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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Athlete_Genes"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Athlete_Genes""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>"Athlete Genes"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Athlete_Genes"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Titles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Titles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"All-round_athlete"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"All-round_athlete""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>"All-round athlete"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"All-round_athlete"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"World's_Greatest_Athlete"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"World's_Greatest_Athlete""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>"World's Greatest Athlete"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"World's_Greatest_Athlete"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A" title="رياضي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رياضي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atleta" title="Atleta – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Atleta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportista" title="Deportista – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Deportista" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%DB%8C" title="ایدمانچی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایدمانچی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="মল্লক্রীড়াবিদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মল্লক্রীড়াবিদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Атлет – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атлет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Атлет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атлет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atleta" title="Atleta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Atleta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportovec" title="Sportovec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sportovec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlet" title="Atlet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Atlet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportler" title="Sportler – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sportler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportlane" title="Sportlane – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sportlane" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atleta" title="Atleta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Atleta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atleto" title="Atleto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atleto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atleta" title="Atleta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Atleta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ورزشکار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ورزشکار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportif" title="Sportif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sportif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atleta" title="Atleta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Atleta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EC%88%98" title="선수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A9%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Աթլետ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աթլետ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F" title="एथलीट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एथलीट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atleto" title="Atleto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Atleto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlet" title="Atlet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Atlet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atleta" title="Atleta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Atleta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%90%D7%99" title="ספורטאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספורטאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81" title="ಕ್ರೀಡಾಪಟು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ರೀಡಾಪಟು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanamichezo" title="Mwanamichezo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwanamichezo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A8t" title="Atlèt – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Atlèt" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werzi%C5%9Fvan" title="Werzişvan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Werzişvan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%87%D1%83" title="Спортчу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Спортчу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athleta" title="Athleta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Athleta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportininkas" title="Sportininkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sportininkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosani_(lisan%C9%94)" title="Mosani (lisanɔ) – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mosani (lisanɔ)" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%89" title="لعيبة العاب قوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لعيبة العاب قوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlet" title="Atlet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Atlet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporter" title="Sporter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sporter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="アスリート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アスリート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlet" title="Atlet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Atlet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlet" title="Atlet – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atlet" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportowiec" title="Sportowiec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sportowiec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atleta" title="Atleta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Atleta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportiv" title="Sportiv – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sportiv" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Атлет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атлет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportsperson" title="Sportsperson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sportsperson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0portovec" title="Športovec – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Športovec" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0portnik" title="Športnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Športnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="وەرزشکار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وەرزشکار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Атлета – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атлета" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheilija" title="Urheilija – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Urheilija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlet" title="Atlet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atlet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மெய்வல்லுநர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெய்வல்லுநர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%B2" title="นักกีฬา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักกีฬา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporcu" title="Sporcu – Turkish" lang="tr" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Athlete_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Athlete (disambiguation)">Athlete (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sportsmen" redirects here. For other uses of the term, see <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">Fishermen</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jim_Thorpe,_1912_Summer_Olympics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Jim_Thorpe%2C_1912_Summer_Olympics.jpg/220px-Jim_Thorpe%2C_1912_Summer_Olympics.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Jim_Thorpe%2C_1912_Summer_Olympics.jpg/330px-Jim_Thorpe%2C_1912_Summer_Olympics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Jim_Thorpe%2C_1912_Summer_Olympics.jpg/440px-Jim_Thorpe%2C_1912_Summer_Olympics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="2433" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jim_Thorpe" title="Jim Thorpe">Jim Thorpe</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics" title="1912 Summer Olympics">1912 Summer Olympics</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>athlete</b> is most commonly a person who competes in one or more <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sports</a> involving <a href="/wiki/Physical_strength" title="Physical strength">physical strength</a>, speed, power, or <a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">endurance</a>. Sometimes, the word "athlete" is used to refer specifically to <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">sport of athletics</a> competitors, i.e. including <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathon</a> runners but excluding e.g. <a href="/wiki/Swimmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Swimmers">swimmers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Footballers" class="mw-redirect" title="Footballers">footballers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> players. However, in other contexts (mainly in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>) it is used to refer to all <a href="/wiki/Athletics_(physical_culture)" title="Athletics (physical culture)">athletics (physical culture)</a> participants of any sport. For the latter definition, the word <b>sportsperson</b> or the gendered <b>sportsman</b> or <b>sportswoman</b> are also used. A third definition is also sometimes used, meaning anyone who is <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">physically fit</a> regardless of whether or not they compete in a sport.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Athletes may be <a href="/wiki/Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">professionals</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amateur_sports" title="Amateur sports">amateurs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most professional athletes have particularly well-developed physiques obtained by extensive physical training and strict exercise, accompanied by a strict dietary regimen. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athlete&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_runners_BM_GR_1856.10-1.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Three_runners_BM_GR_1856.10-1.1.jpg/220px-Three_runners_BM_GR_1856.10-1.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Three_runners_BM_GR_1856.10-1.1.jpg/330px-Three_runners_BM_GR_1856.10-1.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Three_runners_BM_GR_1856.10-1.1.jpg/440px-Three_runners_BM_GR_1856.10-1.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3406" data-file-height="2725" /></a><figcaption>Runners, ceramics, S. IV a.C.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armedforces_crosscountry_coppingerandballas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Armedforces_crosscountry_coppingerandballas.jpg/220px-Armedforces_crosscountry_coppingerandballas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Armedforces_crosscountry_coppingerandballas.jpg/330px-Armedforces_crosscountry_coppingerandballas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Armedforces_crosscountry_coppingerandballas.jpg/440px-Armedforces_crosscountry_coppingerandballas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Athletes taking part in a race on a snowy park in the U.S.</figcaption></figure> <p>The word "athlete" is a <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">άθλητὴς</span>, <i>athlētēs</i>, meaning one who participates in a contest; from ἄθλος, <i>áthlos</i> or ἄθλον, <i>áthlon</i>, meaning a contest or feat. The primary definition of "sportsman" according to Webster's <i>Third Unabridged Dictionary</i> (1960) is, "a person who is active in sports: as (a): one who engages in the sports of the field and especially in hunting or fishing." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athlete&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Athletes involved in isotonic exercises have an increased mean left ventricular end-diastolic volume and are less likely to be depressed.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their strenuous physical activities, athletes are far more likely than the general population to visit <a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">massage</a> salons and pay for services from massotherapists and masseurs.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athletes whose sport requires endurance more than strength usually have a lower calorie intake than other athletes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Athlete_Genes""><span id=".22Athlete_Genes.22"></span>"Athlete Genes"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athlete&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: "Athlete Genes""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While athleticism is largely influenced by environmental factors, it has been theorized that genetic expression may play a moderate role in an athlete's abilities as well.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exploring this claim, <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analyses</a> of studies regarding two specific genes, <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme" title="Angiotensin-converting enzyme">angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)</a> gene and <a href="/wiki/Alpha-actinin-3" title="Alpha-actinin-3">ACTN3</a>, concluded that certain variations in expression may have a moderate effect on athletic performance; the former being more prevalent in endurance-based events and the latter in power-based events.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further studies on these and other genetic polymorphisms linked to athletic performance were recommended. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles">Titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athlete&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Athlete_of_the_Year" title="Athlete of the Year">Athlete of the Year</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""All-round_athlete""><span id=".22All-round_athlete.22"></span>"All-round athlete"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athlete&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: "All-round athlete""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An "<b>all-round athlete</b>" is a person who competes in multiple sports at a professional level. Examples of people who played more than one sport professionally include <a href="/wiki/Jim_Thorpe" title="Jim Thorpe">Jim Thorpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Conacher" title="Lionel Conacher">Lionel Conacher</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deion_Sanders" title="Deion Sanders">Deion Sanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danny_Ainge" title="Danny Ainge">Danny Ainge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babe_Zaharias" class="mw-redirect" title="Babe Zaharias">Babe Zaharias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erin_Phillips" title="Erin Phillips">Erin Phillips</a>. Others include <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Williams" title="Ricky Williams">Ricky Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bo_Jackson" title="Bo Jackson">Bo Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damon_Allen" title="Damon Allen">Damon Allen</a>, each of whom was drafted both by <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> and by professional <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">gridiron football</a> leagues such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">CFL</a>. Another female example is <a href="/wiki/Heather_Moyse" title="Heather Moyse">Heather Moyse</a>, a multiple Winter Olympic gold medalist in <a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh">bobsled</a> and member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_Hall_of_Fame" title="World Rugby Hall of Fame">World Rugby Hall of Fame</a> who also represented Canada internationally in <a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">track cycling</a> and competed at <a href="/wiki/U_Sports" title="U Sports">university level</a> in basketball and track and field. Japanese athletes such as <a href="/wiki/Kazushi_Sakuraba" title="Kazushi Sakuraba">Kazushi Sakuraba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazuyuki_Fujita" title="Kazuyuki Fujita">Kazuyuki Fujita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masakatsu_Funaki" title="Masakatsu Funaki">Masakatsu Funaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naoya_Ogawa" title="Naoya Ogawa">Naoya Ogawa</a> have successfully performed in <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</a> and competed in <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial arts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roethlisberger" title="Ben Roethlisberger">Ben Roethlisberger</a>, former quarterback for <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> steelers, is known for his leadership on the football field. With two super bowl victories and numerous <a href="/wiki/World_record" title="World record">records</a>, Big Ben left a lasting legacy on the football field. All these athletes are equally great at what they do. Whether it's on the basketball court, the baseball <a href="/wiki/Field" class="mw-disambig" title="Field">field</a>, the tennis <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a> or whatever sport, each of these athletes left an impact in sports </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""World's_Greatest_Athlete""><span id=".22World.27s_Greatest_Athlete.22"></span>"World's Greatest Athlete"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athlete&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: "World's Greatest Athlete""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title of "<b>World's Greatest Athlete</b>" traditionally belongs to the world's top competitor in the <a href="/wiki/Decathlon" title="Decathlon">decathlon</a> (males) and <a href="/wiki/Heptathlon" title="Heptathlon">heptathlon</a> (females) in <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Decathlon" title="Decathlon">decathlon</a> consists of 10 events: <a href="/wiki/100_meters" class="mw-redirect" title="100 meters">100 meters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_jump" title="Long jump">long jump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shot_put" title="Shot put">shot put</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_jump" title="High jump">high jump</a>, <a href="/wiki/400_meters" class="mw-redirect" title="400 meters">400 meters</a>, <a href="/wiki/110_m_hurdles" class="mw-redirect" title="110 m hurdles">110 m hurdles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discus" class="mw-redirect" title="Discus">discus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pole_vault" title="Pole vault">pole vault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">javelin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1500_m" class="mw-redirect" title="1500 m">1500 m</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Heptathlon" title="Heptathlon">heptathlon</a> consists of seven events: the <a href="/wiki/100_m_hurdles" class="mw-redirect" title="100 m hurdles">100 m hurdles</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_jump" title="High jump">high jump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shot_put" title="Shot put">shot put</a>, <a href="/wiki/200_meters" class="mw-redirect" title="200 meters">200 meters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_jump" title="Long jump">long jump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">javelin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/800_meters" class="mw-redirect" title="800 meters">800 meters</a>. These competitions require an athlete to possess the whole spectrum of athletic ability in order to be successful, including speed, strength, coordination, jumping ability, and endurance. </p><p>Although the title "World's Greatest <b>Athlete</b>" seems a natural fit for these two events, its traditional association with the decathlon/heptathlon officially began with <a href="/wiki/Jim_Thorpe" title="Jim Thorpe">Jim Thorpe</a>. During the 1912 <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympics</a> in Stockholm, Sweden, Thorpe won the gold medal in the <a href="/wiki/Decathlon" title="Decathlon">Decathlon</a> (among others). Thorpe competed professionally in <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>; and competed collegiately in <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">lacrosse</a>, and did <a href="/wiki/Ballroom_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballroom dancing">ballroom dancing</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Gustav_V_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav V of Sweden">Gustav V of Sweden</a>, while awarding Thorpe the decathlon gold, said: "Sir, you are the greatest athlete in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This title has been associated with the decathlon event ever since. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athlete&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (9th ed.) article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Athlet%C3%A6" class="extiw" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Athletæ">Athletæ</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sportswear (activewear)">Sportswear (activewear)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_enthusiast" class="mw-redirect" title="Outdoor enthusiast">Outdoor enthusiast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_(stereotype)" title="Jock (stereotype)">Jock (athlete)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athlete_of_the_Year" title="Athlete of the Year">Athlete of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">Women's sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> athletes are also known as 'Olympians'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athlete&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/athlete">"athlete in British English"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Collins Dictionary">Collins Dictionary</a></i>. <q>1. a person trained to compete in sports or exercises involving physical strength, speed, or endurance 2. a person who has a natural aptitude for physical activities 3. (mainly British) a competitor in track and field events</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+Dictionary&rft.atitle=athlete+in+British+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fathlete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthlete" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/athlete">"Definition of athlete noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Learner%27s_Dictionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Learner's Dictionaries">Oxford Learner's Dictionaries</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Learner%27s+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Definition+of+athlete+noun+from+the+Oxford+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fathlete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthlete" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins English Dictionary, Millennium Ed. - 'athlete'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MORGANROTH, JOEL, et al. 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href="/wiki/Austrian_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year" title="Austrian Sports Personality of the Year">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Sportsman_of_the_Year" title="Belgian Sportsman of the Year">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_Sportsperson_of_the_Year" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina Sportsperson of the Year">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%AAmio_Brasil_Ol%C3%ADmpico" title="Prêmio Brasil Olímpico">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Sportsperson_of_the_Year" title="Bulgarian Sportsperson of the Year">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Star_Award" title="Northern Star Award">Northern Star Award (general)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Conacher_Award" title="Lionel Conacher Award">Conacher (male)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobbie_Rosenfeld_Award" title="Bobbie Rosenfeld Award">Rosenfeld (female)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velma_Springstead_Trophy" title="Velma Springstead Trophy">Springstead (female)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportske_novosti_awards#Croatian_competition_(1952–present)" title="Sportske novosti awards">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsperson_of_the_Year_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Sportsperson of the Year (Czechoslovakia)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsperson_of_the_Year_(Czech_Republic)" title="Sportsperson of the Year (Czech Republic)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sports_Name_of_the_Year" title="Danish Sports Name of the Year">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Athlete_of_the_Year" title="Estonian Athlete of the Year">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year" title="Finnish Sports Personality of the Year">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89quipe_Champion_of_Champions" title="L'Équipe Champion of Champions">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sportspersonality_of_the_Year" title="German Sportspersonality of the Year">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSAT_Sports_Awards" title="PSAT Sports Awards">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Sportspeople_of_the_Year" title="Hungarian Sportspeople of the Year">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sportsperson_of_the_Year" title="Icelandic Sportsperson of the Year">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khel_Ratna_Award" title="Khel Ratna Award">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Sportsperson_of_the_Year" title="Iran Sportsperson of the Year">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Sports_Person_of_the_Year" title="RTÉ Sports Person of the Year">Ireland</a></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gazzetta_Sports_Awards" title="Gazzetta Sports Awards">La Gazzetta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sciacca_International_Awards_Sports_Prize" title="Giuseppe Sciacca International Awards Sports Prize">International Sports Prize</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Sportsperson_of_the_Year" title="Jamaican Sportsperson of the Year">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Professional_Sports_Grand_Prize" title="Japan Professional Sports Grand Prize">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year" title="Kenyan Sports Personality of the Year">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Sportspersonality_of_the_year" title="Latvian Sportspersonality of the year">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Sportsperson_of_the_Year" title="Lithuanian Sportsperson of the Year">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Sportspeople_of_the_Year" title="Luxembourgish Sportspeople of the Year">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anugerah_Sukan_Negara" title="Anugerah Sukan Negara">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Sportsman_of_the_year" title="Moldovan Sportsman of the year">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_of_the_Montenegrin_Olympic_Committee" title="Awards of the Montenegrin Olympic Committee">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sportsman_of_the_year" title="Dutch Sportsman of the year">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halberg_Awards" title="Halberg Awards">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sportsperson_of_the_Year" title="Norwegian Sportsperson of the Year">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSA_Athlete_of_the_Year" title="PSA Athlete of the Year">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year" title="Polish Sports Personality of the Year">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDP_Awards" title="CDP Awards">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSL_Sport" title="DSL Sport">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awards_of_Olympic_Committee_of_Serbia" title="Awards of Olympic Committee of Serbia">NOC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsperson_of_the_Year_(Slovakia)" title="Sportsperson of the Year (Slovakia)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Sportsperson_of_the_Year" title="Slovenian Sportsperson of the Year">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Sportsperson_of_the_Year" title="South African Sportsperson of the Year">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premios_Nacionales_del_Deporte" title="Premios Nacionales del Deporte">Spain</a></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Dagbladet_Gold_Medal" title="Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal">Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerring_Award" title="Jerring Award">Jerring Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sports_Awards" title="Swedish Sports Awards">Swedish Sports Awards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year" title="Swiss Sports Personality of the Year">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroes_of_Sports_Year_(Ukraine)" title="Heroes of Sports Year (Ukraine)">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year" title="BBC Sports Personality of the Year">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year_Award" title="BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award">Main award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Northern_Ireland_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year" title="BBC Northern Ireland Sports Personality of the Year">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Scotland_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year" title="BBC Scotland Sports Personality of the Year">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Cymru_Wales_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year" title="BBC Cymru Wales Sports Personality of the Year">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press_Athlete_of_the_Year" title="Associated Press Athlete of the Year">AP</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ESPY_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="ESPY Award">ESPY</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_Female_Athlete_ESPY_Award" title="Best Female Athlete ESPY Award">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_Male_Athlete_ESPY_Award" title="Best Male Athlete ESPY Award">male</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sporting_News#Sportsman_of_the_Year" title="The Sporting News">The Sporting News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Sportsperson_of_the_Year" title="Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year">Sports Illustrated</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USOC_Athlete_of_the_Year" title="USOC Athlete of the Year">NOC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_top_ten_athletes_of_the_year" title="Soviet Union top ten athletes of the year">USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu_Sports_Awards" title="Vanuatu Sports Awards">Vanuatu</a></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/DSL_Sport" title="DSL Sport">Sport</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sportske_novosti_awards#Yugoslav_competition_(1950–1990)" title="Sportske novosti awards">Sportske novosti</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Zimbabwe_Sportsperson_of_the_year" title="Template:Zimbabwe Sportsperson of the year">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BTA_Best_Balkan_Athlete_of_the_Year" title="BTA Best Balkan Athlete of the Year">BTA Best Balkan Athlete of the Year</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Sportsperson_of_the_Year" title="European Sportsperson of the Year">European Sportsperson of the Year</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Sports_Personality_World_Sport_Star_of_the_Year" title="BBC Sports Personality World Sport Star of the Year">BBC World Sport Star of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sciacca_International_Awards_Sports_Prize" title="Giuseppe Sciacca International Awards Sports Prize">International Sports Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazzetta_Sports_Awards" title="Gazzetta Sports Awards">La Gazzetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laureus_World_Sports_Awards" title="Laureus World Sports Awards">Laureus Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89quipe_Champion_of_Champions" title="L'Équipe Champion of Champions">L'Équipe Champion of Champions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sport" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sport" title="Template:Sport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sport" title="Template talk:Sport"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_sport" title="Individual sport">Individual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sports" title="Military sports">Military sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasports" title="Parasports">Parasports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-professional_sports" title="Semi-professional sports">Semi-professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_sports" title="Amateur sports">Amateur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_science" title="Sports science">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">Exercise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_biomechanics" title="Sports biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_(learning_method)" title="Practice (learning method)">Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_periodization" title="Sports periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_physiology" title="Exercise physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength_training" title="Strength training">Strength training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_sport" title="Doping in sport">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_training" title="Athletic training">Athletic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_chiropractic" title="Sports chiropractic">Chriopractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_injury" title="Sports injury">Injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_physician" title="Team physician">Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_nutrition" title="Sports nutrition">Nutrition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_drink" title="Sports drink">Sports drink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_pedagogy" title="Sport pedagogy">Pedagogy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">Physical education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">Physical activity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_rating_system" title="Sports rating system">Rating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_club" title="Sports club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">Governing bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_league" title="Sports league">Leagues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Season_(sports)" title="Season (sports)">Season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playoffs" title="Playoffs">Postseason</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_school" title="Sports school">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_team" title="Sports team">Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_sports_federations" title="List of international sports federations">International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_management" title="Sport management">Business</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_agent" title="Sports agent">Agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_of_sports_events" title="Broadcasting of sports events">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_economics" title="Sports economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_industry" title="Sport industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_marketing" title="Sports marketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)" title="Sponsor (commercial)">Sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_(sports)" title="Trade (sports)">Trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_manager" title="General manager">General managers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Journalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_magazine" title="Sports magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_podcast" title="Sports podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_radio" title="Sports radio">Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">Promoters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_betting" title="Sports betting">Betting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cheerleaders" title="List of cheerleaders">Cheerleaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(person)" title="Fan (person)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sport" title="History of sport">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_memorabilia" title="Sports memorabilia">Memorabilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_(sports)" title="Name (sports)">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sportspeople_with_nicknames" title="List of sportspeople with nicknames">Nicknames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_(sports)" title="Number (sports)">Numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympism" title="Olympism">Olympic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_sport" title="Philosophy of sport">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_rivalries" title="List of sports rivalries">Rivalries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascot" title="Mascot">Sports mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_in_sports" title="Violence in sports">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_equipment" title="Sports equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_turf" title="Artificial turf">Artificial turf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball" title="Ball">Balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving_equipment" title="Caving equipment">Caving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_equipment" title="Exercise equipment">Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisbee" title="Frisbee">Flying disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportswear" title="Sportswear">Sportswear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_and_sports" title="Politics and sports">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sports law in the United States">Sports law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_sports" title="Ministry of sports">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">National sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_sport" title="Regulation of sport">Regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Africa" title="Sport in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Asia" title="Sports in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Asia" title="Sport in South Asia">South Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_North_America" title="Sports in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Oceania" title="Sport in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_America" title="Sport in South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Western world</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/16px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/24px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/32px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sports" title="Category:Sports">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sports" title="Outline of sports">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2066131#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2066131#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2066131#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sportler"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4056399-6">Germany</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sportlerin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4137547-6">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85009135">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sportifs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933850z">France</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sportives"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11965039b">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sportifs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933850z">BnF data</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sportives"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11965039b">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sportovci"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125942&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sportovkyně"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph221999&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294939505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637425">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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