2C+from+1775+to+1893&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+%26+Company&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Maclay&rft.aufirst=Edgar+Stanton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_UHWpn7IEuMoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mariner" class="citation web cs1">Mariners' Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themarinersmuseum.org/uss-monitor-center/naming-monitor">"The Naming of the Monitor"</a>. Newport News, Virginia: The Mariner's Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Naming+of+the+Monitor&rft.place=Newport+News%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=The+Mariner%27s+Museum&rft.au=Mariners%27+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthemarinersmuseum.org%2Fuss-monitor-center%2Fnaming-monitor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mariner2013" class="citation web cs1">Mariners' Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601024845/http://www.marinersmuseum.org/uss-monitor-center/john-payne-bankhead">"John Payne Bankhead"</a>. Newport News, Virginia: The Mariner's Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinersmuseum.org/uss-monitor-center/john-payne-bankhead">the original</a> on 1 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Payne+Bankhead&rft.place=Newport+News%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=The+Mariner%27s+Museum&rft.au=Mariners%27+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinersmuseum.org%2Fuss-monitor-center%2Fjohn-payne-bankhead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mariner24" class="citation web cs1">Mariners' Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130904200339/http://www.marinersmuseum.org/uss-monitor-center/last-voyage-monitor-december-24th-forward">"Last Voyage of the Monitor: December 24th – Forward"</a>. Newport News, Virginia: The Mariner's Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinersmuseum.org/uss-monitor-center/last-voyage-monitor-december-24th-forward">the original</a> on 4 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Last+Voyage+of+the+Monitor%3A+December+24th+%E2%80%93+Forward&rft.place=Newport+News%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=The+Mariner%27s+Museum&rft.au=Mariners%27+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinersmuseum.org%2Fuss-monitor-center%2Flast-voyage-monitor-december-24th-forward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Geer" class="citation web cs1">Geer, George S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130721055637/http://www.marinersmuseum.org/sites/default/files/MS010_George_Geer.pdf">"George S. Geer Papers, 1862–1866"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Mariner's Museum, Newport News, Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinersmuseum.org/sites/default/files/MS010_George_Geer.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+S.+Geer+Papers%2C+1862%E2%80%931866&rft.pub=The+Mariner%27s+Museum%2C+Newport+News%2C+Virginia&rft.aulast=Geer&rft.aufirst=George+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinersmuseum.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FMS010_George_Geer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarvel,_William2000" class="citation book cs1">Marvel, William, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monitorchronicle00mari"><i>The </i>Monitor<i> Chronicles: One Sailor's Account: Today's Campaign to Recover the Civil War Wreck</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86997-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86997-1"><bdi>978-0-684-86997-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monitor+Chronicles%3A+One+Sailor%27s+Account%3A+Today%27s+Campaign+to+Recover+the+Civil+War+Wreck&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86997-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmonitorchronicle00mari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="McCordock" class="citation book cs1">McCordock, Robert Stanley (1938). <i>The Yankee Cheese Box</i>. Dorrance.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yankee+Cheese+Box&rft.pub=Dorrance&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=McCordock&rft.aufirst=Robert+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mindell" class="citation book cs1">Mindell, David A. (2000). <i>War, Technology, and Experience Aboard the USS </i>Monitor<i><span></span></i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6250-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6250-2"><bdi>978-0-8018-6250-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Technology%2C+and+Experience+Aboard+the+USS+Monitor&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6250-2&rft.aulast=Mindell&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="McPherson" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">McPherson, James M.</a> (1988). <a href="/wiki/Battle_Cry_of_Freedom_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle Cry of Freedom (book)"><i>Battle Cry of Freedom</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503863-7"><bdi>978-0-19-503863-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Cry+of+Freedom&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503863-7&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="DANFS" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130703112241/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/m13/monitor-i.htm">"<i>Monitor</i>"</a>. <i>Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (DANFS)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval History & Heritage Command">Naval History & Heritage Command</a> (NH&HC). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/m13/monitor-i.htm">the original</a> on 3 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+American+Naval+Fighting+Ships+%28DANFS%29&rft.atitle=Monitor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fdanfs%2Fm13%2Fmonitor-i.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="artifacts" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monitor.noaa.gov/150th/artifacts.html">"Monitor's Artifacts"</a>. Newport News, Virginia: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Sanctuary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monitor%27s+Artifacts&rft.place=Newport+News%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+%26+Atmospheric+Administration%2C+National+Marine+Sanctuary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonitor.noaa.gov%2F150th%2Fartifacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Nelson2009" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, James L. (2009). <i>Reign of Iron: The Story of the First Battling Ironclads, the </i>Monitor<i> and the </i>Merrimack<i><span></span></i>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-052404-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-052404-3"><bdi>978-0-06-052404-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reign+of+Iron%3A+The+Story+of+the+First+Battling+Ironclads%2C+the+Monitor+and+the+Merrimack&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-052404-3&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Olmstead" class="citation book cs1">Olmstead, Edwin; Stark, Wayne E.; Tucker, Spencer C. (1997). <i>The Big Guns: Civil War Siege, Seacoast, and Naval Cannon</i>. Alexandria Bay, New York: Museum Restoration Service. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88855-012-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88855-012-5"><bdi>978-0-88855-012-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Guns%3A+Civil+War+Siege%2C+Seacoast%2C+and+Naval+Cannon&rft.place=Alexandria+Bay%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Museum+Restoration+Service&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-88855-012-5&rft.aulast=Olmstead&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft.au=Stark%2C+Wayne+E.&rft.au=Tucker%2C+Spencer+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Park" class="citation book cs1">Park, Carl D. (2007). <i>Ironclad Down: The USS </i>Merrimack<i>-CSS </i>Virginia<i> from Construction to Destruction</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-659-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-659-9"><bdi>978-1-59114-659-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ironclad+Down%3A+The+USS+Merrimack-CSS+Virginia+from+Construction+to+Destruction&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-659-9&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Carl+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Parkes" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Parkes" title="Oscar Parkes">Parkes, Oscar</a> (1990) [1957]. <i>British Battleships</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-075-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-075-5"><bdi>978-1-55750-075-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Battleships&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-075-5&rft.aulast=Parkes&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Quarstein99" class="citation book cs1">Quarstein, John V. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofironclad0000quar"><i>The Battle of the Ironclads</i></a></span>. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-0113-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-0113-0"><bdi>978-0-7385-0113-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+Ironclads&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-0113-0&rft.aulast=Quarstein&rft.aufirst=John+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleofironclad0000quar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Quarstein06" class="citation book cs1">Quarstein, John V. (2006). <i>A History of Ironclads: The Power of Iron Over Wood</i>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-118-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-118-8"><bdi>978-1-59629-118-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ironclads%3A+The+Power+of+Iron+Over+Wood&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59629-118-8&rft.aulast=Quarstein&rft.aufirst=John+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Quarstein10" class="citation book cs1">Quarstein, John V. (2010). <i>The Monitor Boys: The Crew of the Union's First Ironclad</i>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-455-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-455-4"><bdi>978-1-59629-455-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monitor+Boys%3A+The+Crew+of+the+Union%27s+First+Ironclad&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59629-455-4&rft.aulast=Quarstein&rft.aufirst=John+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Quarstein12" class="citation book cs1">Quarstein, John V. (2012). <i>The CSS Virginia: Sink Before Surrender</i>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-580-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-580-0"><bdi>978-1-60949-580-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CSS+Virginia%3A+Sink+Before+Surrender&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60949-580-0&rft.aulast=Quarstein&rft.aufirst=John+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rawson" class="citation book cs1">Rawson, Edward K.; Woods, Robert H. (1897). <i>Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion</i>. Washington: Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Navies+in+the+War+of+the+Rebellion&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Edward+K.&rft.au=Woods%2C+Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reed" class="citation book cs1">Reed, Sir Edward James (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourironcladship01reedgoog"><i>Our Iron-Clad Ships: Their Qualities, Performances, and Cost. With Chapters on Turret Ships, Iron-Clad Rams &c</i></a>. London: J. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Iron-Clad+Ships%3A+Their+Qualities%2C+Performances%2C+and+Cost.+With+Chapters+on+Turret+Ships%2C+Iron-Clad+Rams+%26c.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Sir+Edward+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourironcladship01reedgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rhodes1917" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, James Ford (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_T2eM6_ON2HkC"><i>History of the Civil War</i></a>. New York, Boston, London: Macmillan & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York%2C+Boston%2C+London&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Co.&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=James+Ford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_T2eM6_ON2HkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Roberts99" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, William H. (1999). <i>USS </i>New Ironsides<i> in the Civil War</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-695-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-695-5"><bdi>978-1-55750-695-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=USS+New+Ironsides+in+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-695-5&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Roberts02" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, William H. (2002). <i>Civil War Ironclads: The U.S. Navy and Industrial Mobilization</i>. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8751-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8751-2"><bdi>978-0-8018-8751-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War+Ironclads%3A+The+U.S.+Navy+and+Industrial+Mobilization&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8751-2&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Silverstone" class="citation book cs1">Silverstone, Paul H. (2006). <i>Civil War Navies 1855–1883</i>. The U.S. Navy Warship Series. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97870-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97870-5"><bdi>978-0-415-97870-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War+Navies+1855%E2%80%931883&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+U.S.+Navy+Warship+Series&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97870-5&rft.aulast=Silverstone&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="SNPM" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120927205436/http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=192338&img=1&mode=1&pg=1&tid=2043413">"American Civil War Issue"</a>. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=192338&img=1&mode=1&pg=1&tid=2043413">the original</a> on 27 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Civil+War+Issue&rft.pub=Smithsonian+National+Postal+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farago.si.edu%2Findex.asp%3Fcon%3D2%26cmd%3D1%26id%3D192338%26img%3D1%26mode%3D1%26pg%3D1%26tid%3D2043413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Southerland" class="citation book cs1">Southerland, DG; Davidson, DL (2002). "Electronic diving data collection during <i>Monitor</i> expedition 2001". <i>Oceans 2002</i>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FOCEANS.2002.1192089">10.1109/OCEANS.2002.1192089</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7803-7534-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7803-7534-5"><bdi>978-0-7803-7534-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:107060334">107060334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Electronic+diving+data+collection+during+Monitor+expedition+2001&rft.btitle=Oceans+2002&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A107060334%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FOCEANS.2002.1192089&rft.isbn=978-0-7803-7534-5&rft.aulast=Southerland&rft.aufirst=DG&rft.au=Davidson%2C+DL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Stern" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Philip Van Doren (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GDeqAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Confederate Navy</i></a>. New York: Doubleday & Company. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/62-15914">62-15914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confederate+Navy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Company&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F62-15914&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Philip+Van+Doren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGDeqAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Still88" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_N._Still_Jr." title="William N. Still Jr.">Still Jr., William N.</a> (1988). Hill, Dina B. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CZIC-e595-m7-s74-1988/html/CZIC-e595-m7-s74-1988.htm"><i>Ironclad Captains: The Commanding Officers of the U. S. S. </i>Monitor<i><span></span></i></a>. Washington, D.C.: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-003560-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-003560-9"><bdi>978-0-16-003560-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ironclad+Captains%3A+The+Commanding+Officers+of+the+U.+S.+S.+Monitor&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration%2C+U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-16-003560-9&rft.aulast=Still+Jr.&rft.aufirst=William+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FCZIC-e595-m7-s74-1988%2Fhtml%2FCZIC-e595-m7-s74-1988.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span> 83 pages.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland2004" class="citation book cs1">Sutherland, Jonathan (2004). <i>African Americans at War: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-746-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-746-7"><bdi>978-1-57607-746-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Americans+at+War%3A+An+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-746-7&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Thompson90" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Stephen C. (1990). "The Design and Construction of the USS <i>Monitor</i>". <i>Warship International</i>. <b>XXVII</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374">0043-0374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Warship+International&rft.atitle=The+Design+and+Construction+of+the+USS+Monitor&rft.volume=XXVII&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0043-0374&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Thulesius" class="citation book cs1">Thulesius, Olav (2007). <i>The Man who Made the Monitor: A Biography of John Ericsson, Naval Engineer</i>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2766-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2766-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-2766-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+who+Made+the+Monitor%3A+A+Biography+of+John+Ericsson%2C+Naval+Engineer&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2766-6&rft.aulast=Thulesius&rft.aufirst=Olav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Tomblin" class="citation book cs1">Tomblin, Barbara (2009). <i>Bluejackets and Contrabands: African Americans and the Union Navy</i>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-7348-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-7348-1"><bdi>978-0-8131-7348-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bluejackets+and+Contrabands%3A+African+Americans+and+the+Union+Navy&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-7348-1&rft.aulast=Tomblin&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Tucker06" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer (2006). <i>Blue & Gray Navies: the Civil War Afloat</i>. Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-882-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-882-1"><bdi>978-1-59114-882-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blue+%26+Gray+Navies%3A+the+Civil+War+Afloat&rft.place=Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-882-1&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Varhola" class="citation book cs1">Varhola, Michael J (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/everydaylifeduri00varh"><i>Everyday Life During the Civil War</i></a></span>. Writer's Digest Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58297-337-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58297-337-1"><bdi>978-1-58297-337-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+Life+During+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Writer%27s+Digest+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-58297-337-1&rft.aulast=Varhola&rft.aufirst=Michael+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feverydaylifeduri00varh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span> 292 pages.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wagner" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Margaret E.; <a href="/wiki/Gary_W._Gallagher" title="Gary W. Gallagher">Gallagher, Gary W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Finkelman" title="Paul Finkelman">Finkelman, Paul</a> (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libraryofcongres0000unse_a7s7"><i>The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference</i></a></span>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86350-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86350-4"><bdi>978-0-684-86350-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library+of+Congress+Civil+War+Desk+Reference&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86350-4&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Margaret+E.&rft.au=Gallagher%2C+Gary+W.&rft.au=Finkelman%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibraryofcongres0000unse_a7s7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ward" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Geoffrey; Burns, Ric; Burns, Ken (1990). <i>The Civil War: An Illustrated History</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-56285-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-56285-8"><bdi>978-0-394-56285-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-394-56285-8&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Burns%2C+Ric&rft.au=Burns%2C+Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wilson" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, H. W. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3DgGKmaHDEC"><i>Ironclads in Action: A Sketch of Naval Warfare From 1855 to 1895</i></a>. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ironclads+in+Action%3A+A+Sketch+of+Naval+Warfare+From+1855+to+1895&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM3DgGKmaHDEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Brooke" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Mercer_Brooke" title="John Mercer Brooke">Brooke, John Mercer</a> (2002). <i>Ironclads and Big Guns of the Confederacy: The Journal and Letters of John M. Brooke</i>. Univ of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-418-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-418-3"><bdi>978-1-57003-418-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ironclads+and+Big+Guns+of+the+Confederacy%3A+The+Journal+and+Letters+of+John+M.+Brooke&rft.pub=Univ+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-418-3&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=John+Mercer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bushnell" class="citation book cs1">Bushnell, Cornelius Scranton; Ericsson, John; Welles, Gideon (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FLlAAAAAYAAJ"><i>The original United States warship "Monitor"</i></a>. New Haven, Connecticut: National Memorial Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+original+United+States+warship+%22Monitor%22&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=National+Memorial+Association&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Bushnell&rft.aufirst=Cornelius+Scranton&rft.au=Ericsson%2C+John&rft.au=Welles%2C+Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFLlAAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Dahlgren" class="citation book cs1">Dahlgren, Madeleine Vinton (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vfpBAAAAYAAJ"><i>Memoir of John A. Dahlgren, Rear-Admiral United States Navy</i></a>. J. R. Osgood.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoir+of+John+A.+Dahlgren%2C+Rear-Admiral+United+States+Navy&rft.pub=J.+R.+Osgood&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Dahlgren&rft.aufirst=Madeleine+Vinton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvfpBAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Green" class="citation web cs1">Green (USN), Lieutenant Samuel Dana (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131208085253/http://www.navyhistory.org/eye-witness-account-battle-between-uss-monitor-css-virginia/">"Eye-witness Account of the Battle between the U.S.S. <i>Monitor</i> and the C.S.S. <i>Virginia</i>"</a>. U.S. Navy, Naval Historical Foundation, Washington, DC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navyhistory.org/eye-witness-account-battle-between-uss-monitor-css-virginia/">the original</a> on 8 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eye-witness+Account+of+the+Battle+between+the+U.S.S.+Monitor+and+the+C.S.S.+Virginia&rft.pub=U.S.+Navy%2C+Naval+Historical+Foundation%2C+Washington%2C+DC&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Green+%28USN%29&rft.aufirst=Lieutenant+Samuel+Dana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navyhistory.org%2Feye-witness-account-battle-between-uss-monitor-css-virginia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rawson" class="citation book cs1">Rawson, Edward K., Superintendent Naval War Records; Woods, Robert H. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=96cSAAAAYAAJ"><i>OFFICIAL RECORDS of the UNION AND CONFEDERATE NAVIES in the WAR OF THE REBELLION</i></a>. Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OFFICIAL+RECORDS+of+the+UNION+AND+CONFEDERATE+NAVIES+in+the+WAR+OF+THE+REBELLION&rft.place=Washington+D.+C.&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Edward+K.%2C+Superintendent+Naval+War+Records&rft.au=Woods%2C+Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D96cSAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Welles" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles, Gideon</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jsdFt7XOr9QC"><i>Diary of Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy Under Lincoln and Johnson</i></a>. Vol. 1. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diary+of+Gideon+Welles%2C+Secretary+of+the+Navy+Under+Lincoln+and+Johnson&rft.place=Boston+and+New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Welles&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjsdFt7XOr9QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Worden" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lorimer_Worden" title="John Lorimer Worden">Worden, John Lorimer</a>; Greene, Samuel Dana; Ramsay, H. Ashton; Watson, Eugene Winslow (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_rC5XAAAAYAAJ"><i>The </i>Monitor<i> and the </i>Merrimac<i>: Both Sides of the Story</i></a>. New York, London: Harper and Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monitor+and+the+Merrimac%3A+Both+Sides+of+the+Story&rft.place=New+York%2C+London&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Worden&rft.aufirst=John+Lorimer&rft.au=Greene%2C+Samuel+Dana&rft.au=Ramsay%2C+H.+Ashton&rft.au=Watson%2C+Eugene+Winslow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_rC5XAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bennett" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Frank Marion; Weir, Robert (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ldpd_10836943_000"><i>The Steam Navy of the United States: A History of the Growth of the Steam Vessel of War in the U.S. Navy, and of the Naval Engineer Corps</i></a>. Pittsburgh: Warren & Company; Press of W. T. Nicholson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Steam+Navy+of+the+United+States%3A+A+History+of+the+Growth+of+the+Steam+Vessel+of+War+in+the+U.S.+Navy%2C+and+of+the+Naval+Engineer+Corps&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pub=Warren+%26+Company%3B+Press+of+W.+T.+Nicholson&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Frank+Marion&rft.au=Weir%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fldpd_10836943_000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGott2003" class="citation book cs1">Gott, Kendall D. (2003). <i>Where the South Lost the War: An Analysis of the Fort Henry–Fort Donelson Campaign, February 1862</i>. Stackpole books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0049-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0049-8"><bdi>978-0-8117-0049-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+the+South+Lost+the+War%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Fort+Henry%E2%80%93Fort+Donelson+Campaign%2C+February+1862&rft.pub=Stackpole+books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-0049-8&rft.aulast=Gott&rft.aufirst=Kendall+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Holloway, Anna Gibson and White, Jonathan W. (2018). <i>"Our Little Monitor": The Greatest Invention of the Civil War</i>. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60635-314-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60635-314-1">978-1-60635-314-1</a></li> <li>Holloway, Anna Gibson (2023). "Encounters with the <i>Monitor</i> Boys", in Brian Matthew Jordan and Jonathan White, eds., <i>Final Resting Places: Reflections on the Meaning of Civil War Graves</i>, Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 2023, pp. 54–75. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Holzer13" class="citation book cs1">Holzer, Harold (2013). <i>The Civil War in Fifty Objects</i>. New York: Penguin Books: New York Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+in+Fifty+Objects&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books%3A+New+York+Historical+Society&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Holzer&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span> 416 pages. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonBuel1887" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Underwood_Johnson" title="Robert Underwood Johnson">Johnson, Robert Underwood</a>; Buel, C.C., eds. (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlesleadersof01cent/page/692/mode/2up"><i>Battles and Leaders of the Civil War</i></a>. Vol. I. New York: Century Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+and+Leaders+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Century+Company&rft.date=1887&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattlesleadersof01cent%2Fpage%2F692%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="mokin" class="citation book cs1">Mokin, Arthur (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ironcladmonitorm00moki"><i>Ironclad: the </i>Monitor<i> and the </i>Merrimack<i><span></span></i></a>. Presidio Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8914-1405-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8914-1405-6"><bdi>978-0-8914-1405-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ironclad%3A+the+Monitor+and+the+Merrimack&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8914-1405-6&rft.aulast=Mokin&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fironcladmonitorm00moki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterkin1985" class="citation book cs1">Peterkin, Ernest W. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/drawingsofussmon00pete#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Drawings of the U.S.S. </i>Monitor<i>: A Catalog and Technical Analysis</i></a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawings+of+the+U.S.S.+Monitor%3A+A+Catalog+and+Technical+Analysis&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Peterkin&rft.aufirst=Ernest+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdrawingsofussmon00pete%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Quarstein2k" class="citation book cs1">Quarstein, John V. (2000). <i>C.S.S. </i>Virginia<i>, Mistress of Hampton Roads</i>. self-published for the Virginia Civil War Battles and Leaders Series. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56190-118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56190-118-0"><bdi>978-1-56190-118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.S.S.+Virginia%2C+Mistress+of+Hampton+Roads&rft.pub=self-published+for+the+Virginia+Civil+War+Battles+and+Leaders+Series&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56190-118-0&rft.aulast=Quarstein&rft.aufirst=John+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Quarstein97" class="citation book cs1">Quarstein, John V. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wSBRAdLN7X4C"><i>The Civil War on the Virginia Peninsula</i></a>. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-4438-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-4438-0"><bdi>978-0-7385-4438-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+on+the+Virginia+Peninsula&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-4438-0&rft.aulast=Quarstein&rft.aufirst=John+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwSBRAdLN7X4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Sheridan" class="citation book cs1">Sheridan, Robert E. (2004). <i>Iron from the Deep: The Discovery and Recovery of the USS </i>Monitor<i><span></span></i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-413-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-413-5"><bdi>978-1-55750-413-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+from+the+Deep%3A+The+Discovery+and+Recovery+of+the+USS+Monitor&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-413-5&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow2016" class="citation book cs1">Snow, Richard (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=USGzCwAAQBAJ"><i>Iron Dawn: The </i>Monitor<i>, the </i>Merrimack<i>, and the Civil War Sea Battle that Changed History</i></a>. Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-9420-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-9420-4"><bdi>978-1-4767-9420-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Dawn%3A+The+Monitor%2C+the+Merrimack%2C+and+the+Civil+War+Sea+Battle+that+Changed+History&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4767-9420-4&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUSGzCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStill1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_N._Still_Jr." title="William N. Still Jr.">Still, William N. Jr.</a> (1988) [1971]. <i>Iron Afloat: The Story of the Confederate Armorclads</i> (Reprint ed.). Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-616-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-616-3"><bdi>978-0-87249-616-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Afloat%3A+The+Story+of+the+Confederate+Armorclads&rft.place=Columbia&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-87249-616-3&rft.aulast=Still&rft.aufirst=William+N.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStill1988" class="citation book cs1">Still, William N. Jr. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951p00916769o;view=1up;seq=3"><i>Monitor Builders: A Historical Study of the Principal Firms and Individuals Involved in the Construction of USS </i>Monitor<i><span></span></i></a>. Washington, DC: National Park Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monitor+Builders%3A+A+Historical+Study+of+the+Principal+Firms+and+Individuals+Involved+in+the+Construction+of+USS+Monitor&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Still&rft.aufirst=William+N.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.31951p00916769o%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Welles" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles, Gideon</a> (1911). Thaddeus Welles (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diaryofgideonwel02well"><i>Diary of Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy Under Lincoln and Johnson</i></a>. Vol. 2. Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diary+of+Gideon+Welles%2C+Secretary+of+the+Navy+Under+Lincoln+and+Johnson&rft.place=Boston+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Welles&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiaryofgideonwel02well&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Welles" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles, Gideon</a> (1911). Thaddeus Welles (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diaryofgideonwel03well"><i>Diary of Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy Under Lincoln and Johnson</i></a>. Vol. 3. Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diary+of+Gideon+Welles%2C+Secretary+of+the+Navy+Under+Lincoln+and+Johnson&rft.place=Boston+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Welles&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiaryofgideonwel03well&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Monitor&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:USS_Monitor_(ship,_1862)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:USS Monitor (ship, 1862)">USS Monitor (ship, 1862)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monitorcenter.org/">The <i>Monitor</i> Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041022081522/http://www.monitorcenter.org/">Archived</a> 22 October 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mariner.org/">Mariners' Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News, Virginia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/hampton-roads/maps/hamptonroadsmaps.html">Battle of Hampton Roads schematic map</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821142103/http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/hampton-roads/maps/hamptonroadsmaps.html">Archived</a> 21 August 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/national/78394_monitor13.shtml">Seattle Pilot mentioning the depth charging of the <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041212084431/http://www.moc.org/">Museum of the Confederacy in Richmond, VA official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acwm.org/">The American Civil War Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/OnlineLibrary/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-m/monitr-o.htm">US Navy Library on USS Monitor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/search.html?q=%22uss+monitor%22&category=%2Fcontent%2Fhistory%2Fnhhc%2Four-collections">Naval History and Heritage Command: USS Monitor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWn8gQ9Ykpk">Video of model vibrating-lever engine of USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA033069">Project Cheesebox vol. 1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA033070/page/n1">Project Cheesebox vol. 2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA033071/page/n3">Project Cheesebox vol. 3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/monitor01/monitor01.html">"Preserving the USS <i>Monitor</i> 2001"</a>. <i>NOAA Ocean Explorer</i>. March–August 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOAA+Ocean+Explorer&rft.atitle=Preserving+the+USS+Monitor+2001&rft.date=2001-03%2F2001-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanexplorer.noaa.gov%2Fexplorations%2Fmonitor01%2Fmonitor01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02monitor/welcome.html">"<i>Monitor</i> Expedition 2002"</a>. <i>NOAA Ocean Explorer</i>. June–December 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOAA+Ocean+Explorer&rft.atitle=Monitor+Expedition+2002&rft.date=2002-06%2F2002-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanexplorer.noaa.gov%2Fexplorations%2F02monitor%2Fwelcome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+Monitor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ironclads_of_the_United_States" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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monitor"><i>Canonicus</i> class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miantonomoh-class_monitor" title="Miantonomoh-class monitor"><i>Miantonomoh</i> class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">River and harbor monitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Ozark_(1863)" title="USS Ozark (1863)"><i>Ozark</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Roanoke_(1855)" title="USS Roanoke (1855)"><i>Roanoke</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosho-class_monitor" title="Neosho-class monitor"><i>Neosho</i> class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee-class_monitor" title="Milwaukee-class monitor"><i>Milwaukee</i> class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marietta-class_monitor" title="Marietta-class monitor"><i>Marietta</i> class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casco-class_monitor" title="Casco-class monitor"><i>Casco</i> class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Ocean-going monitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Dictator" title="USS Dictator"><i>Dictator</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Puritan_(1864)" title="USS Puritan (1864)"><i>Puritan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo-class_monitor" title="Kalamazoo-class monitor"><i>Kalamazoo</i> class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Riverine casemate ironclads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Indianola" title="USS Indianola"><i>Indianola</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Benton" title="USS Benton"><i>Benton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Essex_(1856)" title="USS Essex (1856)"><i>Essex</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Chillicothe" title="USS Chillicothe"><i>Chillicothe</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Choctaw_(1856)" title="USS Choctaw (1856)"><i>Choctaw</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Lafayette_(1848)" title="USS Lafayette (1848)"><i>Lafayette</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Tuscumbia_(1862)" title="USS Tuscumbia (1862)"><i>Tuscumbia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-class_ironclad" title="City-class ironclad">City class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Ocean-going casemate ironclads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_Battery" title="Stevens Battery">Stevens Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Dunderberg" title="USS Dunderberg"><i>Dunderberg</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Commissioned ironclads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Atlanta_(1861)" title="USS Atlanta (1861)"><i>Atlanta</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Columbia" title="CSS Columbia"><i>Columbia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Eastport_(1862)" title="USS Eastport (1862)"><i>Eastport</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_ironclad_K%C5%8Dtetsu" title="Japanese ironclad Kōtetsu"><i>Stonewall</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Tennessee_(1863)" title="CSS Tennessee (1863)"><i>Tennessee</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Never-commissioned ironclads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Albemarle" title="CSS Albemarle"><i>Albemarle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Baltic" title="CSS Baltic"><i>Baltic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Missouri" title="CSS Missouri"><i>Missouri</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Nashville_(1864)" title="CSS Nashville (1864)"><i>Nashville</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Texas_(1865)" title="CSS Texas (1865)"><i>Texas</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Miscellaneous ironclads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USRC_Naugatuck" title="USRC Naugatuck">USRC <i>Naugatuck</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Galena_(1862)" title="USS Galena (1862)"><i>Galena</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_New_Ironsides" title="USS New Ironsides"><i>New Ironsides</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Keokuk_(1862)" title="USS Keokuk (1862)"><i>Keokuk</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Spuyten_Duyvil" title="USS Spuyten Duyvil"><i>Spuyten Duyvil</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Template:Battle of Hampton Roads"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Template talk:Battle of Hampton Roads"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Battle of Hampton Roads"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Battle of Hampton Roads</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Lorimer_Worden" title="John Lorimer Worden">John Lorimer Worden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Greene_(naval_officer)" title="Samuel Greene (naval officer)">Samuel Dana Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Franklin Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catesby_ap_Roger_Jones" title="Catesby ap Roger Jones">Catesby ap Roger Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Fox" title="Gustavus Fox">Gustavus Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Stephen Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Forrest" title="French Forrest">French Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">John Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_N._Stodder" title="Louis N. Stodder">Louis N. Stodder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>USS <i>Monitor</i></b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Virginia" title="CSS Virginia"><b>CSS <i>Virginia</i></b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Congress_(1841)" title="USS Congress (1841)">USS <i>Congress</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Cumberland_(1842)" title="USS Cumberland (1842)">USS <i>Cumberland</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Zouave_(1861)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Zouave (1861)">USS <i>Zouave</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Roanoke_(1855)" title="USS Roanoke (1855)">USS <i>Roanoke</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Minnesota_(1855)" title="USS Minnesota (1855)">USS <i>Minnesota</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_St._Lawrence_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS St. Lawrence (1848)">USS <i>St. Lawrence</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Beaufort" title="CSS Beaufort">CSS <i>Beaufort</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Raleigh_(1861)" title="CSS Raleigh (1861)">CSS <i>Raleigh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Patrick_Henry" title="CSS Patrick Henry">CSS <i>Patrick Henry</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Jamestown" title="CSS Jamestown">CSS <i>Jamestown</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidewater_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidewater region">Tidewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_River" title="James River">James River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_River_(Virginia)" title="Elizabeth River (Virginia)">Elizabeth River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Monroe" title="Fort Monroe">Fort Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewell%27s_Point" title="Sewell's Point">Sewell's Point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_1862" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1862_shipwrecks" title="Template:1862 shipwrecks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1862_shipwrecks" title="Template talk:1862 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1862_shipwrecks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1862 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_1862" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1862" title="List of shipwrecks in 1862">Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1862</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shipwrecks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2 Jan: <i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(clipper)" title="Northern Light (clipper)">Northern Light</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">4 Jan: <i><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Centaure_(1818)" title="French ship Centaure (1818)">Santi-Pietri</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">9 Jan: <a href="/wiki/USS_Meteor_(1819)" title="USS Meteor (1819)">USS <i>Meteor</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Potomac_(1861)" title="USS Potomac (1861)">USS <i>Potomac</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">20 Jan: <a href="/wiki/Stone_Fleet" title="Stone Fleet">USS <i>Margaret Scott</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">23 Jan: <i><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Chief_(clipper)" title="Ocean Chief (clipper)">Ocean Chief</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">24 Jan: <a href="/wiki/USS_Peri" title="USS Peri">USS <i>Peri</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">25 Jan: <a href="/wiki/USS_New_England_(1861)" title="USS New England (1861)">USS <i>New England</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Stephen_Young" title="USS Stephen Young">USS <i>Stephen Young</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">26 Jan: <a href="/wiki/Stone_Fleet" title="Stone Fleet">USS <i>India</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Timor" title="USS Timor">USS <i>Timor</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">7 Feb: <a href="/wiki/CSS_Curlew" title="CSS Curlew">CSS <i>Curlew</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">8 Feb: <a href="/wiki/CSS_Sea_Bird" title="CSS Sea Bird">CSS <i>Sea Bird</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">10 Feb: <a href="/wiki/CSS_Appomattox" title="CSS Appomattox">CSS <i>Appomattox</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS_Black_Warrior" title="CSS Black Warrior">CSS <i>Black Warrior</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS_Fanny" title="CSS Fanny">CSS <i>Fanny</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS_Forrest" title="CSS Forrest">CSS <i>Forrest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">20 Feb: <a href="/wiki/USS_Isaac_N._Seymour" title="USS Isaac N. Seymour">USS <i>Isaac N. Seymour</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">25 Feb: <a href="/wiki/USS_R._B._Forbes" title="USS R. B. Forbes">USS <i>R. B. Forbes</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">8 Mar: <a href="/wiki/USS_Congress_(1841)" title="USS Congress (1841)">USS <i>Congress</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Cumberland_(1842)" title="USS Cumberland (1842)">USS <i>Cumberland</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">9 Mar: <a href="/wiki/CSS_George_Page" title="CSS George Page">CSS <i>George Page</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">10 Mar: <a href="/wiki/USS_Whitehall" title="USS Whitehall">USS <i>Whitehall</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">March (unknown date): <i><a href="/wiki/America_(yacht)" title="America (yacht)">Camilla</a></i> (or <i>Memphis</i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">4 Apr: <a href="/wiki/USS_Red_Rover_(1859)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Red Rover (1859)">CSS <i>Red Rover</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">7 Apr: <a href="/wiki/CSS_Grampus" title="CSS Grampus">CSS <i>Grampus</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">8 Apr: <a href="/wiki/CSS_New_Orleans" title="CSS New Orleans">CSS <i>New Orleans</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">14 Apr: <a href="/wiki/USS_Laurel_(1862)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Laurel (1862)"><i>Erebus</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">19 Apr: <a href="/wiki/USS_Maria_J._Carlton" title="USS Maria J. Carlton">USS <i>Maria J. Carlton</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">24 Apr: <a href="/wiki/CSS_General_Lovell" title="CSS General Lovell">CSS <i>General Lovell</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS_Governor_Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="CSS Governor Moore">CSS <i>Governor Moore</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS_Manassas" title="CSS Manassas">CSS <i>Manassas</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS_Stonewall_Jackson" title="CSS Stonewall Jackson">CSS <i>Stonewall Jackson</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sweepstakes_(clipper)" title="Sweepstakes (clipper)">Sweepstakes</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Varuna_(1861)" title="USS Varuna (1861)">USS <i>Varuna</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">25 Apr: <a href="/wiki/CSS_Mississippi" title="CSS Mississippi">CSS <i>Mississippi</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS_Pickens" title="CSS Pickens">CSRC <i>Pickens</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_(submarine)" title="Pioneer (submarine)">Pioneer</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_(1837)" title="Washington (1837)">Washington</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/CSS_Pamlico" title="CSS Pamlico">CSS <i>Pamlico</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">28 Apr: <a href="/wiki/CSS_Louisiana" title="CSS Louisiana">CSS <i>Louisiana</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS_McRae" title="CSS McRae">CSS <i>McRae</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">April (unknown date): <a href="/wiki/CSS_Jackson" title="CSS Jackson">CSS <i>Jackson</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS_Oregon" title="CSS Oregon">CSS <i>Oregon</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS_Carondelet" title="CSS Carondelet">CSS <i>Carondelet</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">10 May: <a href="/wiki/USS_Cincinnati_(1861)" title="USS Cincinnati (1861)">USS <i>Cincinnati</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Germantown_(1846)" title="USS Germantown (1846)">CSS <i>Germantown</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Mound_City" title="USS Mound City">USS <i>Mound City</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Fulton_(1837)" title="USS Fulton (1837)">CSS <i>Fulton</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">11 May: <a href="/wiki/CSS_Virginia" title="CSS Virginia">CSS <i>Virginia</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">15 May: <a href="/wiki/CSS_Jamestown" title="CSS Jamestown">CSS <i>Jamestown</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">May (unknown date): <a href="/wiki/USS_United_States_(1797)" title="USS United States (1797)">CSS <i>United States</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">6 Jun: <span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/CSS_Colonel_Lovell" title="CSS Colonel Lovell">CSS <i>Colonel Lovell</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS_General_Beauregard" title="CSS General Beauregard">CSS <i>General Beauregard</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_General_Bragg_(1851)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS General Bragg (1851)">CSS <i>General Bragg</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS_General_M._Jeff_Thompson" title="CSS General M. Jeff Thompson">CSS <i>General M. Jeff Thompson</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Millaudon_(1856)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurent Millaudon (1856)">CSS <i>General Sterling Price</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Sumter_(1863)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Sumter (1863)">CSS <i>General Sumter</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Little_Rebel_(1859)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Little Rebel (1859)">CSS <i>Little Rebel</i></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">16 Jun: <a href="/wiki/CSS_Maurepas" title="CSS Maurepas">CSS <i>Maurepas</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">26 Jun: <a href="/wiki/CSS_General_Earl_Van_Dorn" title="CSS General Earl Van Dorn">CSS <i>General Earl Van Dorn</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS_Livingston" title="CSS Livingston">CSS <i>Livingston</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS_General_Polk" title="CSS General Polk">CSS <i>General Polk</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">28 Jun: <a href="/wiki/USS_Island_Belle" title="USS Island Belle">USS <i>Island Belle</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">15 Jul: <i><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Wagner_(ship)" title="Johanna Wagner (ship)">Johanna Wagner</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Sidney_C._Jones" title="USS Sidney C. Jones">USS <i>Sidney C. Jones</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">21 Jul: <a href="/wiki/USS_Sallie_Wood" title="USS Sallie Wood">USS <i>Sallie Wood</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">24 Jul: <i><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Isles_(clipper)" title="Lord of the Isles (clipper)">Lord of the Isles</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">6 Aug: <a href="/wiki/CSS_Arkansas" title="CSS Arkansas">CSS <i>Arkansas</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">14-15 Aug: <a href="/wiki/USS_Sumter_(1862)" title="USS Sumter (1862)">USS <i>Sumter</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">23 Aug: <a href="/wiki/USS_Adirondack_(1862)" title="USS Adirondack (1862)">USS <i>Adirondack</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">24 Aug: <a href="/wiki/USS_Henry_Andrew" title="USS Henry Andrew">USS <i>Henry Andrew</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Isaac_N._Seymour" title="USS Isaac N. Seymour">USS <i>Isaac N. Seymour</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">10 Sep: <a href="/wiki/USS_Tigress_(1861)" title="USS Tigress (1861)">USS <i>Tigress</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2 Oct: <a href="/wiki/PS_Iona_(1855)" title="PS Iona (1855)"><i>Iona</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">15 Oct: <i><a href="/wiki/USS_G._L._Brockenborough" class="mw-redirect" title="USS G. L. Brockenborough">G. L. Brockenborough</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">25 Nov: <a href="/wiki/CSS_Ellis" title="CSS Ellis">USS <i>Ellis</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">November (unknown date): <a href="/wiki/USS_Mingo_(1862)" title="USS Mingo (1862)">USS <i>Mingo</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">12 Dec: <a href="/wiki/USS_Cairo" title="USS Cairo">USS <i>Cairo</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">31 Dec: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Unknown date: <a href="/wiki/USS_Noble_(1861)" title="USS Noble (1861)">USS <i>Noble</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">11 Jan: <a href="/wiki/HMS_St_Vincent_(1815)" title="HMS St Vincent (1815)">HMS <i>St Vincent</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">January (unknown date): <a href="/wiki/SS_Mona%27s_Queen_(1852)" title="SS Mona's Queen (1852)"><i>Mona's Queen</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">22 Feb: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Defence_(1861)" title="HMS Defence (1861)">HMS <i>Defence</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">February: <a href="/wiki/USS_Vermont_(1848)" title="USS Vermont (1848)">USS <i>Vermont</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">8 Mar: <a href="/wiki/USS_Minnesota_(1855)" title="USS Minnesota (1855)">USS <i>Minnesota</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">8 May: <a href="/wiki/USS_Galena_(1862)" title="USS Galena (1862)">USS <i>Galena</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">13 May: <a href="/wiki/USS_Planter_(1862)" title="USS Planter (1862)"><i>Planter</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">23 Jun: <a href="/wiki/USS_Memphis_(1862)" title="USS Memphis (1862)"><i>Memphis</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">7 Aug: <a href="/wiki/USS_Oneida_(1861)" title="USS Oneida (1861)">USS <i>Oneida</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">17 Aug: <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Eastern" title="SS Great Eastern"><i>Great Eastern</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">15 Nov: <a href="/wiki/PS_Admiral_Moorsom_(1860)" title="PS Admiral Moorsom (1860)"><i>Admiral Moorsom</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">22 Nov: <a href="/wiki/USS_Bainbridge_(1842)" title="USS Bainbridge (1842)">USS <i>Bainbridge</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Unknown date: <i><a href="/wiki/Young_America_(clipper)" title="Young America (clipper)">Young America</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1861" title="List of shipwrecks in 1861">1861</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1861" title="List of shipwrecks in 1861"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1863" title="List of shipwrecks in 1863"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1863" title="List of shipwrecks in 1863">1863</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_North_Carolina" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_North_Carolina" title="Template:National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_North_Carolina" title="Template talk:National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_North_Carolina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_North_Carolina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a> in <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contributing_property" title="Contributing property">Contributing property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register" title="Keeper of the Register">Keeper of the Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">Historic district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="History of the National Register of Historic Places">History of the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Property types</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/50px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/75px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/100px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_USA_NC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Map_of_USA_NC.svg/100px-Map_of_USA_NC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Map_of_USA_NC.svg/151px-Map_of_USA_NC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Map_of_USA_NC.svg/200px-Map_of_USA_NC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="186" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists<br />by county</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alamance_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alamance County, North Carolina">Alamance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alexander_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alexander County, North Carolina">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alleghany_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alleghany County, North Carolina">Alleghany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Anson_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Anson County, North Carolina">Anson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ashe_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Ashe County, North Carolina">Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Avery_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Avery County, North Carolina">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Beaufort_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Beaufort County, North Carolina">Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Bertie_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Bertie County, North Carolina">Bertie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Bladen_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Bladen County, North Carolina">Bladen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Brunswick_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Brunswick County, North Carolina">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Buncombe_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Buncombe County, North Carolina">Buncombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Burke_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Burke County, North Carolina">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cabarrus_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cabarrus County, North Carolina">Cabarrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Caldwell_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Caldwell County, North Carolina">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Camden_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Camden County, North Carolina">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Carteret_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Carteret County, North Carolina">Carteret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Caswell_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Caswell County, North Carolina">Caswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Catawba_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Catawba County, North Carolina">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Chatham_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Chatham County, North Carolina">Chatham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cherokee_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cherokee County, North Carolina">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Chowan_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Chowan County, North Carolina">Chowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Clay_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Clay County, North Carolina">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cleveland_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cleveland County, North Carolina">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Columbus_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Columbus County, North Carolina">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Craven_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Craven County, North Carolina">Craven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cumberland_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cumberland County, North Carolina">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Currituck_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Currituck County, North Carolina">Currituck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Dare_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Dare County, North Carolina">Dare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Davidson_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Davidson County, North Carolina">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Davie_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Davie County, North Carolina">Davie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Duplin_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Duplin County, North Carolina">Duplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Durham_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Durham County, North Carolina">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Edgecombe_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Edgecombe County, North Carolina">Edgecombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Forsyth_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Forsyth County, North Carolina">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Franklin_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, North Carolina">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Gaston_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Gaston County, North Carolina">Gaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Gates_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Gates County, North Carolina">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Graham_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Graham County, North Carolina">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Granville_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Granville County, North Carolina">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Greene_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Greene County, North Carolina">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Guilford_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Guilford County, North Carolina">Guilford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Halifax_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Halifax County, North Carolina">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Harnett_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Harnett County, North Carolina">Harnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Haywood_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Haywood County, North Carolina">Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Henderson_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Henderson County, North Carolina">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hertford_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hertford County, North Carolina">Hertford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hoke_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hoke County, North Carolina">Hoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hyde_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hyde County, North Carolina">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iredell_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Iredell County, North Carolina">Iredell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jackson_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Jackson County, North Carolina">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Johnston_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Johnston County, North Carolina">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jones_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Jones County, North Carolina">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lee_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lee County, North Carolina">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lenoir_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lenoir County, North Carolina">Lenoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lincoln_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lincoln County, North Carolina">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Macon_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Macon County, North Carolina">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Madison_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Madison County, North Carolina">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Martin_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Martin County, North Carolina">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_McDowell_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in McDowell County, North Carolina">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mecklenburg_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina">Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mitchell_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mitchell County, North Carolina">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montgomery_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Montgomery County, North Carolina">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Moore_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Moore County, North Carolina">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nash_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nash County, North Carolina">Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Hanover_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Hanover County, North Carolina">New Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Northampton_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Northampton County, North Carolina">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Onslow_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Onslow County, North Carolina">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Orange_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Orange County, North Carolina">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pamlico_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pamlico County, North Carolina">Pamlico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pasquotank_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pasquotank County, North Carolina">Pasquotank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pender_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pender County, North Carolina">Pender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Perquimans_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Perquimans County, North Carolina">Perquimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Person_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Person County, North Carolina">Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pitt_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pitt County, North Carolina">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Polk_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Polk County, North Carolina">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Randolph_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Randolph County, North Carolina">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Richmond_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond County, North Carolina">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Robeson_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Robeson County, North Carolina">Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rockingham_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, North Carolina">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rowan_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rowan County, North Carolina">Rowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rutherford_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rutherford County, North Carolina">Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Sampson_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Sampson County, North Carolina">Sampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Scotland_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Scotland County, North Carolina">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Stanly_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Stanly County, North Carolina">Stanly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Stokes_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Stokes County, North Carolina">Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Surry_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Surry County, North Carolina">Surry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Swain_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Swain County, North Carolina">Swain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Transylvania_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Transylvania County, North Carolina">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tyrrell_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Tyrrell County, North Carolina">Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Union_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Union County, North Carolina">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Vance_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Vance County, North Carolina">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wake_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wake County, North Carolina">Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Warren_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Warren County, North Carolina">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, North Carolina">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Watauga_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Watauga County, North Carolina">Watauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wayne_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wayne County, North Carolina">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wilkes_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wilkes County, North Carolina">Wilkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wilson_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wilson County, North Carolina">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Yadkin_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Yadkin County, North Carolina">Yadkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Yancey_County,_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Yancey County, North Carolina">Yancey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_North_Carolina" title="List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_North_Carolina" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in North Carolina">National Historic Landmarks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Underwater_diving" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Underwater_diving" title="Template:Underwater diving"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Underwater_diving" title="Template talk:Underwater diving"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Underwater_diving" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Underwater diving"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">Underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_activities" title="Diving activities">Diving activities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving mode">Diving modes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric pressure diving">Atmospheric pressure diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">Saturation diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_oriented_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface oriented diving">Surface oriented diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">Surface-supplied diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned diving">Unmanned diving</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">Diving equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaning_and_disinfection_of_personal_diving_equipment" title="Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment">Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of diving equipment manufacturers">List of diving equipment manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">Breathing gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout gas">Bailout gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom gas">Bottom gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing air">Breathing air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression gas">Decompression gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">Heliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydreliox" title="Hydreliox">Hydreliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrox_(breathing_gas)" title="Hydrox (breathing gas)">Hydrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">Nitrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel gas">Travel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">Trimix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buoyancy and<br />trim equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avelo_diving_system" title="Avelo diving system">Avelo diving system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">Buoyancy compensator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_inflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Power inflator">Power inflator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dump_valve_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dump valve (diving)">Dump valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_buoyancy_pressure_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable buoyancy pressure vessel">Variable buoyancy pressure vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_weighting_system" title="Diving weighting system">Diving weighting system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle weights (diving)">Ankle weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_weights" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated weights">Integrated weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trim weights (diving)">Trim weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight belt">Weight belt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_buoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression buoy">Decompression buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression chamber">Decompression chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_trapeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression trapeze">Decompression trapeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_upline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey upline">Jersey upline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JIM_suit" title="JIM suit">JIM suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtsuit" title="Newtsuit">Newtsuit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_suit" title="Dry suit">Dry suit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sladen_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sladen suit">Sladen suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving suit">Standard diving suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Rash vest">Rash vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">Wetsuit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_skins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive skins">Dive skins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-water_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-water suit">Hot-water suit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Helmets<br />and masks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fog" title="Anti-fog">Anti-fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-flow helmet">Free-flow helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_demand_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightweight demand helmet">Lightweight demand helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinasal_mask" title="Orinasal mask">Orinasal mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallow water helmet">Shallow water helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving helmet">Standard diving helmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Band mask">Band mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-face mask">Full-face mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Half mask">Half mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom timer">Bottom timer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_gauge" title="Depth gauge">Depth gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive timer">Dive timer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_watch" title="Diving watch">Diving watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_release_valve" title="Helium release valve">Helium release valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumofathometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumofathometer">Pneumofathometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pressure_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Submersible pressure gauge">Submersible pressure gauge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobility<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver propulsion vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerSwim" title="PowerSwim">PowerSwim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towboard" title="Towboard">Towboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_sub" title="Wet sub">Wet sub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_air_source" title="Alternative air source">Alternative air source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopus regulator">Octopus regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_snap" title="Bolt snap">Bolt snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddy line">Buddy line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_light" title="Dive light">Dive light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_cutting_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's cutting tool">Diver's cutting tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's knife">Diver's knife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's telephone">Diver's telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Through-water_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Through-water communications">Through-water communications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_harness" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving safety harness">Diving safety harness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout block">Bailout block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeline_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifeline (diving)">Lifeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screw_gate_carabiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw gate carabiner">Screw gate carabiner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_locator_beacon" title="Emergency locator beacon">Emergency locator beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_tether" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescue tether">Rescue tether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety helmet">Safety helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark-proof_cage" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark-proof cage">Shark-proof cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoopy_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Snoopy loop">Snoopy loop</a></li> <li>Navigation equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distance_line" title="Distance line">Distance line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving compass">Diving compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_reel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive reel">Dive reel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_marker" title="Line marker">Line marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_marker_buoy" title="Surface marker buoy">Surface marker buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Silt screw">Silt screw</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_breathing_apparatus" title="Underwater breathing apparatus">Underwater<br />breathing<br />apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder" title="Diving cylinder">Diving cylinder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burst_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Burst disc">Burst disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_cylinder_valve" title="Scuba cylinder valve">Scuba cylinder valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_diving_regulators" title="Mechanism of diving regulators">Mechanism of diving regulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_malfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator malfunction">Regulator malfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_freeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator freeze">Regulator freeze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-hose regulator">Single-hose regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin-hose regulator">Twin-hose regulator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_diving_mask" title="Full-face diving mask">Full-face diving mask</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-circuit_scuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-circuit scuba">Open-circuit<br />scuba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">Scuba set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent doubles">Independent doubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifolded_twin_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifolded twin set">Manifolded twin set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_manifold" title="Scuba manifold">Scuba manifold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_configuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba configuration">Scuba configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidemount" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidemount">Sidemount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Sling cylinder">Sling cylinder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_rebreather" title="Diving rebreather">Diving rebreathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_CDBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Carleton CDBA">Carleton CDBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_Divers_Life_Support_Equipment" title="Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment">Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic rebreather">Cryogenic rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUMA" title="CUMA">CUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSEA" class="mw-redirect" title="DSEA">DSEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_PVR-BASC" title="Halcyon PVR-BASC">Halcyon PVR-BASC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_RB80" title="Halcyon RB80">Halcyon RB80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDA71" title="IDA71">IDA71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspiro_DCSC" title="Interspiro DCSC">Interspiro DCSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-5" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-5">LAR-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-6" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-6">LAR-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-V" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-V">LAR-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertsen_Amphibious_Respiratory_Unit" title="Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit">LARU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_IV_Amphibian" title="Mark IV Amphibian">Mark IV Amphibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_CDBA" title="Siebe Gorman CDBA">Siebe Gorman CDBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_Salvus" title="Siebe Gorman Salvus">Salvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siva_(rebreather)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siva (rebreather)">Siva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_equipment" title="Surface-supplied diving equipment">Surface-supplied<br />diving equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_line" title="Air line">Air line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_umbilical" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's umbilical">Diver's umbilical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hookah_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hookah (diving)">Hookah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba replacement">Scuba replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuba" title="Snuba">Snuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of diving equipment manufacturers"> Diving<br />equipment<br />manufacturers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AP_Diving" title="AP Diving">AP Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apeks" title="Apeks">Apeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Lung_America" title="Aqua Lung America">Aqua Lung America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Lung/La_Spirotechnique" title="Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique">Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuchat" title="Beuchat">Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cavalero" title="René Cavalero">René Cavalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cis-Lunar" title="Cis-Lunar">Cis-Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cressi-Sub" title="Cressi-Sub">Cressi-Sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacor_(scuba_diving)" title="Dacor (scuba diving)">Dacor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESCO" title="DESCO">DESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_Xtras" title="Dive Xtras">Dive Xtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divex" title="Divex">Divex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Unlimited_International" title="Diving Unlimited International">Diving Unlimited International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4gerwerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drägerwerk">Drägerwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faber_Industrie_S.p.A." title="Faber Industrie S.p.A.">Faber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenzy" title="Fenzy">Fenzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fernez" title="Maurice Fernez">Maurice Fernez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Ferraro_(naval_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Ferraro (naval officer)">Technisub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Gugen" title="Oscar Gugen">Oscar Gugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinke_(diving_equipment_manufacturer)" title="Heinke (diving equipment manufacturer)">Heinke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HeinrichsWeikamp" title="HeinrichsWeikamp">HeinrichsWeikamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Outdoors" title="Johnson Outdoors">Johnson Outdoors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mares_(scuba_equipment)" title="Mares (scuba equipment)">Mares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_Diving" title="Morse Diving">Morse Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrod" title="Nemrod">Nemrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_Worldwide" title="Oceanic Worldwide">Oceanic Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearwater_Research" title="Shearwater Research">Shearwater Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman" title="Siebe Gorman">Siebe Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Products" title="Submarine Products">Submarine Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suunto" title="Suunto">Suunto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_support_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_equipment" title="Diving support equipment">Diving support equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Access equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_stirrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Boarding stirrup">Boarding stirrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver lift">Diver lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving ladder">Diving ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_platform_(scuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving platform (scuba)">Diving platform (scuba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downline_(diving)" title="Downline (diving)">Downline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstay" title="Jackstay">Jackstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_line" title="Messenger line">Messenger line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_pool" title="Moon pool">Moon pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />handling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor#Filtration" title="Diving air compressor">Air filtration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">Activated carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopcalite" title="Hopcalite">Hopcalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_sieve" title="Molecular sieve">Molecular sieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silica_gel" title="Silica gel">Silica gel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_filling_system" title="Cascade filling system">Cascade filling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_pump" title="Diver's pump">Diver's pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving air filter">Diving air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Water separator">Water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="High pressure breathing air compressor">High pressure breathing air compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Low pressure breathing air compressor">Low pressure breathing air compressor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending" title="Gas blending">Gas blending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_reclaim_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas reclaim system">Gas reclaim system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage bank">Gas storage bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_quad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage quad">Gas storage quad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage tube">Gas storage tube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_analyzer" title="Helium analyzer">Helium analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrox_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrox production">Nitrox production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_gas_separation" title="Membrane gas separation">Membrane gas separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_swing_adsorption" title="Pressure swing adsorption">Pressure swing adsorption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_analyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen analyser">Oxygen analyser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_compatibility" title="Oxygen compatibility">Oxygen compatibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-lock">Air-lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Built-in_breathing_system" title="Built-in breathing system">Built-in breathing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression tables">Decompression tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_cursor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell cursor">Bell cursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clump_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Clump weight">Clump weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_chamber" title="Diving chamber">Diving chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_Dive_Planner" title="Recreational Dive Planner">Recreational Dive Planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation system">Saturation system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_rubber_raiding_craft" title="Combat rubber raiding craft">Combat rubber raiding craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveaboard" title="Liveaboard">Liveaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subskimmer" title="Subskimmer">Subskimmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_vessel" title="Diving support vessel">Diving support vessel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(K07)" title="HMS Challenger (K07)">HMS Challenger (K07)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterhabitat" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_habitat" title="Underwater habitat">Underwater<br />habitat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_Reef_Base" title="Aquarius Reef Base">Aquarius Reef Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Shelf_Station_Two" title="Continental Shelf Station Two">Continental Shelf Station Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helgoland_Habitat" title="Helgoland Habitat">Helgoland Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter_Space_Analog_Station" title="Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station">Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEALAB" title="SEALAB">SEALAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektite_habitat" title="Tektite habitat">Tektite habitat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated<br />underwater vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8A4-class_ROUV" title="8A4-class ROUV">8A4-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABISMO" title="ABISMO">ABISMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_ROV_Team" title="Atlantis ROV Team">Atlantis ROV Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COTSBot" title="COTSBot">COTSBot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURV" title="CURV">CURV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Drone" title="Deep Drone">Deep Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89paulard" title="Épaulard">Épaulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Explorer_ROV" title="Global Explorer ROV">Global Explorer ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldfish-class_ROUV" title="Goldfish-class ROUV">Goldfish-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8D_ROV" title="Kaikō ROV">Kaikō ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%9Fif_ROUV" title="Kaşif ROUV">Kaşif ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-Term_Mine_Reconnaissance_System" title="Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System">Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_Rover_ROV" title="Mini Rover ROV">Mini Rover ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenROV" title="OpenROV">OpenROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROV_KIEL_6000" title="ROV KIEL 6000">ROV KIEL 6000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROV_PHOCA" title="ROV PHOCA">ROV PHOCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpio_ROV" title="Scorpio ROV">Scorpio ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Dragon-class_ROV" title="Sea Dragon-class ROV">Sea Dragon-class ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_tractor" title="Seabed tractor">Seabed tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafox_drone" title="Seafox drone">Seafox drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaPerch" title="SeaPerch">SeaPerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SJT-class_ROUV" title="SJT-class ROUV">SJT-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T1200_Trenching_Unit" title="T1200 Trenching Unit">T1200 Trenching Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoRay_UROVs" title="VideoRay UROVs">VideoRay UROVs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_down_flag" title="Diver down flag">Diver down flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENOS_Rescue-System" title="ENOS Rescue-System">ENOS Rescue-System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_lifeboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric lifeboat">Hyperbaric lifeboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_stretcher" title="Hyperbaric stretcher">Hyperbaric stretcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstay_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackstay (diving)">Jackstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_gas_supply_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve gas supply (diving)">Reserve gas supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving spread">Diving spread</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Air spread">Air spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation spread">Saturation spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot water system (diving)">Hot water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_positioning_system" title="Underwater acoustic positioning system">Underwater acoustic positioning system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freediving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Deep" title="Nordic Deep">Nordic Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_Blue" title="Vertical Blue">Vertical Blue</a></li> <li>Disciplines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant weight">Constant weight</a> (CWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight_bi-fins" title="Constant weight bi-fins">Constant weight bi-fins</a> (CWTB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight_without_fins" title="Constant weight without fins">Constant weight without fins</a> (CNF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_apnea" title="Dynamic apnea">Dynamic apnea</a> (DYN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic apnea without fins">Dynamic apnea without fins</a> (DNF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Free immersion">Free immersion</a> (FIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-limits_apnea" title="No-limits apnea">No-limits apnea</a> (NLT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_apnea" title="Static apnea">Static apnea</a> (STA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandalopetra_diving" title="Skandalopetra diving">Skandalopetra diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea">Variable weight apnea</a> (VWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea without fins">Variable weight apnea without fins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel (swimming)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo_cap" title="Water polo cap">Water polo cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freedivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Andollo" title="Deborah Andollo">Deborah Andollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Arrigoni" title="Simone Arrigoni">Simone Arrigoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppo_Biscarini" title="Peppo Biscarini">Peppo Biscarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Board" title="Michael Board">Michael Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Campbell" title="Sara Campbell">Sara Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derya_Can_G%C3%B6%C3%A7en" class="mw-redirect" title="Derya Can Göçen">Derya Can Göçen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goran_%C4%8Colak" title="Goran Čolak">Goran Čolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Coste" title="Carlos Coste">Carlos Coste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Croft_(diver)" title="Robert Croft (diver)">Robert Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandy-Rae_Cruickshank" title="Mandy-Rae Cruickshank">Mandy-Rae Cruickshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasemin_Dalk%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7" title="Yasemin Dalkılıç">Yasemin Dalkılıç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_D%27Imporzano" title="Leonardo D'Imporzano">Leonardo D'Imporzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eahika_Erc%C3%BCmen" title="Şahika Ercümen">Şahika Ercümen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Farrell_(freediver)" title="Emma Farrell (freediver)">Emma Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferreras" title="Francisco Ferreras">Francisco Ferreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Frolla" title="Pierre Frolla">Pierre Frolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehgan_Heaney-Grier" title="Mehgan Heaney-Grier">Mehgan Heaney-Grier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Kristoffersen" title="Elisabeth Kristoffersen">Elisabeth Kristoffersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Yevhenovych_Khvetkevych" class="mw-redirect" title="Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych">Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Maiorca" title="Enzo Maiorca">Enzo Maiorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Mayol" title="Jacques Mayol">Jacques Mayol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Meyer" title="Karol Meyer">Karol Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Middleton_(free-diver)" title="Kate Middleton (free-diver)">Kate Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mifsud" title="Stéphane Mifsud">Stéphane Mifsud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Molchanov" title="Alexey Molchanov">Alexey Molchanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Mullins_(freediver)" title="Dave Mullins (freediver)">Dave Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Musimu" title="Patrick Musimu">Patrick Musimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_N%C3%A9ry" title="Guillaume Néry">Guillaume Néry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Nitsch" title="Herbert Nitsch">Herbert Nitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Pelizzari" title="Umberto Pelizzari">Umberto Pelizzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liv_Philip" title="Liv Philip">Liv Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelie_Pompe" title="Annelie Pompe">Annelie Pompe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stig_Severinsen" title="Stig Severinsen">Stig Severinsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sietas" title="Tom Sietas">Tom Sietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_Solomons" title="Aharon Solomons">Aharon Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1nek_(free-diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Štěpánek (free-diver)">Martin Štěpánek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Steyn" title="Walter Steyn">Walter Steyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Streeter" title="Tanya Streeter">Tanya Streeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Trubridge" title="William Trubridge">William Trubridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devrim_Cenk_Ulusoy" title="Devrim Cenk Ulusoy">Devrim Cenk Ulusoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatma_Uruk" title="Fatma Uruk">Fatma Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danai_Varveri" title="Danai Varveri">Danai Varveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessia_Zecchini" title="Alessia Zecchini">Alessia Zecchini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliia_Zharkova" title="Nataliia Zharkova">Nataliia Zharkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_blackout" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-water blackout">Deep-water blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout#Terminology" title="Freediving blackout">Shallow-water blackout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_wrestling" title="Octopus wrestling">Octopus wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_underwater_swimming" title="Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming">Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Professional_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver">Commercial diver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial offshore diver">Commercial offshore diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazmat diver">Hazmat diver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Media diver">Media diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Police diver">Police diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver">Public safety diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver">Scientific diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater archaeologist">Underwater archaeologist</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydiving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Military<br />diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_engineer_diver" title="Army engineer diver">Army engineer diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces_Divers" title="Canadian Armed Forces Divers">Canadian Armed Forces Divers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_diver" title="Clearance diver">Clearance diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minentaucher" title="Minentaucher">Minentaucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_ships_diver" title="Royal Navy ships diver">Royal Navy ships diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_divers" title="United States military divers">United States military divers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navy_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Navy diver (United States Navy)">U.S. Navy diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Master diver (United States Navy)">U.S.Navy master diver</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydivingunits" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_diving_units" title="List of military diving units">Military<br />diving<br />units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_Diving_Branch_(RAN)" title="Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)">Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commando_Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Commando Hubert">Commando Hubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Special_Operations_Force" title="Lithuanian Special Operations Force">Combat Divers Service (Lithuania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comando_Raggruppamento_Subacquei_e_Incursori_Teseo_Tesei" title="Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei">Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS" title="Decima Flottiglia MAS">Decima Flottiglia MAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman_Corps_(Denmark)" title="Frogman Corps (Denmark)">Frogman Corps (Denmark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuerzas_Especiales" title="Fuerzas Especiales">Fuerzas Especiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuryu" title="Fukuryu">Fukuryu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRUMEC" title="GRUMEC">GRUMEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grup_Gerak_Khas" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Gerak Khas">Grup Gerak Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdkommando" title="Jagdkommando">Jagdkommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Formoza" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Formoza">JW Formoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_GROM" class="mw-redirect" title="JW GROM">JW GROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Komandos%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Komandosów">JW Komandosów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommando_Spezialkr%C3%A4fte_Marine" title="Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine">Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOPASKA" title="KOPASKA">KOPASKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARCOS" title="MARCOS">MARCOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Commandos" title="Marine Commandos">Marine Commandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinejegerkommandoen" title="Marinejegerkommandoen">Marinejegerkommandoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Raider_Regiment" title="Marine Raider Regiment">Marine Raider Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minedykkerkommandoen" title="Minedykkerkommandoen">Minedykkerkommandoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Marine_Corps#Operational_Diving_Unit" title="Namibian Marine Corps">Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Diving_Unit_(Singapore)" title="Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)">Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Service_Diving_Section" title="Naval Service Diving Section">Naval Service Diving Section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Special_Operations_Command" title="Naval Special Operations Command">Naval Special Operations Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Diving_Division_(SA_Navy)" title="Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)">Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_commando_frogmen" title="Russian commando frogmen">Russian commando frogmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappers_Divers_Group" title="Sappers Divers Group">Sappers Divers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayetet_13" title="Shayetet 13">Shayetet 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment" title="Special Air Service Regiment">Special Air Service Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Actions_Detachment" title="Special Actions Detachment">Special Actions Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Service" title="Special Boat Service">Special Boat Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Squadron_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)">Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Command_(Turkey)" title="Special Forces Command (Turkey)">Special Forces Command (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Group_(Belgium)" title="Special Forces Group (Belgium)">Special Forces Group (Belgium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Battalion_(Croatia)" title="Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)">Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Service_Group_(Navy)" title="Special Service Group (Navy)">Special Service Group (Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Warfare_Diving_and_Salvage" title="Special Warfare Diving and Salvage">Special Warfare Diving and Salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_Divers_Group" title="Tactical Divers Group">Tactical Divers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Force_Reconnaissance" title="United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance">US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reconnaissance_Battalions" title="United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions">US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">US Navy SEALs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Construction_Teams" title="Underwater Construction Teams">Underwater Construction Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Command" title="Underwater Demolition Command">Underwater Demolition Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Team" title="Underwater Demolition Team">Underwater Demolition Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Offence_(Turkish_Armed_Forces)" title="Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)">Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNGERIN" title="UNGERIN">UNGERIN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_work" title="Underwater work">Underwater<br />work</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diving" title="Commercial offshore diving">Commercial offshore diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diving" title="Hazmat diving">Hazmat diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_welding" title="Hyperbaric welding">Hyperbaric welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_construction" title="Marine construction">Marine construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_construction" title="Underwater construction">Underwater construction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_diving" title="Media diving">Media diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_diving" title="Police diving">Police diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potable_water_diving" title="Potable water diving">Potable water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diving" title="Public safety diving">Public safety diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diving" title="Scientific diving">Scientific diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_husbandry" title="Ships husbandry">Ships husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_diving" title="Sponge diving">Sponge diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pipeline" title="Submarine pipeline">Submarine pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Archaeology of shipwrecks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_cutting_and_welding" title="Underwater cutting and welding">Underwater cutting and welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_demolition" title="Underwater demolition">Underwater demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater inspection">Underwater inspection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" title="Nondestructive testing">Nondestructive testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_logging" title="Underwater logging">Underwater logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_search_and_recovery" title="Underwater search and recovery">Underwater search and recovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_videography" title="Underwater videography">Underwater videography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_survey" title="Underwater survey">Underwater survey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Salvage_diving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salvage_diving" title="Salvage diving">Salvage diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Egypt" title="SS Egypt">SS <i>Egypt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronan_(ship)" title="Kronan (ship)"><i>Kronan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Belle_(ship)" title="La Belle (ship)"><i>La Belle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Laurentic_(1908)" title="SS Laurentic (1908)">SS <i>Laurentic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_warship_Mars" title="Swedish warship Mars"><i>Mars</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose" title="Mary Rose"><i>Mary Rose</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_George_(1756)" title="HMS Royal George (1756)">HMS <i>Royal George</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasa_(ship)" title="Vasa (ship)"><i>Vasa</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving contractor">Diving<br />contractors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_maritime_d%27expertises" title="Compagnie maritime d'expertises">COMEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helix_Energy_Solutions_Group" title="Helix Energy Solutions Group">Helix Energy Solutions Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools and<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive_waterjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasive waterjet">Abrasive waterjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift_(dredging_device)" title="Airlift (dredging device)">Airlift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baited_remote_underwater_video" title="Baited remote underwater video">Baited remote underwater video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-water_surface_cleaning" title="In-water surface cleaning">In-water surface cleaning</a> <ul><li>Brush cart</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavitation_cleaning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cavitation cleaning (page does not exist)">Cavitation cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_washing" title="Pressure washing">Pressure washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigging" title="Pigging">Pigging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_stab" title="Hot stab">Hot stab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifting_bag" title="Lifting bag">Lifting bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated underwater vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_lance" title="Thermal lance">Thermal lance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremie" title="Tremie">Tremie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_jetting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water jetting (page does not exist)">Water jetting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limpet_mine" title="Limpet mine">Limpet mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterfirearm" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_firearm" title="Underwater firearm">Underwater<br />firearm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyrojet" title="Gyrojet">Gyrojet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_1_Underwater_Defense_Gun" title="Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun">Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerhead_(firearm)" title="Powerhead (firearm)">Powerhead</a></li> <li>Underwater pistols <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_P11" title="Heckler & Koch P11">Heckler & Koch P11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPP-1_underwater_pistol" title="SPP-1 underwater pistol">SPP-1 underwater pistol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underwater revolvers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAI_underwater_revolver" title="AAI underwater revolver">AAI underwater revolver</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underwater rifles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADS_amphibious_rifle" title="ADS amphibious rifle">ADS amphibious rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APS_underwater_rifle" title="APS underwater rifle">APS underwater rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASM-DT_amphibious_rifle" title="ASM-DT amphibious rifle">ASM-DT amphibious rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QBS-06" title="QBS-06">QBS-06</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Recreational_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">Recreational diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Index of recreational dive sites">Index of recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wreck_diving_sites" title="List of wreck diving sites">List of wreck diving sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Outline of recreational dive sites">Outline of recreational dive sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidemount_diving" title="Sidemount diving">Sidemount diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">Technical diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_organisations" title="Diver organisations">Diver<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo_Speleological_Survey" title="Quintana Roo Speleological Survey">Quintana Roo Speleological Survey</a> (QRSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodville_Karst_Plain_Project" title="Woodville Karst Plain Project">Woodville Karst Plain Project</a> (WKPP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving tourism<br />industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_center" title="Dive center">Dive center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_in_East_Timor" title="Diving in East Timor">Diving in East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_in_the_Maldives" title="Diving in the Maldives">Diving in the Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba diving tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands">Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tourism" title="Shark tourism">Shark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_ships_for_wreck_diving_sites" title="Sinking ships for wreck diving sites">Sinking ships for wreck diving sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_on_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater diving on Guam">Underwater diving on Guam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving events<br />and festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversnight" title="Diversnight">Diversnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Bike_Race" title="Underwater Bike Race">Underwater Bike Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_safety" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety" title="Diving safety">Diving safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_safety" title="Human factors in diving safety">Human factors in diving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety-critical_system" title="Safety-critical system">Safety-critical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving fatalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_emergency" title="Underwater diving emergency">Underwater diving emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_safety" title="Water safety">Water safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_surface_searches" title="Water surface searches">Water surface searches</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_hazards" title="Diving hazards">Diving<br />hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">List of diving hazards and precautions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazards_of_the_diving_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazards of the diving environment">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-P_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-P (hazard)">Delta-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entanglement_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Entanglement (hazard)">Entanglement hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Overhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt_out" title="Silt out">Silt out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave action">Wave action</a></li></ul></li> <li>Equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freeflow" title="Freeflow">Freeflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Use_of_breathing_equipment_in_an_underwater_environment" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Failure_of_diving_equipment_other_than_breathing_apparatus" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">Single point of failure</a></li></ul></li> <li>Physiological <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasickness">Seasickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_decompression" title="Uncontrolled decompression">Uncontrolled decompression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Diver_behaviour_and_competence" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Diver behaviour and competence</a> <ul><li>Lack of <a href="/wiki/Competence_(human_resources)" title="Competence (human resources)">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconfidence_effect" title="Overconfidence effect">Overconfidence effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_loading" title="Task loading">Task loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety#Trait" title="Anxiety">Trait anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willful_violation" title="Willful violation">Willful violation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Consequences" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-freezing_cold_injury" title="Non-freezing cold injury">Non-freezing cold injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_procedures" title="Diving procedures">Diving<br />procedures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_and_descending_(diving)" title="Ascending and descending (diving)">Ascending and descending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_ascent" title="Emergency ascent">Emergency ascent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boat_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat diving">Boat diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_diving" title="Buddy diving">Buddy diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_check" title="Buddy check">buddy check</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_practice" title="Decompression practice">Decompression practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyle_stop" title="Pyle stop">Pyle stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratio_decompression" title="Ratio decompression">Ratio decompression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_briefing" title="Dive briefing">Dive briefing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_log" title="Dive log">Dive log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_planning" title="Dive planning">Dive planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds_(diving)" title="Rule of thirds (diving)">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_planning" title="Scuba gas planning">Scuba gas planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_communications" title="Diver communications">Diver communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_rescue" title="Diver rescue">Diver rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doing_It_Right_(scuba_diving)" title="Doing It Right (scuba diving)">Doing It Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drift_diving" title="Drift diving">Drift diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_management" title="Scuba gas management">Scuba gas management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_diving" title="Wall diving">Wall diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk<br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checklist" title="Checklist">Checklist</a></li> <li>Hazard identification and risk assessment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis" title="Hazard analysis">Hazard analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_safety_analysis" title="Job safety analysis">Job safety analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_evacuation_and_rescue" title="Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue">Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_control" title="Risk control">Risk control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_pit" title="Incident pit">Incident pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockout%E2%80%93tagout" title="Lockout–tagout">Lockout–tagout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permit_To_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Permit To Work">Permit To Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">Redundancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_awareness" title="Situation awareness">Situation awareness</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_team" title="Diving team">Diving team</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellman_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellman (diving)">Bellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber operator">Chamber operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_medical_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver medical technician">Diver medical technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_attendant" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's attendant">Diver's attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_systems_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving systems technician">Diving systems technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas man">Gas man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_support_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Life support technician">Life support technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-by_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Stand-by diver">Stand-by diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment<br />safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing gas quality">Breathing gas quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing_and_inspection_of_diving_cylinders" title="Testing and inspection of diving cylinders">Testing and inspection of diving cylinders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_test" title="Hydrostatic test">Hydrostatic test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustained_load_cracking" title="Sustained load cracking">Sustained load cracking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_performance_of_regulators" title="Breathing performance of regulators">Breathing performance of regulators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational<br />safety and<br />health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Diving_Contractors_International" title="Association of Diving Contractors International">Association of Diving Contractors International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_practice" title="Code of practice">Code of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">Contingency plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_response_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency response plan">Emergency response plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_manual" title="Operations manual">Operations manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure" title="Standard operating procedure">Standard operating procedure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_disorders" title="Diving disorders">Diving<br />disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_signs_and_symptoms_of_diving_disorders" title="List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders">List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramp" title="Cramp">Cramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_ear" title="Surfer's ear">Surfer's ear</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternobaric_vertigo" title="Alternobaric vertigo">Alternobaric vertigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barostriction" class="mw-redirect" title="Barostriction">Barostriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_embolism" title="Air embolism">Air embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosinusitis" title="Aerosinusitis">Aerosinusitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barodontalgia" title="Barodontalgia">Barodontalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental barotrauma">Dental barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_barotrauma" title="Middle ear barotrauma">Middle ear barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary barotrauma">Pulmonary barotrauma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_arthralgia" title="Compression arthralgia">Compression arthralgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_illness" title="Decompression illness">Decompression illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysbarism" title="Dysbarism">Dysbarism</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxygen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoxia" title="Hyperoxia">Hyperoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inert gases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysbaric_osteonecrosis" title="Dysbaric osteonecrosis">Dysbaric osteonecrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear_decompression_sickness" title="Inner ear decompression sickness">Inner ear decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobaric_counterdiffusion" title="Isobaric counterdiffusion">Isobaric counterdiffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taravana" title="Taravana">Taravana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_nervous_syndrome" title="High-pressure nervous syndrome">High-pressure nervous syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_narcosis" title="Hydrogen narcosis">Hydrogen narcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carbon dioxide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocapnia" title="Hypocapnia">Hypocapnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />contaminants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersion<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">Asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_diuresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion diuresis">Immersion diuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instinctive_drowning_response" title="Instinctive drowning response">Instinctive drowning response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">Laryngospasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_water_aspiration_syndrome" title="Salt water aspiration syndrome">Salt water aspiration syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming-induced_pulmonary_edema" title="Swimming-induced pulmonary edema">Swimming-induced pulmonary edema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_valve_oxygen_therapy" title="Demand valve oxygen therapy">Demand valve oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_treatment_schedules" title="Hyperbaric treatment schedules">Hyperbaric treatment schedules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-water_recompression" title="In-water recompression">In-water recompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_recompression" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic recompression">Therapeutic recompression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Examiner">Diving Medical Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Practitioner">Diving Medical Practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Technician">Diving Medical Technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_nursing" title="Hyperbaric nursing">Hyperbaric nursing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screening</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_septal_defect" title="Atrial septal defect">Atrial septal defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_drugs_on_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of drugs on fitness to dive">Effects of drugs on fitness to dive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_to_dive" title="Fitness to dive">Fitness to dive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological fitness to dive">Psychological fitness to dive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_diving_physiology_and_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of researchers in diving physiology and medicine">Researchers in<br />diving physiology<br />and medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Bachrach" title="Arthur J. Bachrach">Arthur J. Bachrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_R._Behnke" title="Albert R. Behnke">Albert R. Behnke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Bennett" title="Peter B. Bennett">Peter B. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bert" title="Paul Bert">Paul Bert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Bond" title="George F. Bond">George F. Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_O._Brubakk" title="Alf O. Brubakk">Alf O. Brubakk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._B%C3%BChlmann" title="Albert A. Bühlmann">Albert A. Bühlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybon_Chesney_Castell_Damant" title="Guybon Chesney Castell Damant">Guybon Chesney Castell Damant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_William_Donald" title="Kenneth William Donald">Kenneth William Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paul_Fife" title="William Paul Fife">William Paul Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Hamilton_Jr." title="Robert William Hamilton Jr.">Robert William Hamilton Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Valence_Hempleman" title="Henry Valence Hempleman">Henry Valence Hempleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Erskine_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Erskine Hill">Leonard Erskine Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Andrew_Hills" title="Brian Andrew Hills">Brian Andrew Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Hoppe-Seyler" title="Felix Hoppe-Seyler">Felix Hoppe-Seyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mitchell" title="Simon Mitchell">Simon Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Momsen" title="Charles Momsen">Charles Momsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_W._Pollock" title="Neal W. Pollock">Neal W. Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawlins_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Rawlins (Royal Navy officer)">John Rawlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley_Shilling" title="Charles Wesley Shilling">Charles Wesley Shilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Thalmann" title="Edward D. Thalmann">Edward D. Thalmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving medical<br />research<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Medical_Association" title="Aerospace Medical Association">Aerospace Medical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a> (DAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Diseases_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Diseases Research Centre">Diving Diseases Research Centre</a> (DDRC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Advisory_Council" title="Diving Medical Advisory Council">Diving Medical Advisory Council</a> (DMAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Diving_Technology_Committee" title="European Diving Technology Committee">European Diving Technology Committee</a> (EDTC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Underwater_and_Baromedical_Society" title="European Underwater and Baromedical Society">European Underwater and Baromedical Society</a> (EUBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Diving_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Technology" title="National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology">National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Medical_Research_Laboratory" title="Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory">Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy_School_of_Underwater_Medicine" title="Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine">Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Underwater_Medicine_Society" title="South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society">South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society</a> (SPUMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Underwater_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Association" title="Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association">Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association</a> (SAUHMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undersea_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Society" title="Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society">Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society</a> (UHMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Experimental_Diving_Unit" title="United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit">United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit</a> (NEDU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liability_in_recreational_diving" title="Civil liability in recreational diving">Civil liability in recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_of_care" title="Duty of care">Duty of care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislation_regulating_underwater_diving" title="List of legislation regulating underwater diving">List of legislation regulating underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_diving_accidents" title="Investigation of diving accidents">Investigation of diving accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Underwater_Cultural_Heritage" title="Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage">Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_underwater_diving" title="History of underwater diving">History of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_decompression_research_and_development" title="History of decompression research and development">History of decompression research and development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Diving_Museum" title="History of Diving Museum">History of Diving Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_scuba_diving" title="History of scuba diving">History of scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Maritime_Museum" title="Lyons Maritime Museum">Lyons Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Sea_Museum" title="Man in the Sea Museum">Man in the Sea Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_atmospheric_diving_suits" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of atmospheric diving suits">Timeline of atmospheric diving suits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_diving_technology" title="Timeline of diving technology">Timeline of diving technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearling_in_Western_Australia" title="Pearling in Western Australia">Pearling in Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Navy_decompression_models_and_tables" title="US Navy decompression models and tables">US Navy decompression models and tables</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Commodore" title="SS Commodore">SS <i>Commodore</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater art<br />and artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Diver" title="The Diver">The Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_deCaires_Taylor" title="Jason deCaires Taylor">Jason deCaires Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineers<br />and inventors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Ayanz_y_Beaumont" title="Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont">Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beebe" title="William Beebe">William Beebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Alfonso_Borelli" title="Giovanni Alfonso Borelli">Giovanni Alfonso Borelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Martin_Cabirol" title="Joseph-Martin Cabirol">Joseph-Martin Cabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Anthony_Deane" title="Charles Anthony Deane">Charles Anthony Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Deane_(inventor)" title="John Deane (inventor)">John Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Corlieu" title="Louis de Corlieu">Louis de Corlieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Denayrouze" title="Auguste Denayrouze">Auguste Denayrouze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Eldred" title="Ted Eldred">Ted Eldred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fleuss" title="Henry Fleuss">Henry Fleuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gagnan" title="Émile Gagnan">Émile Gagnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Klingert" title="Karl Heinrich Klingert">Karl Heinrich Klingert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft_(diver)" title="Peter Kreeft (diver)">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Le_Prieur" title="Yves Le Prieur">Yves Le Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lethbridge" title="John Lethbridge">John Lethbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_Moir" title="Ernest William Moir">Ernest William Moir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Salim_Peress" title="Joseph Salim Peress">Joseph Salim Peress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Piccard" title="Auguste Piccard">Auguste Piccard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Savoie" title="Joe Savoie">Joe Savoie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Franklyn_Searle" title="Willard Franklyn Searle">Willard Franklyn Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Smith_(inventor)" title="Gordon Smith (inventor)">Gordon Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Siebe" title="Augustus Siebe">Augustus Siebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Touboulic" title="Pierre-Marie Touboulic">Pierre-Marie Touboulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua-Lung" title="Aqua-Lung">Aqua-Lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RV_Calypso" title="RV Calypso">RV <i>Calypso</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP-350_Denise" title="SP-350 Denise">SP-350 <i>Denise</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_torch" title="Magnesium torch">Magnesium torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonos" title="Nikonos">Nikonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_Marine_Explorer" title="Sub Marine Explorer">Sub Marine Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_scuba" title="Vintage scuba">Vintage scuba</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diverpropulsionvehicles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver<br />propulsion<br />vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_SEAL_Delivery_System" title="Advanced SEAL Delivery System">Advanced SEAL Delivery System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_CE2F_series" title="Cosmos CE2F series">Cosmos CE2F series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_Combat_Submersible" title="Dry Combat Submersible">Dry Combat Submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">Human torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorised_Submersible_Canoe" title="Motorised Submersible Canoe">Motorised Submersible Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_Nymph" title="Necker Nymph">Necker Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-2_Mala-class_swimmer_delivery_vehicle" title="R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle">R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle" title="SEAL Delivery Vehicle">SEAL Delivery Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_Water_Combat_Submersible" title="Shallow Water Combat Submersible">Shallow Water Combat Submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siluro_San_Bartolomeo" title="Siluro San Bartolomeo">Siluro San Bartolomeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfreighter" title="Welfreighter">Welfreighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_Nellie" title="Wet Nellie">Wet Nellie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military and<br />covert operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Raid on Alexandria (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">Sinking of the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_cageless_shark-diving_expedition" title="1992 cageless shark-diving expedition">1992 cageless shark-diving expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_31" title="Mission 31">Mission 31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass_Award" title="Hans Hass Award">Hans Hass Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Scuba_Diving_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame">International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Diving_Chamber_Dive_Lectures" title="London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures">London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOGI_Awards" title="NOGI Awards">NOGI Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Divers_Hall_of_Fame" title="Women Divers Hall of Fame">Women Divers Hall of Fame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_MV_Conception" title="Sinking of MV Conception">Sinking of MV <i>Conception</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diver rescues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpazat_cave_rescue" title="Alpazat cave rescue">Alpazat cave rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tham_Luang_cave_rescue" title="Tham Luang cave rescue">Tham Luang cave rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Day_(carpenter)" title="John Day (carpenter)">John Day (carpenter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spalding" title="Charles Spalding">Charles Spalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Watson">Ebenezer Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Keenan" title="Stephen Keenan">Stephen Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mevoli" title="Nicholas Mevoli">Nicholas Mevoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Offshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore diving">Offshore<br />diving</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byford_Dolphin#Diving_bell_accident" title="Byford Dolphin"><i>Byford Dolphin</i> diving bell accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_Master_diving_accident" title="Drill Master diving accident"><i>Drill Master</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Canopus_diving_accident" title="Star Canopus diving accident"><i>Star Canopus</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stena_Seaspread_diving_accident" title="Stena Seaspread diving accident"><i>Stena Seaspread</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_One_diving_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture One diving accident"><i>Venture One</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waage_Drill_II_diving_accident" title="Waage Drill II diving accident"><i>Waage Drill II</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildrake_diving_accident" title="Wildrake diving accident"><i>Wildrake</i> diving accident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional<br />diving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Baldwin_(diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Baldwin (diver)">Roger Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bennett_(diver)" title="John Bennett (diver)">John Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_F._Guiel_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Guiel Jr.">Victor F. Guiel Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_P._Hammerberg" title="Francis P. Hammerberg">Francis P. Hammerberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_M._Hoffman" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig M. Hoffman">Craig M. Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Henry_Michael_Holmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Henry Michael Holmes">Peter Henry Michael Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Sea_Link_accident" title="Johnson Sea Link accident">Johnson Sea Link accident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Clayton_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Clayton Link">Edwin Clayton Link</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Anthony_Prangley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Anthony Prangley">Gerard Anthony Prangley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Skipnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Per Skipnes">Per Skipnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_John_Smyth" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert John Smyth">Robert John Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_D._Stover" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert D. Stover">Albert D. Stover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard A. Walker">Richard A. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Michael_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothar Michael Ward">Lothar Michael Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Bradley_Westell" title="Death of Bradley Westell">Bradley Westell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving<br />fatalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_Mount_Gambier_cave_diving_accident" title="1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident">1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Armbruster" title="Ricardo Armbruster">Ricardo Armbruster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bridge" title="Allan Bridge">Allan Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bright_(diver)" title="David Bright (diver)">David Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Coulson" title="Cotton Coulson">Cotton Coulson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Coutinho" title="Cláudio Coutinho">Cláudio Coutinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Yale_Dawson" title="E. Yale Dawson">E. Yale Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deon_Dreyer" title="Deon Dreyer">Deon Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Dufek" title="Milan Dufek">Milan Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fargues" title="Maurice Fargues">Maurice Fargues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Garman" title="Guy Garman">Guy Garman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Irwin" title="Steve Irwin">Steve Irwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Steve_Irwin" title="Death of Steve Irwin">death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones_(American_football,_born_1935)" title="Jim Jones (American football, born 1935)">Jim Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Koz%C5%82owski_(speleologist)" title="Artur Kozłowski (speleologist)">Artur Kozłowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Lipski" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Lipski">Yuri Lipski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsty_MacColl" title="Kirsty MacColl">Kirsty MacColl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Linnea_Mills" title="Death of Linnea Mills">Linnea Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Roubaix" title="François de Roubaix">François de Roubaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">Chris and Chrissy Rouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Shaw" title="Dave Shaw">Dave Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Stewart_(filmmaker)" title="Rob Stewart (filmmaker)">Rob Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esbj%C3%B6rn_Svensson" title="Esbjörn Svensson">Esbjörn Svensson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Velek" title="Josef Velek">Josef Velek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Publications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Publications</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Diving_Manual" title="NOAA Diving Manual">NOAA Diving Manual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy_Diving_Manual" title="U.S. Navy Diving Manual">U.S. Navy Diving Manual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Cave_Diving:_A_Blueprint_for_Survival" title="Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival">Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Underwater Handbook (page does not exist)">Underwater Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bennett_and_Elliott%27s_physiology_and_medicine_of_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving (page does not exist)">Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Recreational_Diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving (page does not exist)">Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_new_science_of_skin_and_scuba_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The new science of skin and scuba diving (page does not exist)">The new science of skin and scuba diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professional_Diver%27s_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Professional Diver's Handbook (page does not exist)">Professional Diver's Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_Scuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basic Scuba (page does not exist)">Basic Scuba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards and<br />Codes of Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Practice_for_Scientific_Diving_(UNESCO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)">Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_7876" title="DIN 7876">DIN 7876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMCA_Code_of_Practice_for_Offshore_Diving" class="mw-redirect" title="IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving">IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_24801_Recreational_diving_services_%E2%80%94_Requirements_for_the_training_of_recreational_scuba_divers" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers">ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Darkness_Beckons" title="The Darkness Beckons">The Darkness Beckons</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldfinder" title="Goldfinder">Goldfinder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">The Last Dive</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Divers" title="Shadow Divers">Shadow Divers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silent_World:_A_Story_of_Undersea_Discovery_and_Adventure" title="The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure">The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Divers_Alert_Network_publications" title="List of Divers Alert Network publications">List of Divers Alert Network publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dive_guide_(publication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive guide (publication)">Dive guides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Training_and_registration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Training and registration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver<br />training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Competence and assessment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competency-based_learning" title="Competency-based learning">Competency-based learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refresher_training_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refresher training (diving)">Refresher training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skill_assessment" title="Skill assessment">Skill assessment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training_standard" title="Diver training standard">Diver training standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving school">Diving school</a></li> <li>Occupational diver training <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver training">Commercial diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Military diver training">Military diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver training">Public safety diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver training">Scientific diver training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_recreational_diving_training_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO recreational diving training standards">ISO training standards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">Teaching method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_memory" title="Muscle memory">Muscle memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlearning" title="Overlearning">Overlearning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_exposure_training" title="Stress exposure training">Stress exposure training</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Skills" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_sidestroke" title="Combat sidestroke">Combat sidestroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_navigation" title="Diver navigation">Diver navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_trim" title="Diver trim">Diver trim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_clearing" title="Ear clearing">Ear clearing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frenzel_maneuver" title="Frenzel maneuver">Frenzel maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valsalva_maneuver" title="Valsalva maneuver">Valsalva maneuver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finning_techniques" title="Finning techniques">Finning techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills" title="Scuba skills">Scuba skills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_breathing" title="Buddy breathing">Buddy breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Reef_System" title="Diamond Reef System">Diamond Reef System</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Surface-supplied diving skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_scuba_certification_levels" title="Recreational scuba certification levels">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />levels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core diving skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Open_Water_Diver" title="Advanced Open Water Diver">Advanced Open Water Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_diver" title="Autonomous diver">Autonomous diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS*_scuba_diver" title="CMAS* scuba diver">CMAS* scuba diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS**_scuba_diver" title="CMAS** scuba diver">CMAS** scuba diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Impact_Diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Impact Diver">Low Impact Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Scuba_Diver" title="Master Scuba Diver">Master Scuba Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Water_Diver" title="Open Water Diver">Open Water Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_diver" title="Supervised diver">Supervised diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Instructor" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Instructor">Master Instructor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialist skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Diver" title="Rescue Diver">Rescue Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Solo diver">Solo diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_training_organization" title="Diver training organization">Diver training<br />certification<br />and registration<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Underwater_Federation" title="European Underwater Federation">European Underwater Federation</a> (EUF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Regulators_and_Certifiers_Forum" title="International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum">International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum</a> (IDRCF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Schools_Association" title="International Diving Schools Association">International Diving Schools Association</a> (IDSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a> (IMCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diver_certification_organizations" title="List of diver certification organizations">List of diver certification organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_course_referral" title="Recreational diver course referral">Recreational diver course referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Recreational_Scuba_Training_Council" title="World Recreational Scuba Training Council">World Recreational Scuba Training Council</a> (WRSTC)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Diver_Accreditation_Scheme" title="Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme">Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme</a> (ADAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver_registration_in_South_Africa" title="Commercial diver registration in South Africa">Commercial diver registration in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Institute_of_Technology" title="Divers Institute of Technology">Divers Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a> (HSE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Employment_and_Labour" title="Department of Employment and Labour">Department of Employment and Labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diving<br />schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Academy_International" title="Divers Academy International">Divers Academy International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Norway_University_of_Applied_Sciences#Norwegian_diver_school" title="Western Norway University of Applied Sciences">Norwegian diver school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free-diving<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a> (AIDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a> (PI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Canadian_Underwater_Certifications" title="American Canadian Underwater Certifications">American Canadian Underwater Certifications</a> (ACUC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_nationale_des_moniteurs_de_plong%C3%A9e" title="Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée">Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée</a> (ANMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Life_Saving_Federation" title="International Life Saving Federation">International Life Saving Federation</a> (ILS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Diving_Federation" title="Israeli Diving Federation">Israeli Diving Federation</a> (TIDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Scuba_Educators" title="National Academy of Scuba Educators">National Academy of Scuba Educators</a> (NASE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Onderwatersport_Bond" title="Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond">Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond</a> (NOB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Aqua_Association" title="Sub-Aqua Association">Sub-Aqua Association</a> (SAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Diving_International" title="Scuba Diving International">Scuba Diving International</a> (SDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Educators_International" title="Scuba Educators International">Scuba Educators International</a> (SEI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Scottish Sub Aqua Club">Scottish Sub Aqua Club</a> (ScotSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a> (TSSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Diving_Instructors" title="United Diving Instructors">United Diving Instructors</a> (UDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YMCA_SCUBA_Program" title="YMCA SCUBA Program">YMCA SCUBA Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Underwater_Sciences" title="American Academy of Underwater Sciences">American Academy of Underwater Sciences</a> (AAUS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques#Scientific_committee" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">CMAS Scientific Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical diver<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Science_and_Technology" title="Diving Science and Technology">Diving Science and Technology</a> (DSAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimix_Scuba_Association" title="Trimix Scuba Association">Trimix Scuba Association</a> (TSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Technical Extended Range</a> (TXR)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cavediving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cave<br />diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Speleological_Society#Cave_Diving_Group" title="National Speleological Society">National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Diving_International" title="Technical Diving International">Technical Diving International</a> (TDI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Diving_School" title="Defence Diving School">Defence Diving School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City#Tenant_commands" title="Naval Support Activity Panama City">Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Escape_Training_Unit" title="Underwater Escape Training Unit">Underwater Escape Training Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training courses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Combatant_Diver_Course" title="United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course">United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_sports" title="Underwater sports">Underwater sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface snorkeling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finswimming" title="Finswimming">Finswimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snorkeling/breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Australia" title="Underwater hockey in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Turkey" title="Underwater hockey in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater rugby in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_the_United_States" title="Underwater rugby in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open Circuit Scuba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion finswimming">Immersion finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_diving_(sport)" title="Sport diving (sport)">Sport diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_cycling" title="Underwater cycling">Underwater cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_orienteering" title="Underwater orienteering">Underwater orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rebreather</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports governing<br />organisations<br /> and federations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>International <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>National <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_Hellas" title="AIDA Hellas">AIDA Hellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Octopush_Association" title="British Octopush Association">British Octopush Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Underwater_Sports_Association" title="British Underwater Sports Association">British Underwater Sports Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_federation_of_underwater_studies_and_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="French federation of underwater studies and sports">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="South African Underwater Sports Federation">South African Underwater Sports Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Society_of_America" title="Underwater Society of America">Underwater Society of America</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_CMAS_Underwater_Photography_World_Championship" title="14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship">14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Hockey_World_Championships" title="Underwater Hockey World Championships">Underwater Hockey World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Orienteering_World_Championships" title="Underwater Orienteering World Championships">Underwater Orienteering World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Rugby_World_Championships" title="Underwater Rugby World Championships">Underwater Rugby World Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_divers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_underwater_divers" title="Outline of underwater divers">Underwater divers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers<br />of diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Admetlla_i_L%C3%A1zaro" title="Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro">Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bonnin" title="Mary Bonnin">Mary Bonnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Behrens-Furniss" title="Amelia Behrens-Furniss">Amelia Behrens-Furniss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Cahill" title="James F. Cahill">James F. Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Deans_(diver)" title="Billy Deans (diver)">Billy Deans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dottie_Frazier" title="Dottie Frazier">Dottie Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Hampton" title="Trevor Hampton">Trevor Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teseo_Tesei" title="Teseo Tesei">Teseo Tesei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />scientists<br />archaeologists and<br />environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Arbuthnot" title="Michael Arbuthnot">Michael Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ballard" title="Robert Ballard">Robert Ballard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensun_Bound" title="Mensun Bound">Mensun Bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Boutan" title="Louis Boutan">Louis Boutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Bozanic" title="Jeffrey Bozanic">Jeffrey Bozanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bradner" title="Hugh Bradner">Hugh Bradner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Church" title="Cathy Church">Cathy Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Clark" title="Eugenie Clark">Eugenie Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Delgado" title="James P. Delgado">James P. Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Fischer" title="George R. Fischer">George R. Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Franz%C3%A9n" title="Anders Franzén">Anders Franzén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_Frost" title="Honor Frost">Honor Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gibbins" title="David Gibbins">David Gibbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Jessop" title="Graham Jessop">Graham Jessop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_Puspa_Lestari" title="Swietenia Puspa Lestari">Swietenia Puspa Lestari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilar_Luna" title="Pilar Luna">Pilar Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Marx" title="Robert F. Marx">Robert F. Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Marguerite_McCann" title="Anna Marguerite McCann">Anna Marguerite McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innes_McCartney" title="Innes McCartney">Innes McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Meide" title="Charles T. Meide">Charles T. Meide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_M._Newell" title="Mark M. Newell">Mark M. Newell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuba_Ognenova-Marinova" title="Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova">Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Oleson" title="John Peter Oleson">John Peter Oleson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendel_L._Peterson" title="Mendel L. Peterson">Mendel L. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pyle" title="Richard Pyle">Richard Pyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Rechnitzer" title="Andreas Rechnitzer">Andreas Rechnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Royal" title="William R. Royal">William R. Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Rule" title="Margaret Rule">Margaret Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_Sch%C3%B6bel" title="Gunter Schöbel">Gunter Schöbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Schwabe" title="Stephanie Schwabe">Stephanie Schwabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriam_Seco" title="Myriam Seco">Myriam Seco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Zenato" title="Cristina Zenato">Cristina Zenato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scuba record<br />holders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bernab%C3%A9" title="Pascal Bernabé">Pascal Bernabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bowden_(diver)" title="Jim Bowden (diver)">Jim Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ellyatt" title="Mark Ellyatt">Mark Ellyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_Gomes_(diver)" title="Nuno Gomes (diver)">Nuno Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Serpieri" title="Claudia Serpieri">Claudia Serpieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Starnawski" title="Krzysztof Starnawski">Krzysztof Starnawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />filmmakers<br />and presenters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Alhafith" title="Samir Alhafith">Samir Alhafith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Bravo" title="Ramón Bravo">Ramón Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Cousteau" title="Jean-Michel Cousteau">Jean-Michel Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Kohler" title="Richie Kohler">Richie Kohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rose_(TV_presenter)" title="Paul Rose (TV presenter)">Paul Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Torbet" title="Andy Torbet">Andy Torbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tors" title="Ivan Tors">Ivan Tors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wight" title="Andrew Wight">Andrew Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />photographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Allan" title="Doug Allan">Doug Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Benitez" title="Tamara Benitez">Tamara Benitez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Biddle" title="Adrian Biddle">Adrian Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bird" title="Jonathan Bird">Jonathan Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cheng" title="Eric Cheng">Eric Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Coleman" title="Neville Coleman">Neville Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Craig" title="John D. Craig">John D. Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Cropp" title="Ben Cropp">Ben Cropp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Delemotte" title="Bernard Delemotte">Bernard Delemotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Doubilet" title="David Doubilet">David Doubilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Farmer" title="Candice Farmer">Candice Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Fox" title="Rodney Fox">Rodney Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_Frazier" title="Ric Frazier">Ric Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Frink" title="Stephen Frink">Stephen Frink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gimbel" title="Peter Gimbel">Peter Gimbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Halls" title="Monty Halls">Monty Halls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudie_Kuiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudie Kuiter">Rudie Kuiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Marden" title="Luis Marden">Luis Marden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Monkman" title="Noel Monkman">Noel Monkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Oxford" title="Pete Oxford">Pete Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Parish" title="Steve Parish">Steve Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zale_Parry" title="Zale Parry">Zale Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Petit_(photographer)" title="Pierre Petit (photographer)">Pierre Petit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scoones" title="Peter Scoones">Peter Scoones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Skerry" title="Brian Skerry">Brian Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Tailliez" title="Philippe Tailliez">Philippe Tailliez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Taylor_(diver)" title="Ron Taylor (diver)">Ron Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Taylor_(diver)" title="Valerie Taylor (diver)">Valerie Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Tillman" title="Albert Tillman">Albert Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Veltri" title="John Veltri">John Veltri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Waterman" title="Stan Waterman">Stan Waterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Westmorland" title="Michele Westmorland">Michele Westmorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernest_Williamson" title="John Ernest Williamson">John Ernest Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lamar_Worzel" title="J. Lamar Worzel">J. Lamar Worzel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Caves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Balcombe" title="Graham Balcombe">Graham Balcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Farr" title="Martyn Farr">Martyn Farr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochen_Hasenmayer" title="Jochen Hasenmayer">Jochen Hasenmayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Heinerth" title="Jill Heinerth">Jill Heinerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrod_Jablonski" title="Jarrod Jablonski">Jarrod Jablonski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth_Main" title="William Hogarth Main">William Hogarth Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mount" title="Tom Mount">Tom Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sheppard_(cave_diver)" title="Jack Sheppard (cave diver)">Jack Sheppard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stone_(caver)" title="William Stone (caver)">Bill Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li>Reefs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wrecks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Bishop" title="Leigh Bishop">Leigh Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chatterton" title="John Chatterton">John Chatterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Cussler" title="Clive Cussler">Clive Cussler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Nagle" title="Bill Nagle">Bill Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_van_Heest" title="Valerie van Heest">Valerie van Heest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelis_Zervoudis" title="Aristotelis Zervoudis">Aristotelis Zervoudis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanauts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Abercromby" title="Andrew Abercromby">Andrew Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Acaba" title="Joseph M. Acaba">Joseph M. Acaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Anderson" title="Clayton Anderson">Clayton Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Arnold" title="Richard R. Arnold">Richard R. Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Au%C3%B1%C3%B3n-Chancellor" title="Serena Auñón-Chancellor">Serena Auñón-Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barratt_(astronaut)" title="Michael Barratt (astronaut)">Michael Barratt (astronaut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Barth" title="Robert A. Barth">Robert A. Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Behnken" title="Bob Behnken">Robert L. Behnken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Bresnik" title="Randolph Bresnik">Randolph Bresnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_J._Broderick" title="Timothy J. Broderick">Timothy J. Broderick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Brown_(aquanaut)" title="Justin Brown (aquanaut)">Justin Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Chamitoff" title="Gregory Chamitoff">Gregory Chamitoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Chappell" title="Steve Chappell">Steve Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Coleman" title="Catherine Coleman">Catherine Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook_(American_novelist)" title="Robin Cook (American novelist)">Robin Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_B._Cooper" title="Craig B. Cooper">Craig B. Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabien_Cousteau" title="Fabien Cousteau">Fabien Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Cousteau" title="Philippe Cousteau">Philippe Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Creamer" title="Timothy Creamer">Timothy Creamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dory" title="Jonathan Dory">Jonathan Dory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Duque" title="Pedro Duque">Pedro Duque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Epps" title="Jeanette Epps">Jeanette Epps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Falco" title="Albert Falco">Albert Falco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Feustel" title="Andrew J. Feustel">Andrew J. Feustel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fincke" title="Michael Fincke">Michael Fincke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Furukawa" title="Satoshi Furukawa">Satoshi Furukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_J._Garan_Jr." title="Ronald J. Garan Jr.">Ronald J. Garan Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L._Gernhardt" title="Michael L. Gernhardt">Michael L. Gernhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_E._Gerty" title="Christopher E. Gerty">Christopher E. Gerty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gruber" title="David Gruber">David Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hadfield" title="Chris Hadfield">Chris Hadfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hansen" title="Jeremy Hansen">Jeremy Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M._Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="José M. Hernández">José M. Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herrington" title="John Herrington">John Herrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hill_(flight_director)" title="Paul Hill (flight director)">Paul Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akihiko_Hoshide" title="Akihiko Hoshide">Akihiko Hoshide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hulsbeck" title="Mark Hulsbeck">Mark Hulsbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Hwang" title="Emma Hwang">Emma Hwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norishige_Kanai" title="Norishige Kanai">Norishige Kanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Kaufman" title="Les Kaufman">Les Kaufman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Kelly_(astronaut)" title="Scott Kelly (astronaut)">Scott Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Kohanowich" title="Karen Kohanowich">Karen Kohanowich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Kopra" title="Timothy Kopra">Timothy Kopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Landucci" title="Dominic Landucci">Dominic Landucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Lindbergh" title="Jon Lindbergh">Jon Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_N._Lindgren" title="Kjell N. Lindgren">Kjell N. Lindgren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B3pez-Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Michael López-Alegría">Michael López-Alegría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Magnus" title="Sandra Magnus">Sandra Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marshburn" title="Thomas Marshburn">Thomas Marshburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Maurer" title="Matthias Maurer">Matthias Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Megan_McArthur" title="K. Megan McArthur">K. Megan McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_McKinley_(physician)" title="Craig McKinley (physician)">Craig McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Meir" title="Jessica Meir">Jessica Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Melchior" title="Simone Melchior">Simone Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Metcalf-Lindenburger" title="Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger">Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Mogensen" title="Andreas Mogensen">Andreas Mogensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Nyberg" title="Karen Nyberg">Karen Nyberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Olivas" title="John D. Olivas">John D. Olivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuya_Onishi" title="Takuya Onishi">Takuya Onishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Parmitano" title="Luca Parmitano">Luca Parmitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Patrick" title="Nicholas Patrick">Nicholas Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Peake" title="Tim Peake">Tim Peake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pesquet" title="Thomas Pesquet">Thomas Pesquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Reagan" title="Marc Reagan">Marc Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Reisman" title="Garrett Reisman">Garrett Reisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Rubins" title="Kathleen Rubins">Kathleen Rubins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Ruttley" title="Tara Ruttley">Tara Ruttley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Saint-Jacques" title="David Saint-Jacques">David Saint-Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Schmid_(flight_surgeon)" title="Josef Schmid (flight surgeon)">Josef Schmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sheats" title="Robert Sheats">Robert Sheats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Squyres" title="Steve Squyres">Steve Squyres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidemarie_Stefanyshyn-Piper" title="Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper">Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Stevenin" title="Hervé Stevenin">Hervé Stevenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Stott" title="Nicole Stott">Nicole Stott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Talacek" title="James Talacek">James Talacek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_M._Tani" title="Daniel M. Tani">Daniel M. Tani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thirsk" title="Robert Thirsk">Robert Thirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Todd" title="Bill Todd">Bill Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_T._Vande_Hei" title="Mark T. Vande Hei">Mark T. Vande Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koichi_Wakata" title="Koichi Wakata">Koichi Wakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_J._Walheim" title="Rex J. Walheim">Rex J. Walheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Walker" title="Shannon Walker">Shannon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morgan_Wells" title="John Morgan Wells">John Morgan Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_H._Wheelock" title="Douglas H. Wheelock">Douglas H. Wheelock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Whitson" title="Peggy Whitson">Peggy Whitson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafydd_Williams" title="Dafydd Williams">Dafydd Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Williams_(astronaut)" title="Jeffrey Williams (astronaut)">Jeffrey Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunita_Williams" title="Sunita Williams">Sunita Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Wiseman" title="Reid Wiseman">Reid Wiseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimiya_Yui" title="Kimiya Yui">Kimiya Yui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers and journalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Barnette" title="Michael C. Barnette">Michael C. Barnette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Berge" title="Victor Berge">Victor Berge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Diol%C3%A9" title="Philippe Diolé">Philippe Diolé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gentile" title="Gary Gentile">Gary Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Gilliam" title="Bret Gilliam">Bret Gilliam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Halstead" title="Bob Halstead">Bob Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Hauser" title="Hillary Hauser">Hillary Hauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Jackson_(diver)" title="Trevor Jackson (diver)">Trevor Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Lewis_(diver)" title="Steve Lewis (diver)">Steve Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mattera" title="John Mattera">John Mattera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rescuers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Challen" title="Craig Challen">Craig Challen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris_(anaesthetist)" title="Richard Harris (anaesthetist)">Richard Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Stanton" title="Rick Stanton">Rick Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Volanthen" title="John Volanthen">John Volanthen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frogmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Crabb" title="Lionel Crabb">Lionel Crabb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Edward_Fraser" title="Ian Edward Fraser">Ian Edward Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Knowles" title="Sydney Knowles">Sydney Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Magennis" title="James Joseph Magennis">James Joseph Magennis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial salvors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Jessop" title="Keith Jessop">Keith Jessop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Science_of_underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_of_underwater_diving" title="Science of underwater diving">Science of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_physics" title="Diving physics">Diving<br />physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metre_sea_water" title="Metre sea water">Metre sea water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy" title="Neutral buoyancy">Neutral buoyancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modulated_ultrasound" title="Modulated ultrasound">Modulated ultrasound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_computer_vision" title="Underwater computer vision">Underwater computer vision</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving physiology">Diving<br />physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex#Blood_shift" title="Diving reflex">Blood shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex" title="Diving reflex">Diving reflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_narcotic_depth" title="Equivalent narcotic depth">Equivalent narcotic depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_operating_depth" title="Maximum operating depth">Maximum operating depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_response_to_water_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological response to water immersion">Physiological response to water immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_balance_of_the_underwater_diver" title="Thermal balance of the underwater diver">Thermal balance of the underwater diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_breathing" title="Work of breathing">Work of breathing</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Decompressiontheory" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_theory" title="Decompression theory">Decompression<br />theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Decompression models: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BChlmann_decompression_algorithm" title="Bühlmann decompression algorithm">Bühlmann decompression algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldane%27s_decompression_model" title="Haldane's decompression model">Haldane's decompression model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_gradient_bubble_model" title="Reduced gradient bubble model">Reduced gradient bubble model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalmann_algorithm" title="Thalmann algorithm">Thalmann algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_model_of_decompression" title="Thermodynamic model of decompression">Thermodynamic model of decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varying_Permeability_Model" title="Varying Permeability Model">Varying Permeability Model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_air_depth" title="Equivalent air depth">Equivalent air depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_window" title="Oxygen window">Oxygen window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology_of_decompression" title="Physiology of decompression">Physiology of decompression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Diving<br />environments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_exploration" title="Deep-sea exploration">Deep-sea exploration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_environments_by_type" title="List of diving environments by type">List of diving environments by type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign water diving">Benign water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confined_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Confined water diving">Confined water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland diving">Inland diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inshore diving">Inshore diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-water diving">Black-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-water diving">Blue-water diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Penetration diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torricellian_chamber" title="Torricellian chamber">Torricellian chamber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_environment" title="Underwater environment">Underwater environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Underwater diving environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathysphere" title="Bathysphere">Bathysphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_against_swimmer_incursions" title="Defense against swimmer incursions">Defense against swimmer incursions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_detection_sonar" title="Diver detection sonar">Diver detection sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore survey">Offshore survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_compact_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged compact camera">Rugged compact camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_domain_awareness" title="Underwater domain awareness">Underwater domain awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vehicle" title="Underwater vehicle">Underwater vehicle</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminaut" title="Aluminaut"><i>Aluminaut</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_submarine_NR-1" title="American submarine NR-1">American submarine NR-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe" title="Bathyscaphe">Bathyscaphe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archim%C3%A8de" title="Archimède"><i>Archimède</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNRS-2" title="FNRS-2">FNRS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNRS-3" title="FNRS-3">FNRS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe#Harmony_class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Harmony</i> class bathyscaphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Sea Pole</i>-class bathyscaphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyscaphe Trieste II"><i>Trieste II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepsea_Challenger" title="Deepsea Challenger"><i>Deepsea Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictineu_3" title="Ictineu 3"><i>Ictineu 3</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAGO_(German_research_submersible)" title="JAGO (German research submersible)"><i>JAGO</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaolong_(submersible)" title="Jiaolong (submersible)"><i>Jiaolong</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konsul-class_submersible" title="Konsul-class submersible"><i>Konsul</i>-class submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Limiting_Factor" title="DSV Limiting Factor"><i>Limiting Factor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_Losharik" title="Russian submarine Losharik">Russian submarine <i>Losharik</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautile" title="Nautile"><i>Nautile</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces-class_deep_submergence_vehicle" title="Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle"><i>Pisces</i>-class deep submergence vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Sea_Cliff" title="DSV Sea Cliff">DSV <i>Sea Cliff</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai" title="DSV Shinkai">DSV <i>Shinkai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_2000" title="DSV Shinkai 2000">DSV <i>Shinkai 2000</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_6500" title="DSV Shinkai 6500">DSV <i>Shinkai 6500</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Turtle" title="DSV Turtle">DSV <i>Turtle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV-5_Nemo" title="DSV-5 Nemo">DSV-5 <i>Nemo</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Submarine_rescue" title="Submarine rescue">Submarine rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_Liaison_Office" title="International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office">International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_system_(Royal_Swedish_Navy)" title="Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)">Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCann_Rescue_Chamber" title="McCann Rescue Chamber">McCann Rescue Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_rescue_ship" title="Submarine rescue ship">Submarine rescue ship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Deep-submergencerescue_vehicle" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence rescue vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />rescue vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LR5" title="LR5">LR5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR7" title="LR7">LR7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSM-1" title="MSM-1">MSM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Mystic</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DSRV-1_Mystic" title="DSRV-1 Mystic">DSRV-1 <i>Mystic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSRV-2_Avalon" title="DSRV-2 Avalon">DSRV-2 <i>Avalon</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Submarine_Rescue_System" title="NATO Submarine Rescue System">NATO Submarine Rescue System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priz-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Priz</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_deep_submergence_rescue_vehicle_AS-28" title="Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28">Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_AS-34" title="Russian submarine AS-34">Russian submarine AS-34</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASRV_Remora" class="mw-redirect" title="ASRV Remora">ASRV <i>Remora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRV-300" title="SRV-300">SRV-300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Rescue_Diving_Recompression_System" title="Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System">Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_7103_DSRV" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 7103 DSRV">Type 7103 DSRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/URF_(Swedish_Navy)" title="URF (Swedish Navy)">URF (Swedish Navy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submarine_escape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Submarine escape (page does not exist)">Submarine escape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escape_trunk" title="Escape trunk">Escape trunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_escape_training_facility" title="Submarine escape training facility">Submarine escape training facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Training_Facility_(Australia)" title="Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)">Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Escape_set" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape set">Escape set</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Submerged_Escape_Apparatus" title="Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus">Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momsen_lung" title="Momsen lung">Momsen lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinke_hood" title="Steinke hood">Steinke hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Immersion_Equipment" title="Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment">Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special<br />interest<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Reef_Society_of_British_Columbia" title="Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia">Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS_Europe" title="CMAS Europe">CMAS Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Reef_Alliance" title="Coral Reef Alliance">Coral Reef Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Fins" title="Green Fins">Green Fins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes_Underwater_Preserve_Association" title="Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association">Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_Underwater_Research" title="Karst Underwater Research">Karst Underwater Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Program" title="Nautical Archaeology Program">Nautical Archaeology Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Command_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club">Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PADI_AWARE" title="PADI AWARE">PADI AWARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Check" title="Reef Check">Reef Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Life_Survey" title="Reef Life Survey">Reef Life Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Ontario_Shipwrecks" title="Save Ontario Shipwrecks">Save Ontario Shipwrecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaKeys" title="SeaKeys">SeaKeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Historical_Research" title="Society for Underwater Historical Research">Society for Underwater Historical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Technology" title="Society for Underwater Technology">Society for Underwater Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Archaeology_Branch,_Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command" title="Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command">Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neutral buoyancy<br />facilities for<br />Astronaut training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory" title="Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory">Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_pool" title="Neutral buoyancy pool">Neutral buoyancy pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_simulation_as_a_training_aid" title="Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid">Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Simulator" title="Neutral Buoyancy Simulator">Neutral Buoyancy Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Systems_Laboratory_(Maryland)" title="Space Systems Laboratory (Maryland)">Space Systems Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center" title="Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center">Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Productions" title="Nautilus Productions">Nautilus Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_Aircrew_Breathing_Device" title="Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device">Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_therapy" title="Scuba diving therapy">Scuba diving therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_mining" title="Seabed mining">Seabed mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving" title="Category:Underwater diving">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Underwater diving">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b>Indexes: <a href="/wiki/Index_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Index of recreational dive sites">Dive sites</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_underwater_divers" title="Index of underwater divers">Divers</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_underwater_diving" title="Index of underwater diving">Diving</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_underwater_diving" title="Outline of underwater diving">Outline</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Underwater_diving" title="Portal:Underwater diving">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857891#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857891#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857891#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/268625846">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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