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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Medieval China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ming_and_Qing_dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ming_and_Qing_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ming and Qing dynasties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ming_and_Qing_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Qing_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Qing_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>After Qing dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Qing_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War_(1937–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War_(1937–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Second World War (1937–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War_(1937–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>After World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Climate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Natural resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment_and_horticulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment_and_horticulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Environment and horticulture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment_and_horticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cityscape subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leisure_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leisure_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Leisure and entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leisure_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Golf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Golf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sport facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Development zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Industrial parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flower_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flower_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Flower industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flower_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Logistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Solar energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Air transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Highway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_rail_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_rail_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3.1</span> <span>Urban rail plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_rail_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-speed_rail_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-speed_rail_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3.2</span> <span>High-speed rail plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-speed_rail_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_and_transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_and_transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Road and transit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_and_transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4.1</span> <span>Local transit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Kunming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Kunming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4.2</span> <span>Central Kunming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Kunming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Education and research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education_and_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education and research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Colleges and universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yunnan_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yunnan_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1.1</span> <span>Yunnan University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yunnan_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yunnan_Normal_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yunnan_Normal_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1.2</span> <span>Yunnan Normal University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yunnan_Normal_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kunming_University_of_Science_and_Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kunming_University_of_Science_and_Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1.3</span> <span>Kunming University of Science and Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kunming_University_of_Science_and_Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yunnan_Nationalities_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yunnan_Nationalities_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1.4</span> <span>Yunnan Nationalities University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yunnan_Nationalities_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huayang_Academy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huayang_Academy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1.5</span> <span>Huayang Academy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huayang_Academy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Management training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_institutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_institutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Research institutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_institutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3.1</span> <span>Chinese Academy of Sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Twin towns and sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-HIV/AIDS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HIV/AIDS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>HIV/AIDS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HIV/AIDS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_security_and_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_security_and_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Public security and crime</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_security_and_crime-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Public security and crime subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Public_security_and_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drug_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Drug trafficking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_residents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_residents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Notable residents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_residents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kunming</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA" title="كونمينغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كونمينغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="খুনমিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খুনমিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khun-b%C3%AAng-chh%C4%AB" title="Khun-bêng-chhī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khun-bêng-chhī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Куньмін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Куньмін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кунмин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кунмин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Куньмин – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Куньмин" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Pangmasang_Republika_sa_T%C5%9Bina)" title="Kunming (kapital sa lalawigan sa Pangmasang Republika sa Tśina) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kunming (kapital sa lalawigan sa Pangmasang Republika sa Tśina)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kchun-ming" title="Kchun-ming – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kchun-ming" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming_Shi" title="Kunming Shi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kunming Shi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Κουνμίγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουνμίγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunmingo" title="Kunmingo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kunmingo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="کون‌مینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کون‌مینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E" title="昆明 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="昆明" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%BBn-m%C3%ACn-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Khûn-mìn-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khûn-mìn-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A4%EB%B0%8D%EC%8B%9C" title="쿤밍시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿤밍시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Կունմին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կունմին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="कुनमिंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुनमिंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Куньмин – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Куньмин" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="קונמינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונמינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კუნმინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კუნმინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Куньмин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Куньмин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Куньмин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Куньмин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iunnania_(urbs)" title="Iunnania (urbs) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iunnania (urbs)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%86mina" title="Kuņmina – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kuņmina" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunmingas" title="Kunmingas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kunmingas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="कुन्मिंग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कुन्मिंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კუნმინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კუნმინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="کون مینگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کون مینگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Fng-m%C3%ACng" title="Kŏng-mìng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kŏng-mìng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Күньмин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Күньмин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ကူမင်းမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကူမင်းမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%82" title="昆明市 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="昆明市" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Куньмин – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Куньмин" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunmin" title="Kunmin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kunmin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਕਨਮਿੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਨਮਿੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF" title="کونمنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کونمنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Куньмин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Куньмин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Куньминь – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Куньминь" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="کونمینگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کونمینگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Куенминг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Куенминг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="குன்மிங் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குன்மிங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="คุนหมิง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คุนหมิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Куньмін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Куньмін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="کونمینگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کونمینگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%88%D9%86%D9%85%D9%89%DA%AD_%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89" title="كۈنمىڭ شەھىرى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۈنمىڭ شەھىرى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvwnhmingz" title="Gvwnhmingz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gvwnhmingz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4n_Minh" title="Côn Minh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Côn Minh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%82" title="昆明市 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="昆明市" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kunming" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E" title="昆明 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="昆明" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E" title="昆明 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="昆明" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%82" title="昆明市 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="昆明市" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q182852#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kunming&params=25.0464_N_102.7094_E_type:adm2nd_region:CN-53_source:Gaode"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°02′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">102°42′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.0464°N 102.7094°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.0464; 102.7094</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city of Yunnan province, China</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prefecture-level city in Yunnan, China</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Kunming</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="zh">昆明市</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="border:1;;height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunming_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kunming_05.JPG/268px-Kunming_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="268" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kunming_05.JPG/402px-Kunming_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kunming_05.JPG/536px-Kunming_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="1872" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Panlong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Panlong District">Panlong District</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div style="border:1;;height:126px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunming_-_Eastern_Pagoda_-_P1340578.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kunming_-_Eastern_Pagoda_-_P1340578.JPG/95px-Kunming_-_Eastern_Pagoda_-_P1340578.JPG" decoding="async" width="95" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kunming_-_Eastern_Pagoda_-_P1340578.JPG/143px-Kunming_-_Eastern_Pagoda_-_P1340578.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kunming_-_Eastern_Pagoda_-_P1340578.JPG/190px-Kunming_-_Eastern_Pagoda_-_P1340578.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Eastern_and_Western_Pagodas" title="Eastern and Western Pagodas">Eastern Pagoda</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div style="border:1;;height:126px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A2%A7%E9%B8%A1%E5%9D%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%E7%A2%A7%E9%B8%A1%E5%9D%8A.jpg/169px-%E7%A2%A7%E9%B8%A1%E5%9D%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%E7%A2%A7%E9%B8%A1%E5%9D%8A.jpg/254px-%E7%A2%A7%E9%B8%A1%E5%9D%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%E7%A2%A7%E9%B8%A1%E5%9D%8A.jpg/338px-%E7%A2%A7%E9%B8%A1%E5%9D%8A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div>Jinma Biji Gate</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:173px;max-width:173px"><div style="border:1;;height:105px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunming_Dianchi_International_Convention_and_Exhibition_Center_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kunming_Dianchi_International_Convention_and_Exhibition_Center_02.jpg/171px-Kunming_Dianchi_International_Convention_and_Exhibition_Center_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kunming_Dianchi_International_Convention_and_Exhibition_Center_02.jpg/257px-Kunming_Dianchi_International_Convention_and_Exhibition_Center_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kunming_Dianchi_International_Convention_and_Exhibition_Center_02.jpg/342px-Kunming_Dianchi_International_Convention_and_Exhibition_Center_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2144" /></a></span></div><div>Kunming Dianchi International Convention and Exhibition Center</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:95px;max-width:95px"><div style="border:1;;height:105px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%87%E8%BE%BE%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%8C%E5%A1%94.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%E4%B8%87%E8%BE%BE%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%8C%E5%A1%94.jpg/93px-%E4%B8%87%E8%BE%BE%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%8C%E5%A1%94.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%E4%B8%87%E8%BE%BE%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%8C%E5%A1%94.jpg/140px-%E4%B8%87%E8%BE%BE%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%8C%E5%A1%94.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%E4%B8%87%E8%BE%BE%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%8C%E5%A1%94.jpg/186px-%E4%B8%87%E8%BE%BE%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%8C%E5%A1%94.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2827" data-file-height="3199" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Kunming_Xishan_Wanda_Plaza" title="Kunming Xishan Wanda Plaza">Kunming Xishan Wanda Plaza</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="border:1;;height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%99%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0_%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%84%E5%B1%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%88%E8%B4%A1%E6%A0%A1%E5%8C%BA_%E9%9B%A8%E8%8A%B1%E6%AF%93%E7%A7%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%99%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0_%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%84%E5%B1%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%88%E8%B4%A1%E6%A0%A1%E5%8C%BA_%E9%9B%A8%E8%8A%B1%E6%AF%93%E7%A7%80.jpg/268px-%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%99%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0_%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%84%E5%B1%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%88%E8%B4%A1%E6%A0%A1%E5%8C%BA_%E9%9B%A8%E8%8A%B1%E6%AF%93%E7%A7%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%99%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0_%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%84%E5%B1%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%88%E8%B4%A1%E6%A0%A1%E5%8C%BA_%E9%9B%A8%E8%8A%B1%E6%AF%93%E7%A7%80.jpg/402px-%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%99%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0_%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%84%E5%B1%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%88%E8%B4%A1%E6%A0%A1%E5%8C%BA_%E9%9B%A8%E8%8A%B1%E6%AF%93%E7%A7%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%99%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0_%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%84%E5%B1%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%88%E8%B4%A1%E6%A0%A1%E5%8C%BA_%E9%9B%A8%E8%8A%B1%E6%AF%93%E7%A7%80.jpg/536px-%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%99%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0_%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%84%E5%B1%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%88%E8%B4%A1%E6%A0%A1%E5%8C%BA_%E9%9B%A8%E8%8A%B1%E6%AF%93%E7%A7%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Chenggong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenggong District">Chenggong District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Dian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Dian">Lake Dian</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">City of Eternal Spring<br /><small>Formerly known as Yunnan-Fu</small></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-zoom="6" data-overlays="["_ecbfb3afcc703c4805fd60396961f8fbd70a5f7b"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,a,a,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Kunming&revid=1258609052&groups=_ecbfb3afcc703c4805fd60396961f8fbd70a5f7b" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,a,a,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Kunming&revid=1258609052&groups=_ecbfb3afcc703c4805fd60396961f8fbd70a5f7b 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunming_in_Yunnan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Kunming City jurisdiction in Yunnan"><img alt="Location of Kunming City jurisdiction in Yunnan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kunming_in_Yunnan.svg/250px-Kunming_in_Yunnan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kunming_in_Yunnan.svg/375px-Kunming_in_Yunnan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kunming_in_Yunnan.svg/500px-Kunming_in_Yunnan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="1325" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Kunming City jurisdiction in Yunnan</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kunming is located in China"><img alt="Kunming is located in China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/China_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-China_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/China_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-China_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/China_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-China_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="408" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.912%;left:47.588%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kunming"><img alt="Kunming" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kunming</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in China</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates (Yunnan People's Government): <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kunming&params=25.0464_N_102.7094_E_type:adm2nd_region:CN-53_source:Gaode"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°02′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">102°42′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.0464°N 102.7094°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.0464; 102.7094</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">China</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/County-level_division" class="mw-redirect" title="County-level division">County-level divisions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Township_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China">Township divisions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">137</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 279</span> BC<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative center">City seat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chenggong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenggong District">Chenggong</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Yunnan" title="List of administrative divisions of Yunnan">Admin units</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Chenggong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenggong District">Chenggong</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Panlong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Panlong District">Panlong</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Wuhua_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuhua District">Wuhua</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guandu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Guandu District">Guandu</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Xishan_District,_Kunming" class="mw-redirect" title="Xishan District, Kunming">Xishan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Dongchuan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongchuan District">Dongchuan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Anning_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Anning City">Anning</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jinning_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinning County">Jinning</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Fumin_County" title="Fumin County">Fumin</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Yiliang_County,_Kunming" title="Yiliang County, Kunming">Yiliang</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Songming_County" title="Songming County">Songming</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Shilin_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Shilin Yi Autonomous County">Shilin</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Luquan_Yi_and_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County">Luquan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Xundian_Hui_and_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County">Xundian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level city</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming_Municipal_People%27s_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunming Municipal People's Congress (page does not exist)">Kunming Municipal People's Congress</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%83%E5%B8%B8%E5%8B%99%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" class="extiw" title="zh:昆明市人民代表大會常務委員會">zh</a>]</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">CCP Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Liu Hongting</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming_Municipal_People%27s_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunming Municipal People's Congress (page does not exist)">Congress</a> Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data">Yan Zhengxiao</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Liu Jiachen</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">CPPCC</a> Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data">Xiong Ruili</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">21,473 km<sup>2</sup> (8,291 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,013 km<sup>2</sup> (1,549 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,622 km<sup>2</sup> (1,012 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,892 m (6,207 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2020 census)<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,460,088</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">390/km<sup>2</sup> (1,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,950,578</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,500/km<sup>2</sup> (3,800/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,604,310</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,100/km<sup>2</sup> (5,500/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank in China<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population">16th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/CN%C2%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="CN¥">CN¥</a> 754.1 billion<br /><a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a> 111.2 billion</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">CN¥ 88,193<br />US$ 13,008</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B08:00" title="UTC+08:00">UTC+08:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/China_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="China Standard Time">China Standard</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_code_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal code of China">Postal code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">650000</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_China" title="Telephone numbers in China">0871</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CN" title="ISO 3166-2:CN">CN-YN-01</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/License_Plate_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="License Plate (China)">License plate prefixes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">云A</span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical highland climate">Cwb</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.km.gov.cn/">www<wbr />.km<wbr />.gov<wbr />.cn</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Symbols</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="height:0px"></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flower</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Camellia_japonica" title="Camellia japonica">Camellia japonica</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tree</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magnolia_denudata" title="Magnolia denudata">Magnolia denudata</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Kunming</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunming_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kunming_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/90px-Kunming_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kunming_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/135px-Kunming_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kunming_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/180px-Kunming_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Kūnmíng" in Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:昆明">昆明</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">(transcription of an ancient tribal name)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Kūnmíng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄎㄨㄣ   ㄇㄧㄥˊ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Kuenming</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Kʻ<span>un<sup>1</sup>-ming<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Kunmíng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[kʰwə́n.mǐŋ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn"><span>Khuen<sup>1</sup>min<sup>1</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Gwān-mìhng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Gwan1-ming4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[kʷɐn˥.mɪŋ˩]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Khun-bêng</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Former names</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Yunnan-Fu (former name used during imperial dynasties)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E5%8D%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:雲南">雲南</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BA%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:府">府</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:云南">云南</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BA%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:府">府</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yúnnánfǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄩㄣˊ ㄋㄢˊ ㄈㄨˇ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Yün<sup>2</sup>-nan<sup>2</sup>-fu<sup>3</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yúnnánfǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[yn.nǎn.fù]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Kunming</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the capital and largest city of the province of <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political, economic, communications and cultural centre of the province, Kunming is also the seat of the provincial government. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Kunming was a Chinese military center and the location of the headquarters for the US Army Forces China-Burma-India.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kunming_Wujiaba_International_Airport" title="Kunming Wujiaba International Airport">Wujiaba Airport</a> served as the home of the <a href="/wiki/Flying_Tigers" title="Flying Tigers">First American Volunteer Group (AVG)</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force" title="Republic of China Air Force">Republic of China Air Force</a>, nicknamed the <a href="/wiki/Flying_Tigers" title="Flying Tigers">Flying Tigers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kunming was also a transport terminus for the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Road" title="Burma Road">Burma Road</a>. </p><p>Kunming is at an altitude of 1,900 metres (6,234 feet) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> just north of the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a>, and is situated in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guizhou_Plateau" title="Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau">Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau</a>. Kunming is the fourth most populous city in <a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, and the third most populous city in <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern China</a> after Chongqing and Chengdu. As of the 2020 census, Kunming had a total population of 8,460,088 inhabitants, of whom 5,604,310 lived in its built-up (or metro) area made of all urban districts except <a href="/wiki/Jinning,_Kunming" title="Jinning, Kunming">Jinning</a>. It is at the northern edge of <a href="/wiki/Dian_Lake" title="Dian Lake">Dian Lake</a>, surrounded by temples and lakes and <a href="/wiki/List_of_karst_areas#:~:text=Karst_topography_is_a_geological,dolomite,_but_also_in_gypsum." title="List of karst areas">karst topography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kunming consists of an old, previously walled city, a modern commercial district, residential zones, and university areas. The city is also one of the major centers for scientific research and education in <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern China</a>. As of 2024, it was listed among the top 100 <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_scientific_output" title="List of cities by scientific output">cities in the world by scientific research output</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has an <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Yunnan Astronomical Observatory">astronomical observatory</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Yunnan" title="List of universities and colleges in Yunnan">institutions of higher learning</a> include <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_University" title="Yunnan University">Yunnan University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunming_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Kunming University of Science and Technology">Kunming University of Science and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_University_of_Finance_and_Economics" title="Yunnan University of Finance and Economics">Yunnan University of Finance and Economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunming_Medical_University" title="Kunming Medical University">Kunming Medical University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Normal_University" title="Yunnan Normal University">Yunnan Normal University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Agricultural_University" title="Yunnan Agricultural University">Yunnan Agricultural University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Forestry_University" title="Southwest Forestry University">Southwest Forestry University</a>. Kunming is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple_Park" title="Golden Temple Park">Golden Temple</a>, China's largest bronze temple dating from the Ming dynasty. </p><p>Kunming is a major economic center in Western China. The city's economic importance derives from its geographical position, as it shares a border with various <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> countries, serving them as a transportation hub in Southwest China, linking by rail to <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, and by road to <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. This positioning also makes the city an important commercial center of trade in the region. The city also acts as a gateway to <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kunming_Changshui_International_Airport" title="Kunming Changshui International Airport">Kunming Changshui International Airport</a> is one of the top 40-<a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic" title="List of busiest airports by passenger traffic">busiest airports</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, the city is also home to six consulates from ASEAN countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The headquarters of many of Yunnan's biggest corporations are based in the city, such as <a href="/wiki/Hongta_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongta Group">Hongta Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Copper_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan Copper Group">Yunnan Copper Group</a>, Hongyun Group, Yunnan Power Grid Co, and Fudian Bank.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kunming also houses some manufacturing, chiefly the processing of copper, as well as various chemicals, machinery, textiles, paper and cement. Kunming has a nearly 2,400-year history, but its modern prosperity dates only to 1910, when the railway from <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> was built. The city has continued to develop rapidly under China's modernization efforts. Kunming was designated a special tourism center and, as such, has experienced a proliferation of <a href="/wiki/High-rise" class="mw-redirect" title="High-rise">high-rises</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luxury_hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury hotel">luxury hotels</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "Kunming" evolved from the name of an ancient ethnic group named <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming_Yi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunming Yi (page does not exist)">Kunming Yi</a></i> or <i>Kunming Barbarian</i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">昆明夷</span>), which was a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a>-<a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a> people. The <i>Kunming Yi</i> lived in the neighbouring region of <a href="/wiki/Erhai_Lake" title="Erhai Lake">Erhai Lake</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a> dynasty. The Han dynasty incorporated the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dian Kingdom</a> and set up a commandery called <a href="/wiki/Yizhou_(Southwest_China)" title="Yizhou (Southwest China)">Yizhou</a> in 109 BC; the Han dynasty also incorporated the <i>Kunming Yi</i> into Yizhou Commandery soon after. Therefore, <i>Kunming Yi</i> expanded east to the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Dian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Dian">Lake Dian</a> area later. "Kunming" has acted as a place name since the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period, but the reference was not clear because this ethnicity occupied a large region. In the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, the central government set up "Kunming County" in modern Kunming; the name "Kunming" has continued to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2009 research paper proposes that the name "Kunming" of <i>Kunming Yi</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> word of "<a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khmu</a>" that originally meant "people".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Yunnan" title="History of Yunnan">History of Yunnan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kunming long profited from its position on the caravan route through to <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, India and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. Early townships on the southern edge of <a href="/wiki/Dian_Lake" title="Dian Lake">Lake Dian</a> (outside the contemporary city perimeter) can be dated back to 279 BC, although they have been long lost to history. Early settlements in the area around Lake Dian date back to <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> times. The <a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dian Kingdom</a>, whose original language likely belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman languages</a>, was also established near the area.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dian was subjugated by the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a> in 109 BC. The Han dynasty incorporated the territory of the Dian Kingdom into their <a href="/wiki/Yizhou_(Southwest_China)" title="Yizhou (Southwest China)">Yizhou Commandery</a>, but left the King of Dian as the local ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Han dynasty (205 BC–AD 220), seeking control over the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Horse_Road" title="Tea Horse Road">Southern Silk Road</a> running to Burma and India, brought small parts of Yunnan into China's orbit, but subsequent dynasties could do little to tame what was then a remote and wild borderland until the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles"><span title="see previous paragraph (May 2024)">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> (581–618), two military expeditions were launched against the area, and it was renamed <i>Kunzhou</i> in Chinese sources.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_China">Medieval China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%9C%B0%E8%97%8F%E5%AF%BA%E7%BB%8F%E5%B9%A2_%E5%B7%A6%E5%90%8E%E6%96%B9%E6%91%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%E5%9C%B0%E8%97%8F%E5%AF%BA%E7%BB%8F%E5%B9%A2_%E5%B7%A6%E5%90%8E%E6%96%B9%E6%91%84.jpg/150px-%E5%9C%B0%E8%97%8F%E5%AF%BA%E7%BB%8F%E5%B9%A2_%E5%B7%A6%E5%90%8E%E6%96%B9%E6%91%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%E5%9C%B0%E8%97%8F%E5%AF%BA%E7%BB%8F%E5%B9%A2_%E5%B7%A6%E5%90%8E%E6%96%B9%E6%91%84.jpg/225px-%E5%9C%B0%E8%97%8F%E5%AF%BA%E7%BB%8F%E5%B9%A2_%E5%B7%A6%E5%90%8E%E6%96%B9%E6%91%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%E5%9C%B0%E8%97%8F%E5%AF%BA%E7%BB%8F%E5%B9%A2_%E5%B7%A6%E5%90%8E%E6%96%B9%E6%91%84.jpg/300px-%E5%9C%B0%E8%97%8F%E5%AF%BA%E7%BB%8F%E5%B9%A2_%E5%B7%A6%E5%90%8E%E6%96%B9%E6%91%84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4698" data-file-height="7044" /></a><figcaption>Sutra Stone Pillar, Dali Kingdom period.</figcaption></figure> <p>Founded in 765, Kunming was known to the Chinese as <i>Tuodong</i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">拓東</span>) city in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nanzhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Nanzhao">Kingdom of Nanzhao</a> (737–902) during the 8th and 9th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tuodong later became part of the successor <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dali" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Dali">Kingdom of Dali</a> (937–1253). The possession of Tuodong changed hands when the city came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> during its invasion of the southwest in 1252–1253. During the reign of provincial governor <a href="/wiki/Ajall_Shams_al-Din_Omar" title="Ajall Shams al-Din Omar">Ajall Shams al-Din Omar</a>, a "Chinese Style" city named Zhongjing was founded where modern Kunming is today. Shams al-Din ordered the construction of a Buddhist temple, a Confucian temple, and two mosques in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confucian temple, doubling as a school, was the first of its kind in Yunnan, attracting students from minority groups across the province.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coupled with his promotion of Confucian ceremonies and customs, Shams al-Din has been largely credited with the <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">sinicization</a> of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city grew as a trading center between the southwest and the rest of China. It is considered by scholars to have been the city of <i>Yachi Fu</i> (鸭池府) where people had used <a href="/wiki/Cowry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowry">cowries</a> as cash and ate their meat raw, as described by the 13th-century Venetian traveler <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area was first dubbed Kunming during the decline of the Yuan Dynasty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ming_and_Qing_dynasties">Ming and Qing dynasties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ming and Qing dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Du_Halde_-_Description_de_la_Chine_-_Villes_de_la_province_de_Yun_nan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Du_Halde_-_Description_de_la_Chine_-_Villes_de_la_province_de_Yun_nan.jpg/200px-Du_Halde_-_Description_de_la_Chine_-_Villes_de_la_province_de_Yun_nan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Du_Halde_-_Description_de_la_Chine_-_Villes_de_la_province_de_Yun_nan.jpg/300px-Du_Halde_-_Description_de_la_Chine_-_Villes_de_la_province_de_Yun_nan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Du_Halde_-_Description_de_la_Chine_-_Villes_de_la_province_de_Yun_nan.jpg/400px-Du_Halde_-_Description_de_la_Chine_-_Villes_de_la_province_de_Yun_nan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="3808" /></a><figcaption>Maps of "Yun-nan-fou" and "<a href="/wiki/Dali_City" title="Dali City">Ta-li-fou</a>" from <a href="/wiki/Du_Halde" class="mw-redirect" title="Du Halde">Du Halde</a>'s 1736 <i><a href="/wiki/Description_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Description of China">Description of China</a></i>, based on reports from <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Jesuit missionaries</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kunming" title="Special:EditPage/Kunming">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the 14th century, Kunming was retaken from Mongolian control when the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>. The Ming later built a <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">wall</a> surrounding present-day Kunming. 300 years later, Ming General <a href="/wiki/Wu_Sangui" title="Wu Sangui">Wu Sangui</a> defected to Manchu invaders and held the city until his death in 1678, long after the rest of China had fallen under <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a> rule. During the beginning of Qing rule, the entirety of Yunnan and Guizhou were ruled from Kunming and Wu.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories" title="Revolt of the Three Feudatories">Revolt of the Three Feudatories</a>, the seat of Wu's newly declared Zhou dynasty was moved to <a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengzhou</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>. Later in 1678, when Wu died, his grandson <a href="/wiki/Wu_Shifan" title="Wu Shifan">Wu Shifan</a> resisted the Qing for two more months before committing suicide, reverting control of the city back into Qing hands. During the Ming and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasties, it was the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">superior prefecture of Yunnan</a>. </p><p>In 1832, the beginnings of a real city were acknowledged within the city walls and there were significant structures within their confines. The founding of the city can therefore be said to have been a predominantly 19th century affair. It was also in this century that the city grew to become the major market and transport centre for the region. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many of the city's inhabitants were displaced as a result of the <a href="/wiki/1833_Kunming_earthquake" title="1833 Kunming earthquake">1833 Kunming earthquake</a>. </p><p>The rebel leader <a href="/wiki/Du_Wenxiu" title="Du Wenxiu">Du Wenxiu</a>, the Muslim Han Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dali" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Dali">Dali</a>, attacked and besieged the city several times between 1858 and 1868. A great part of the city's wealth did not survive the 1856 <a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion</a>, when most of the Buddhist sites in the capital were badly damaged, converted to mosques or razed. Decades later, Kunming began to be influenced by the West, especially from the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonial empires">French Empire</a>. In the late 1800s, the French started to build the <a href="/wiki/Kunming%E2%80%93Haiphong_railway" title="Kunming–Haiphong railway">Kunming-Haiphong railway</a> between Kunming and <a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Haiphong</a> in what was then <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1890s, an uprising against working conditions on the Kunming–Haiphong rail line saw many laborers executed after France shipped in weapons to suppress the revolt. The meter-gauge rail line, only completed by around 1911, was designed by the French so that they could tap into Yunnan's mineral resources for their colonies in Indochina. </p><p>Kunming was a <a href="/wiki/Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications">communications</a> <a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">center</a> during this time and a junction of two major trading routes, one westward via <a href="/wiki/Dali_Bai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture">Dali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tengchong_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Tengchong County">Tengchong County</a> into <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, the other southward through <a href="/wiki/Mengzi_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Mengzi County">Mengzi County</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_(Asia)" title="Red River (Asia)">Red River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a>. Eastward, a difficult mountain route led to <a href="/wiki/Guiyang" title="Guiyang">Guiyang</a> in Guizhou province and thence to <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> province. To the northeast was a well-established trade trail to <a href="/wiki/Yibin" title="Yibin">Yibin</a> in Sichuan province on the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a>. But these trails were all extremely difficult, passable only by mule trains or pack-carrying porters. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_kunming_city01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Old_kunming_city01.jpg/220px-Old_kunming_city01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Old_kunming_city01.jpg/330px-Old_kunming_city01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Old_kunming_city01.jpg/440px-Old_kunming_city01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Old Kunming quarter, containing the narrow and curved <i>Sister Buildings</i> (姊妹楼) behind the Victory Monument on Guanghua Jie, located across the street to the north of the old Bird and Flower Market</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Qing_dynasty">After Qing dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After Qing dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kunming reverted to county status in 1912, under the name Kunming, and became a municipality in 1935. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The opening of the Kunming area began in earnest with the completion in 1906–1910 of the <a href="/wiki/Kunming%E2%80%93Haiphong_railway" title="Kunming–Haiphong railway">Kunming-Haiphong Railway</a> to <a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Haiphong</a> in north <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a>). </p><p>Kunming became a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty port">treaty port</a> opening to foreign trade in 1908 and became a commercial center soon after.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_University" title="Yunnan University">university</a> was set up in 1922. In the 1930s the first highways connected to Kunming were built, linking Kunming with <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> in Sichuan and <a href="/wiki/Guiyang" title="Guiyang">Guiyang</a> in Guizhou to the east. </p><p>The local warlord General <a href="/wiki/Tang_Jiyao" title="Tang Jiyao">Tang Jiyao</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Kunming_Wujiaba_International_Airport" title="Kunming Wujiaba International Airport">Wujiaba Aerodrome</a> in 1922; an additional 23 airports would be established in Yunnan from 1922 to 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kunming_(1922-49).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Kunming_%281922-49%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Kunming_%281922-49%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Kunming_%281922-49%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Kunming_%281922-49%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Kunming_%281922-49%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Kunming_%281922-49%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="2052" /></a><figcaption>Flag and emblem of Kunming City from 1922 until 1949 under the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War_(1937–1945)"><span id="Second_World_War_.281937.E2.80.931945.29"></span>Second World War (1937–1945)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second World War (1937–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kunming was transformed into a modern city as a result of fighting of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War/World War II</a> in 1937 with the outbreak of the Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanking" title="Battle of Nanking">Nanking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taiyuan" title="Battle of Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a>, forcing a great movement of refugees from the north and eastern coastal regions of China,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bringing much commerce and industry into the southwest of China, including Kunming. They carried dismantled industrial plants with them, which were then re-erected beyond the range of Japanese bombers. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition, a number of <a href="/wiki/National_Southwestern_Associated_University" title="National Southwestern Associated University">universities</a> and institutes of higher education were evacuated there. The increased trade and expertise quickly established Kunming as an industrial and manufacturing base for the wartime government in <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As the battles of Shanghai, Taiyuan and <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing</a> were lost by the end of 1937, and with <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wuhan" title="Battle of Wuhan">Wuhan</a> falling into Japanese occupation by the end of 1938, many more of China's military forces and civilians retreated to cities outside the reach of the Japanese military ground forces a year prior to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> in Europe in 1939, including the relocation of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force_Academy" title="Republic of China Air Force Academy">Chinese Air Force Academy</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_Jianqiao_Airport" title="Hangzhou Jianqiao Airport">Jianqiao Airbase</a> to Kunming's <a href="/wiki/Kunming_Wujiaba_International_Airport" title="Kunming Wujiaba International Airport">Wujiaba Airbase</a>, where the airfield was vastly expanded, becoming the new training hub for the battered but regrouped <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force" title="Republic of China Air Force">Chinese Air Force</a> in which Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Claire_Lee_Chennault" title="Claire Lee Chennault">Claire Lee Chennault</a> took command of cadet training duties in the summer of 1938. The Chinese Air Force command established the 41st Pursuit Squadron based in Kunming, also known as the French Volunteer Group squadron in June 1938, and with them they brought <a href="/wiki/Dewoitine_D.500" title="Dewoitine D.500">Dewoitine D.510</a> fighters, with the intention of securing the sale of the planes to the Chinese Air Force; the French participated in some combat engagements against Japanese raids, including dogfights against <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A5M" title="Mitsubishi A5M">Mitsubishi A5M</a> fighters with Chinese <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_BF2C_Goshawk" title="Curtiss BF2C Goshawk"><i>Hawk III</i> fighters</a> over <a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a>, but after several setbacks, including a fighter pilot <i><a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">KIA</a></i>, the group was disbanded in October 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Empire of Japan was focusing on ending the Chinese <i><b>war of resistance</b></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chongqing" title="Bombing of Chongqing">Battle of Chongqing and Chengdu</a>, Kunming was not out of the reach of Japanese air raids, and faced attacks by <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">IJAAF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">IJNAF</a> bombers;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> military assets and infrastructure were under regular attack, while the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_Chinese_Nationalist_air_force_(1937%E2%80%931945)" title="Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)">RoCAF 18th Fighter Squadron</a> and units of the Air Force Academy at Wujiaba were tasked with aerial defense of Kunming.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of Kunming was prepared as an alternate <a href="/wiki/National_Redoubt" class="mw-redirect" title="National Redoubt">National Redoubt</a> in case the temporary capital in <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> fell, with an elaborate system of caves to serve as offices, barracks and factories, but it was never utilised. Kunming was to have served again in this role during the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalist</a> garrison there switched sides and joined the Communists. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> would become the last redoubt and home of the Republic of China government, a role it fulfills to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the city of <a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Nanning</a> fell to the Japanese during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a>, China's sea-access was cut off. However, the Chinese victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunlun_Pass" title="Battle of Kunlun Pass">Battle of Kunlun Pass</a> kept the Burma Road open. When the Japanese began occupying <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> in 1940, the Burma Road that linked Kunming and the outside-world with unoccupied China grew increasingly vital as much of the essential support and materials were imported through <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, and the start of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> in December 1941, Kunming acted as an Allied military command center, which grouped the Chinese, American, British and French forces together for operations in Southeast Asia. Kunming became the northern and easternmost terminus of the vital war-supply line into China known as "<i><a href="/wiki/The_Hump" title="The Hump">The Hump</a>'</i>, which stretched over the Himalayas from British bases in India to port-of-entry Kunming. The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a>' Service Unit <a href="/wiki/Detachment_101" class="mw-redirect" title="Detachment 101">Detachment 101</a> (predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/1st_Special_Forces_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Special Forces Group">1st Special Forces Group</a>) was also headquartered in Kunming. Its mission was to divert and disrupt Japanese combat operations in Burma.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_from_the_Eyes_of_the_Flying_Tigers_1944-1945_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/China_from_the_Eyes_of_the_Flying_Tigers_1944-1945_01.jpg/220px-China_from_the_Eyes_of_the_Flying_Tigers_1944-1945_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/China_from_the_Eyes_of_the_Flying_Tigers_1944-1945_01.jpg/330px-China_from_the_Eyes_of_the_Flying_Tigers_1944-1945_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/China_from_the_Eyes_of_the_Flying_Tigers_1944-1945_01.jpg/440px-China_from_the_Eyes_of_the_Flying_Tigers_1944-1945_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>The Flying Tigers and P-40 Warhawk in Kunming Air Base, 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>Kunming, the northern terminus of all three of the Burma Road, the <a href="/wiki/Ledo_Road" title="Ledo Road">Ledo Road</a>, and <i><b>The Hump</b></i> supply-line, was increasingly targeted by the IJAAF. When the Burma Road was lost to the Japanese, the Hump became China's primary lifeline to the outside world. The 1st American Volunteer Group, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Flying_Tigers" title="Flying Tigers">Flying Tigers</a>", was based in Kunming and tasked with defense of The Hump supply-line against Japanese aerial interceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yunnan-Burma_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road">Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road</a></div> <p>Industry became important in Kunming during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The large state-owned <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Machine_Works&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Machine Works (page does not exist)">Central Machine Works</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was transferred there from <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, while the manufacture of electrical products, copper, cement, steel, paper, and textiles expanded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: After World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1952, Kunming was a walled city. The city government in 1952 ordered hundreds of young people to tear down the wall and use its bricks to make a new road running north–south. To show its appreciation for the young people that demolished the east wall, the city government named the new street, Qingnian Lu, after them. The existence of the walls still echoes today at place names like the district of Xiaoximen (<span lang="zh-Hans">小西门</span>; 'Lesser West Gate') and Beimen Jie (<span lang="zh-Hans">北门街</span>; 'North Gate Street'). There are also less obvious connections to the wall, such as Qingnian Lu (<span lang="zh">青年路</span>; 'Youth Road'), in the location of Kunming's east wall. </p><p>After 1949, Kunming developed rapidly into an <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Regions_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Regions of China">industrial metropolis</a> with the construction of large iron and steel and chemical complexes, along with <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guiyang" title="Guiyang">Guiyang</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest China">southwest</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Institute_for_Nationalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan Institute for Nationalities">Minorities' Institute</a> was set up in the 1950s to promote mutual understanding and access to university education among Yunnan's multiethnic population. The city consolidated its position as a supply depot during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">border clashes</a>. Until Mao Zedong's death, in much of the rest of the country Kunming was still generally thought as a remote frontier settlement. Accordingly, the government utilized Kunming as a place where to exile people who had fallen politically out of favor, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>. </p><p>In 1957, Kunming's rail link to Haiphong and Hanoi was re-opened (after being cut during World War II). It was cut again in 1979 and re-opened again in 1996. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KunmingOldNew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/KunmingOldNew.jpg/220px-KunmingOldNew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/KunmingOldNew.jpg/330px-KunmingOldNew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/KunmingOldNew.jpg/440px-KunmingOldNew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1629" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption>An old wooden house and a modern skyscraper in the background</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Economic_reform_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic reform in the People's Republic of China">economic reforms</a> of the mid-1980s, Kunming has enjoyed increased <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">tourism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">foreign investment</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thai Chinese</a> banks have offices in Kunming, for example, <a href="/wiki/Kasikorn_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasikorn Bank">Kasikorn Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krung_Thai_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Krung Thai Bank">Krung Thai Bank</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Maha_Chakri_Sirindhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn">Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn</a> of Thailand has visited Kunming many times to study Chinese culture and promote friendly relations. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1980s and 1990s, the city center was rebuilt, with Swiss help, in its current 'modern' style to impress visitors attending the <a href="/wiki/1999_World_Horticultural_Exposition" title="1999 World Horticultural Exposition">1999 World Horticultural Exposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was primarily during 1997 and 1998 that much of the city's roads, bridges and high rises were built. The World Horticultural Expo was widely regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> success for Kunming.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Today the after-effects of the Expo are apparent in more than just the physical improvements to the city—it was the Expo that made the outside world take notice of Kunming, which was relatively unknown at the time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (March 2014)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Kunming#Dubious" title="Talk:Kunming">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In July 2005, the second <a href="/wiki/Greater_Mekong_Subregion" title="Greater Mekong Subregion">Greater Mekong Subregion</a> (GMS) Summit was held in Kunming, with government leaders from China, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam participating. There, China agreed to lend its neighbors more than $1 billion for a series of projects. China promoted GMS cooperation as a first step toward building an eventual China-<a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Trade Area">Free Trade Area</a>. </p><p>Infrastructure improvements were underway to improve links between Kunming and Southeast Asia in time for the 2010 establishment of the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area. The FTA made Kunming a trade and financial center for Southeast Asia. In addition to physical improvements to enhance Kunming's trade with Southeast Asia, the central and provincial governments have made financial preparations to assist the city's emergence. At the end of 2004, the central government approved Kunming to be one of the 18 mainland cities in which foreign banks could conduct business in <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">renminbi</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In July 2006, talks at the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Regional_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN Regional Forum">ASEAN Regional Forum</a>, China, Bangladesh and Myanmar (Burma) agreed to construct a highway from Kunming to <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> through <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a> for trade and development.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 March 2014, 29 people were killed, and more than 130 were injured at Kunming Railway Station in <a href="/wiki/2014_Kunming_attack" title="2014 Kunming attack">a terrorist attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Txu-oclc-10552568-ng48-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Txu-oclc-10552568-ng48-9.jpg/220px-Txu-oclc-10552568-ng48-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Txu-oclc-10552568-ng48-9.jpg/330px-Txu-oclc-10552568-ng48-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Txu-oclc-10552568-ng48-9.jpg/440px-Txu-oclc-10552568-ng48-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3802" /></a><figcaption>Map including Kunming (labeled as K'UN-MING (YÜNNANFU) <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">昆明</span></span>) (<a href="/wiki/Army_Map_Service" title="Army Map Service">AMS</a>, 1954)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%A5%BF%E5%B1%B1%E8%BF%9C%E7%9C%BA%E6%BB%87%E6%B1%A0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B1%B1%E8%BF%9C%E7%9C%BA%E6%BB%87%E6%B1%A0.jpg/220px-%E8%A5%BF%E5%B1%B1%E8%BF%9C%E7%9C%BA%E6%BB%87%E6%B1%A0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B1%B1%E8%BF%9C%E7%9C%BA%E6%BB%87%E6%B1%A0.jpg/330px-%E8%A5%BF%E5%B1%B1%E8%BF%9C%E7%9C%BA%E6%BB%87%E6%B1%A0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B1%B1%E8%BF%9C%E7%9C%BA%E6%BB%87%E6%B1%A0.jpg/440px-%E8%A5%BF%E5%B1%B1%E8%BF%9C%E7%9C%BA%E6%BB%87%E6%B1%A0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Dian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Dian">Lake Dian</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunming_from_Yu%27an_Shan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kunming_from_Yu%27an_Shan.jpg/220px-Kunming_from_Yu%27an_Shan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kunming_from_Yu%27an_Shan.jpg/330px-Kunming_from_Yu%27an_Shan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kunming_from_Yu%27an_Shan.jpg/440px-Kunming_from_Yu%27an_Shan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2656" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>Panoramic view of northern central Kunming taken from Yu'an Shan Cemetery (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">玉安山公墓</span></span>), looking northeast to east-southeast.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kunming is located in east-central <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> province. It is located between north latitude 24°23' and 26°22' N, and east longitude 102°10' and 103°40' E, with a total area of 21,600 square kilometres (8,340 square miles). Its widest stretch from the east to the west amounts to 140 kilometres (87 miles) and its largest expansion from the north to the south amounts to 220 kilometres (137 miles). </p><p>Situated in a fertile lake basin on the northern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Dian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Dian">Lake Dian</a> and surrounded by mountains to the north, west, and east, Kunming has always played a pivotal role in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communications in the People's Republic of China (page does not exist)">communications</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">southwestern China</a>. Lake Dian, known as "the Pearl of the Plateau", is the largest lake in Yunnan and the sixth largest fresh water lake in China. It has an area of approximately 340 square kilometres (130 square miles). Kunming's highest point is Mazong Ridge of the <a href="/wiki/Jiaozi_Snow_Mountain" title="Jiaozi Snow Mountain">Jiaozi Snow Mountain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Luquan_Yi_and_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County">Luquan</a> with an elevation of 4,247 metres (13,934 feet), and its lowest point is the joint of the <a href="/wiki/Xiao_River" title="Xiao River">Xiao River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jinsha_River" title="Jinsha River">Jinsha River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dongchuan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongchuan District">Dongchuan District</a>, with an elevation of 695 metres (2,280 feet). Its downtown area is 1,891 metres (6,204 feet) <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a>. </p><p>About 96 km (60 mi) southeast of the city centre is the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Forest" title="Stone Forest">Stone Forest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shilin_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Shilin County">Shilin County</a>, a karst formation developed as a tourist attraction consisting of rock caves, arches, and pavilions. It is part of the larger karst-based landscape of the area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Located at an elevation of 1,890 metres (6,200 feet) on the <a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guizhou_Plateau" title="Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau">Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau</a> with low latitude and high elevation, Kunming has one of the mildest climates in China, characterized by short, cool dry winters with mild days and crisp nights, and long, balmy and humid summers. With its perpetual spring-like weather which provides the ideal climate for plants and flowers, Kunming is known as the "City of Eternal Spring".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weather has seldom reached high temperatures in summer, only exceeding 30 °C (86 °F) on a handful of occasions. However, freak snowfalls occur in occasional winters. Controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical highland climate">subtropical highland climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>Cwb</i>), the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 8.9 °C (48.0 °F) in January to 20.3 °C (68.5 °F) in June, with daily high temperatures reaching their lowest point and peak in December and May, respectively. The city is covered with blossoms and lush vegetation all-year round.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period from May to October is the monsoon season and the rest of the year is dry. The city has an annual mean temperature of 15.52 °C (59.9 °F), rainfall of 979 millimetres (38.5 in) (nearly three-fifths occurring from June to August) and a frost-free period of 230 days. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 30% in July to 69% in February and March, the city receives 2,198 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extreme temperatures in the city have ranged from −7.8 to 32.9 °C (18 to 91 °F) on 29 December 1983 and 25 May 2014 respectively. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Kunming, elevation 1,888 m (6,194 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8<br />(83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1<br />(89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9<br />(91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5<br />(90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4<br />(86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1<br />(84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32.9<br />(91.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3<br />(61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8<br />(71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3<br />(75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8<br />(76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5<br />(68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.7<br />(21.7) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6<br />(27.3) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.2<br />(22.6) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2<br />(31.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(32.2) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4<br />(27.7) </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.8<br />(18.0) </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−7.8<br />(18.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #DBFFDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(0.94) </td> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(0.47) </td> <td style="background: #E1FFE1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6<br />(0.77) </td> <td style="background: #D7FFD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(1.00) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.1<br />(3.15) </td> <td style="background: #00F300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">173.1<br />(6.81) </td> <td style="background: #00BC00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">215.7<br />(8.49) </td> <td style="background: #00DA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">195.9<br />(7.71) </td> <td style="background: #47FF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">119.3<br />(4.70) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.4<br />(3.24) </td> <td style="background: #D0FFD0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1<br />(1.19) </td> <td style="background: #EAFFEA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(0.54) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">991.0<br />(39.02) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.5 </td> <td style="background: #0B0BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19.7 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.9 </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">121.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">69 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">223.6 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">223.9 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">253.3 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">252.2 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">217.2 </td> <td style="background: #C5C505; color:#000000;" class="notheme">148.0 </td> <td style="background: #B7B758; color:#000000;" class="notheme">122.6 </td> <td style="background: #C0C021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">142.9 </td> <td style="background: #BBBB40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">127.1 </td> <td style="background: #C0C020; color:#000000;" class="notheme">143.2 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">191.5 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">195.4 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,240.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">52 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration" title="China Meteorological Administration">China Meteorological Administration</a><sup id="cite_ref-cma_graphical_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cma_graphical-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: The Yearbook of Indochina (1937-1938, extremes 1907-1938)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_resources">Natural resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Natural resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mineral resources include phosphorus, salt, magnesium, titanium, coal, quartz sand, clay, silica, copper. Phosphorus and salt mines are the most plentiful. Kunyang Phosphorus Mine is one of the three major <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> mines in the country. <a href="/wiki/Rock_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock salt">Rock salt</a> reserves are 1.222 billion tonnes (1.203 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a>; 1.347 billion <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mirabilite" title="Mirabilite">mirabilite</a> reserves are 1.908 billion tonnes (1.878 billion long tons; 2.103 billion short tons). <a href="/wiki/Dongchuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongchuan">Dongchuan</a> is a major copper production base. </p><p>Proven reserves of <a href="/wiki/Coal_bed_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal bed gas">Coal bed gas</a> is about 500 billion cubic metres (18,000 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_foot" title="Cubic foot">cubic feet</a>), equal to 720 million tonnes (710 million <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a>; 790 million <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>) of standard coal.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal</a> resources are widely distributed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment_and_horticulture">Environment and horticulture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Environment and horticulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kunming has 2,585 hectares (6,390 <a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acres</a>) of lawns, trees and flowers, averaging 4.96 square metres (53.4 square feet) per capita and a green space rate of 21.7 percent. The city's smoke control area is 115 square kilometres (44 square miles) and noise control area 87 square kilometres (34 square miles). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Kunming is a significant horticultural center in China, providing products such as grain, wheat, horsebeans, corn, potato and fruit such as peaches, apples, oranges, grapes and chestnuts. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Kunming is world-famous for its flowers and flower-growing exports. More than 400 types of flowers are commonly grown in Kunming. The <a href="/wiki/Camellia" title="Camellia">camellia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yulan_magnolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yulan magnolia">Yulan magnolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azalea" title="Azalea">azalea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairy_primrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy primrose">fairy primrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lily" class="mw-redirect" title="Lily">lily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchid</a> are known as the six famous flowers of the city. </p><p>The camellia was confirmed by the Municipality of Kunming as its city flower in 1983. </p><p>The Kunming city government plans to create an environmental <a href="/wiki/Trial_court" title="Trial court">trial court</a> to deal with environment-related lawsuits. It is to be part of the city's intermediate <a href="/wiki/Local_people%27s_court" title="Local people's court">people's court</a> and will have jurisdiction over appeals by companies that have been found guilty of violating environmental laws in cities throughout Yunnan.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The population of <a href="/wiki/Han_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="Han nationality">Han</a> is 5,542,314, accounting for 86.16%; the population of all <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities">ethnic minorities</a> add up to 889,898, accounting for 13.84%. Some of the 26 <a href="/wiki/Nationalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalities">nationalities</a> in the province live in Kunming, and the average life expectancy of the city's population is 76 years old. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; font-size:smaller; text-align:right"> <caption><b>Ethnic Composition of Kunming (November 2010)</b><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>National name </th> <th width="55"><a href="/wiki/Han_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="Han nationality">Han</a></th> <th width="55"><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></th> <th width="55"><a href="/wiki/Hui" class="mw-redirect" title="Hui">Hui</a></th> <th width="55"><a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a></th> <th width="55"><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></th> <th width="55"><a href="/wiki/Hani_people" title="Hani people">Hani</a></th> <th width="55"><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></th> <th width="55"><a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai</a></th> <th width="55"><a href="/wiki/Lisu_people" title="Lisu people">Lisu</a></th> <th width="55"><a href="/wiki/Naxi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxi people">Naxi</a></th> <th width="55">Others </th></tr> <tr> <th>Population </th> <td>5,542,394</td> <td>444,261</td> <td>158,384</td> <td>82,560</td> <td>59,925</td> <td>25,807</td> <td>23,283</td> <td>20,831</td> <td>19,756</td> <td>11,010</td> <td>43,998 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Proportion of total population (%) </th> <td>86.17</td> <td>6.91</td> <td>2.46</td> <td>1.28</td> <td>0.93</td> <td>0.40</td> <td>0.36</td> <td>0.32</td> <td>0.31</td> <td>0.17</td> <td>0.68 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Proportion of minority population (%) </th> <td>---</td> <td>49.93</td> <td>17.80</td> <td>9.28</td> <td>6.73</td> <td>2.90</td> <td>2.62</td> <td>2.34</td> <td>2.22</td> <td>1.24</td> <td>4.94 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunming_square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kunming_square.jpg/220px-Kunming_square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kunming_square.jpg/330px-Kunming_square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kunming_square.jpg/440px-Kunming_square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Dongfeng (<i>East Wind</i>) Square. The building in the background, Workers' Cultural Hall, has been demolished for subway construction.</figcaption></figure> <p>The city center has three major squares and six major streets: Jinma Biji Square, Nanping Square and Dongfeng Square are the main squares, while Nanping Street, Zhengyi Road, Renmin Road, Dongfeng Road, Jinbi Road, and Qingnian Road are the main streets. While Beijing Road is arguably the main street of the city as a whole, it runs to the east of the city center. Jingxing Street, Guanghua Street, Zhengyi Road, Nanping Street, Qingnian Road, and Renmin Road are the main commercial areas in Kunming; the most popular pedestrian streets are Nanping Street, Zhengyi Road, and Jingxing Street. </p><p>Kunming's modern city center is Nanping Square on the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Panlong_River" title="Panlong River">Panlong River</a>, at the intersection of Nanping Street and Zhengyi Street. This area is where Kunming's southern city wall once stood. Rapidly being modernized, this area is a crowded and dense shopping precinct packed with clothing and electronics stores. Surrounding the area are plenty of new high-rises. The area formerly considered the city center is Dongfeng Square, located on the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Panlong_River" title="Panlong River">Panlong River</a> outside of the old city walls at the intersection of Beijing Road and Dongfeng Road, where in the mornings there are crowds doing <a href="/wiki/Taijiquan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taijiquan">taijiquan</a> and playing <a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">badminton</a>. Weekend amateur theatre is also performed in the square. The Panlong River has had an artificial flow ever since the construction of the Songhua Dam, and the river has been developed into effectively a canal. The river receives <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> from surrounding pipes.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The center is an area of importance to Kunming's <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> population, with Shuncheng Street, one of the last old streets in the center of the city, previously forming a Muslim quarter. Until shortly before 2005, this street was full of wind-dried beef and mutton carcasses, pitta bread and raisin sellers, and huge woks of roasting coffee beans being stirred with shovels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Under Kunming's rapid modernisation, however, the street has been demolished to make way for apartments and shopping centers. Rising behind a supermarket one block north off Zhengyi Road, Nancheng Qingzhen Si is the city's new mosque, its green dome and chevron-patterned minaret visible from afar and built on the site of an earlier <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> edifice. </p><p>Running west off Zhengyi Road just past the mosque, Jingxing Street leads into one of the more bizarre corners of the city, with Kunming's huge Bird and Flower Market convening daily in the streets connecting it with the northerly, parallel Guanghua Street. The market offers many plants such as <a href="/wiki/Orchids" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchids">orchids</a> that have been collected and farmed across the province. In the small grounds of a now vanished <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius" title="Temple of Confucius">Confucian temple</a> off the western end of Changchun Road, there is an avenue of pines, an ancient pond and pavilion, and beds of bamboo, azaleas and potted palms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Jinbi Road runs south of Dongfeng Road. Both of them connect to Beijing Road. Two large <a href="/wiki/Chinese_pagoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese pagoda">Chinese pagodas</a> rise south of Jinbi Road and the city center, each a solid thirteen stories of whitewashed brick crowned with four iron cockerels. The West Pagoda was built between 824 and 859, during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>; its original counterpart, the East Pagoda, was built at the same time, but was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/1833_Kunming_earthquake" title="1833 Kunming earthquake">an earthquake</a> in 1833 and rebuilt in the same Tang style in 1882. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> South down Dongsi Road, past another <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>, the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_and_Western_Pagodas" title="Eastern and Western Pagodas">West Pagoda</a> is along a narrow lane on the right. In the tiny surrounding courtyard, sociable idlers while away sunny afternoons playing cards and sipping tea in the peaceful, ramshackle surroundings. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_and_Western_Pagodas" title="Eastern and Western Pagodas">East Pagoda</a> is a more cosmetic, slightly tilted duplicate standing in an ornamental garden a few minutes' walk east on Shulin Jie. The temples associated with both pagodas are closed to the public. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E6%98%A5%E5%9F%8E%E8%B7%AF%E8%93%9D%E8%8A%B1%E6%A5%B9%E5%B1%9E_20240424.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E6%98%A5%E5%9F%8E%E8%B7%AF%E8%93%9D%E8%8A%B1%E6%A5%B9%E5%B1%9E_20240424.jpg/220px-%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E6%98%A5%E5%9F%8E%E8%B7%AF%E8%93%9D%E8%8A%B1%E6%A5%B9%E5%B1%9E_20240424.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E6%98%A5%E5%9F%8E%E8%B7%AF%E8%93%9D%E8%8A%B1%E6%A5%B9%E5%B1%9E_20240424.jpg/330px-%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E6%98%A5%E5%9F%8E%E8%B7%AF%E8%93%9D%E8%8A%B1%E6%A5%B9%E5%B1%9E_20240424.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E6%98%A5%E5%9F%8E%E8%B7%AF%E8%93%9D%E8%8A%B1%E6%A5%B9%E5%B1%9E_20240424.jpg/440px-%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E6%98%A5%E5%9F%8E%E8%B7%AF%E8%93%9D%E8%8A%B1%E6%A5%B9%E5%B1%9E_20240424.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3806" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Jacaranda trees in bloom along Chuncheng Road</figcaption></figure> <p>Many streets are lined with <a href="/wiki/Jacaranda" title="Jacaranda">Jacaranda</a> trees, which can be seen blooming abundantly in mid to late April, particularly on Jiaochang Middle Road. The trees are not native to Kunming, but originate from seeds exchanged with <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, which were grown in the <a href="/wiki/Kunming_Institute_of_Botany" title="Kunming Institute of Botany">Kunming Botanical Garden</a>. Seeds from the botanical garden were then used by the city to plant the trees along streets.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunming_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kunming_04.JPG/220px-Kunming_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kunming_04.JPG/330px-Kunming_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kunming_04.JPG/440px-Kunming_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Central Kunming</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks">Parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XishanHuatingTemple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/XishanHuatingTemple.jpg/170px-XishanHuatingTemple.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/XishanHuatingTemple.jpg/255px-XishanHuatingTemple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/XishanHuatingTemple.jpg/340px-XishanHuatingTemple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="1765" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Huating_Temple" title="Huating Temple">Huating Temple</a> (华亭寺) in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hills_Forest_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hills Forest Reserve">Western Hills</a> near Kunming</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cuihu_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuihu Park">Cuihu Park</a> (Green Lake Park) is one of Kunming's major parks and is predominately a lake surrounded by greenery. Located in the west side of the park is the statue of one of Yunnan's most famous patriots—<a href="/wiki/Nie_Er" title="Nie Er">Nie Er</a>, the composer of China's <a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">national anthem</a>. Now it is open to public for free. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daguan_Park" title="Daguan Park">Daguan Park</a> lies on <a href="/wiki/Dian_Chi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Chi">Dian Chi</a> in Kunming's southwestern limits. Originally laid out by the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, it has been modified over the years to include a noisy funfair, food stalls and emporiums, and is a favourite haunt of Kunming's youth. </p><p>Kunming's zoo, founded in 1950, is adjoined to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuantong_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuantong Park (page does not exist)">Yuantong Park</a>. The zoo houses 5,000 animals from 140 species and receives 3 million visitors a year.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other parks in Kunming include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heilongtan_(Kunming)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heilongtan (Kunming) (page does not exist)">Black Dragon Pool</a>, and the Kunming Botanical Gardens in the north, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wenmiao_Tea_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wenmiao Tea Garden (page does not exist)">Wenmiao Tea Garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wuhua_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuhua District">Wuhua District</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/World_Horti-Expo_Garden" title="World Horti-Expo Garden">Garden of the World Horticultural Exposition</a>", located in the northern suburbs of Kunming, is six kilometres (3.7 miles) from central Kunming. From 1 May to 31 October 1999, Kunming held the 1999 World Horticulture Exposition, with the theme of "Man and Nature—Marching Toward the 21st Century". </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Hall_Scenic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Hall Scenic Zone">Golden Hall Scenic Zone</a>", located on the Mingfeng Hill in the northern suburbs of Kunming, is eight kilometres (5.0 miles) from central Kunming. Constructed in 1602 (the 30th year of the <a href="/wiki/Wanli_Emperor" title="Wanli Emperor">Wanli</a> reign period of the Ming dynasty), all of its beams, pillars, arches, doors, windows, tiles, Buddhist statues, and horizontal inscribed boards are made of copper, weighing more than 200 tons. It is the largest copper building in China. </p><p>Notable museums in Kunming: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Provincial_Museum" title="Yunnan Provincial Museum">Yunnan Provincial Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_City_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunming City Museum">Kunming City Museum</a> (redeveloped in 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_Natural_History_Museum_of_Zoology" title="Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology">Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology</a> (opened in November 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Ethnology_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan Ethnology Museum">Yunnan Ethnology Museum</a> (opened 1995)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:55606-Kunming-Yuantong-Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/55606-Kunming-Yuantong-Temple.jpg/220px-55606-Kunming-Yuantong-Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/55606-Kunming-Yuantong-Temple.jpg/330px-55606-Kunming-Yuantong-Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/55606-Kunming-Yuantong-Temple.jpg/440px-55606-Kunming-Yuantong-Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1987" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yuantong_Temple" title="Yuantong Temple">Yuantong Temple</a>, the largest Buddhist complex in Kunming</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Yuantong_Si" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuantong Si">Yuantong Si</a> is Kunming's major Buddhist temple. It is Kunming's largest and most famous temple with the original structure being first constructed more than 1,200 years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. The temple sits in a depression on the southern side of Yuantong Park. Northwest about 12 km (7.5 mi) from the city center is the <a href="/wiki/Qiongzhu_Si" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiongzhu Si">Qiongzhu Si</a> (Bamboo Temple) built in 639 and rebuilt in 1422 to 1428. Numerous Buddhist temples line the road to the Dragon Gate (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans-CN">龙门</span></span>) in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Mountains" title="Western Mountains">Western Mountains</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prefecture-level city of Kunming has jurisdiction over 14 subdivisions; seven districts, one county-level city, three counties and three autonomous counties. Kunming also borders with <a href="/wiki/Panzhihua" title="Panzhihua">Panzhihua</a> prefecture level city and <a href="/wiki/Liangshan_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture</a> of Sichuan province. </p><p>The historical city and current city center of Kunming is in southeastern Wuhua District, close to where the four main districts converge. However, after integrating it into Kunming in 2011, the Kunming city government has built a masterplanned new city center in Chenggong District and moved the city government offices there. </p><p>Kunming plans to add two new districts (Chenggong and Jinning) to its existing four urban districts (Panlong, Wuhua, Guandu, Xishan) over the next few years. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Map </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><div style="position: relative" class="center"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 430px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Administrative_Division_Kunming_1.png/430px-Administrative_Division_Kunming_1.png" decoding="async" width="430" height="676" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Administrative_Division_Kunming_1.png/645px-Administrative_Division_Kunming_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Administrative_Division_Kunming_1.png/860px-Administrative_Division_Kunming_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="3380" /></span></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:144px; top:520px"><a href="/wiki/Dian_Lake" title="Dian Lake"><i>Dian<br />Lake</i></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:118px; top:420px"><a href="/wiki/Wuhua_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuhua District"><b>Wuhua</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:164px; top:392px"><a href="/wiki/Panlong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Panlong District"><b>Panlong</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:196px; top:452px"><a href="/wiki/Guandu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Guandu District"><b>Guandu</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:88px; top:462px"><a href="/wiki/Xishan_District,_Kunming" class="mw-redirect" title="Xishan District, Kunming"><b>Xishan</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:232px; top:128px"><a href="/wiki/Dongchuan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongchuan District"><b>Dongchuan</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:174px; top:502px"><a href="/wiki/Chenggong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenggong District"><b>Chenggong</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:98px; top:598px"><a href="/wiki/Jinning_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinning District"><b>Jinning</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:74px; top:364px"><a href="/wiki/Fumin_County" title="Fumin County"><b>Fumin<br />County</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:254px; top:488px"><a href="/wiki/Yiliang_County,_Kunming" title="Yiliang County, Kunming"><b>Yiliang<br />County</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:234px; top:368px"><a href="/wiki/Songming_County" title="Songming County"><b>Songming<br />County</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:314px; top:544px"><a href="/wiki/Shilin_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Shilin Yi Autonomous County"><b>Shilin<br />County</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:94px; top:178px"><a href="/wiki/Luquan_Yi_and_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County"><b>Luquan<br />County</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:254px; top:262px"><a href="/wiki/Xundian_Hui_and_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County"><b>Xundian<br />County</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:38px; top:520px"><a href="/wiki/Anning,_Kunming" class="mw-redirect" title="Anning, Kunming"><b>Anning<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(city)</span></b></a></div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Simplified Chinese </th> <th>Hanyu Pinyin </th> <th>Population<br />(2020 census) </th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Density<br />(/km<sup>2</sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"><b>City Proper</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chenggong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenggong District">Chenggong District</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">呈贡区</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Chénggòng Qū</i></span> </td> <td>649,501 </td> <td>510 </td> <td>1,273.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Panlong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Panlong District">Panlong District</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">盘龙区</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Pánlóng Qū</i></span> </td> <td>987,955 </td> <td>869 </td> <td>1,136.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wuhua_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuhua District">Wuhua District</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">五华区</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Wǔhuá Qū</i></span> </td> <td>1,143,085 </td> <td>315 </td> <td>3,628.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guandu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Guandu District">Guandu District</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">官渡区</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Guāndù Qū</i></span> </td> <td>1,602,279 </td> <td>633 </td> <td>2,531.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xishan_District,_Kunming" class="mw-redirect" title="Xishan District, Kunming">Xishan District</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">西山区</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xīshān Qū</i></span> </td> <td>960,746 </td> <td>880 </td> <td>1,091.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"><b>Suburban and satellite city</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jinning_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinning District">Jinning District</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">晋宁区</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Jìnníng Qū</i></span> </td> <td>346,268 </td> <td>1,337 </td> <td>259.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dongchuan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongchuan District">Dongchuan District</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">东川区</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dōngchuān Qū</i></span> </td> <td>260,744 </td> <td>1,866 </td> <td>139.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anning,_Kunming" class="mw-redirect" title="Anning, Kunming">Anning</a> city </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">安宁市</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Ānníng Shì</i></span> </td> <td>483,753 </td> <td>1,303 </td> <td>371.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"><b>Rural</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fumin_County" title="Fumin County">Fumin County</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">富民县</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Fùmín Xiàn</i></span> </td> <td>149,506 </td> <td>1,060 </td> <td>141 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yiliang_County,_Kunming" title="Yiliang County, Kunming">Yiliang County</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">宜良县</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yíliáng Xiàn</i></span> </td> <td>384,875 </td> <td>1,913 </td> <td>201 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Songming_County" title="Songming County">Songming County</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">嵩明县</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Sōngmíng Xiàn</i></span> </td> <td>410,929 </td> <td>826 </td> <td>497.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shilin_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Shilin Yi Autonomous County">Shilin Yi Autonomous County</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">石林彝族自治县</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Shílín Yízú Zìzhìxiàn</i></span> </td> <td>240,827 </td> <td>1,680 </td> <td>143.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luquan_Yi_and_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County">Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">禄劝彝族苗族自治县</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Lùquàn Yízú Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn</i></span> </td> <td>378,881 </td> <td>4,234 </td> <td>89.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xundian_Hui_and_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County">Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">寻甸回族彝族自治县</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xúndiàn Huízú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn</i></span> </td> <td>460,739 </td> <td>3,588 </td> <td>128.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%BA%A2%E6%B2%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2_-_%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%8E%85_-_2023-06-29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%E7%BA%A2%E6%B2%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2_-_%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%8E%85_-_2023-06-29.jpg/220px-%E7%BA%A2%E6%B2%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2_-_%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%8E%85_-_2023-06-29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%E7%BA%A2%E6%B2%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2_-_%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%8E%85_-_2023-06-29.jpg/330px-%E7%BA%A2%E6%B2%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2_-_%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%8E%85_-_2023-06-29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%E7%BA%A2%E6%B2%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2_-_%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%8E%85_-_2023-06-29.jpg/440px-%E7%BA%A2%E6%B2%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2_-_%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%8E%85_-_2023-06-29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Honghe Grand Theater</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leisure_and_entertainment">Leisure and entertainment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Leisure and entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixian_Rice_Noodles_Being_Prepared_in_Copper_Pots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mixian_Rice_Noodles_Being_Prepared_in_Copper_Pots.jpg/220px-Mixian_Rice_Noodles_Being_Prepared_in_Copper_Pots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mixian_Rice_Noodles_Being_Prepared_in_Copper_Pots.jpg/330px-Mixian_Rice_Noodles_Being_Prepared_in_Copper_Pots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mixian_Rice_Noodles_Being_Prepared_in_Copper_Pots.jpg/440px-Mixian_Rice_Noodles_Being_Prepared_in_Copper_Pots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Mixian (米线) rice noodles being cooked in copper pots (铜锅) on gas elements at a noodle restaurant in Kunming.</figcaption></figure> <p>Within Kunming, the entertainment district has its focus around Kundu Square, with many cinemas, bars, clubs and restaurants. Food aside, one feature of less formal <a href="/wiki/Yunnanese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnanese cuisine">Yunnanese</a> restaurants is that they often have a communal bamboo water pipe and tobacco for their customers. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are plenty of student bars and clubs. The city has several operatic troupes and indigenous entertainments which include <i>huadeng</i>, a lantern dance. Although indoor performances are lacking, there are often informal shows at the weekend outside the Workers' Cultural Hall and in Cuihu Park. There are similar shows at the Yunnan Arts Theater on Dongfeng Xi Lu. Kunming's main cinema house is on the south side of the Dongfeng Lu/Zhengyi Lu intersection. The other main multiplex, the XJS, at the junction of Wenlin Jie and Dongfeng Xi Lu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kunming_dialect" title="Kunming dialect">Kunming dialect</a></div> <p>The Kunming dialect is very similar to that of Sichuan and Guizhou but uses the third tone much less than standard Chinese. Many terms are used only in Kunming dialect, such as "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">板扎</span></span>" meaning 'terrific'. </p><p>The pronunciations of certain Chinese characters are very different from <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>. For example, "<span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B1%BC#Simplified_Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:鱼">鱼</a></span> (fish)" would be pronounced as "yi" in Kunming dialect instead of "yu" in Mandarin Chinese; "<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A1%97#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:街">街</a></span> (street)" would be pronounced as "gai" instead of "jie". </p><p>When someone speaks Mandarin Chinese with a strong Kunming accent, it'll be called Mapu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">马普</span></span>), short for Majie (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">马街</span></span>, a place in Kunming) Mandarin Chinese. </p><p>The Kunming Dialect is slowly dying due to it being 'informal' and is being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>. Nevertheless, it is still spoken by a decent number of residents today. Sometimes this is called dirt language or slum language (土话) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunming-canal-20030824.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kunming-canal-20030824.jpg/220px-Kunming-canal-20030824.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kunming-canal-20030824.jpg/330px-Kunming-canal-20030824.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kunming-canal-20030824.jpg/440px-Kunming-canal-20030824.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Panlong River</figcaption></figure> <p>Kunming attracts domestic and foreign tourists year-round. At the center of Yunnan and as its capital, Kunming is also a <a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">transport hub</a> for tourists heading to other parts of Yunnan such as <a href="/wiki/Dali,_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dali, Yunnan">Dali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lijiang_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijiang City">Lijiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shangri-La_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangri-La County">Shangrila</a>. </p><p>Conference and exhibition venues in Kunming include the Kunming International Convention and Exhibition Center and the Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Hall. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Little_People" title="Kingdom of the Little People">Kingdom of the Little People</a>, a theme park featuring performers with <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">dwarfism</a>, is also located near Kunming.<sup id="cite_ref-tnyt_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tnyt-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other famous attractions include <a href="/wiki/Stone_Forest" title="Stone Forest">Stone Forest</a> and Yunnan's Ethnic Village. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every year, many Chinese and international athletes come to Kunming for high-altitude training. The city has been China's national high-elevation training base for more than 30 years. There are two major training complexes, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hongta_Sports_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hongta Sports Center (page does not exist)">Hongta Sports Center</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haigeng_National_Training_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haigeng National Training Center (page does not exist)">Haigeng National Training Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-highaltitudetrainingcenters_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-highaltitudetrainingcenters-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hongta Sports Center was built in 2000 by Hongta (Red Pagoda) cigarette company, at a cost of US$58 million. Located near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haigeng_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haigeng Park (page does not exist)">Haigeng Park</a>, the complex is mostly used by professional athletes, but also acts as a sports club for the general public. Every weekend, it hosts amateur football matches. Aside from about 10 football pitches, including one surrounded by a running track, Hongta also has a 50-metre (160-foot) swimming pool, a badminton gymnasium, tennis courts and a basketball court. It also has one of China's few ice hockey rinks, and a workout room with treadmills and weightlifting machines. There are also game rooms for air hockey; also pool tables and a basement bowling alley. The complex comes complete with a 101-room hotel and restaurant.<sup id="cite_ref-highaltitudetrainingcenters_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-highaltitudetrainingcenters-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haigeng National Training Center is located ten minutes away from Hongta on Dianchi (Lake Dian) near Kunming's award-winning Lakeview Golf Club and new condominium developments. This complex dates from the late 1970s and was built by the government specifically to specialize in high-altitude training.<sup id="cite_ref-highaltitudetrainingcenters_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-highaltitudetrainingcenters-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golf">Golf</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Golf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a> is a major attraction in Kunming. There are four <a href="/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">golf courses</a> within an hour's drive of downtown. For the last six years <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2016)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, Spring City Golf and Lake Resort in nearby Yiliang County has reigned as the best golf course in China and Hong Kong according to <i>US Golf Digest</i>. In 2004, it was named Asia's best golf resort by <i>Asian Golf Monthly</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-springcitybooming_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springcitybooming-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It hosts the Kunming Leg of the <a href="/wiki/Omega_China_Tour" title="Omega China Tour">Omega China Tour</a>. </p><p>Kunming has attracted foreign investment in golf course development. "Spring City" Golf Resort is a US$600 million project that began as an investment led by Singapore's Keppel Land Group in 1992. <a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus" title="Jack Nicklaus">Jack Nicklaus</a> and course designer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Trent_Jones,_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Trent Jones, Jr">Robert Trent Jones, Jr</a> designed the two courses.<sup id="cite_ref-springcitybooming_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springcitybooming-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport_facilities">Sport facilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sport facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major sports facilities include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuodong_Sports_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuodong Sports Center">Tuodong Sports Center</a>, a multi-purpose venue</li> <li>Golf: Spring City Golf and Lake Resort, its 'Mountain Course' was designed by Jack Nicklaus</li> <li>Lakeview Golf Villa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuihu_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuihu Park">Cuihu Park</a> tennis courts</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming_Municipal_Athletic_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunming Municipal Athletic Center (page does not exist)">Kunming Municipal Athletic Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming_Gymnasium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunming Gymnasium (page does not exist)">Kunming Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan_Provincial_Stadium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yunnan Provincial Stadium (page does not exist)">Yunnan Provincial Stadium</a>, home to <a href="/wiki/Hongta_Yunnan_Football_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongta Yunnan Football Club">Hongta Yunnan Football Club</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuhua_District_Stadium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wuhua District Stadium (page does not exist)">Wuhua District Stadium</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kunming" title="Special:EditPage/Kunming">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%9F%B3%E6%9E%97%E5%8E%BF%E5%9F%8E%E5%A4%A9%E9%99%85%E7%BA%BF_-_2024-05-24_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%E7%9F%B3%E6%9E%97%E5%8E%BF%E5%9F%8E%E5%A4%A9%E9%99%85%E7%BA%BF_-_2024-05-24_03.jpg/260px-%E7%9F%B3%E6%9E%97%E5%8E%BF%E5%9F%8E%E5%A4%A9%E9%99%85%E7%BA%BF_-_2024-05-24_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%E7%9F%B3%E6%9E%97%E5%8E%BF%E5%9F%8E%E5%A4%A9%E9%99%85%E7%BA%BF_-_2024-05-24_03.jpg/390px-%E7%9F%B3%E6%9E%97%E5%8E%BF%E5%9F%8E%E5%A4%A9%E9%99%85%E7%BA%BF_-_2024-05-24_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%E7%9F%B3%E6%9E%97%E5%8E%BF%E5%9F%8E%E5%A4%A9%E9%99%85%E7%BA%BF_-_2024-05-24_03.jpg/520px-%E7%9F%B3%E6%9E%97%E5%8E%BF%E5%9F%8E%E5%A4%A9%E9%99%85%E7%BA%BF_-_2024-05-24_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Kunming in May 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>Kunming has three economic advantages over other cities in southwest China: significant natural resources, a large <a href="/wiki/Consumer_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer market">consumer market</a> and a mild climate. Due to its position at the center of Yunnan, one of China's largest producers of agricultural products, minerals and <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>, Kunming is the main commercial hub for most of the province's resources. </p><p>Kunming's chief industries are <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> production. Its <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> industry has been expanded. <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">Salt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> mines around Kunming are some of the largest in China. <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Copper_Company_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan Copper Company Limited">Yunnan Copper Company Limited</a>, based in Kunming, is one of Yunnan's largest mining corporations. From the late 1970s, Kunming's main industries also came to include food and tobacco processing and the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Construction_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction equipment">construction equipment</a> and machines. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In May 1995, the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> approved Kunming as an Open City. By the end of 1995, the city had approved 929 overseas-funded enterprises with a total investment of $2.3 billion including $1.1 billion of foreign capital. More than 40 projects each had an investment of more than $9 million. </p><p>Kunming is a center of <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> and the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">machine tools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical machine">electrical machinery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical equipment">equipment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Heavy_goods_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy goods vehicle">heavy goods vehicles</a>). It has a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical industry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics">plastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> works and <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> <a href="/wiki/Factories" class="mw-redirect" title="Factories">factories</a>. Its processing <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, which include <a href="/wiki/Tanneries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanneries">tanneries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">woodworking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">papermaking</a> factories, use <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">local agricultural products</a>. In 1997, Yunnan Tire Co. opened a tire plant in Kunming, with a capacity to produce two million tires per year. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_zones">Development zones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Development zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kunming has two major development zones, <a href="/wiki/Kunming_High-tech_Industrial_Development_Zone" title="Kunming High-tech Industrial Development Zone">Kunming High-tech Industrial Development Zone</a> (biological medicine, new materials, electronic information, photoelectron, agriculture) and <a href="/wiki/Kunming_Economic_and_Technology_Development_Zone" title="Kunming Economic and Technology Development Zone">Kunming Economic and Technology Development Zone</a> (mechanical equipment production, biological science and food industry, information industry, software). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_parks">Industrial parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Industrial parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 30 key industrial parks promulgated and recognized by <a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development and Reform Commission</a> in Yunnan Province.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest include: </p> <ul><li>Chenggong Industrial Park</li> <li>Anning Industrial Park</li> <li>Songming Yanglin Industrial Development Zone</li> <li>Dongchuan Special Industrial Park</li> <li>Xundian Special Industrial Park</li> <li>Kunming Haikou Industrial Park.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Companies">Companies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Kunming is home to 65 of the Top 100 Enterprises in Yunnan Province. The top 100 enterprises were based on their revenues for 2007. <a href="/wiki/Hongta_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongta Group">Hongta Group</a>, with revenues of some <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">RMB</a>39.88 billion for 2007 topped the list. The <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> sector remains the largest sector in the province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flower_industry">Flower industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Flower industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yunnan has developed into the largest flower export base in Asia, with many Dutch experts having transferred technology to the area. The Dounan Flower Market, located in suburban Kunming, is the largest in China with daily sales of 2.5 million yuan (US$300,000) from the 2 million sprays of flowers (as of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>). The provincial government agency, the Yunnan Flower Association, regulates the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logistics">Logistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Logistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kunming" title="Special:EditPage/Kunming">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Kunming East Station is at present Yunnan province's only container handling depot, with direct links to only three provinces; <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>. It also has direct access to the metropolitan district of <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>. </p><p>The Jiaying Depot is connected with the new system of highways built linking Yunnan to the increasingly important markets of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, facilitating cheap Chinese exports to the region and granting resource-poor China greater access to the region's massive raw material resources. Yunnan has thereby become a progressively important area in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwest</a>'s rail logistics both in terms of national and international logistics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solar_energy">Solar energy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Solar energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2008, Kunming began to implement a program to transform the city's <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> industry into a US$8.8 billion industrial base in China by 2013. Kunming receives an annual average sunshine of more than 2,400 hours. Each 1 kW PV system has the potential to generate 1500 kilowatt-hours of electricity a year from solar energy. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the Kunming Economic Committee listed about 130 solar energy enterprises in the city. Of these, 118 enterprises produce solar lamps and solar water heaters, with a combined total production value of about US$43.8 million, and 10 enterprises are engaged in solar photovoltaic cells manufacturing, with a total production value of about US$51.2 million.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Suntech_Power" title="Suntech Power">Suntech Power</a> announced in December 2008 that it was jointly constructing a solar energy project with Yunnan Provincial Power Investment and other investors. The 1MW first-phase of the <a href="/wiki/Shilin_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Shilin Yi Autonomous County">Shilin</a> 66MW on-grid solar power station began generating power on 28 December 2009. The initial phase of the 66MW project was originally scheduled to start production in first half of 2010 while the 20MW second phase and 36 MW third phase were under construction. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Transportation"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Yunnan" title="Transport in Yunnan">Transport in Yunnan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Travel_guide plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_manual,_guidebook,_textbook,_or_scientific_journal" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">travel guide</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit">help improve the section</a> by introducing an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Encyclopedic_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Encyclopedic style">encyclopedic style</a> or move the content to <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="voy:">Wikivoyage</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_view_of_Kunming_Changshui_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Front_view_of_Kunming_Changshui_Airport.jpg/220px-Front_view_of_Kunming_Changshui_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Front_view_of_Kunming_Changshui_Airport.jpg/330px-Front_view_of_Kunming_Changshui_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Front_view_of_Kunming_Changshui_Airport.jpg/440px-Front_view_of_Kunming_Changshui_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kunming_Changshui_International_Airport" title="Kunming Changshui International Airport">Kunming Changshui International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Kunming is situated on the <a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guizhou_Plateau" title="Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau">Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau</a>. Rail and air are the main two methods to travel to or from Kunming from outside Yunnan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_transport">Air transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Air transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kunming_Changshui_International_Airport" title="Kunming Changshui International Airport">Kunming Changshui International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kunming_Wujiaba_International_Airport" title="Kunming Wujiaba International Airport">Kunming Wujiaba International Airport</a></div> <p>Kunming has air connections with several Chinese and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> cities. Kunming is served by <a href="/wiki/Kunming_Changshui_International_Airport" title="Kunming Changshui International Airport">Kunming Changshui International Airport</a> (<b>KMG</b>), which opened in June 2012, replacing the older <a href="/wiki/Kunming_Wujiaba_International_Airport" title="Kunming Wujiaba International Airport">international airport</a>, which was located 4–5 km (2.5–3.1 mi) southeast of central Kunming. </p><p>The now defunct <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan Airlines">Yunnan Airlines</a> was headquartered in Kunming until it was acquired by <a href="/wiki/China_Eastern_Airlines" title="China Eastern Airlines">China Eastern Airlines</a>. China Southwest Airlines used to operate routes to and from Kunming, until it was merged with <a href="/wiki/Air_China" title="Air China">Air China</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Air" title="Lucky Air">Lucky Air</a> is a budget airline based in Kunming and operates scheduled services from <a href="/wiki/Dali_City,_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dali City, Yunnan">Dali</a> to Kunming and <a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Xishuangbanna">Xishuangbanna</a>, and plans to expand to other areas of China. </p><p>Currently, the longest non-stop flight from Kunming is to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France, operated by China Eastern Airlines since 18 December 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highway">Highway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Highway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Asian_Highway_Network" title="Asian Highway Network">Asian Highway Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunming_Railway_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Kunming_Railway_Station.jpg/220px-Kunming_Railway_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Kunming_Railway_Station.jpg/330px-Kunming_Railway_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Kunming_Railway_Station.jpg/440px-Kunming_Railway_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Kunming's main railway station</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="China National Highway">China National Highways</a> <a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_108" title="China National Highway 108">108</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_213" title="China National Highway 213">213</a> and <a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_320" title="China National Highway 320">320</a> intersect in Kunming. Highways link Kunming to <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, and provide Yunnan province access to <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaports</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kunming is the main rail hub of Yunnan province. The <a href="/wiki/Chengdu%E2%80%93Kunming_railway" title="Chengdu–Kunming railway">Chengdu–Kunming railway</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Kunming_railway" title="Shanghai–Kunming railway">Shanghai–Kunming railway</a> from <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nanning%E2%80%93Kunming_railway" title="Nanning–Kunming railway">Nanning–Kunming railway</a> from <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> converge in Kunming from the north, northeast and east. The <a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Vietnam_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan–Vietnam Railway">Yunnan–Vietnam Railway</a> runs from Kunming southeast to <a href="/wiki/Hekou_Yao_Autonomous_County" title="Hekou Yao Autonomous County">Hekou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lao_Cai" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao Cai">Lao Cai</a> on the Sino-Vietnamese border and then on to <a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Haiphong</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kunming%E2%80%93Yuxi_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunming–Yuxi railway">Kunming–Yuxi railway</a> runs south to <a href="/wiki/Yuxi" title="Yuxi">Yuxi</a>, where a second rail line to Vietnam is being planned and built. To the west of Kunming, the <a href="/wiki/Guangtong%E2%80%93Dali_railway" title="Guangtong–Dali railway">Guangtong–Dali railway</a> extends off the Chengdu–Kunming Line to <a href="/wiki/Dali_City" title="Dali City">Dali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xiaguan_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiaguan Town">Xiaguan Town</a>). </p><p>Kunming has three major railway stations: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_railway_station" title="Kunming railway station">Kunming railway station</a> is at the southern end of Beijing Xi Lu. Compared with the other railway station (North Railway Station), Kunming Railway Station services most of the "conventional" (not high-speed) trains to places to other provinces of China. Trains run north to Chengdu, southeast via Xingyi to Baise and Nanning in Guangxi, and east through Guizhou, via <a href="/wiki/Liupanshui" title="Liupanshui">Liupanshui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anshun" title="Anshun">Anshun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guiyang" title="Guiyang">Guiyang</a>, into the rest of the country.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_South_railway_station" title="Kunming South railway station">Kunming South railway station</a>, opened at the end of 2016, is located in <a href="/wiki/Chenggong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenggong District">Chenggong District</a>, many miles southeast from the historical city center. It is the western terminal of the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Kunming_high-speed_railway" title="Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway">Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway</a> and the Guangzhou–<a href="/wiki/Nanning%E2%80%93Kunming_high-speed_railway" title="Nanning–Kunming high-speed railway">Nanning–Kunming high-speed railway</a>, and has high-speed service to destinations along these lines and elsewhere on the nation's high-speed network.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_North_railway_station" title="Kunming North railway station">Kunming North railway station</a> (serviced by the No. 23 Bus) is on the heritage <span class="nowrap">1,000 mm</span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metre_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metre gauge">metre gauge</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kunming%E2%80%93Hai_Phong_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunming–Hai Phong Railway">Kunming–Hai Phong Railway</a>, which runs to <a href="/wiki/Hekou_Yao_Autonomous_County" title="Hekou Yao Autonomous County">Hekou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. Most of the station has been converted into a museum. Due to the deterioration of the railway line, the long distance narrow-gauge service has been cancelled; however, as of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, some local narrow gauge service still operates at Kunming North Railway Station, in particular two daily trains to Shizui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">石咀</span></span>) Station on the western outskirts of Kunming, and to Wangjiaying (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">王家营</span></span>) east of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>As of 2017, railway development projects continue to proceed in the Kunming metropolitan area. In February 2017, the railway authorities announced that a connector between the new Kunming South railway station and the old Kunming railway station (also known as the Nanyao Station; <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">南窑火车站</span></span>) will open by the end of 2017, making it possible for some high-speed train to serve Kunming railway station as well.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urban_rail_plan">Urban rail plan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Urban rail plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kunming_Metro" title="Kunming Metro">Kunming Metro</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunming_Metro_System_Map_201806.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kunming_Metro_System_Map_201806.png/275px-Kunming_Metro_System_Map_201806.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kunming_Metro_System_Map_201806.png/413px-Kunming_Metro_System_Map_201806.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kunming_Metro_System_Map_201806.png/550px-Kunming_Metro_System_Map_201806.png 2x" data-file-width="7652" data-file-height="8038" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kunming_Metro" title="Kunming Metro">Kunming Metro</a> began operation in 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 2010, Kunming began construction on its first urban rail lines, line 1 and 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Kunming_Metro" title="Kunming Metro">Kunming Metro</a>. An elevated test section had been under construction since 2009. Parts of lines 1 and 2 opened in April 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction on line 3 began in August 2010 and the Phase 1 was completed in 2018. The entire system consisting of 6 lines and covering a total of 162 kilometres (101 miles) is estimated to be complete by 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High-speed_rail_plan">High-speed rail plan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: High-speed rail plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kunming will be the hub and terminus for the "<a href="/wiki/Kunming%E2%80%93Singapore_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunming–Singapore Railway">Pan Asia High Speed Network</a>" using high-speed trains to connect China, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Completed but under trial high-speed railways: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Kunming_High-Speed_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai–Kunming High-Speed Railway">Kunming–Shanghai</a>. The construction completed on 16 June 2016. It goes through 6 provincial capital cities: Shanghai, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Changsha, Guiyang and Kunming. The overall length is 2,266 kilometres (1,408 miles). As estimated it would take 3 hours from Shanghai to Nanchang, 2.5 hours from Hangzhou to Nanchang, 4 hours from Kunming to Changsha, 8 hours from Kunming to Hangzhou and 9 hours from Shanghai to Kunming. It is expected to start operating on 30 December 2016.</li></ol> <p>Construction is underway for the following high-speed railways: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Kunming_High-Speed_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai–Kunming High-Speed Railway">Kunming–Shanghai</a>. The speed will be 350 km/h (220 mph).</li> <li>Kunming–<a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Nanning</a>. The speed will be 200 km/h (120 mph). Later the speed may be improved to 250 km/h (160 mph) or 156 miles/h.</li> <li>Kunming–Vietnam via Honghe Prefecture.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming%E2%80%93Singapore_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunming–Singapore Railway">Kunming–Singapore</a> via <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.</li></ol> <p>Study or planning is being done for the following railways: </p> <ol><li>Kunming–<a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>. The speed will be 250 km/h (160 mph).</li> <li>Kunming–<a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>. The speed will be 350 km/h (220 mph).</li> <li>Intercity rail will connect three neighboring cities: <a href="/wiki/Qujing" title="Qujing">Qujing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_City" title="Chuxiong City">Chuxiong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yuxi" title="Yuxi">Yuxi</a>. The line to Chuxiong will then be extended to <a href="/wiki/Dali_City" title="Dali City">Dali</a>. The speed will be 250 km/h (160 mph).</li> <li>Kunming to <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, India via Myanmar</li> <li>Kunming to <a href="/wiki/Kyaukphyu" title="Kyaukphyu">Kyaukphyu</a>, Myanmar.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_highway_by_Western_Hill,_Kunming_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/New_highway_by_Western_Hill%2C_Kunming_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-New_highway_by_Western_Hill%2C_Kunming_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/New_highway_by_Western_Hill%2C_Kunming_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-New_highway_by_Western_Hill%2C_Kunming_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/New_highway_by_Western_Hill%2C_Kunming_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-New_highway_by_Western_Hill%2C_Kunming_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A highway in Western Hill, Kunming</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_and_transit">Road and transit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Road and transit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunming_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kunming_night.jpg/220px-Kunming_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kunming_night.jpg/330px-Kunming_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kunming_night.jpg/440px-Kunming_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Dongfeng Road, one of Kunming's main arteries.</figcaption></figure> <p>Yunnan has built a comprehensive highway system with roads reaching almost all the major cities or towns in the region. Bus travel across the region is extensive. Buses head from Kunming to destinations such as <a href="/wiki/Dali,_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dali, Yunnan">Dali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lijiang_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijiang City">Lijiang</a> several times a day. </p><p>There are four major long-distance bus stations in Kunming with the South Bus Station and Railway Square Bus Station being the most primary. </p> <ul><li>South Bus Station faces the Kunming Railway Station in Beijing Xi Lu, with standard, luxury, express and sleeper buses departing for all over Yunnan and neighboring provinces.</li> <li>Railway Square Bus Station is smaller than SBS and the majority of the buses depart from the station are private-run. Usually no fixed schedules are available and buses will leave when they are full. There are standard and sleeper services to Dali, Jinghong and elsewhere in Yunnan.</li></ul> <p>Leaving China by road into <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> is also possible through the respective crossings at Hekou in southeastern Yunnan or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bian_Mao_Zhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bian Mao Zhan (page does not exist)">Bian Mao Zhan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Xishuangbanna">Xishuangbanna</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kunming%E2%80%93Bangkok_Expressway" title="Kunming–Bangkok Expressway">Kunming–Bangkok Expressway</a> is the first <a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">expressway from China</a> to Bangkok via Laos. The 1,800 km (1,100 mi) long Kunming–Bangkok Expressway begins at Kunming going down to <a href="/wiki/Ban_Houayxay" class="mw-redirect" title="Ban Houayxay">Ban Houayxay</a> in Laos; it then crosses the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekong River">Mekong River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chiangkhong" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiangkhong">Chiangkhong</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and eventually reaches <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>. </p><p>At the 14th <a href="/wiki/Greater_Mekong_Subregion" title="Greater Mekong Subregion">Greater Mekong Subregion</a> Ministerial Conference in July 2007, China, Laos and Thailand signed an agreement on the construction of a new bridge over the Mekong River to connect Chiangkhong in Thailand and Ban Houayxay in Laos, to the Kunming–Bangkok Highway. The completion of the new bridge over the Mekong River will help connect China's southeast provinces with Bangkok. With capital investments from both China and Thailand, the bridge is expected to be completed in 2011 and will be the last link in the highway system that winds through the Mekong River region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Local_transit">Local transit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Local transit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public buses and taxis are the two main means of transport within the city. A metro system is currently under construction (see <a href="/wiki/Kunming_Metro" title="Kunming Metro">Kunming Metro</a>). </p><p>Nearly two hundred public bus lines crisscross the city center, covering the whole prefecture. </p><p>Cycling is common, and many hotels around the Kunming Railway Station provide bicycle rental services. </p><p>Conscious of its growing traffic issues, the city is currently renovating a <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian" title="Pedestrian">pedestrian</a>-friendly city centre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Kunming">Central Kunming</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Central Kunming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%99%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0_%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%84%E5%B1%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%88%E8%B4%A1%E6%A0%A1%E5%8C%BA_%E9%9B%A8%E8%8A%B1%E6%AF%93%E7%A7%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%99%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0_%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%84%E5%B1%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%88%E8%B4%A1%E6%A0%A1%E5%8C%BA_%E9%9B%A8%E8%8A%B1%E6%AF%93%E7%A7%80.jpg/220px-%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%99%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0_%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%84%E5%B1%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%88%E8%B4%A1%E6%A0%A1%E5%8C%BA_%E9%9B%A8%E8%8A%B1%E6%AF%93%E7%A7%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%99%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0_%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%84%E5%B1%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%88%E8%B4%A1%E6%A0%A1%E5%8C%BA_%E9%9B%A8%E8%8A%B1%E6%AF%93%E7%A7%80.jpg/330px-%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%99%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0_%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%84%E5%B1%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%88%E8%B4%A1%E6%A0%A1%E5%8C%BA_%E9%9B%A8%E8%8A%B1%E6%AF%93%E7%A7%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%99%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0_%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%84%E5%B1%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%88%E8%B4%A1%E6%A0%A1%E5%8C%BA_%E9%9B%A8%E8%8A%B1%E6%AF%93%E7%A7%80.jpg/440px-%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%99%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0_%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%84%E5%B1%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%88%E8%B4%A1%E6%A0%A1%E5%8C%BA_%E9%9B%A8%E8%8A%B1%E6%AF%93%E7%A7%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Chenggong,_Kunming" title="Chenggong, Kunming">Chenggong District</a> in 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>The city hangs off two main <a href="/wiki/Thoroughfare" title="Thoroughfare">thoroughfares</a>: Beijing Lu forms the north–south axis, passing just east of the center as it runs for 5 km (3.1 mi) between the city's two trains stations; while Dongfeng Lu crosses it halfway along, divided into east (Dongfeng Dong Lu), middle (Dongfeng Zhong Lu) and west (Dongfeng Xi Lu) sections as it cuts right through the business center. The far end runs out of the city as Renmin Xi Lu, the first leg of the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Road" title="Burma Road">Burma Road</a>. Most of the city's famous hotels and foreign <a href="/wiki/Consulate" title="Consulate">consulates</a> lies along Dongfeng Dong Lu and the southern half of Beijing Lu, while the majority of specific landmarks and <a href="/wiki/Shopping_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Shopping district">shopping district</a> are north and west of the center around Dongfeng Xi Lu and <a href="/wiki/Green_Lake_(Kunming)" title="Green Lake (Kunming)">Cuihu Park (Green Lake Park)</a>. Circling most of this is the city's first <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highway</a> <a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">ring road</a>, Huancheng Lu, though others are planned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_research">Education and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Education and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kunming remains a major educational and cultural center in the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest China">southwest region of China</a>, with universities, medical and teacher-training colleges, technical schools, and scientific research institutes. As of 2024, it was listed among the top 100 <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_scientific_output" title="List of cities by scientific output">cities in the world by scientific research output</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Colleges and universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Yunnan" title="List of universities and colleges in Yunnan">List of universities and colleges in Yunnan</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_Medical_University" title="Kunming Medical University">Kunming Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_Metallurgy_College" title="Kunming Metallurgy College">Kunming Metallurgy College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_University" title="Kunming University">Kunming University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Kunming University of Science and Technology">Kunming University of Science and Technology</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Forestry_University" title="Southwest Forestry University">Southwest Forestry University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Agricultural_University" title="Yunnan Agricultural University">Yunnan Agricultural University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Arts_University" title="Yunnan Arts University">Yunnan Arts University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Normal_University" title="Yunnan Normal University">Yunnan Normal University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Normal_University_Business_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan Normal University Business School">Yunnan Normal University Business School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_University" title="Yunnan University">Yunnan University</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_University_of_Finance_and_Economics" title="Yunnan University of Finance and Economics">Yunnan University of Finance and Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Nationalities_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan Nationalities University">Yunnan Nationalities University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_University_of_Traditional_Chinese_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine">Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yunnan_University">Yunnan University</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Yunnan University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yunnan University (<span lang="zh-Hans">云南大学</span>), located in Kunming, is one of the largest and the most prestigious universities in China and is the only university in Yunnan province which has been developed into a "National Key University". It was founded in 1922, as "University of the Eastern Land". Its name has been changed six times subsequently. The institution has 17 schools on the local campus and 3 independent schools located in other cities. It claims the largest and best law school in Yunnan province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yunnan_Normal_University">Yunnan Normal University</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Yunnan Normal University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yunnan Normal University (<span lang="zh-Hans">云南师范大学</span>) was founded in 1938 as the National Normal College of Southwestern Union University. In 1946, when some faculties returned to the north of China, it changed its name to National Kunming Normal College. It now as 6 campuses in Kunming itself and other cities. With 22 schools, it has an enrollment of some 33000 undergraduate students. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kunming_University_of_Science_and_Technology">Kunming University of Science and Technology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Kunming University of Science and Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kunming University of Science and Technology (<span lang="zh-Hans">昆明理工大学</span>) was established in 1954 and was given "key university" status in 2010. In 2017, it had 3 campuses in Kunming housing 24 schools and had an enrollment of 27000 undergraduates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yunnan_Nationalities_University">Yunnan Nationalities University</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Yunnan Nationalities University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yunnan Nationalities University was founded in 1951 as Yunnan Nationalities College. It is now one of six "key" universities in the province. It has established cooperative relations with 26 foreign universities including University of Bergen in Norway, La Trobe University in Australia, and University of Virginia in the United States. The university has a Nationalities Museum, which contains more than 20000 rare exhibits. There are more than 23000 undergraduates on campus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Huayang_Academy">Huayang Academy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Huayang Academy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Huayang Academy is a specialist Chinese language training centre considered unique for offering training Kunming dialect as well as standard Mandarin. Its locality is a popular centre of Western culture in Kunming, attracting numerous foreign-owned businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management_training">Management training</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Management training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shanghai-based <a href="/wiki/China_Europe_International_Business_School" title="China Europe International Business School">China Europe International Business School</a>, aka <a href="/wiki/CEIBS" class="mw-redirect" title="CEIBS">CEIBS</a>, will launch in 2009 its Business Development Certificate Programme in Kunming. With the Business Development Certificate Programme, CEIBS and program partner <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School_of_Finance_%26_Management" title="Frankfurt School of Finance & Management">Frankfurt School of Finance & Management</a> aim to train approximately 500 Chinese managers in the coming four years, with the first phase of the program beginning in 2008 in <a href="/wiki/Hefei" title="Hefei">Hefei</a>, the capital of Anhui province. Kunming and <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a> will be the focus of the program's expansion in 2009. The program is part of a two million Euro umbrella project funded by the EU, which also includes another program that provides scholarships for <a href="/wiki/MBA" class="mw-redirect" title="MBA">MBA</a> students from China's less-developed regions.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_institutes">Research institutes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Research institutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Solar Energy Research Institute of Yunnan Normal University</li> <li>Kunming Municipal Planning and Design Research Institute</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Chinese Academy of Sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kunming Branch of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> (CAS) was established in 1957. It was formerly known as Kunming Office of CAS and was promoted and renamed into a branch in 1958. In 1962, Yunnan Branch combined with Sichuan Branch and Guizhou Branch to establish Southwest China Branch of CAS in Chengdu. In October 1978, Kunming Branch was reestablished at the approval of the State Council. </p><p>As a working department of CAS, Kunming Branch now administers five research institutes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_Institute_of_Botany" title="Kunming Institute of Botany">Kunming Institute of Botany</a>, Chinese Academy of Sciences</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming_Institute_of_Medical_Biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunming Institute of Medical Biology (page does not exist)">Kunming Institute of Medical Biology</a>, Chinese Academy of Sciences</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_Institute_of_Zoology" title="Kunming Institute of Zoology">Kunming Institute of Zoology</a>, Chinese Academy of Sciences</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming_Primate_Research_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunming Primate Research Center (page does not exist)">Kunming Primate Research Center</a>, Chinese Academy of Sciences</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna_Tropical_Botanical_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Gardens">Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Gardens</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Menglun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menglun (page does not exist)">Menglun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mengla_County" title="Mengla County">Mengla County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna_Dai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture">Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture</a>, far southern Yunnan.</li></ul> <p>At present, it has a total staff of 1,160, of whom 808 are professional researchers, seven are academicians and 343 are senior researchers. There are also 447 PhD degree students and 530 master's degree students. The retired staff is 1,090. The Branch has set up three national key open labs, two CAS key open labs, five key labs set up by CAS and local province, three engineering centers, five doctoral sites, five post doctoral stations and national famous plant herbariums and halls of wildlife specimens and has a series of up-to-date research instruments and apparatus, computer networks and biodiversity information systems. The Branch has become an advanced comprehensive science research base in astronomy, geology and biology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Provincial_Library" title="Yunnan Provincial Library">Yunnan Provincial Library</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kunming currently maintains sister city agreements with the following foreign cities.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#ffffef; float:"> <tbody><tr> <th>City </th> <th>Region </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fujisawa,_Kanagawa" title="Fujisawa, Kanagawa">Fujisawa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture" title="Kanagawa Prefecture">Kanagawa</a> </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>1981-01-15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Zürich">Zürich</a> </td> <td>Switzerland </td> <td>1982-02-17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chefchaouen" title="Chefchaouen">Chefchaouen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanger-Tetouan-Al_Hoceima" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima">Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </td> <td>1985-05-14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>1986-05-15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wagga_Wagga" title="Wagga Wagga">Wagga Wagga</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> </td> <td>Australia </td> <td>1988-08-14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cochabamba" title="Cochabamba">Cochabamba</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cochabamba_Department" title="Cochabamba Department">Cochabamba</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td>1997-09-25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Mai Province">Chiang Mai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </td> <td>1999-06-07 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Region" title="Mandalay Region">Mandalay</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> </td> <td>2001-05-10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Plymouth" title="New Plymouth">New Plymouth</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taranaki" title="Taranaki">Taranaki</a> </td> <td>New Zealand </td> <td>2003-08-11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Division" title="Chittagong Division">Chittagong</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </td> <td>2005-08-18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Finland" title="Central Finland">Central Finland</a> </td> <td>Finland </td> <td>2008-09-18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yangon_Region" title="Yangon Region">Yangon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> </td> <td>2008-12-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> </td> <td>2011-06-08 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="North Central Province, Sri Lanka">North Central Province</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td>2011-07-27 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vientiane_Prefecture" title="Vientiane Prefecture">Vientiane</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> </td> <td>2011-10-17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </td> <td>2012-04-19<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antalya_Province" title="Antalya Province">Antalya</a> </td> <td>Turkey </td> <td>2013-05-10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gandaki_Province" title="Gandaki Province">Gandaki Province</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> </td> <td>2013-07-08 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> </td> <td>India </td> <td>2013-10-23 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>2014-03-25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Da Nang</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </td> <td>2015-02-06 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grasse" title="Grasse">Grasse</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes" title="Alpes-Maritimes">Alpes-Maritimes</a> </td> <td>France </td> <td>2016-03-27 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olomouc</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olomouc_Region" title="Olomouc Region">Olomouc</a> </td> <td>Czech Republic </td> <td>2017-09-11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dietzenbach" title="Dietzenbach">Dietzenbach</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessen">Hessen</a> </td> <td>Germany </td> <td>2020-02-14<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In April 2020, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Wagga_Wagga" title="City of Wagga Wagga">Wagga Wagga</a>'s city council voted to cut sister city ties with Kunming. A week later, they would vote again, restoring the sister city relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, there are 2,774 medical institutes of various kinds and 33,600 medical professionals in the city. The 170 medical service institutes based on communities cover a population of 1.86 million.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China Health Management Corp (CNHC) is the main <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">private healthcare</a> provider in the city. It has been predicted that private hospitals will provide 70 percent of total medical health care services by 2012 within Kunming City.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hospitals in Kunming include: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynshhyy.com/">Yunnan Provincial Red Cross Hospital and Emergency Center</a>, is the main general hospital in Kunming.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ypfph.com/">Yunnan Provincial First People's Hospital</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ydyy.cn/">First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College</a></li> <li>Kunming Mental Hospital, founded in 1955, houses over 400 patients.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming_Physical_Rehabilitation_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunming Physical Rehabilitation Center (page does not exist)">Kunming Physical Rehabilitation Center</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HIV/AIDS"><span id="HIV.2FAIDS"></span>HIV/AIDS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: HIV/AIDS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan" title="HIV/AIDS in Yunnan">HIV/AIDS in Yunnan</a></div> <p>In late 2006, China's first provincial-level <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>/<a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> treatment center was built. The US$17.5 million center is located 28 km (17 mi) from downtown Kunming. The center has six main departments: clinical treatment, technical consulting, research and development, international exchange and cooperation, clinical treatment training and psychological therapy. </p><p>Yunnan, with a population of more than 45 million, leads China in HIV/AIDS infections: primarily spread through intravenous drug use and unsafe sex, often involving the sex industry. According to official statistics, by the end of 2005, Yunnan was home to more than 48,000 HIV-infected patients, 3,900 patients with AIDS and a death toll of 1,768.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kunming is headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/14th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" title="14th Army (People's Republic of China)">14th Group Army</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>, one of the two group armies that comprise the <a href="/wiki/Chengdu_Military_Region" title="Chengdu Military Region">Chengdu Military Region</a> responsible for the defense of China's southwestern borders with India and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, as well as security in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_security_and_crime">Public security and crime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Public security and crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The headquarters of the Kunming Municipal <a href="/wiki/Public_security_bureau_(China)" title="Public security bureau (China)">Public Security Bureau</a> is on Beijing Lu. Its foreign affairs department, located on Jinxing Huayuan, Jinxing Xiao Lu in the northeast of the city, handles immigration and travel visas.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_trafficking">Drug trafficking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Drug trafficking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">Illegal drug trade in China</a></div> <p>Kunming has a pivotal role as a major conduit point in international <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a> as it is the closest major <a href="/wiki/Chinese_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese city">Chinese city</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. The Kunming Municipal Public Security Bureau Narcotics Squad is the specialist counter-narcotics police service. </p><p>Police confiscated at least three tons of drugs in Yunnan in 2005. Yunnan province seized 10 tons of illegal drugs in 2006, accounting for 80 percent of the total drugs confiscated nationwide during the period, according to Sun Dahong, then deputy director of Yunnan's provincial <a href="/wiki/Public_security_bureau_(China)" title="Public security bureau (China)">Public Security Bureau</a>. The total is more than double the amount seized in the province in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Heroin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a> seem to be the main targets of the 30,000+ strong anti-drug police in Yunnan. The majority of heroin coming into China from the Golden Triangle passes through <a href="/wiki/Dali_City,_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dali City, Yunnan">Dali</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> from where it is then distributed to the rest of China and internationally via China's coastal cities. </p><p>Kunming Municipal Compulsory Rehabilitation Center in Kunming is the main rehabilitation center for drug addicts, mostly recovering from heroin addiction. International drug rings have used Yunnan and Kunming to channel new synthetic drugs (like <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>) as well as traditional drugs like <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a> was until recently in widespread medicinal use by many of the minority peoples of the province; however, after the <a href="/wiki/Opium_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opium War">Opium War</a> the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese government">Chinese government</a> has made growing the <a href="/wiki/Poppy" title="Poppy">poppy</a> illegal, and all but stamped out its production within the borders of Yunnan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following countries have a <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of diplomatic missions in the People's Republic of China">diplomatic mission in Kunming</a>: </p> <ul><li>Consulates:<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions of Burma">Myanmar (Burma)</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions of Malaysia">Malaysia</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Trade offices: <ul><li>Australia</li> <li>Netherlands</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_residents">Notable residents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Notable residents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable people from Kunming include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Anderson" title="Benedict Anderson">Benedict Anderson</a>, scholar (born in Kunming)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Xitao" title="Cai Xitao">Cai Xitao</a>, botanist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chih-Kung_Jen" title="Chih-Kung Jen">Chih-Kung Jen</a>, physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiji" title="Wang Xiji">Wang Xiji</a>, aerospace engineer and recipient of the "<a href="/wiki/Two_Bombs,_One_Satellite" title="Two Bombs, One Satellite">Two Bombs, One Satellite</a>" Meritorious Award</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Jean_Marie_Delavay" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Jean Marie Delavay">Pierre Jean Marie Delavay</a>, 19th-century French missionary, lived and died in Kunming</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamu_Gatusa" title="Lamu Gatusa">Lamu Gatusa</a>, professor and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Yunchang" title="He Yunchang">He Yunchang</a>, Chinese performance artist born in Kunming whose early, seminal works were also performed there<sup id="cite_ref-Berghuis2006_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berghuis2006-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Weiwei_(handballer)" title="Li Weiwei (handballer)">Li Weiwei</a>, Olympics handball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Fang" title="Liu Fang">Liu Fang</a>, pipa player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maran_Brang_Seng" title="Maran Brang Seng">Maran Brang Seng</a>, Burmese politician (died in Kunming)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yashu" title="Ma Yashu">Ma Yashu</a>, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Er" title="Nie Er">Nie Er</a>, composer (born in Kunming)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Shu" title="Frank Shu">Frank Shu</a>, Chinese-American astrophysicist, born in Kunming</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xing_Ruan" title="Xing Ruan">Xing Ruan</a>, Chinese-Australian author and architect, born in Kunming</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Wencong" title="Song Wencong">Song Wencong</a>, aerospace engineer and aircraft designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Jiyao" title="Tang Jiyao">Tang Jiyao</a>, general and warlord of Yunnan, died in Kunming</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_Yao" title="Tong Yao">Tong Yao</a>, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_Wei-ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu Wei-ming">Tu Wei-ming</a>, ethicist (born in Kunming)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hongni" title="Wang Hongni">Wang Hongni</a>, triathlete and Asian Games gold medallist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Yiduo" title="Wen Yiduo">Wen Yiduo</a>, poet and scholar, (lived and assassinated in Kunming)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Zee" title="Anthony Zee">Anthony Zee</a>, physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xiaogang" title="Zhang Xiaogang">Zhang Xiaogang</a>, artist, born in Kunming</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> explorer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a>, military leader (studied in Kunming)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Youlang" title="Zhu Youlang">Zhu Youlang</a> (Ming dynasty emperor), (fought and was executed in Kunming)</li></ul> <p>Diplomats: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Auguste François">Auguste François</a>, French consul in south China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Souli%C3%A9_de_Morant" title="George Soulié de Morant">George Soulié de Morant</a>, French diplomat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Service" title="John S. Service">John S. Service</a>, American diplomat served in Kunming for two years</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/National_Southwestern_Associated_University" title="National Southwestern Associated University">National Southwestern Associated University</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" class="mw-redirect" title="Chen Ning Yang">Chen Ning Yang</a>, physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yinke" title="Chen Yinke">Chen Yinke</a>, linguist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Youlan" title="Feng Youlan">Feng Youlan</a>, philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a>, mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta-You_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta-You Wu">Ta-You Wu</a>, physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a>, physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yuan_(mathematician)" title="Wang Yuan (mathematician)">Wang Yuan</a>, mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Ningkun" title="Wu Ningkun">Wu Ningkun</a>, professor emeritus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Boling" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Boling">Zhang Boling</a>, founder of Nankai University</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kunming_bus_bombings" title="2008 Kunming bus bombings">2008 Kunming bus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3650_Kunming" class="mw-redirect" title="3650 Kunming">3650 Kunming</a>, an asteroid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_set_in_Kunming" title="Category:Films set in Kunming">Category:Films set in Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the People's Republic of China">List of cities in the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_China" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in China">List of twin towns and sister cities in China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">昆明</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Kūnmíng</span></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinaknowledge.de&rft.atitle=Dian+%E6%BB%87+%28www.chinaknowledge.de%29&rft.aulast=Theobald&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaknowledge.de%2FHistory%2FAltera%2Fdian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>General History of Yunnan</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7500496854" title="Special:BookSources/978-7500496854"><bdi>978-7500496854</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+History+of+Yunnan&rft.isbn=978-7500496854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geographychinasa00plet"><i>The geography of China : sacred and historic places</i></a></span>. Pletcher, Kenneth. (1st ed.). New York, NY: Britannica Educational Pub. in association with Rosen Education Services. 2011. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geographychinasa00plet/page/n260">260</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781615301829" title="Special:BookSources/9781615301829"><bdi>9781615301829</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/656841273">656841273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+geography+of+China+%3A+sacred+and+historic+places&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=260&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Pub.+in+association+with+Rosen+Education+Services&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F656841273&rft.isbn=9781615301829&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeographychinasa00plet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaubatz,_Piper_Rae,_1962-1996" class="citation book cs1">Gaubatz, Piper Rae, 1962- (1996). <i>Beyond the Great Wall : urban form and transformation on the Chinese frontiers</i>. 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ISEAS. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812308375" title="Special:BookSources/9789812308375"><bdi>9789812308375</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/917840557">917840557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cheng+Ho+and+Islam+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=ISEAS&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F917840557&rft.isbn=9789812308375&rft.au=Tan%2C+Ta+Sen.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon,_Michael2015" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Michael (7 December 2015). <i>China's Muslim Hui community : migration, settlement and sects</i>. 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(ed.), <i>Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–182, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521243343" title="Special:BookSources/0521243343"><bdi>0521243343</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+K%27ang-hsi+Reign&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Vol.+9%2C+Part+1%3A+The+Ch%27ing+Dynasty+to+1800&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=120-182&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0521243343&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhi2THl2FUZ4C%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeungLo2015" class="citation book cs1">Leung, Chi-Cheung; Lo, Sonny Shiu-Hing (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_E2vBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT64">"Social Needs and Aspirations: Heritage, Urbanization, Revitalization, Lifestile, and Accessibility"</a>. <i>Creativity and Culture in Greater China: The Role of Government, Individuals, & Groups</i>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781626430099" title="Special:BookSources/9781626430099"><bdi>9781626430099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Needs+and+Aspirations%3A+Heritage%2C+Urbanization%2C+Revitalization%2C+Lifestile%2C+and+Accessibility&rft.btitle=Creativity+and+Culture+in+Greater+China%3A+The+Role+of+Government%2C+Individuals%2C+%26+Groups&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2015-06&rft.isbn=9781626430099&rft.aulast=Leung&rft.aufirst=Chi-Cheung&rft.au=Lo%2C+Sonny+Shiu-Hing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_E2vBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF杨亚伦（策划）" class="citation web cs1">杨亚伦（策划）, 李晓明. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i.carnoc.com/detail/94385">"民航资源网"</a>. <i>民航资源网机场新闻</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>从1922年巫家坝机场建成到1929年，云南又建成了23个机场，机场数翻了24倍，在中国机场建设史上绝无仅有，机场建设速度之快，创造了一个世界第一！抗战爆发后，出动150万民工再建28个机场，机场总数达到52个，密度之大，堪称亚洲第一，世界少有，云南由此成为中国最主要的抗日空军作战基地。与此同时，云南人民向抗日前线捐献的飞机数量，名列全国第一！修一个机场最快只用20多天...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%B0%91%E8%88%AA%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E7%BD%91+%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB&rft.atitle=%E6%B0%91%E8%88%AA%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E7%BD%91&rft.aulast=%E6%9D%A8%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%A6%EF%BC%88%E7%AD%96%E5%88%92%EF%BC%89&rft.aufirst=%E6%9D%8E%E6%99%93%E6%98%8E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fi.carnoc.com%2Fdetail%2F94385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.yunnan.cn/system/2020/04/26/030657257.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">【原创】“昆明”的由来与释义</bdi></a>. <i>yunnan.cn</i> (in Chinese). 26 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yunnan.cn&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%9B%E3%80%91%E2%80%9C%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E2%80%9D%E7%9A%84%E7%94%B1%E6%9D%A5%E4%B8%8E%E9%87%8A%E4%B9%89&rft.date=2020-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.yunnan.cn%2Fsystem%2F2020%2F04%2F26%2F030657257.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSun,_Vlasova" class="citation web cs1">Sun, Vlasova, Lianggang, Evgenia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shanghai1937.tv/">"Shanghai 1937 – Where World War II Began"</a>. <i>SHANGHAI 1937: WHERE WORLD WAR II BEGAN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>When did World War II begin? Shanghai 1937: Where World War II Began answers that question in a way most audiences will find surprising. Americans might say December 7, 1941… The day the Japanese Imperial Navy attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. For Europeans, it was September 1, 1939… When Nazi Germany invaded Poland. But in China, people will tell you a different date. August 13, 1937.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SHANGHAI+1937%3A+WHERE+WORLD+WAR+II+BEGAN&rft.atitle=Shanghai+1937+%E2%80%93+Where+World+War+II+Began&rft.aulast=Sun%2C+Vlasova&rft.aufirst=Lianggang%2C+Evgenia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanghai1937.tv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustavsson" class="citation web cs1">Gustavsson, Hakans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/sino-japanese-1938.htm">"Hakans Aviation page - Sino-Japanese Air War 1938"</a>. <i>Biplane Fighter Aces - China</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>In June the 41st PS was organised in Kunming (Yunan Province), and with it served French advisors-volunteers. Their main assignment seemed to have been the securing the purchase of the Dewoitine D.510 from France. At this time the Japanese began continuous attacks on the city... French volunteers... fought the Japanese... repulsing one of the attacks by A5Ms... they lost four machines, from which two pilots baled out. After several days, the Japanese shot down three more and one pilot was killed. After this the group ceased to exist. Machin perceived the reason to be the significant superiority of the A5M over the Hawk.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biplane+Fighter+Aces+-+China&rft.atitle=Hakans+Aviation+page+-+Sino-Japanese+Air+War+1938&rft.aulast=Gustavsson&rft.aufirst=Hakans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsurfcity.kund.dalnet.se%2Fsino-japanese-1938.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12473576">"KUNMING BOMBED"</a>. <i>Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957)</i>. 18 June 1940. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>Tuesday, 18 June 1940, Japanese planes bombed Kunming, on the French Indo-China railway line... causing speculation of possible attack on Haiphong, which for two years an important entry point for imports to China.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Argus+%28Melbourne%2C+Vic.+%3A+1848+-+1957%29&rft.atitle=KUNMING+BOMBED&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1940-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article12473576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustavsson" class="citation web cs1">Gustavsson, Hakans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/sino-japanese-1939.htm">"Håkans Aviation page – Sino-Japanese Air War 1939"</a>. <i>Biplane Fighter Aces - China</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>In January 1939 the 18th PS relocated to Kunming for defence of the city from air attacks while continuing training on the Hawk 75Ms. Reportedly Claire Chennault led it (but the Squadron Commander was Major Yang Yibai)... 11 January 1939 Led by Squadron Commander Liu Yi-Jun (劉依鈞), the five remaining Hawk 75Ms of 25th PS were flown to Chongqing and transferred to the 18th PS. On returning aboard an air transport plane, all five pilots were killed when the transport plane crashed in an accident. In April, 18th PS took part in intercepting operations over Kunming as part of the Pursuit Group led by Group Commander Hu Zhengyu (胡莊如).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biplane+Fighter+Aces+-+China&rft.atitle=H%C3%A5kans+Aviation+page+%E2%80%93+Sino-Japanese+Air+War+1939&rft.aulast=Gustavsson&rft.aufirst=Hakans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsurfcity.kund.dalnet.se%2Fsino-japanese-1939.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102121625/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,855050,00.html?iid=chix-sphere">"Last Stand"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a>. 19 December 1949. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,855050,00.html?iid=chix-sphere">the original</a> on 2 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Last+Stand&rft.date=1949-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C855050%2C00.html%3Fiid%3Dchix-sphere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Special Operations Association" (2005) By Special Operations Association. Turner Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59652-156-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59652-156-2">1-59652-156-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossi" class="citation web cs1">Rossi, J.R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingtigersavg.22web.org/tiger1.htm">"History: The Flying Tigers — American Volunteer Group — Chinese Air Force"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130722181853/http://www.flyingtigersavg.22web.org/tiger1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History%3A+The+Flying+Tigers+%E2%80%94+American+Volunteer+Group+%E2%80%94+Chinese+Air+Force&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flyingtigersavg.22web.org%2Ftiger1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=5413&inst_id=19&nv1=search&nv2=">"AIM25 collection description"</a>. Aim25.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330120744/http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=5413&inst_id=19&nv1=search&nv2=">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AIM25+collection+description&rft.pub=Aim25.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aim25.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fvcdf%2Fdetail%3Fcoll_id%3D5413%26inst_id%3D19%26nv1%3Dsearch%26nv2%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/333018.stm">"China hosts giant horticultural expo"</a>. <i>BBC World Service</i>. 1 May 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+World+Service&rft.atitle=China+hosts+giant+horticultural+expo&rft.date=1999-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F333018.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/200607/31/eng20060731_288288.html">"(Xinhua)"</a>. English.people.com.cn. 31 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110318165659/http://english.people.com.cn/200607/31/eng20060731_288288.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28Xinhua%29&rft.pub=English.people.com.cn&rft.date=2006-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2F200607%2F31%2Feng20060731_288288.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140305134619/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-03/02/c_133153473.htm">"Chinese security official vows harsh punishment for terrorists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a>. 2 March 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-03/02/c_133153473.htm">the original</a> on 5 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chinese+security+official+vows+harsh+punishment+for+terrorists&rft.date=2014-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2Fchina%2F2014-03%2F02%2Fc_133153473.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/china-s-kunming-an-unexplored-tourism-paradise-in-india-s-vicinity-118120800340_1.html">"China's Kunming: An unexplored 'tourism paradise' in India's vicinity"</a>. <i>Business Standard India</i>. Press Trust of India. 8 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard+India&rft.atitle=China%27s+Kunming%3A+An+unexplored+%27tourism+paradise%27+in+India%27s+vicinity&rft.date=2018-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Finternational%2Fchina-s-kunming-an-unexplored-tourism-paradise-in-india-s-vicinity-118120800340_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127125515/http://www.chinakunming.travel/Show.aspx?aid=4563">"Climate of Kunming"</a>. Chinakunming.travel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinakunming.travel/Show.aspx?aid=4563">the original</a> on 27 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Miniature+World+Magnifies+Dwarf+Life&rft.date=2010-03-26&rft.aulast=LaFraniere&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F03%2F04%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F04dwarfs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-highaltitudetrainingcenters-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-highaltitudetrainingcenters_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-highaltitudetrainingcenters_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-highaltitudetrainingcenters_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gokunming.com/en/blog/item/526/chinas_highaltitude_training_centers">"China's high-altitude training centers"</a>. 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Springerlink.com: 525–550. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11538-005-9051-y">10.1007/s11538-005-9051-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16794944">16794944</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:352971">352971</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01378034/file/Kunming.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Mathematical+Biology&rft.atitle=Modeling+the+HIV%2FAIDS+Epidemic+Among+Injecting+Drug+Users+and+Sex+Workers+in+Kunming%2C+China&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=525-550&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A352971%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16794944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11538-005-9051-y&rft.aulast=Baca%C3%ABr&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Xamxinur+Abdurahman&rft.au=Jianli+Ye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-01378034%2Ffile%2FKunming.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120624084454/http://www.8599999.net/crjweb/index.asp"><bdi lang="zh">昆明市公安局西山分局涉外网络警务室</bdi></a>. 8599999.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.8599999.net/crjweb/index.asp">the original</a> on 24 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%89%E5%B1%80%E8%A5%BF%E5%B1%B1%E5%88%86%E5%B1%80%E6%B6%89%E5%A4%96%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E8%AD%A6%E5%8A%A1%E5%AE%A4&rft.pub=8599999.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.8599999.net%2Fcrjweb%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/194657.htm">"Yunnan Witnesses Record Drug-busting 2006"</a>. china.org.cn. 31 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120720130145/http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/194657.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yunnan+Witnesses+Record+Drug-busting+2006&rft.pub=china.org.cn&rft.date=2006-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2FChina%2F194657.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007004826/http://en.km.gov.cn/showArticle.aspx?aid=205&cid=26">"Kunming - China.GOV"</a>. <i>en.km.gov.cn</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.km.gov.cn&rft.atitle=Kunming+-+China.GOV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.km.gov.cn%2FshowArticle.aspx%3Faid%3D205%26cid%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031004032321/http://www.mcg-kunming.com/">"Welcoming to the Website of the Consulate-General of the Union of Myanmar in Kunming,P.R.China"</a>. <i>www.mcg-kunming.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcg-kunming.com/">the original</a> on 4 October 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mcg-kunming.com&rft.atitle=Welcoming+to+the+Website+of+the+Consulate-General+of+the+Union+of+Myanmar+in+Kunming%2CP.R.China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcg-kunming.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827071906/http://www.kln.gov.my/perwakilan/kunming/">"Redirecting"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kln.gov.my/perwakilan/kunming">the original</a> on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Redirecting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kln.gov.my%2Fperwakilan%2Fkunming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berghuis2006-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berghuis2006_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerghuis2006" class="citation book cs1">Berghuis, Thomas J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mRmppyhh9W0C&pg=PA113"><i>Performance Art in China</i></a>. Timezone 8 Limited. pp. 113–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-99265-9-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-988-99265-9-5"><bdi>978-988-99265-9-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performance+Art+in+China&rft.pages=113-114&rft.pub=Timezone+8+Limited&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-988-99265-9-5&rft.aulast=Berghuis&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmRmppyhh9W0C%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><i>Kunming Statistical Yearbook-2007</i> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> China Statistics Press <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.today/20121128005005/http://www.sei.gov.cn/">[1]</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQi_Duxia1999" class="citation book cs1">Qi Duxia (1999). <i>A Complete Guide Series of Travel and Tourism in China – Kunming</i>. China Travel & Tourism Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5032-1491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5032-1491-2"><bdi>978-7-5032-1491-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Guide+Series+of+Travel+and+Tourism+in+China+%E2%80%93+Kunming&rft.pub=China+Travel+%26+Tourism+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-7-5032-1491-2&rft.au=Qi+Duxia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Fingerhuth,_Ernst_Joos2002" class="citation book cs1">Carl Fingerhuth, Ernst Joos (2002). <i>The Kunming Project: Urban Development in China — A Dialogue</i>. Birkhauser Verlag AG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-6742-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-6742-8"><bdi>978-3-7643-6742-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kunming+Project%3A+Urban+Development+in+China+%E2%80%94+A+Dialogue&rft.pub=Birkhauser+Verlag+AG&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-7643-6742-8&rft.au=Carl+Fingerhuth%2C+Ernst+Joos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507045128/http://www.nsl.ethz.ch/index.php/content/download/223/1263/file/">Sustainable Urban Development – the Case Study of Kunming, China Willy Schmid, Markus Eggenberger, 1997.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040703184648/http://www.nsl.ethz.ch/index.php/en/content/view/full/415">NSL – Network City and Landscape</a> – contains Kunming sustainable development papers</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin,_B._Evans2005" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, B. Evans (2005). <i>600 Days in Kunming China, 1944–45</i>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4208-2117-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4208-2117-8"><bdi>978-1-4208-2117-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=600+Days+in+Kunming+China%2C+1944%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4208-2117-8&rft.au=Franklin%2C+B.+Evans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaochun_Yu1997" class="citation book cs1">Maochun Yu (1997). <i>OSS in China: Prelude to Cold War</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06698-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06698-2"><bdi>978-0-300-06698-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OSS+in+China%3A+Prelude+to+Cold+War&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06698-2&rft.au=Maochun+Yu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaiChongsuvivatwong2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cai, Le; Chongsuvivatwong, Virasakdi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1617105">"Rural-urban differentials of premature mortality burden in south-west China"</a>. <i>International Journal for Equity in Health</i>. <b>5</b>: 13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1475-9276-5-13">10.1186/1475-9276-5-13</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1617105">1617105</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17040573">17040573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+for+Equity+in+Health&rft.atitle=Rural-urban+differentials+of+premature+mortality+burden+in+south-west+China&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1617105%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17040573&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1475-9276-5-13&rft.aulast=Cai&rft.aufirst=Le&rft.au=Chongsuvivatwong%2C+Virasakdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1617105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemick2007" class="citation journal cs1">Remick, Elizabeth J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208105116/http://intl-mcx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/33/4/423">"Police-Run Brothels in Republican Kunming"</a>. <i>Modern China</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 423–461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0097700407304804">10.1177/0097700407304804</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145794588">145794588</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intl-mcx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/33/4/423">the original</a> on 8 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Police-Run+Brothels+in+Republican+Kunming&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=423-461&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0097700407304804&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145794588%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Remick&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintl-mcx.sagepub.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F33%2F4%2F423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chin, K. and Zhang, S. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p127220_index.html">Street-Level Heroin Sales in Kunming, China</a>". American Society of Criminology (ASC) 2008-06-26</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/escap/sps/kunming.htm">Kunming Communiqué on Cross-border Collaboration for Drug Demand Reduction and HIV/AIDS Prevention</a> Social Development Division, United Nations ESCAP</li> <li>Kobusingye KA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma?f=102283925.html">"Voluntary counseling and testing among injecting drug users in Kunming city, Yunnan Province"</a> <i>Int Conf AIDS</i>. 2004 Jul 11–16; 15: abstract no. WePeC5999.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE7DD1039F933A05756C0A967958260">"China's Disabled Get Helping Hand in High Places"</a> Kunming Journal. Nicholas D. Kristof. 30 May 1991</li> <li>Book about Kunming's regional cooperation with Southeast Asia: <i>ASEAN-China Relations: Realities and Prospects</i> (2005) Saw Swee Hock, Lijun Sheng, Sheng Lijun, Kin Wah Chin, Chin Kin Wah. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-230-342-1" title="Special:BookSources/981-230-342-1">981-230-342-1</a></li> <li>Wei Xing. "Prevalence of ethnic intermarriage in Kunming: Social exchange or insignificance of ethnicity?" <i>Asian Ethnicity</i>, Volume 8, Issue 2 June 2007, pages 165–179</li> <li>Jianli Li; Mary Francis Marx. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southernlibrarianship.icaap.org/content/v02n01/li_j01.html">A Survey of Four Libraries in Kunming: Library Automation and Modernization in a Far Removed Province in China</a>" <i>Journal of Southern Academic and Special Librarianship</i> (2000)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunming&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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Kunming Website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010031122/http://www.kunming.cn/">Archived</a> 10 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese and English)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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selflink">Kunming</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Yunnan" title="Category:Yunnan">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan#History" title="Yunnan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan#Politics" title="Yunnan">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan#Economy" title="Yunnan">Economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Yunnan" title="Category:Geography of Yunnan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the People's Republic of China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan-Guizhou_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau">Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diqing_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Diqing Plateau">Diqing Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honghe_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Honghe River">Honghe River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianchi_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Dianchi Lake">Dianchi Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuxian_Lake" title="Fuxian Lake">Fuxian Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhai_Lake" title="Erhai Lake">Erhai Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugu_Lake" title="Lugu Lake">Lugu Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzong_Lake" title="Yangzong Lake">Yangzong Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yilong_Lake" title="Yilong Lake">Yilong Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_River" title="Xi River">Xi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_River" title="Yuan River">Yuan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (China)">Pearl River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_(Asia)" title="Red River (Asia)">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudacuo_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudacuo National Park">Pudacuo National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Yunnan" title="List of universities and colleges in Yunnan">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_University" title="Yunnan University">Yunnan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Agricultural_University" title="Yunnan Agricultural University">Yunnan Agricultural University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan#Culture" title="Yunnan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yunnan" title="Music of Yunnan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Oddities" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighteen Oddities">Eighteen Oddities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_cuisine" title="Yunnan cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbeque" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbeque">Barbeque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluo_fan" title="Boluo fan">Pineapple rice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erkuai" title="Erkuai">Erkuai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern#Uses" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing-the-bridge_noodles" title="Crossing-the-bridge noodles">Crossing-the-bridge noodles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_pot#Mainland_China" title="Hot pot">Hot pot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jidou_liangfen" class="mw-redirect" title="Jidou liangfen">Jidou liangfen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lufu_(food)" title="Lufu (food)">Lufu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Migan_(noodle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Migan (noodle)">Mi gan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mixian_(noodle)" title="Mixian (noodle)">Mi xian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-erh_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-erh tea">Pu'er tea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qiguo_ji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qiguo ji (page does not exist)">Steam pot chicken</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rubing" title="Rubing">Rubing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rushan_cheese" title="Rushan cheese">Rushan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiping_doufu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiping doufu (page does not exist)">Shiping tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xuanwei_Ham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xuanwei Ham (page does not exist)">Xuanwei ham</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhe%27ergen" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhe'ergen">Zhe'ergen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitor attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_of_Lijiang" title="Old Town of Lijiang">Old Town of Lijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dali_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Dali Town">Dali Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Parallel_Rivers_of_Yunnan_Protected_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas">Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Karst" title="South China Karst">South China Karst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Yunnan" title="Category:Yunnan">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yunnan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yunnan">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County-level_divisions_of_Yunnan_Province" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yunnan" title="Template:Yunnan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yunnan" title="Template talk:Yunnan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yunnan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yunnan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County-level_divisions_of_Yunnan_Province" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Yunnan" title="List of administrative divisions of Yunnan">County-level divisions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Province</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kunming</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kunming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panlong,_Kunming" title="Panlong, Kunming">Panlong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhua,_Kunming" title="Wuhua, Kunming">Wuhua District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guandu,_Kunming" title="Guandu, Kunming">Guandu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xishan,_Kunming" title="Xishan, Kunming">Xishan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenggong,_Kunming" title="Chenggong, Kunming">Chenggong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongchuan,_Kunming" title="Dongchuan, Kunming">Dongchuan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinning,_Kunming" title="Jinning, Kunming">Jinning District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anning,_Yunnan" title="Anning, Yunnan">Anning</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumin_County" title="Fumin County">Fumin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiliang_County,_Kunming" title="Yiliang County, Kunming">Yiliang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songming_County" title="Songming County">Songming County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilin_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Shilin Yi Autonomous County">Shilin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luquan_Yi_and_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County">Luquan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xundian_Hui_and_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County">Xundian County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Qujing" title="Qujing">Qujing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qilin,_Qujing" title="Qilin, Qujing">Qilin District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhanyi,_Qujing" title="Zhanyi, Qujing">Zhanyi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malong,_Qujing" title="Malong, Qujing">Malong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanwei" title="Xuanwei">Xuanwei</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyuan_County,_Yunnan" title="Fuyuan County, Yunnan">Fuyuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoping_County" title="Luoping County">Luoping County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shizong_County" title="Shizong County">Shizong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luliang_County" title="Luliang County">Luliang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huize_County" title="Huize County">Huize County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Yuxi" title="Yuxi">Yuxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongta,_Yuxi" title="Hongta, Yuxi">Hongta District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangchuan,_Yuxi" title="Jiangchuan, Yuxi">Jiangchuan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengjiang,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Chengjiang, China">Chengjiang</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonghai_County" title="Tonghai County">Tonghai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaning_County" title="Huaning County">Huaning County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yimen_County" title="Yimen County">Yimen County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshan_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Eshan Yi Autonomous County">Eshan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinping_Yi_and_Dai_Autonomous_County" title="Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County">Xinping County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanjiang_Hani,_Yi_and_Dai_Autonomous_County" title="Yuanjiang Hani, Yi and Dai Autonomous County">Yuanjiang County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Baoshan,_Yunnan" title="Baoshan, Yunnan">Baoshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longyang,_Baoshan" title="Longyang, Baoshan">Longyang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengchong" title="Tengchong">Tengchong</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidian_County" title="Shidian County">Shidian County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longling_County" title="Longling County">Longling County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changning_County,_Yunnan" title="Changning County, Yunnan">Changning County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Zhaotong" title="Zhaotong">Zhaotong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhaoyang,_Zhaotong" title="Zhaoyang, Zhaotong">Zhaoyang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuifu" title="Shuifu">Shuifu</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludian_County" title="Ludian County">Ludian County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiaojia_County" title="Qiaojia County">Qiaojia County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanjin_County,_Yunnan" title="Yanjin County, Yunnan">Yanjin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguan_County" title="Daguan County">Daguan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongshan_County" title="Yongshan County">Yongshan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suijiang_County" title="Suijiang County">Suijiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenxiong_County" title="Zhenxiong County">Zhenxiong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiliang_County,_Zhaotong" title="Yiliang County, Zhaotong">Yiliang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weixin_County" title="Weixin County">Weixin County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Lijiang" title="Lijiang">Lijiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gucheng,_Lijiang" title="Gucheng, Lijiang">Gucheng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongsheng_County" title="Yongsheng County">Yongsheng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaping_County" title="Huaping County">Huaping County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulong_Naxi_Autonomous_County" title="Yulong Naxi Autonomous County">Yulong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninglang_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Ninglang Yi Autonomous County">Ninglang County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_City" title="Pu'er City">Pu'er</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simao,_Pu%27er" title="Simao, Pu'er">Simao District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ning%27er_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Ning'er Hani and Yi Autonomous County">Ning'er County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojiang_Hani_Autonomous_County" title="Mojiang Hani Autonomous County">Mojiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingdong_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Jingdong Yi Autonomous County">Jingdong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinggu_Dai_and_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Jinggu Dai and Yi Autonomous County">Jinggu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenyuan_Yi,_Hani_and_Lahu_Autonomous_County" title="Zhenyuan Yi, Hani and Lahu Autonomous County">Zhenyuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangcheng_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County">Jiangcheng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menglian_Dai,_Lahu_and_Va_Autonomous_County" title="Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County">Menglian County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancang_Lahu_Autonomous_County" title="Lancang Lahu Autonomous County">Lancang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ximeng_Va_Autonomous_County" title="Ximeng Va Autonomous County">Ximeng County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Lincang" title="Lincang">Lincang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linxiang,_Lincang" title="Linxiang, Lincang">Linxiang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengqing_County" title="Fengqing County">Fengqing County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yun_County,_Yunnan" title="Yun County, Yunnan">Yun County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongde_County" title="Yongde County">Yongde County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenkang_County" title="Zhenkang County">Zhenkang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangjiang_Lahu,_Va,_Blang_and_Dai_Autonomous_County" title="Shuangjiang Lahu, Va, Blang and Dai Autonomous County">Shuangjiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gengma_Dai_and_Va_Autonomous_County" title="Gengma Dai and Va Autonomous County">Gengma County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangyuan_Va_Autonomous_County" title="Cangyuan Va Autonomous County">Cangyuan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">Autonomous prefectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Chuxiong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_City" title="Chuxiong City">Chuxiong</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufeng,_Yunnan" title="Lufeng, Yunnan">Lufeng</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangbai_County" title="Shuangbai County">Shuangbai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouding_County" title="Mouding County">Mouding County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanhua_County" title="Nanhua County">Nanhua County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao%27an_County" title="Yao'an County">Yao'an County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayao_County" title="Dayao County">Dayao County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongren_County" title="Yongren County">Yongren County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanmou_County" title="Yuanmou County">Yuanmou County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuding_County" title="Wuding County">Wuding County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Honghe_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Honghe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mengzi_City" title="Mengzi City">Mengzi</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gejiu" title="Gejiu">Gejiu</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan,_Yunnan" title="Kaiyuan, Yunnan">Kaiyuan</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_City" title="Mile City">Mile</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCchun_County" title="Lüchun County">Lüchun County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianshui_County" title="Jianshui County">Jianshui County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiping_County" title="Shiping County">Shiping County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxi_County,_Yunnan" title="Luxi County, Yunnan">Luxi County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanyang_County,_Yunnan" title="Yuanyang County, Yunnan">Yuanyang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honghe_County" title="Honghe County">Honghe County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinping_Miao,_Yao,_and_Dai_Autonomous_County" title="Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County">Jinping County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hekou_Yao_Autonomous_County" title="Hekou Yao Autonomous County">Hekou County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingbian_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Pingbian Miao Autonomous County">Pingbian County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Wenshan_Zhuang_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Wenshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenshan_City" title="Wenshan City">Wenshan</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanshan_County,_Yunnan" title="Yanshan County, Yunnan">Yanshan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xichou_County" title="Xichou County">Xichou County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malipo_County" title="Malipo County">Malipo County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguan_County" title="Maguan County">Maguan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiubei_County" title="Qiubei County">Qiubei County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangnan_County" title="Guangnan County">Guangnan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funing_County,_Yunnan" title="Funing County, Yunnan">Funing County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna_Dai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture">Xishuangbanna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinghong" title="Jinghong">Jinghong</a> City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menghai_County" title="Menghai County">Menghai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengla_County" title="Mengla County">Mengla County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Dali_Bai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture">Dali</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dali_City" title="Dali City">Dali</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangyun_County" title="Xiangyun County">Xiangyun County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binchuan_County" title="Binchuan County">Binchuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midu_County" title="Midu County">Midu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongping_County" title="Yongping County">Yongping County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunlong_County" title="Yunlong County">Yunlong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eryuan_County" title="Eryuan County">Eryuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianchuan_County" title="Jianchuan County">Jianchuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqing_County" title="Heqing County">Heqing County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangbi_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Yangbi Yi Autonomous County">Yangbi County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjian_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Nanjian Yi Autonomous County">Nanjian County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weishan_Yi_and_Hui_Autonomous_County" title="Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County">Weishan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Dehong_Dai_and_Jingpo_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture">Dehong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mangshi" title="Mangshi">Mangshi</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruili" title="Ruili">Ruili</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianghe_County" title="Lianghe County">Lianghe County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingjiang_County" title="Yingjiang County">Yingjiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchuan_County,_Yunnan" title="Longchuan County, Yunnan">Longchuan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Nujiang_Lisu_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture">Nujiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lushui" title="Lushui">Lushui</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugong_County" title="Fugong County">Fugong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongshan_Derung_and_Nu_Autonomous_County" title="Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County">Gongshan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanping_Bai_and_Pumi_Autonomous_County" title="Lanping Bai and Pumi Autonomous County">Lanping County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Dêqên</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shangri-La,_Yunnan" title="Shangri-La, Yunnan">Shangri-La</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Dêqên County">Dêqên County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weixi_Lisu_Autonomous_County" title="Weixi Lisu Autonomous County">Weixi County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border&#124;link=China&#124;alt=China_Prefecture-level_divisions_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prefectural-level_divisions_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prefectural-level_divisions_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prefectural-level_divisions_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border&#124;link=China&#124;alt=China_Prefecture-level_divisions_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_divisions_of_China" title="Prefecture-level divisions of China">Prefecture-level divisions of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Notes: *<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_current_and_former_capitals_of_the_subdivisions_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the current and former capitals of the subdivisions of China">Provincial capitals</a></b>, ★<a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_division#Sub-provincial_municipalities" title="Sub-provincial division">Sub-provincial cities</a>, ☆<a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_division#Sub-provincial_autonomous_prefecture" title="Sub-provincial division">Sub-provincial autonomous prefecture</a> <i>*<a href="/wiki/Sub-prefectural_city" title="Sub-prefectural city">Sub prefectural-level divisions</a></i>, ✧"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparatively_larger_city&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comparatively larger city (page does not exist)">Comparatively larger city</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%83%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%84%E5%B8%82" class="extiw" title="zh:较大的市">zh</a>]</span>" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">较大的市</span></span>) as approved by the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Hefei" title="Hefei"><b>Hefei</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhu" title="Wuhu">Wuhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengbu" title="Bengbu">Bengbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huainan" title="Huainan">Huainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anshan" title="Ma'anshan">Ma'anshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaibei" title="Huaibei">Huaibei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongling" title="Tongling">Tongling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anqing" title="Anqing">Anqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshan_City" title="Huangshan City">Huangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuzhou" title="Chuzhou">Chuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyang" title="Fuyang">Fuyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou,_Anhui" title="Suzhou, Anhui">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%27an" title="Lu'an">Lu'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozhou" title="Bozhou">Bozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chizhou" title="Chizhou">Chizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng" title="Xuancheng">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou"><b>Fuzhou</b></a></li> <li>★<a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putian" title="Putian">Putian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanming" title="Sanming">Sanming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping" title="Nanping">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan" title="Longyan">Longyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningde" title="Ningde">Ningde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou"><b>Lanzhou</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiayuguan_City" title="Jiayuguan City">Jiayuguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinchang" title="Jinchang">Jinchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiyin" title="Baiyin">Baiyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianshui" title="Tianshui">Tianshui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuwei,_Gansu" title="Wuwei, Gansu">Wuwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangye" title="Zhangye">Zhangye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingliang" title="Pingliang">Pingliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiuquan" title="Jiuquan">Jiuquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyang,_Gansu" title="Qingyang, Gansu">Qingyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingxi" title="Dingxi">Dingxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longnan" title="Longnan">Longnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linxia_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Linxia (Hui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gannan_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Gannan (Tibetan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou"><b>Guangzhou</b></a></li> <li>★<a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoguan" title="Shaoguan">Shaoguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuhai" title="Zhuhai">Zhuhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangmen" title="Jiangmen">Jiangmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang" title="Zhanjiang">Zhanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoming" title="Maoming">Maoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaoqing" title="Zhaoqing">Zhaoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou" title="Huizhou">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meizhou" title="Meizhou">Meizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangjiang" title="Yangjiang">Yangjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanwei" title="Shanwei">Shanwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyuan" title="Heyuan">Heyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyuan" title="Qingyuan">Qingyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan" title="Zhongshan">Zhongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieyang" title="Jieyang">Jieyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunfu" title="Yunfu">Yunfu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Guiyang" title="Guiyang"><b>Guiyang</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liupanshui" title="Liupanshui">Liupanshui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zunyi" title="Zunyi">Zunyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anshun" title="Anshun">Anshun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijie" title="Bijie">Bijie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongren" title="Tongren">Tongren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianxinan_Buyei_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Qianxinan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Qianxinan (Buyei and Miao)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiannan_Buyei_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Qiannan (Buyei and Miao)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiandongnan_Miao_and_Dong_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture">Qiandongnan (Miao and Dong)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Haikou" title="Haikou"><b>Haikou</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanya" title="Sanya">Sanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou" title="Danzhou">Danzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansha" title="Sansha">Sansha</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Wuzhishan_City" title="Wuzhishan City"><i>Wuzhishan</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Qionghai" title="Qionghai"><i>Qionghai</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Wenchang" title="Wenchang"><i>Wenchang</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Wanning" title="Wanning"><i>Wanning</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Dongfang,_Hainan" title="Dongfang, Hainan"><i>Dongfang</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Ding%27an_County" title="Ding'an County"><i>Ding'an County</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Tunchang_County" title="Tunchang County"><i>Tunchang County</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Chengmai_County" title="Chengmai County"><i>Chengmai County</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Lingao_County" title="Lingao County"><i>Lingao County</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Baisha_Li_Autonomous_County" title="Baisha Li Autonomous County"><i>Baisha County</i> (Li)</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Changjiang_Li_Autonomous_County" title="Changjiang Li Autonomous County"><i>Changjiang County</i> (Li)</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Ledong_Li_Autonomous_County" title="Ledong Li Autonomous County"><i>Ledong County</i> (Li)</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Lingshui_Li_Autonomous_County" title="Lingshui Li Autonomous County"><i>Lingshui County</i> (Li)</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Baoting_Li_and_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County"><i>Baoting County</i> (Li and Miao)</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Qiongzhong_Li_and_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Qiongzhong Li and Miao Autonomous County"><i>Qiongzhong County</i> (Li and Miao)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang" title="Shijiazhuang"><b>Shijiazhuang</b></a></li> <li>✧<a href="/wiki/Tangshan" title="Tangshan">Tangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinhuangdao" title="Qinhuangdao">Qinhuangdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handan" title="Handan">Handan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingtai" title="Xingtai">Xingtai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoding" title="Baoding">Baoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou" title="Zhangjiakou">Zhangjiakou "Kalgan"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengde" title="Chengde">Chengde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangzhou" title="Cangzhou">Cangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langfang" title="Langfang">Langfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengshui" title="Hengshui">Hengshui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou"><b>Zhengzhou</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingdingshan" title="Pingdingshan">Pingdingshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebi" title="Hebi">Hebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinxiang" title="Xinxiang">Xinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozuo" title="Jiaozuo">Jiaozuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyang" title="Puyang">Puyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuchang" title="Xuchang">Xuchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luohe" title="Luohe">Luohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmenxia" title="Sanmenxia">Sanmenxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang,_Henan" title="Nanyang, Henan">Nanyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangqiu" title="Shangqiu">Shangqiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyang" title="Xinyang">Xinyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoukou" title="Zhoukou">Zhoukou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhumadian" title="Zhumadian">Zhumadian</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Jiyuan" title="Jiyuan"><i>Jiyuan</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan"><b>Wuhan</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshi" title="Huangshi">Huangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiyan" title="Shiyan">Shiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichang" title="Yichang">Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangyang" title="Xiangyang">Xiangyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezhou" title="Ezhou">Ezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingmen" title="Jingmen">Jingmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaogan" title="Xiaogan">Xiaogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingzhou" title="Jingzhou">Jingzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanggang" title="Huanggang">Huanggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianning" title="Xianning">Xianning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suizhou" title="Suizhou">Suizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enshi_Tujia_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Enshi (Tujia and Miao)</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Xiantao" title="Xiantao"><i>Xiantao</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Qianjiang,_Hubei" title="Qianjiang, Hubei"><i>Qianjiang</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Tianmen" title="Tianmen"><i>Tianmen</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Shennongjia" title="Shennongjia"><i>Shennongjia Forestry District</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin"><b>Harbin</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiqihar" title="Qiqihar">Qiqihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jixi" title="Jixi">Jixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegang" title="Hegang">Hegang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangyashan" title="Shuangyashan">Shuangyashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daqing" title="Daqing">Daqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichun,_Heilongjiang" title="Yichun, Heilongjiang">Yichun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiamusi" title="Jiamusi">Jiamusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qitaihe" title="Qitaihe">Qitaihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudanjiang" title="Mudanjiang">Mudanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heihe" title="Heihe">Heihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suihua" title="Suihua">Suihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxing%27anling_Prefecture" title="Daxing'anling Prefecture">Daxing'anling Prefecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha"><b>Changsha</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuzhou" title="Zhuzhou">Zhuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang" title="Shaoyang">Shaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueyang" title="Yueyang">Yueyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiajie" title="Zhangjiajie">Zhangjiajie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiyang" title="Yiyang">Yiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenzhou" title="Chenzhou">Chenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongzhou" title="Yongzhou">Yongzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaihua" title="Huaihua">Huaihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudi" title="Loudi">Loudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxi_Tujia_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Xiangxi (Tujia and Miao)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun"><b>Changchun</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin_City" title="Jilin City">Jilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siping,_Jilin" title="Siping, Jilin">Siping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoyuan" title="Liaoyuan">Liaoyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonghua" title="Tonghua">Tonghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baishan" title="Baishan">Baishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songyuan" title="Songyuan">Songyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baicheng" title="Baicheng">Baicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanbian_Korean_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture">Yanbian (Korean)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing"><b>Nanjing</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi" title="Wuxi">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou" title="Changzhou">Changzhou</a></li> <li>✧<a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong" title="Nantong">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianyungang" title="Lianyungang">Lianyungang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai%27an" title="Huai'an">Huai'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yancheng" title="Yancheng">Yancheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou,_Jiangsu" title="Taizhou, Jiangsu">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suqian" title="Suqian">Suqian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang"><b>Nanchang</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingdezhen" title="Jingdezhen">Jingdezhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingxiang" title="Pingxiang">Pingxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang" title="Jiujiang">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyu" title="Xinyu">Xinyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingtan" title="Yingtan">Yingtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou" title="Ganzhou">Ganzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%27an" title="Ji'an">Ji'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichun,_Jiangxi" title="Yichun, Jiangxi">Yichun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou,_Jiangxi" title="Fuzhou, Jiangxi">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangrao" title="Shangrao">Shangrao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang"><b>Shenyang</b></a></li> <li>★<a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anshan" title="Anshan">Anshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fushun" title="Fushun">Fushun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benxi" title="Benxi">Benxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandong" title="Dandong">Dandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinzhou" title="Jinzhou">Jinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingkou" title="Yingkou">Yingkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuxin" title="Fuxin">Fuxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoyang" title="Liaoyang">Liaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjin" title="Panjin">Panjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieling" title="Tieling">Tieling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoyang,_Liaoning" title="Chaoyang, Liaoning">Chaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huludao" title="Huludao">Huludao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining"><b>Xining</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haidong" title="Haidong">Haidong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haibei_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Haibei (Tibetan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangnan_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Huangnan (Tibetan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Hainan (Tibetan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golog_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Golog "Guolog" (Tibetan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yushu_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Yushu (Tibetan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haixi_Mongol_and_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Haixi "Qaidam" (Mongol and Tibetan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu"><b>Chengdu</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigong" title="Zigong">Zigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzhihua" title="Panzhihua">Panzhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzhou" title="Luzhou">Luzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deyang" title="Deyang">Deyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianyang" title="Mianyang">Mianyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangyuan" title="Guangyuan">Guangyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suining" title="Suining">Suining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neijiang" title="Neijiang">Neijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leshan" title="Leshan">Leshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanchong" title="Nanchong">Nanchong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meishan" title="Meishan">Meishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yibin" title="Yibin">Yibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guang%27an" title="Guang'an">Guang'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazhou" title="Dazhou">Dazhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazhong" title="Bazhong">Bazhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyang" title="Ziyang">Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27an" title="Ya'an">Ya'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngawa_Tibetan_and_Qiang_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture">Ngawa "Aba" (Tibetan and Qiang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garz%C3%AA_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Garzê "Ganzi" (Tibetan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangshan_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Liangshan (Yi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an"><b>Xi'an</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongchuan" title="Tongchuan">Tongchuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoji" title="Baoji">Baoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinan" title="Weinan">Weinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanzhong" title="Hanzhong">Hanzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulin,_Shaanxi" title="Yulin, Shaanxi">Yulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankang" title="Ankang">Ankang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangluo" title="Shangluo">Shangluo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan"><b>Jinan</b></a></li> <li>★<a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibo" title="Zibo">Zibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaozhuang" title="Zaozhuang">Zaozhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongying" title="Dongying">Dongying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantai" title="Yantai">Yantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weifang" title="Weifang">Weifang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jining" title="Jining">Jining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai%27an" title="Tai'an">Tai'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai" title="Weihai">Weihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizhao" title="Rizhao">Rizhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linyi" title="Linyi">Linyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezhou" title="Dezhou">Dezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaocheng" title="Liaocheng">Liaocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binzhou" title="Binzhou">Binzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heze" title="Heze">Heze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan"><b>Taiyuan</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datong" title="Datong">Datong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangquan" title="Yangquan">Yangquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhi" title="Changzhi">Changzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jincheng" title="Jincheng">Jincheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuozhou" title="Shuozhou">Shuozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinzhong" title="Jinzhong">Jinzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuncheng" title="Yuncheng">Yuncheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinzhou" title="Xinzhou">Xinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linfen" title="Linfen">Linfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCliang" title="Lüliang">Lüliang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei"><i><b>Taibei</b></i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Gaoxiong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Taipei" class="mw-redirect" title="New Taipei">Xinbei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taichung" title="Taichung">Taizhong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taoyuan,_Taiwan" title="Taoyuan, Taiwan">Taoyuan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Kunming</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qujing" title="Qujing">Qujing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuxi" title="Yuxi">Yuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoshan,_Yunnan" title="Baoshan, Yunnan">Baoshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaotong" title="Zhaotong">Zhaotong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lijiang" title="Lijiang">Lijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_City" title="Pu'er City">Pu'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincang" title="Lincang">Lincang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Chuxiong (Yi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honghe_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Honghe (Hani and Yi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenshan_Zhuang_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Wenshan (Zhuang and Miao)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna_Dai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture">Xishuangbanna (Dai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dali_Bai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture">Dali (Bai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehong_Dai_and_Jingpo_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture">Dehong (Dai and Jingpo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nujiang_Lisu_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture">Nujiang (Lisu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Dêqên (Tibetan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou"><b>Hangzhou</b></a></li> <li>★<a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a></li> <li>✧<a href="/wiki/Wenzhou" title="Wenzhou">Wenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaxing" title="Jiaxing">Jiaxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huzhou" title="Huzhou">Huzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua" title="Jinhua">Jinhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou" title="Quzhou">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoushan" title="Zhoushan">Zhoushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou,_Zhejiang" title="Taizhou, Zhejiang">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishui" title="Lishui">Lishui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">Autonomous <br />regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning"><b>Nanning</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liuzhou" title="Liuzhou">Liuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou" title="Wuzhou">Wuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beihai" title="Beihai">Beihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangchenggang" title="Fangchenggang">Fangchenggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinzhou" title="Qinzhou">Qinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guigang" title="Guigang">Guigang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulin,_Guangxi" title="Yulin, Guangxi">Yulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baise" title="Baise">Baise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezhou" title="Hezhou">Hezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hechi" title="Hechi">Hechi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laibin" title="Laibin">Laibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongzuo" title="Chongzuo">Chongzuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan"><b>Yinchuan</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shizuishan" title="Shizuishan">Shizuishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhong,_Ningxia" title="Wuzhong, Ningxia">Wuzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyuan" title="Guyuan">Guyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongwei" title="Zhongwei">Zhongwei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner <br />Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot"><b>Hohhot</b></a></li> <li>✧<a href="/wiki/Baotou" title="Baotou">Baotou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhai" title="Wuhai">Wuhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifeng" title="Chifeng">Chifeng "Ulankhad"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongliao" title="Tongliao">Tongliao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_City" title="Ordos City">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulunbuir" title="Hulunbuir">Hulunbuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayannur" title="Bayannur">Bayannur "Bayannao'er"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanqab" title="Ulanqab">Ulanqab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinggan_League" title="Hinggan League">Hinggan League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xilingol_League" title="Xilingol League">Xilingol League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alxa_League" title="Alxa League">Alxa League "Ālāshàn League"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi"><b>Ürümqi</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">Karamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hami" title="Hami">Hami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changji_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Changji (Hui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bortala_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bortala (Mongol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayingolin_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bayingolin (Mongol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizilsu_Kyrgyz_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture">Kizilsu (Kyrgyz)</a></li> <li>( ☆<a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili (Kazakh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacheng_Prefecture" title="Tacheng Prefecture">Tacheng Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altay_Prefecture" title="Altay Prefecture">Altay Prefecture</a> )</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksu_Prefecture" title="Aksu Prefecture">Aksu Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar_Prefecture" title="Kashgar Prefecture">Kashgar "Kashi" Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotan_Prefecture" title="Hotan Prefecture">Hotan Prefecture</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Shihezi" title="Shihezi"><i>Shihezi</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Aral,_Xinjiang" title="Aral, Xinjiang"><i>Aral</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk"><i>Tumxuk</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Wujiaqu" title="Wujiaqu"><i>Wujiaqu</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Beitun,_Xinjiang" title="Beitun, Xinjiang"><i>Beitun</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Tiemenguan_City" title="Tiemenguan City"><i>Tiemenguan</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Shuanghe" title="Shuanghe"><i>Shuanghe</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Kokdala" title="Kokdala"><i>Kokdala</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Kunyu,_Xinjiang" title="Kunyu, Xinjiang"><i>Kunyu</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Huyanghe" title="Huyanghe"><i>Huyanghe</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Xinxing,_Xinjiang" title="Xinxing, Xinjiang"><i>Xinxing</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)"><b>Lhasa</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse "Xigazê"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo" title="Chamdo">Chamdo "Qamdo"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingchi" title="Nyingchi">Nyingchi "Linzhi"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannan,_Tibet" title="Shannan, Tibet">Shannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagqu" title="Nagqu">Nagqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari Prefecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Direct-administered_municipalities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-administered municipalities of China">Direct-administered municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_prefectures_in_China" title="List of prefectures in China"><i>List of prefectures in China</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China"><i>List of cities in China</i></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Largest_cities_in_YunnanSource:_China_Urban_Construction_Statistical_Yearbook_2018_Urban_Population_and_Urban_Temporary_Population" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_Yunnan" title="Template:Most populous cities in Yunnan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Most_populous_cities_in_Yunnan" title="Template talk:Most populous cities in Yunnan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_Yunnan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Most populous cities in Yunnan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Largest_cities_in_YunnanSource:_China_Urban_Construction_Statistical_Yearbook_2018_Urban_Population_and_Urban_Temporary_Population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Largest cities in Yunnan<br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;font-size:90%;">Source: <i>China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018</i> Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunming_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kunming"><img alt="Kunming" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kunming_04.JPG/120px-Kunming_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kunming_04.JPG/180px-Kunming_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kunming_04.JPG/240px-Kunming_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="1872" /></a></span><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kunming</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%9B%B2%E9%9D%96%E5%8D%97%E5%9F%8E%E9%97%A801.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qujing"><img alt="Qujing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%E6%9B%B2%E9%9D%96%E5%8D%97%E5%9F%8E%E9%97%A801.jpg/120px-%E6%9B%B2%E9%9D%96%E5%8D%97%E5%9F%8E%E9%97%A801.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%E6%9B%B2%E9%9D%96%E5%8D%97%E5%9F%8E%E9%97%A801.jpg/180px-%E6%9B%B2%E9%9D%96%E5%8D%97%E5%9F%8E%E9%97%A801.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%E6%9B%B2%E9%9D%96%E5%8D%97%E5%9F%8E%E9%97%A801.jpg/240px-%E6%9B%B2%E9%9D%96%E5%8D%97%E5%9F%8E%E9%97%A801.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2789" data-file-height="1860" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Qujing" title="Qujing">Qujing</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kunming</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,979,700</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wenshan_City" title="Wenshan City">Wenshan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">234,400 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuxi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yuxi"><img alt="Yuxi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Yuxi.jpg/120px-Yuxi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Yuxi.jpg/180px-Yuxi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Yuxi.jpg/240px-Yuxi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Yuxi" title="Yuxi">Yuxi</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%98%93%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%A0%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baoshan"><img alt="Baoshan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%E6%98%93%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%A0%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD03.jpg/120px-%E6%98%93%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%A0%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%E6%98%93%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%A0%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD03.jpg/180px-%E6%98%93%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%A0%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%E6%98%93%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%A0%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD03.jpg/240px-%E6%98%93%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%A0%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Baoshan,_Yunnan" title="Baoshan, Yunnan">Baoshan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Qujing" title="Qujing">Qujing</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">792,500</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_City" title="Pu'er City">Pu'er</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">228,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yuxi" title="Yuxi">Yuxi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">384,700</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan,_Yunnan" title="Kaiyuan, Yunnan">Kaiyuan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">202,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baoshan,_Yunnan" title="Baoshan, Yunnan">Baoshan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">355,500</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gejiu" title="Gejiu">Gejiu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">202,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zhaotong" title="Zhaotong">Zhaotong</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">319,800</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lincang" title="Lincang">Lincang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">195,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_City" title="Chuxiong City">Chuxiong</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">319,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lijiang" title="Lijiang">Lijiang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">189,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dali_City" title="Dali City">Dali</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">313,800</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jinghong" title="Jinghong">Jinghong</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">186,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mengzi_City" title="Mengzi City">Mengzi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">293,200</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tengchong" title="Tengchong">Tengchong</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">180,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Xuanwei" title="Xuanwei">Xuanwei</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">290,100</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ruili" title="Ruili">Ruili</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">176,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Anning,_Yunnan" title="Anning, Yunnan">Anning</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">272,500</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mile_City" title="Mile City">Mile</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">171,800 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metropolitan_cities_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metropolitan_cities_of_China" title="Template:Metropolitan cities of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metropolitan_cities_of_China" title="Template talk:Metropolitan cities of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan_cities_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan cities of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metropolitan_cities_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population" title="List of cities in China by population">Metropolitan cities of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Major_metropolitan_regions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Megalopolises_in_China" title="Megalopolises in China">Major metropolitan regions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jing-Jin-Ji" title="Jing-Jin-Ji">Jing-Jin-Ji (BJ-TJ-HE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong%E2%80%93Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Macau_Greater_Bay_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area">Greater Bay Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Delta" title="Yangtze Delta">Yangtze Delta (SH-JS-ZJ)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhongyuan_Metropolitan_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhongyuan Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)">Zhongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chengyu_Metropolitan_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chengyu Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)">Chengyu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-Strait_Western_Coastal_Metropolitan_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cross-Strait Western Coastal Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)">Cross-Strait Western Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanzhong_Metropolitan_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guanzhong Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)">Guanzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mid-Southern_Liaoning_Metropolitan_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mid-Southern Liaoning Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)">Mid-Southern Liaoning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandong_Peninsula_Metropolitan_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shandong Peninsula Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)">Shandong Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River_Midstream_Metropolitan_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yangtze River Midstream Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)">Yangtze River Midstream (Yangtze River Valley)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Major_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major cities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Central_City" class="mw-redirect" title="National Central City">National Central Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a><sup>a</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a><sup>a</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a><sup>b2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a><sup>a2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a><sup>a2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special administrative regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Central_City" class="mw-redirect" title="National Central City">Regional Central Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a><sup>c1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a><sup>b</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_division" title="Sub-provincial division">Sub-provincial cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a><sup>c2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a><sup>b2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a><sup>c2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a><sup>c2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a><sup>c1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a><sup>c1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a><sup>b</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial capitals<br />(<a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang" title="Guiyang">Guiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou" title="Haikou">Haikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hefei" title="Hefei">Hefei</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang" title="Shijiazhuang">Shijiazhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taibei</a></i><sup>5</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous regional capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Hohhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)">Lhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Nanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Yinchuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparatively large cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anshan" title="Anshan">Anshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baotou" title="Baotou">Baotou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benxi" title="Benxi">Benxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datong" title="Datong">Datong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fushun" title="Fushun">Fushun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang" title="Jiujiang">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handan" title="Handan">Handan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huainan" title="Huainan">Huainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin_City" title="Jilin City">Jilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiqihar" title="Qiqihar">Qiqihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangshan" title="Tangshan">Tangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi" title="Wuxi">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibo" title="Zibo">Zibo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prefecture-level_cities_by_province" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level cities</a> by province</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Shijiazhuang*</li> <li>Tangshan*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinhuangdao" title="Qinhuangdao">Qinhuangdao</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li>Handan*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingtai" title="Xingtai">Xingtai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoding" title="Baoding">Baoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou" title="Zhangjiakou">Zhangjiakou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengde" title="Chengde">Chengde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangzhou" title="Cangzhou">Cangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langfang" title="Langfang">Langfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengshui" title="Hengshui">Hengshui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Taiyuan*</li> <li>Datong*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangquan" title="Yangquan">Yangquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhi" title="Changzhi">Changzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jincheng" title="Jincheng">Jincheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuozhou" title="Shuozhou">Shuozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinzhong" title="Jinzhong">Jinzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuncheng" title="Yuncheng">Yuncheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinzhou" title="Xinzhou">Xinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linfen" title="Linfen">Linfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCliang" title="Lüliang">Lüliang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hohhot*</li> <li>Baotou*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhai" title="Wuhai">Wuhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifeng" title="Chifeng">Chifeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongliao" title="Tongliao">Tongliao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_City" title="Ordos City">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulunbuir" title="Hulunbuir">Hulunbuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayannur" title="Bayannur">Bayannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanqab" title="Ulanqab">Ulanqab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Shenyang*</li> <li>Dalian*</li> <li>Anshan*</li> <li>Fushun*</li> <li>Benxi*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandong" title="Dandong">Dandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinzhou" title="Jinzhou">Jinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingkou" title="Yingkou">Yingkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuxin" title="Fuxin">Fuxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoyang" title="Liaoyang">Liaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjin" title="Panjin">Panjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieling" title="Tieling">Tieling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoyang,_Liaoning" title="Chaoyang, Liaoning">Chaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huludao" title="Huludao">Huludao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Changchun*</li> <li>Jilin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siping,_Jilin" title="Siping, Jilin">Siping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoyuan" title="Liaoyuan">Liaoyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonghua" title="Tonghua">Tonghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baishan" title="Baishan">Baishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songyuan" title="Songyuan">Songyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baicheng" title="Baicheng">Baicheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Harbin*</li> <li>Qiqihar*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jixi" title="Jixi">Jixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegang" title="Hegang">Hegang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangyashan" title="Shuangyashan">Shuangyashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daqing" title="Daqing">Daqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichun,_Heilongjiang" title="Yichun, Heilongjiang">Yīchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiamusi" title="Jiamusi">Jiamusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qitaihe" title="Qitaihe">Qitaihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudanjiang" title="Mudanjiang">Mudanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heihe" title="Heihe">Heihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suihua" title="Suihua">Suihua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nanjing*</li> <li>Wuxi*</li> <li>Xuzhou*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou" title="Changzhou">Changzhou</a></li> <li>Suzhou*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong" title="Nantong">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianyungang" title="Lianyungang">Lianyungang</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai%27an" title="Huai'an">Huai'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yancheng" title="Yancheng">Yancheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou,_Jiangsu" title="Taizhou, Jiangsu">Tàizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suqian" title="Suqian">Suqian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hangzhou*</li> <li>Ningbo*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhou" title="Wenzhou">Wenzhou</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaxing" title="Jiaxing">Jiaxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huzhou" title="Huzhou">Huzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua" title="Jinhua">Jinhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou" title="Quzhou">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoushan" title="Zhoushan">Zhoushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou,_Zhejiang" title="Taizhou, Zhejiang">Tāizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishui" title="Lishui">Lishui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hefei*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhu" title="Wuhu">Wuhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengbu" title="Bengbu">Bengbu</a></li> <li>Huainan*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anshan" title="Ma'anshan">Ma'anshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaibei" title="Huaibei">Huaibei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongling" title="Tongling">Tongling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anqing" title="Anqing">Anqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshan_City" title="Huangshan City">Huangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuzhou" title="Chuzhou">Chuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyang" title="Fuyang">Fuyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou,_Anhui" title="Suzhou, Anhui">Sùzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%27an" title="Lu'an">Lu'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozhou" title="Bozhou">Bozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chizhou" title="Chizhou">Chizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng" title="Xuancheng">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Fuzhou*</li> <li>Xiamen*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putian" title="Putian">Putian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanming" title="Sanming">Sanming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping" title="Nanping">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan" title="Longyan">Longyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningde" title="Ningde">Ningde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nanchang*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingdezhen" title="Jingdezhen">Jingdezhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingxiang" title="Pingxiang">Pingxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang" title="Jiujiang">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyu" title="Xinyu">Xinyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingtan" title="Yingtan">Yingtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou" title="Ganzhou">Ganzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%27an" title="Ji'an">Ji'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichun,_Jiangxi" title="Yichun, Jiangxi">Yíchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou,_Jiangxi" title="Fuzhou, Jiangxi">Fǔzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangrao" title="Shangrao">Shangrao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jinan*</li> <li>Qingdao*</li> <li>Zibo*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaozhuang" title="Zaozhuang">Zaozhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongying" title="Dongying">Dongying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantai" title="Yantai">Yantai</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weifang" title="Weifang">Weifang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jining" title="Jining">Jining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai%27an" title="Tai'an">Tai'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai" title="Weihai">Weihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizhao" title="Rizhao">Rizhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiwu" title="Laiwu">Laiwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linyi" title="Linyi">Linyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezhou" title="Dezhou">Dezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaocheng" title="Liaocheng">Liaocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binzhou" title="Binzhou">Binzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heze" title="Heze">Heze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Zhengzhou*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a></li> <li>Luoyang*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingdingshan" title="Pingdingshan">Pingdingshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebi" title="Hebi">Hebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinxiang" title="Xinxiang">Xinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozuo" title="Jiaozuo">Jiaozuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyang" title="Puyang">Puyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuchang" title="Xuchang">Xuchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luohe" title="Luohe">Luohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmenxia" title="Sanmenxia">Sanmenxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang,_Henan" title="Nanyang, Henan">Nanyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangqiu" title="Shangqiu">Shangqiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyang" title="Xinyang">Xinyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoukou" title="Zhoukou">Zhoukou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhumadian" title="Zhumadian">Zhumadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wuhan*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshi" title="Huangshi">Huangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiyan" title="Shiyan">Shiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichang" title="Yichang">Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangyang" title="Xiangyang">Xiangyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezhou" title="Ezhou">Ezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingmen" title="Jingmen">Jingmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaogan" title="Xiaogan">Xiaogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinzhou" title="Jinzhou">Jinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanggang" title="Huanggang">Huanggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianning" title="Xianning">Xianning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suizhou" title="Suizhou">Suizhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Changsha*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuzhou" title="Zhuzhou">Zhuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang" title="Shaoyang">Shaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueyang" title="Yueyang">Yueyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiajie" title="Zhangjiajie">Zhangjiajie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiyang" title="Yiyang">Yiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenzhou" title="Chenzhou">Chenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongzhou" title="Yongzhou">Yongzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaihua" title="Huaihua">Huaihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudi" title="Loudi">Loudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Guangzhou*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoguan" title="Shaoguan">Shaoguan</a></li> <li>Shenzhen*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuhai" title="Zhuhai">Zhuhai</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangmen" title="Jiangmen">Jiangmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang" title="Zhanjiang">Zhanjiang</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoming" title="Maoming">Maoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaoqing" title="Zhaoqing">Zhaoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou" title="Huizhou">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meizhou" title="Meizhou">Meizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanwei" title="Shanwei">Shanwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyuan" title="Heyuan">Heyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangjiang" title="Yangjiang">Yangjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyuan" title="Qingyuan">Qingyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan" title="Zhongshan">Zhongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaozhou" title="Chaozhou">Chaozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieyang" title="Jieyang">Jieyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunfu" title="Yunfu">Yunfu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nanning*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liuzhou" title="Liuzhou">Liuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou" title="Wuzhou">Wuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beihai" title="Beihai">Beihai</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangchenggang" title="Fangchenggang">Fangchenggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinzhou" title="Qinzhou">Qinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guigang" title="Guigang">Guigang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulin,_Guangxi" title="Yulin, Guangxi">Yùlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baise" title="Baise">Baise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezhou" title="Hezhou">Hezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hechi" title="Hechi">Hechi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laibin" title="Laibin">Laibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongzuo" title="Chongzuo">Chongzuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a><sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Haikou*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanya" title="Sanya">Sanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansha" title="Sansha">Sansha</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou" title="Danzhou">Danzhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chengdu*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigong" title="Zigong">Zigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzhihua" title="Panzhihua">Panzhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzhou" title="Luzhou">Luzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deyang" title="Deyang">Deyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianyang" title="Mianyang">Mianyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangyuan" title="Guangyuan">Guangyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suining" title="Suining">Suining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neijiang" title="Neijiang">Neijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leshan" title="Leshan">Leshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanchong" title="Nanchong">Nanchong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meishan" title="Meishan">Meishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yibin" title="Yibin">Yibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guang%27an" title="Guang'an">Guang'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazhou" title="Dazhou">Dazhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27an" title="Ya'an">Ya'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazhong" title="Bazhong">Bazhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyang" title="Ziyang">Ziyang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Guiyang*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liupanshui" title="Liupanshui">Liupanshui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zunyi" title="Zunyi">Zunyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anshun" title="Anshun">Anshun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijie" title="Bijie">Bijie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongren" title="Tongren">Tongren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kunming*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qujing" title="Qujing">Qujing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuxi" title="Yuxi">Yuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoshan,_Yunnan" title="Baoshan, Yunnan">Baoshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaotong" title="Zhaotong">Zhaotong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lijiang" title="Lijiang">Lijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_City" title="Pu'er City">Pu'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincang" title="Lincang">Lincang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lhasa*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo" title="Chamdo">Chamdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingchi" title="Nyingchi">Nyingchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannan,_Tibet" title="Shannan, Tibet">Shannan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Xi'an*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongchuan" title="Tongchuan">Tongchuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoji" title="Baoji">Baoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinan" title="Weinan">Weinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanzhong" title="Hanzhong">Hanzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulin,_Shaanxi" title="Yulin, Shaanxi">Yúlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankang" title="Ankang">Ankang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangluo" title="Shangluo">Shangluo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lanzhou*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiayuguan_City" title="Jiayuguan City">Jiayuguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinchang" title="Jinchang">Jinchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiyin" title="Baiyin">Baiyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianshui" title="Tianshui">Tianshui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuwei,_Gansu" title="Wuwei, Gansu">Wuwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangye" title="Zhangye">Zhangye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingliang" title="Pingliang">Pingliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiuquan" title="Jiuquan">Jiuquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyang,_Gansu" title="Qingyang, Gansu">Qingyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingxi" title="Dingxi">Dingxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longnan" title="Longnan">Longnan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Xining*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haidong" title="Haidong">Haidong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Yinchuan*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shizuishan" title="Shizuishan">Shizuishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhong,_Ningxia" title="Wuzhong, Ningxia">Wuzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyuan" title="Guyuan">Guyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongwei" title="Zhongwei">Zhongwei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ürümqi*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">Karamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hami" title="Hami">Hami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan</a></i><sup>5</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(none)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_cities_(partly_shown_below)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">Other cities</a> (partly shown below)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_China" title="Prefectures of China">Prefecture-level capitals</a><br />(County-level)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulanhot" title="Ulanhot">Ulanhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xilinhot" title="Xilinhot">Xilinhot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiagedaqi_District" title="Jiagedaqi District">Jiagedaqi</a><sup>3</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enshi_City" title="Enshi City">Enshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jishou" title="Jishou">Jishou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>：<a href="/wiki/Xichang" title="Xichang">Xichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangding" title="Kangding">Kangding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkam" title="Barkam">Barkam</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xingyi,_Guizhou" title="Xingyi, Guizhou">Xingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaili_City" title="Kaili City">Kaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duyun" title="Duyun">Duyun</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_City" title="Chuxiong City">Chuxiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengzi_City" title="Mengzi City">Mengzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenshan_City" title="Wenshan City">Wenshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinghong" title="Jinghong">Jinghong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dali_City" title="Dali City">Dali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangshi" title="Mangshi">Mangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangri-La,_Yunnan" title="Shangri-La, Yunnan">Shangri-La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushui" title="Lushui">Lushui</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Linxia_City" title="Linxia City">Linxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezuo" title="Hezuo">Hezuo</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yushu_City,_Qinghai" title="Yushu City, Qinghai">Yushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delingha" title="Delingha">Delingha</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>: <a href="/wiki/Changji" title="Changji">Changji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole,_Xinjiang" title="Bole, Xinjiang">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korla" title="Korla">Korla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yining" title="Yining">Yining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artush" title="Artush">Artush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksu_City" title="Aksu City">Aksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan">Hotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacheng" title="Tacheng">Tacheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altay_City" title="Altay City">Altay</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-prefectural_city" title="Sub-prefectural city">Province-governed cities<br />(Sub-prefecture-level)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiyuan" title="Jiyuan">Jiyuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xiantao" title="Xiantao">Xiantao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianjiang,_Hubei" title="Qianjiang, Hubei">Qiánjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianmen" title="Tianmen">Tianmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shennongjia" title="Shennongjia">Shennongjia</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a><sup>1</sup>: <a href="/wiki/Wuzhishan_City" title="Wuzhishan City">Wuzhishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qionghai" title="Qionghai">Qionghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang" title="Wenchang">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanning" title="Wanning">Wanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongfang,_Hainan" title="Dongfang, Hainan">Dongfang</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> - <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">XPCC(Bingtuan) cities</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shihezi" title="Shihezi">Shihezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aral,_Xinjiang" title="Aral, Xinjiang">Aral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumxuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wujiaqu" title="Wujiaqu">Wujiaqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beitun_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Beitun City">Beitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiemenguan_City" title="Tiemenguan City">Tiemenguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuanghe" title="Shuanghe">Shuanghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokdala" title="Kokdala">Kokdala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunyu,_Xinjiang" title="Kunyu, Xinjiang">Kunyu</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_China" title="Prefectures of China">Former Prefecture-level cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaohu" title="Chaohu">Chaohu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumen_City" title="Yumen City">Yumen</a>，<a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongchuan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongchuan District">Dongchuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shashi District">Shashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fuling_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuling District">Fuling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanzhou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanzhou District">Wanxian</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Meihekou" title="Meihekou">Meihekou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongzhuling" title="Gongzhuling">Gongzhuling</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-prefectural_city" title="Sub-prefectural city">Sub-prefecture-level cities</a><br />(Prefecture-governed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qian%27an,_Hebei" title="Qian'an, Hebei">Qian'an, Hebei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzhouli" title="Manzhouli">Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erenhot" title="Erenhot">Erenhot, Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golmud" title="Golmud">Golmud, Qinghai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="County-level_cities_by_province" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/County-level_city" title="County-level city">County-level cities</a> by province</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinji" title="Xinji">Xinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinzhou,_Hebei" title="Jinzhou, Hebei">Jinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinle,_Hebei" title="Xinle, Hebei">Xinle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zunhua" title="Zunhua">Zunhua</a></li> <li>Qian'an*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27an" title="Wu'an">Wu'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangong" title="Nangong">Nangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahe,_Hebei" title="Shahe, Hebei">Shahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuozhou" title="Zhuozhou">Zhuozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingzhou" title="Dingzhou">Dingzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguo" title="Anguo">Anguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaobeidian" title="Gaobeidian">Gaobeidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botou" title="Botou">Botou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renqiu" title="Renqiu">Renqiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanghua" title="Huanghua">Huanghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejian" title="Hejian">Hejian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazhou,_Hebei" title="Bazhou, Hebei">Bazhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhe,_Hebei" title="Sanhe, Hebei">Sanhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_City" title="Shenzhou City">Shenzhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujiao" title="Gujiao">Gujiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucheng_District,_Changzhi" title="Lucheng District, Changzhi">Lucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaoping" title="Gaoping">Gaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiexiu" title="Jiexiu">Jiexiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongji,_Shanxi" title="Yongji, Shanxi">Yongji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejin" title="Hejin">Hejin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanping" title="Yuanping">Yuanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma,_Shanxi" title="Houma, Shanxi">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huozhou" title="Huozhou">Huozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoyi" title="Xiaoyi">Xiaoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenyang" title="Fenyang">Fenyang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holingol" title="Holingol">Holingol</a></li> <li>Manzhouli*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakeshi" title="Yakeshi">Yakeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalantun" title="Zalantun">Zhalantun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergun_City" title="Ergun City">Ergun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genhe" title="Genhe">Genhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengzhen" title="Fengzhen">Fengzhen</a></li> <li>Ulanhot*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arxan" title="Arxan">Arxan</a></li> <li>Erenhot*</li> <li>Xilinhot*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinmin,_Liaoning" title="Xinmin, Liaoning">Xinmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wafangdian" title="Wafangdian">Wafangdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuanghe" title="Zhuanghe">Zhuanghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haicheng,_Liaoning" title="Haicheng, Liaoning">Haicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donggang,_Liaoning" title="Donggang, Liaoning">Donggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengcheng,_Liaoning" title="Fengcheng, Liaoning">Fengcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linghai" title="Linghai">Linghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beizhen" title="Beizhen">Beizhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaizhou" title="Gaizhou">Gaizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashiqiao" title="Dashiqiao">Dashiqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengta" title="Dengta">Dengta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaobingshan" title="Diaobingshan">Diaobingshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan,_Liaoning" title="Kaiyuan, Liaoning">Kaiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipiao" title="Beipiao">Beipiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingyuan" title="Lingyuan">Lingyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingcheng" title="Xingcheng">Xingcheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yushu,_Jilin" title="Yushu, Jilin">Yushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehui" title="Dehui">Dehui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaohe,_Jilin" title="Jiaohe, Jilin">Jiaohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huadian,_Jilin" title="Huadian, Jilin">Huadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulan" title="Shulan">Shulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panshi" title="Panshi">Panshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongzhuling" title="Gongzhuling">Gongzhuling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangliao" title="Shuangliao">Shuangliao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meihekou" title="Meihekou">Meihekou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%27an,_Jilin" title="Ji'an, Jilin">Ji'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linjiang" title="Linjiang">Linjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu,_Jilin" title="Fuyu, Jilin">Fuyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taonan" title="Taonan">Taonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27an,_Jilin" title="Da'an, Jilin">Da'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanji" title="Yanji">Yanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumen,_Jilin" title="Tumen, Jilin">Tumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhua" title="Dunhua">Dunhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunchun" title="Hunchun">Hunchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjing,_Jilin" title="Longjing, Jilin">Longjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helong" title="Helong">Helong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shangzhi" title="Shangzhi">Shangzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuchang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuchang District">Wuchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehe" title="Nehe">Nehe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulin" title="Hulin">Hulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishan" title="Mishan">Mishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieli" title="Tieli">Tieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongjiang,_Heilongjiang" title="Tongjiang, Heilongjiang">Tongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujin_City" title="Fujin City">Fujin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyuan,_Heilongjiang" title="Fuyuan, Heilongjiang">Fuyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suifenhe" title="Suifenhe">Suifenhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailin" title="Hailin">Hailin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ning%27an" title="Ning'an">Ning'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muling" title="Muling">Muling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongning,_Heilongjiang" title="Dongning, Heilongjiang">Dongning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bei%27an" title="Bei'an">Bei'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudalianchi" title="Wudalianchi">Wudalianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anda,_Heilongjiang" title="Anda, Heilongjiang">Anda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaodong" title="Zhaodong">Zhaodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailun" title="Hailun">Hailun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyin" title="Jiangyin">Jiangyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yixing" title="Yixing">Yixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyi,_Jiangsu" title="Xinyi, Jiangsu">Xinyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizhou" title="Pizhou">Pizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liyang" title="Liyang">Liyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changshu" title="Changshu">Changshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiagang" title="Zhangjiagang">Zhangjiagang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunshan" title="Kunshan">Kunshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taicang" title="Taicang">Taicang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qidong,_Jiangsu" title="Qidong, Jiangsu">Qidong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugao" title="Rugao">Rugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Haimen">Haimen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongtai" title="Dongtai">Dongtai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizheng" title="Yizheng">Yizheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaoyou" title="Gaoyou">Gaoyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danyang,_Jiangsu" title="Danyang, Jiangsu">Danyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzhong" title="Yangzhong">Yangzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurong,_Jiangsu" title="Jurong, Jiangsu">Jurong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingjiang" title="Jingjiang">Jingjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixing" title="Taixing">Taixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinghua,_Jiangsu" title="Xinghua, Jiangsu">Xinghua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiande" title="Jiande">Jiande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin%27an_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lin'an District">Lin'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuyao" title="Yuyao">Yuyao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cixi,_Zhejiang" title="Cixi, Zhejiang">Cixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenghua_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenghua District">Fenghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui%27an" title="Rui'an">Rui'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueqing" title="Yueqing">Yueqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haining" title="Haining">Haining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghu" title="Pinghu">Pinghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongxiang" title="Tongxiang">Tongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuji" title="Zhuji">Zhuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shengzhou" title="Shengzhou">Shengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanxi,_Zhejiang" title="Lanxi, Zhejiang">Lanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiwu" title="Yiwu">Yiwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongyang" title="Dongyang">Dongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongkang,_Zhejiang" title="Yongkang, Zhejiang">Yongkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshan" title="Jiangshan">Jiangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenling" title="Wenling">Wenling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linhai" title="Linhai">Linhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longquan" title="Longquan">Longquan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaohu" title="Chaohu">Chaohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieshou" title="Jieshou">Jieshou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongcheng,_Anhui" title="Tongcheng, Anhui">Tongcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianchang" title="Tianchang">Tianchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingguang" title="Mingguang">Mingguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningguo" title="Ningguo">Ningguo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing" title="Fuqing">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle District">Changle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%27an" title="Yong'an">Yong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishi,_Fujian" title="Shishi, Fujian">Shishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinjiang,_Fujian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinjiang, Fujian">Jinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan%27an,_Fujian" title="Nan'an, Fujian">Nan'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhai_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Longhai City">Longhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaowu" title="Shaowu">Shaowu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuyishan,_Fujian" title="Wuyishan, Fujian">Wuyishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou" title="Jian'ou">Jian'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangping" title="Zhangping">Zhangping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an" title="Fu'an">Fu'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuding" title="Fuding">Fuding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leping" title="Leping">Leping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruichang" title="Ruichang">Ruichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongqingcheng" title="Gongqingcheng">Gongqingcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushan_City" title="Lushan City">Lushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guixi" title="Guixi">Guixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruijin" title="Ruijin">Ruijin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinggangshan_City" title="Jinggangshan City">Jinggangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengcheng,_Jiangxi" title="Fengcheng, Jiangxi">Fengcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangshu" title="Zhangshu">Zhangshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao%27an" title="Gao'an">Gao'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexing,_Jiangxi" title="Dexing, Jiangxi">Dexing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangqiu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangqiu District">Zhangqiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_City" title="Jiaozhou City">Jiaozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimo_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimo District">Jimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingdu" title="Pingdu">Pingdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laixi" title="Laixi">Laixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengzhou" title="Tengzhou">Tengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longkou" title="Longkou">Longkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiyang" title="Laiyang">Laiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laizhou" title="Laizhou">Laizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penglai,_Shandong" class="mw-redirect" title="Penglai, Shandong">Penglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaoyuan,_Shandong" title="Zhaoyuan, Shandong">Zhaoyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qixia,_Shandong" title="Qixia, Shandong">Qixia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiyang" title="Haiyang">Haiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingzhou" title="Qingzhou">Qingzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhucheng" title="Zhucheng">Zhucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shouguang" title="Shouguang">Shouguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anqiu" title="Anqiu">Anqiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaomi" title="Gaomi">Gaomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changyi,_Shandong" title="Changyi, Shandong">Changyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoucheng" title="Zoucheng">Zoucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xintai" title="Xintai">Xintai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feicheng" title="Feicheng">Feicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongcheng,_Shandong" title="Rongcheng, Shandong">Rongcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushan,_Shandong" title="Rushan, Shandong">Rushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laoling" title="Laoling">Laoling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucheng,_Shandong" title="Yucheng, Shandong">Yucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linqing" title="Linqing">Linqing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gongyi" title="Gongyi">Gongyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingyang" title="Xingyang">Xingyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinmi" title="Xinmi">Xinmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinzheng" title="Xinzheng">Xinzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengfeng" title="Dengfeng">Dengfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanshi">Yanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang,_Henan" title="Wugang, Henan">Wugang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzhou" title="Ruzhou">Ruzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linzhou,_Henan" title="Linzhou, Henan">Linzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihui" title="Weihui">Weihui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huixian" title="Huixian">Huixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinyang" title="Qinyang">Qinyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengzhou" title="Mengzhou">Mengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzhou,_Henan" title="Yuzhou, Henan">Yuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changge" title="Changge">Changge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yima,_Henan" title="Yima, Henan">Yima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingbao_City" title="Lingbao City">Lingbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengzhou" title="Dengzhou">Dengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongcheng" title="Yongcheng">Yongcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangcheng_City" title="Xiangcheng City">Xiangcheng</a></li> <li>Jiyuan*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daye" title="Daye">Daye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danjiangkou" title="Danjiangkou">Danjiangkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidu" title="Yidu">Yidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangyang" title="Dangyang">Dangyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhijiang,_Hubei" title="Zhijiang, Hubei">Zhijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laohekou" title="Laohekou">Laohekou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaoyang" title="Zaoyang">Zaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yicheng,_Hubei" title="Yicheng, Hubei">Yicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongxiang" title="Zhongxiang">Zhongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingcheng" title="Yingcheng">Yingcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anlu" title="Anlu">Anlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanchuan" title="Hanchuan">Hanchuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishou" title="Shishou">Shishou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honghu" title="Honghu">Honghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songzi" title="Songzi">Songzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macheng" title="Macheng">Macheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxue" title="Wuxue">Wuxue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibi,_Hubei" title="Chibi, Hubei">Chibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangshui" title="Guangshui">Guangshui</a></li> <li>Enshi*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichuan,_Hubei" title="Lichuan, Hubei">Lichuan</a></li> <li>Xiantao*</li> <li>Qianjiang*</li> <li>Tianmen*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liuyang" title="Liuyang">Liuyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liling" title="Liling">Liling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang" title="Xiangxiang">Xiangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoshan" title="Shaoshan">Shaoshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiyang" title="Leiyang">Leiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changning,_Hunan" title="Changning, Hunan">Changning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang,_Hunan" title="Wugang, Hunan">Wugang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miluo_City" title="Miluo City">Miluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linxiang,_Hunan" title="Linxiang, Hunan">Linxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinshi_City" title="Jinshi City">Jinshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanjiang" title="Yuanjiang">Yuanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zixing" title="Zixing">Zixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongjiang" title="Hongjiang">Hongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengshuijiang" title="Lengshuijiang">Lengshuijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianyuan" title="Lianyuan">Lianyuan</a></li> <li>Jishou*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lechang" title="Lechang">Lechang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanxiong" title="Nanxiong">Nanxiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taishan,_Guangdong" title="Taishan, Guangdong">Taishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiping" title="Kaiping">Kaiping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heshan,_Guangdong" title="Heshan, Guangdong">Heshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enping" title="Enping">Enping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianjiang,_Guangdong" title="Lianjiang, Guangdong">Lianjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou" title="Leizhou">Leizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuchuan,_Guangdong" title="Wuchuan, Guangdong">Wuchuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaozhou" title="Gaozhou">Gaozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huazhou,_Guangdong" title="Huazhou, Guangdong">Huazhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyi,_Guangdong" title="Xinyi, Guangdong">Xinyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihui" title="Sihui">Sihui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingning,_Guangdong" title="Xingning, Guangdong">Xingning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufeng,_Guangdong" title="Lufeng, Guangdong">Lufeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangchun" title="Yangchun">Yangchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingde" title="Yingde">Yingde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianzhou" title="Lianzhou">Lianzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puning" title="Puning">Puning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoding" title="Luoding">Luoding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cenxi" title="Cenxi">Cenxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongxing,_Guangxi" title="Dongxing, Guangxi">Dongxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiping" title="Guiping">Guiping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiliu" title="Beiliu">Beiliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingxi,_Guangxi" title="Jingxi, Guangxi">Jingxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Prefecture_(Guangxi)" title="Yi Prefecture (Guangxi)">Yizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heshan,_Guangxi" title="Heshan, Guangxi">Heshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingxiang,_Guangxi" title="Pingxiang, Guangxi">Pingxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wuzhishan*</li> <li>Qionghai*</li> <li>Wenchang*</li> <li>Wanning*</li> <li>Dongfang*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dujiangyan_City" title="Dujiangyan City">Dujiangyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengzhou" title="Pengzhou">Pengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qionglai_City" title="Qionglai City">Qionglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongzhou" title="Chongzhou">Chongzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang,_Sichuan" title="Jianyang, Sichuan">Jianyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanghan" title="Guanghan">Guanghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifang" title="Shifang">Shifang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianzhu" title="Mianzhu">Mianzhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyou" title="Jiangyou">Jiangyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emeishan_City" title="Emeishan City">Emeishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langzhong" title="Langzhong">Langzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaying" title="Huaying">Huaying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanyuan" title="Wanyuan">Wanyuan</a></li> <li>Barkam*</li> <li>Kangding*</li> <li>Xichang*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qingzhen" title="Qingzhen">Qingzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chishui_City" title="Chishui City">Chishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renhuai" title="Renhuai">Renhuai</a></li> <li>Xingyi*</li> <li>Kaili*</li> <li>Duyun*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuquan,_Guizhou" title="Fuquan, Guizhou">Fuquan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anning,_Yunnan" title="Anning, Yunnan">Anning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanwei" title="Xuanwei">Xuanwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengchong" title="Tengchong">Tengchong</a></li> <li>Chuxiong*</li> <li>Mengzi*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gejiu" title="Gejiu">Gejiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan,_Yunnan" title="Kaiyuan, Yunnan">Kaiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_City" title="Mile City">Mile</a></li> <li>Wenshan*</li> <li>Jinghong*</li> <li>Dali*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruili" title="Ruili">Ruili</a></li> <li>Mangshi*</li> <li>Lushui*</li> <li>Shangri-La*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(none)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xingping" title="Xingping">Xingping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancheng" title="Hancheng">Hancheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayin" title="Huayin">Huayin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yumen_City" title="Yumen City">Yumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></li> <li>Linxia*</li> <li>Hezuo*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Yushu*</li> <li>Golmud*</li> <li>Delingha*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingwu" title="Lingwu">Lingwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingtongxia" title="Qingtongxia">Qingtongxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Changji*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukang" title="Fukang">Fukang</a></li> <li>Bole*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashankou" title="Alashankou">Alashankou</a></li> <li>Korla*</li> <li>Aksu*</li> <li>Artush*</li> <li>Kashgar*</li> <li>Hotan*</li> <li>Yining*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuytun" title="Kuytun">Kuytun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorgas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorgas">Korgas</a></li> <li>Tacheng*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusu" title="Wusu">Wusu</a></li> <li>Altay*</li> <li>Shihezi*</li> <li>Aral*</li> <li>Tumxuk*</li> <li>Wujiaqu*</li> <li>Beitun*</li> <li>Tiemenguan*</li> <li>Shuanghe*</li> <li>Kokdala*</li> <li>Kunyu*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan</a></i><sup>5</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(none)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Notes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">Notes</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">* Indicates this city has already occurred above.<br /> <p><sup>a</sup><a href="/wiki/Direct-administered_municipalities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-administered municipalities of China">Direct-administered municipalities</a>. <sup>b</sup><a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_division" title="Sub-provincial division">Sub-provincial cities as provincial capitals</a>. <sup>c</sup><a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_division" title="Sub-provincial division">Separate state-planning cities</a>. <sup>1</sup><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special economic-zone cities</a>. <sup>2</sup><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Open coastal cities</a>.<br /> <sup>3</sup>Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs. Disputed by <a href="/wiki/Oroqen_Autonomous_Banner" title="Oroqen Autonomous Banner">Oroqen Autonomous Banner</a>, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia as part of it.<br /> <sup>4</sup>Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China.<br /> <sup>5</sup>The claimed province of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan</a> no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC, due to lack of actual jurisdiction. See <a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan" title="Template:Administrative divisions of Taiwan">Template:Administrative divisions of Taiwan</a> instead.<br /> </p> All provincial capitals are listed first in prefecture-level cities by province.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_China_by_jurisdiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provincial_capitals_of_China" title="Template:Provincial capitals of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provincial_capitals_of_China" title="Template talk:Provincial capitals of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Provincial_capitals_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Provincial capitals of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_China_by_jurisdiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_China" title="List of capitals in China">Capitals of China by jurisdiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <p><b>National:</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">PRC</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">ROC</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a></li></ul> <p><b>Provinces:</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">AH</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Hefei" title="Hefei">Hefei</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">FJ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a> (PRC) / <span style="color:black;background:lightpink"><a href="/wiki/Jincheng,_Kinmen" title="Jincheng, Kinmen">Jincheng</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuchien_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Fuchien Province, Republic of China">ROC</a>¹)</span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">GD</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">GS</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">GZ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Guiyang" title="Guiyang">Guiyang</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">HA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">HB</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">HE</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang" title="Shijiazhuang">Shijiazhuang</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">HI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Haikou" title="Haikou">Haikou</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">HL</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">HN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">JL</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">JS</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">JX</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">LN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">QH</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">SC</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">SD</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">SN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">SX</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a></li> <li><span style="color:black;background:lightpink"><b><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">TW</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> (PRC)¹ / <a href="/wiki/Zhongxing_New_Village" title="Zhongxing New Village">Zhongxing NV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province" title="Taiwan Province">ROC</a>)</span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">YN</a></b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kunming</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">ZJ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li></ul> <p><b>Autonomous Regions:</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">GX</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Nanning</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">NM</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Hohhot</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">NX</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Yinchuan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">XJ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">XZ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)">Lhasa</a></li></ul> <p><b>Municipalities:</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">BJ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Tongzhou_District,_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongzhou District, Beijing">Tongzhou</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">CQ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Yuzhong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuzhong District">Yuzhong</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">SH</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Huangpu_District,_Shanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Huangpu District, Shanghai">Huangpu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">TJ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Hexi_District,_Tianjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexi District, Tianjin">Hexi</a></li></ul> <p><b>SARs:</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">HK</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">MO</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.4em; line-height:1.3em;"><div>¹ — Taiwan and Fujian are administered as a streamlined provinces by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>, but those are claimed by the PRC.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182852#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182852#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182852#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4098836-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81026044">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12366710w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12366710w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00634724">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kunming (Čína)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0038239&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044341">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunming&oldid=1258609052">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunming&oldid=1258609052</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kunming" title="Category:Kunming">Kunming</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:765_establishments" title="Category:765 establishments">765 establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:8th-century_establishments_in_China" title="Category:8th-century 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