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class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Toxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allergenic_potential" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allergenic_potential"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Allergenic potential </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allergenic_potential-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Place_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Place_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Place names </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Place_names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Place names subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Place_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Newry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 York </div> </a> <ul id="toc-York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Traditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Traditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historic_suicides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_suicides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Historic suicides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_suicides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Medical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woodworking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woodworking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Woodworking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woodworking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longbows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longbows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Longbows </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longbows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Musical instruments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horticulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horticulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Horticulture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-AGM_cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AGM_cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.1 AGM cultivars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AGM_cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Privies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.7 Culinary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Taxus baccata</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" > 77 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yf" title="Yf – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Yf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A4ische_Eibe" title="Europäische Eibe – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Europäische Eibe" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0" title="Аа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="طقسوس توتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طقسوس توتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Taxus baccata" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Taxus baccata" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil%C9%99meyv%C9%99li_qara%C3%A7%C3%B6hr%C9%99" title="Giləmeyvəli qaraçöhrə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Giləmeyvəli qaraçöhrə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="گیله مئیوه‌لی قاراچؤهره – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گیله مئیوه‌لی قاراچؤهره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Обикновен тис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обикновен тис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisa_(biljka)" title="Tisa (biljka) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tisa (biljka)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivin_(gwez)" title="Ivin (gwez) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ivin (gwez)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teix" title="Teix – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teix" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Taxus baccata" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tis_%C4%8Derven%C3%BD" title="Tis červený – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tis červený" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Taxus baccata" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almindelig_taks" title="Almindelig taks – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Almindelig taks" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A4ische_Eibe" title="Europäische Eibe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Europäische Eibe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harilik_jugapuu" title="Harilik jugapuu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harilik jugapuu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8A%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CF%86%CF%85%CF%84%CF%8C)" title="Ίταμος (φυτό) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ίταμος (φυτό)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Taxus baccata" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADropa_taksuso" title="Eŭropa taksuso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭropa taksuso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagin_arrunt" title="Hagin arrunt – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hagin arrunt" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سرخدار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرخدار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_commun" title="If commun – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="If commun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euar" title="Euar – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Euar" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iubhar" title="Iubhar – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iubhar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teixo" title="Teixo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Teixo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="База – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="База" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%96%91%EC%A3%BC%EB%AA%A9" title="서양주목 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서양주목" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Կենի հատապտղային – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենի հատապտղային" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%A1%C4%9Bdny_%C4%87is" title="Wšědny ćis – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wšědny ćis" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi%C4%8Dna_tisa" title="Obična tisa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Obična tisa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampinur_Inggris" title="Tampinur Inggris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tampinur Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Заз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Заз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dvi%C3%B0ur" title="Ýviður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ýviður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Taxus baccata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%91" title="טקסוס מעונב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טקסוס מעונב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ურთხელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ურთხელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zw%C3%ABczajny_c%C3%ABs" title="Zwëczajny cës – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Zwëczajny cës" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewin" title="Ewin – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ewin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parast%C4%81_%C4%ABve" title="Parastā īve – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Parastā īve" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a 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data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E3%82%A4%E3%83%81%E3%82%A4" title="ヨーロッパイチイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨーロッパイチイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlind" title="Barlind – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Barlind" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlind" title="Barlind – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Barlind" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%BC%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اروپايي ټاکسوس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اروپايي ټاکسوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Taxus baccata" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis_pospolity" title="Cis pospolity – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cis pospolity" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Taxus baccata" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisa_(arbore)" title="Tisa (arbore) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tisa (arbore)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taisch" title="Taisch – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Taisch" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Тис ягодный – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тис ягодный" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Taxus baccata" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tis" title="Tis – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tis" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tis_oby%C4%8Dajn%C3%BD" title="Tis obyčajný – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tis obyčajný" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navadna_tisa" title="Navadna tisa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Navadna tisa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Европска тиса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Европска тиса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisa_(biljka)" title="Tisa (biljka) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tisa (biljka)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroopanmarjakuusi" title="Euroopanmarjakuusi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Euroopanmarjakuusi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idegran" title="Idegran – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Idegran" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyfuzzel" title="Teyfuzzel – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Teyfuzzel" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yayg%C4%B1n_porsuk" title="Yaygın porsuk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaygın porsuk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Тис звичайний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тис звичайний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="یورپی سرخدار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یورپی سرخدار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Taxus baccata" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanh_t%C3%B9ng_ch%C3%A2u_%C3%82u" title="Thanh tùng châu Âu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thanh tùng châu Âu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Taxus baccata" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%BA%A2%E8%B1%86%E6%9D%89" title="欧洲红豆杉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="欧洲红豆杉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%B1%86%E6%9D%89" title="歐洲紅豆杉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Species of conifer in the family Taxaceae</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the taxonomic synonym described by Thunb., see <a href="/wiki/Cephalotaxus_harringtonii" title="Cephalotaxus harringtonii">Cephalotaxus harringtonii</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Taxus baccata </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Taxus_baccata_MHNT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Taxus_baccata_MHNT.jpg/220px-Taxus_baccata_MHNT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Taxus_baccata_MHNT.jpg/330px-Taxus_baccata_MHNT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Taxus_baccata_MHNT.jpg/440px-Taxus_baccata_MHNT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4480" data-file-height="3906" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Taxus baccata (European yew) shoot with mature and immature cones </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /> <a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a>  (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Taxus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnospermae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinophyta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinopsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cupressales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupressales">Cupressales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taxaceae" title="Taxaceae">Taxaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Taxus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">T. baccata</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Taxus baccata <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Taxus_baccata_range.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Taxus_baccata_range.svg/220px-Taxus_baccata_range.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Taxus_baccata_range.svg/330px-Taxus_baccata_range.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Taxus_baccata_range.svg/440px-Taxus_baccata_range.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1739" data-file-height="907" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Natural (native [green] + naturalised [ochre]) range<a href="#cite_note-Atlas-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li>Cephalotaxus adpressa Beissn.</li> <li>Cephalotaxus brevifolia Beissn.</li> <li>Cephalotaxus tardiva Siebold ex Endl.</li> <li>Taxus adpressa Carrière</li> <li>Taxus aure K.Koch</li> <li>Taxus baccata f. aurea (J.Nelson) Pilg.</li> <li>Taxus baccata f. dovastoniana (Leight.) Rehder </li> <li>Taxus baccata f. elegantissima (C.Lawson) Beissn. </li> <li>Taxus baccata f. erecta (Loudon) Pilg. </li> <li>Taxus baccata f. ericoides (Carrière) Pilg. </li> <li>Taxus baccata f. expansa (Carrière) Rehder </li> <li>Taxus baccata f. glauca (Jacques ex Carrière) Beissn.</li> <li>Taxus baccata f. linearis (Carrière) Pilg.</li> <li>Taxus baccata f. lutea Rehder </li> <li>Taxus baccata f. pendula (J.Nelson) Pilg.</li> <li>Taxus baccata f. pendula-graciosa (Overeynder) Beissn.</li> <li>Taxus baccata f. pyramidalis (C.Lawson) Beissn.</li> <li>Taxus baccata f. repandens (Parsons) Rehder </li> <li>Taxus baccata f. semperaurea (Dallim.) Rehder </li> <li>Taxus baccata f. stricta (C.Lawson) Rehder </li> <li>Taxus baccata f. variegata (Weston) Rehder </li> <li>Taxus baccata f. xanthocarpa Kuntze </li> <li>Taxus baccata var. adpressa-aurea A.Henry </li> <li>Taxus baccata var. cavendishii Hornibr.</li> <li>Taxus baccata var. dovastoniana Leight.</li> <li>Taxus baccata var. dovastonii-aurea Sénécl.</li> <li>Taxus baccata var. dovastonii-aureovariegata Beissn.</li> <li>Taxus baccata var. dovastonii-variegata Gordon</li> <li>Taxus baccata var. elegantissima C.Lawson</li> <li>Taxus baccata var. I Loudon </li> <li>Taxus baccata var. glauca Jacques ex Carrière </li> <li>Taxus baccata var. lutea Endl.</li> <li>Taxus baccata var. macrocarpa Lavallée</li> <li>Taxus baccata var. pendula-overeynderi Fitschen</li> <li>Taxus baccata var. prostrata Bean</li> <li>Taxus baccata var. pyramidalis C.Lawson</li> <li>Taxus baccata var. variegata Weston</li> <li>Taxus baccifera Theophr. ex Bubani</li> <li>Taxus columnaris K.Koch</li> <li>Taxus communis J.Nelson</li> <li>Taxus communis var. pyramidalis (hort. ex Ravenscr., C. Lawson et al.) Nelson</li> <li>Taxus disticha Wender. ex Henkel & Hochst.</li> <li>Taxus dovastonii Carrière</li> <li>Taxus elegantissima Carrière</li> <li>Taxus elvastonensis Beissn.</li> <li>Taxus empetrifolia Gordon</li> <li>Taxus erecta Carrière</li> <li>Taxus ericoides Carrière</li> <li>Taxus expansa K.Koch</li> <li>Taxus fastigiata Lindl.</li> <li>Taxus foxii Carrière</li> <li>Taxus hibernica Hook. ex Loudon</li> <li>Taxus horizontalis Carrière</li> <li>Taxus imperialis Gordon</li> <li>Taxus jacksonii K.Koch</li> <li>Taxus lugubris Salisb.</li> <li>Taxus marginata Carrière</li> <li>Taxus michelii Carrière</li> <li>Taxus microphylla Gordon</li> <li>Taxus mitchellii Carrière</li> <li>Taxus monstrosa Gordon</li> <li>Taxus nana Parl.</li> <li>Taxus parvifolia Wender.</li> <li>Taxus pectinata Gilib.</li> <li>Taxus pendula Carrière</li> <li>Taxus pyramidalis (hort. ex Ravenscr., C. Lawson et al.) Severin</li> <li>Taxus pyramidalis Carrière</li> <li>Taxus recurvata C.Lawson</li> <li>Taxus sparsifolia Loudon</li> <li>Taxus tardiva (Siebold ex Endl.) C.Lawson</li> <li>Taxus variegata Carrière</li> <li>Taxus virgata Wall. ex Gordon</li> <li>Verataxus adpressa (Carrière) Carrière</li></ul> </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Taxus baccata is a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> tree in the <a href="/wiki/Family_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family (botany)">family</a> Taxaceae, native to <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Africa">Northwest Africa</a>, northern Iran, and <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Asia">Southwest Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rushforth-4">[4]</a> It is the tree originally known as yew, though with other related trees becoming known, it may be referred to as common yew,<a href="#cite_note-RHSPF-5">[5]</a> European yew, or in North America English yew.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> It is a woodland tree in its native range, and is also grown as an ornamental tree, hedge or topiary. The plant is poisonous, with toxins that can be absorbed through inhalation, ingestion, and transpiration through the skin.<a href="#cite_note-afm2-7">[7]</a> Consuming any part of the tree, excluding the aril, can be deadly and the consumption of even a small amount of the foliage can result in death.<a href="#cite_note-ProMed1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-ProMed2-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-JVDI-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Poisonous-11">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_naming">Taxonomy and naming</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy and naming">edit</a>]</div> The word yew is from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> īw, ēow, ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> *h₁eyHw-. Possibly entered <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Germanic languages</a>(discussion:<a href="/wiki/Eihwaz" title="Eihwaz">Eihwaz</a>) through a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic language</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a> *ivos, <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> ivin, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/Iodhadh" title="Iodhadh">ēo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> yw(ywen) and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_(Botanique)" class="extiw" title="fr:If (Botanique)">if</a>. In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> it is known as Eibe. Baccata is <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for 'bearing berries'. The word yew as it was originally used seems to refer to the colour brown.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The yew (μίλος) was known to <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>, who noted its preference for mountain coolness and shade, its evergreen character and its slow growth.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Most Romance languages, with the notable exception of French (if), kept a version of the Latin word taxus (Italian tasso, Corsican tassu, Occitan teis, Catalan teix, Gasconic tech, Spanish tejo, Asturian texu, Portuguese teixo, Galician teixo and Romanian tisă) from the same root as toxic. In Slavic languages, the same root is preserved: Polish cis, Ukrainian, Slovakian and Russian tis (тис), Serbian-Croatian-Bosnian-Montenegrin tisa/тиса, tis, Slovenian tisa. Albanian borrowed it as tis.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, the tree is known as sorkhdār (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: سرخدار, literally "the red tree"). Common yew was one of the many species first described by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>. It is one of around 30 conifer species in seven genera in the family <a href="/wiki/Taxaceae" title="Taxaceae">Taxaceae</a>, which is placed in the order <a href="/wiki/Pinales" title="Pinales">Pinales</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taxus_baccata_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Taxus_baccata_tree.jpg/220px-Taxus_baccata_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Taxus_baccata_tree.jpg/330px-Taxus_baccata_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Taxus_baccata_tree.jpg/440px-Taxus_baccata_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A T. baccata tree</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taxus_baccata_MHNT_seed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Taxus_baccata_MHNT_seed.jpg/220px-Taxus_baccata_MHNT_seed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Taxus_baccata_MHNT_seed.jpg/330px-Taxus_baccata_MHNT_seed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Taxus_baccata_MHNT_seed.jpg/440px-Taxus_baccata_MHNT_seed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4633" data-file-height="3334" /></a><figcaption>Seeds of Taxus baccata</figcaption></figure> Yews are small to medium-sized evergreen trees, growing 10–20 m (35–65 ft) (exceptionally up to 28 m or 92 ft) tall, with a trunk up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) (exceptionally 4 m or 13 ft 1 in) in diameter. The bark is thin, scaly brown, and comes off in small flakes aligned with the stem. The leaves are flat, dark green, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1–4 centimetres (1⁄2–1+1⁄2 in) long, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2–3 mm (3⁄32–1⁄8 in) broad, and <a href="/wiki/Phyllotaxis" title="Phyllotaxis">arranged</a> spirally on the stem, but with the leaf bases twisted to align the leaves in two flat rows on either side of the stem, except on erect leading shoots where the spiral arrangement is more obvious. The leaves are poisonous.<a href="#cite_note-rushforth-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-afm2-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Conifer_cone" title="Conifer cone">seed cones</a> are modified, each cone containing a single seed, which is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4–7 mm (3⁄16–1⁄4 in) long, and partly surrounded by a fleshy scale which develops into a soft, bright red berry-like structure called an <a href="/wiki/Aril" title="Aril">aril</a>. The aril is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">8–15 mm (5⁄16–9⁄16 in) long and wide and open at the end. The arils mature 6 to 9 months after pollination, and with the seed contained, are eaten by <a href="/wiki/Thrush_(bird)" title="Thrush (bird)">thrushes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waxwing" title="Waxwing">waxwings</a> and other birds, which disperse the hard seeds undamaged in their droppings. Maturation of the arils is spread over 2 to 3 months, increasing the chances of successful seed dispersal. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The seeds themselves are poisonous and bitter, but are opened and eaten by some bird species, including <a href="/wiki/Hawfinch" title="Hawfinch">hawfinches</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/European_greenfinch" title="European greenfinch">greenfinches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_tit" title="Great tit">great tits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Snow-15">[15]</a> The aril is not poisonous; it is gelatinous and very sweet tasting. The male cones are globose, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3–6 mm (1⁄8–1⁄4 in) in diameter, and shed their <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> in early spring. Yews are mostly <a href="/wiki/Dioecy" title="Dioecy">dioecious</a>, but occasional individuals can be variably monoecious, or change sex with time.<a href="#cite_note-rushforth-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-afm2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-DJ-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat">edit</a>]</div> T. baccata is native to all countries of Europe (except Iceland), the Caucasus, and beyond from Turkey eastwards to northern Iran. Its range extends south to Morocco and Algeria in North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status-1">[1]</a> A few populations are also present in the archipelagos of the Azores<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and Madeira.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The limit of its northern <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> distribution is its sensitivity to frost, with <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">global warming</a> predicted to allow its spread inland.<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status-1">[1]</a> It has been introduced elsewhere, including the United States.<a href="#cite_note-POWO_306036-2-19">[19]</a> Aside from its natural habitat, it is also common to find English Yew in gardens because it is very tolerant to pruning, and in cemeteries, as it symbolizes death.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> T. baccata's richest central European populations are in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> yew-beech woodlands, on cool, steep <a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">marl</a> slopes up to 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) in elevation in the <a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Alpine foothills</a>. In <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> it grows best in steep slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Downland" title="Downland">chalk downs</a>, forming extensive stands invading the grassland outside the beech woods. In more <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climates</a> of Europe it fares better in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">mixed forests</a>, of both <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">coniferous</a> and mixed broadleaf-conifer composition. Under its evergreen shade, no other plants can grow.<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status-1">[1]</a> T. baccata prefers steep rocky <a href="/wiki/Calcareous" title="Calcareous">calcareous</a> slopes. It rarely develops beyond saplings on acid soil when under a forest canopy, but is tolerant of soil pH when planted by humans, such as their traditional placement in <a href="/wiki/Churchyard" title="Churchyard">churchyards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">cemeteries</a>, where some of the largest and oldest trees in northwestern Europe are found.<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status-1">[1]</a> It grows well in well-drained soils,<a href="#cite_note-PFaF-21">[21]</a> tolerating nearly any soil type, typically <a href="/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">humus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Base-richness" title="Base-richness">base-rich</a> soils, but also on <a href="/wiki/Rendzina" title="Rendzina">rendzina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> soils given adequate moisture. They can survive temporary flooding and moderate droughts. Roots can penetrate extremely compressed soils, such as on rocky terrain and vertical cliff faces.<a href="#cite_note-Atlas-2">[2]</a> T. baccata normally appears individually or in small groups within the <a href="/wiki/Understory" title="Understory">understory</a>, but also forms stands throughout its range,<a href="#cite_note-Atlas-2">[2]</a> such as in sheltered calcareous sites.<a href="#cite_note-PFaF-21">[21]</a> T. baccata is extremely shade-tolerant, with the widest temperature range for <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> among European trees, able to photosynthesize in winter after deciduous trees have shed their leaves.<a href="#cite_note-Atlas-2">[2]</a> It can grow under partial canopies of <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> broad-leafed trees, though it only grows into large trees without such shade.<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status-1">[1]</a> In centuries past T. baccata was exterminated from many woodlands as a poisonous hazard to the cattle and horses that often grazed in the woods[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Rabbits and deer however have a level of immunity to the poisonous alkaloids, and the seeds are dispersed by birds,<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status-1">[1]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Thrush_(bird)" title="Thrush (bird)">thrushes</a> greatly enjoying the fruit.<a href="#cite_note-PFaF-21">[21]</a> It also regenerates readily from stumps and roots, even when ancient and hollow.<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Longevity">Longevity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Longevity">edit</a>]</div> Taxus baccata can reach 400 to 600 years of age. Some specimens live longer but the age of yews is often overestimated.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Ten yews in Britain are believed to predate the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The potential age of yews is impossible to determine accurately and is subject to much dispute. There is rarely any wood as old as the entire tree, while the boughs themselves often become hollow with age, making <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">ring counts</a> impossible. Evidence based on growth rates and archaeological work of surrounding structures suggests the oldest yews, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fortingall_Yew" title="Fortingall Yew">Fortingall Yew</a> in Perthshire, Scotland, may be in the range of 2,000 years,<a href="#cite_note-harte-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-kinmonth-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-lewington-26">[26]</a> placing them among the oldest plants in Europe. One characteristic contributing to yews' longevity is that, unlike most other trees, they are able to split under the weight of advanced growth without succumbing to disease in the fracture. Another is their ability to give rise to new <a href="/wiki/Epicormic_shoot" title="Epicormic shoot">epicormic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basal_shoot" title="Basal shoot">basal shoots</a> from cut surfaces and low on their trunks, even in old age.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significant_trees">Significant trees</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Significant trees">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Llangernyw_yew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/The_Llangernyw_yew.jpg/220px-The_Llangernyw_yew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/The_Llangernyw_yew.jpg/330px-The_Llangernyw_yew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/The_Llangernyw_yew.jpg/440px-The_Llangernyw_yew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Llangernyw_Yew" title="Llangernyw Yew">Llangernyw Yew</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Fortingall_Yew" title="Fortingall Yew">Fortingall Yew</a> in Perthshire, Scotland, has one of the largest recorded trunk girths in Britain, reportedly 16-17m in the 18th century, and experts estimate it to be 5,000 years old.<a href="#cite_note-fls-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Llangernyw_Yew" title="Llangernyw Yew">Llangernyw Yew</a> in <a href="/wiki/Clwyd" title="Clwyd">Clwyd</a>, Wales, can be found at another early saint site and is about 4000–5000 years old according to an investigation led by David Bellamy,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> who also carbon-dated a yew tree in <a href="/wiki/Tisbury,_Wiltshire" title="Tisbury, Wiltshire">Tisbury</a> at around 4000 years old.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> A certificate and memorial board by the tree confirm the tree's age estimate. Other well known yews include the <a href="/wiki/Ankerwycke_Yew" title="Ankerwycke Yew">Ankerwycke Yew</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balderschwang_Yew" title="Balderschwang Yew">Balderschwang Yew</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caesarsboom" title="Caesarsboom">Caesarsboom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Florence_Court_Yew" title="Florence Court Yew">Florence Court Yew</a>, and the Borrowdale Fraternal Four, of which poet <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> wrote. The <a href="/wiki/Kingley_Vale_National_Nature_Reserve" title="Kingley Vale National Nature Reserve">Kingley Vale National Nature Reserve</a> in West Sussex has one of Europe's largest yew woodlands.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:If_Estry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/If_Estry.jpg/220px-If_Estry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/If_Estry.jpg/330px-If_Estry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/If_Estry.jpg/440px-If_Estry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Estry" title="Estry">Estry</a> Yew, Normandy, around 1,600 years old</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Bermiego_Yew" title="Bermiego Yew">oldest specimen in Spain</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Bermiego" title="Bermiego">Bermiego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>. It is known as Teixu l'Iglesia in the <a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian language</a>. It stands 15 m (49 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">6.82 m (22 ft 4+1⁄2 in) and a crown diameter of 15 m (49 ft). It was declared a Natural Monument on April 27, 1995, by the Asturian Government and is protected by the Plan of Natural Resources.<a href="#cite_note-Asturia-30">[30]</a> A unique forest formed by Taxus baccata and European box (<a href="/wiki/Buxus_sempervirens" title="Buxus sempervirens">Buxus sempervirens</a>) lies within the city of <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Caucasus" title="Western Caucasus">Western Caucasus</a>. The oldest Irish Yew (Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata'), the <a href="/wiki/Florence_Court_Yew" title="Florence Court Yew">Florence Court Yew</a>, still stands in the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Florence_Court" title="Florence Court">Florence Court</a> estate in <a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">County Fermanagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. The Irish Yew has become ubiquitous in cemeteries across the world, and it is believed that all known examples are from cuttings from this tree.<a href="#cite_note-national-trust-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Toxicity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taxine_B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The molecular structure of taxine B" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Taxine_B.png/220px-Taxine_B.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Taxine_B.png/330px-Taxine_B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Taxine_B.png/440px-Taxine_B.png 2x" data-file-width="1542" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>The structure of Taxine B, the cardiotoxic chemical in the yew plant</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Taxine_alkaloids" title="Taxine alkaloids">Taxine alkaloids</a></div> The entire plant is poisonous, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Aril" title="Aril">aril</a> (the red flesh of the “berry” covering the seed). Yews contain numerous toxic compounds, including "at least ten alkaloids, <a href="/wiki/Nitrile" title="Nitrile">nitriles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cyanogenic_glycoside" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanogenic glycoside">cyanogenic glycoside</a> esters), <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">ephedrine</a>", and their <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oil</a>, but the most important toxins are <a href="/wiki/Taxine_alkaloids" title="Taxine alkaloids">taxine alkaloids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiotoxicity" title="Cardiotoxicity">cardiotoxic</a> chemical compounds which act via calcium and sodium channel antagonism.<a href="#cite_note-Toxic_plants-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> If any leaves or seeds of the plant are ingested, urgent medical attention is recommended as well as observation for at least 6 hours after the point of ingestion.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-PFaF-21">[21]</a> The European yew is one of the most toxic species in the genus, along with the <a href="/wiki/Taxus_cuspidata" title="Taxus cuspidata">Japanese yew</a>, T. cuspidata.<a href="#cite_note-Toxic_plants-32">[32]</a> Yew poisonings are relatively common in both domestic and wild animals which consume the plant accidentally,<a href="#cite_note-ProMed1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-ProMed2-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-JVDI-10">[10]</a> resulting in "countless fatalities in livestock".<a href="#cite_note-Krenzelok-35">[35]</a> Taxines are also absorbed efficiently via the skin. Taxus species should thus be handled with care and preferably with gloves.<a href="#cite_note-afm2-7">[7]</a> "The lethal dose for an adult is reported to be 50 g of yew needles. Patients who ingest a lethal dose frequently die due to <a href="/wiki/Cardiogenic_shock" title="Cardiogenic shock">cardiogenic shock</a>, in spite of resuscitation efforts."<a href="#cite_note-Piskač-36">[36]</a> There are currently no known antidotes for yew poisoning, but drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">atropine</a> have been used to treat the symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Taxine remains in the plant all year, with maximal concentrations appearing during the winter. Dried yew plant material retains its toxicity for several months<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and even increases its toxicity as the water is removed.<a href="#cite_note-Provet-39">[39]</a> Fallen leaves should therefore also be considered toxic. Poisoning usually occurs when leaves of yew trees are eaten, but in at least one case a victim inhaled sawdust from a yew tree.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allergenic_potential">Allergenic potential</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Allergenic potential">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Yew_close_250.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/English_Yew_close_250.jpg/220px-English_Yew_close_250.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/English_Yew_close_250.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Foliage of Irish yew, Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata'; note the leaves spreading all round the erect shoots</figcaption></figure> Male yews are extremely allergenic, blooming and releasing abundant amounts of pollen in the spring, with an <a href="/wiki/OPALS_(Ogren_Plant_Allergy_Scale)" class="mw-redirect" title="OPALS (Ogren Plant Allergy Scale)">OPALS</a> allergy scale rating of 10 out of 10. Completely female yews have an OPALS rating of 1, the lowest possible, trapping pollen while producing none. The pollen, like most species', easily passes through window screens.<a href="#cite_note-Ogren-41">[41]</a> While yew pollen does not contain sufficient taxine alkaloids to cause poisoning, its allergenic potential has been implicated in adverse reactions to <a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">paclitaxel</a> treatment.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Place_names">Place names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Place names">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilingual_welcome_sign_Newry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bilingual_welcome_sign_Newry.jpg/220px-Bilingual_welcome_sign_Newry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bilingual_welcome_sign_Newry.jpg/330px-Bilingual_welcome_sign_Newry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bilingual_welcome_sign_Newry.jpg/440px-Bilingual_welcome_sign_Newry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Welcome sign in <a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a>, Northern Ireland, in English and Irish</figcaption></figure> Words and <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">Morphemes</a> for "yew tree" have resulted in a number of place names. These include the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eburos#Proto-Celtic" class="extiw" title="wikt:eburos">eburos</a>; <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> ibar; <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> iobhar, iubhar and iúr; and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> iubhar,<a href="#cite_note-Delamarre159-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newry">Newry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Newry">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a>, Northern Ireland is an anglicization of An Iúraigh, an oblique form of An Iúrach, which means "the grove of yew trees". The modern Irish name for Newry is An tIúr (pronounced [ənʲ ˈtʲuːɾˠ]), which means "the yew tree". An tIúr is a shortening of Iúr Cinn Trá, "yew tree at the head of the strand", which was formerly the most common Irish name for Newry. This relates to an apocryphal story that Saint Patrick planted a yew tree there in the 5th century. The Irish name Cathair an Iúir (City of Newry) appears on some bilingual signs around the city.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The area of <a href="/wiki/Ydre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ydre">Ydre</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Swedish_highlands" title="South Swedish highlands">South Swedish highlands</a> is interpreted to mean "place of yews".<a href="#cite_note-ortnamnlexiko2003-375-45">[45]</a> Two localities in particular, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idhult&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idhult (page does not exist)">Idhult</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idebo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idebo (page does not exist)">Idebo</a>, appear to be further associated with yews.<a href="#cite_note-ortnamnlexiko2003-375-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="York">York</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: York">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3rv%C3%ADk" class="mw-redirect" title="Jórvík">Jórvík</a>) is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Brittonic</a> name Eburākon (<a href="/wiki/Latin_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin (language)">Latinised</a> variously as <a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a>, Eburacum, or Eburaci), a combination of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/eburos#Proto-Celtic" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/eburos">*eburos</a> "yew-tree" and a suffix of <a href="/wiki/Appurtenance" title="Appurtenance">appurtenance</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/-%C4%81kos#Proto-Celtic" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/-ākos">*-āko(n)</a> "belonging to-, place of-" (compare Welsh -og)<a href="#cite_note-Delamarre159-43">[43]</a> meaning "place of the yew trees" (efrog in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, Old Irish iubrach "grove of yew trees, place with one or more yew trees", iúrach in Irish Gaelic and iùbhrach in Scottish Gaelic); the city itself is called Eabhrach (Irish) and Eabhraig (Scottish Gaelic), from the Latin Eboracum); or alternatively, "the settlement of (a man named) Eburos" (a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> personal name is mentioned in different documents as Eβουρος, Eburus, and Eburius and, when combined with the Celtic possessive suffix *-āko(n), could be used to denote his property).<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Delamarre159-43">[43]</a> The 12th‑century chronicler <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>, in his account of the prehistoric kings of Britain, <a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a>, suggests the name derives from that of a pre-Roman city founded by the legendary king <a href="/wiki/Ebraucus" title="Ebraucus">Ebraucus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The name Eboracum became the <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Anglian</a> Eoforwic in the 7th century: a compound of Eofor-, from the old name, and -wic "a village", probably by conflation of the element Ebor- with a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> root *eburaz ('boar'); by the 7th century the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> for 'boar' had become eofor. When the <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danish</a> army conquered the city in 866, its name became Jórvík.<a href="#cite_note-coyyh-48">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> name of Yorks following the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman Conquest</a> was recorded as Everwic (modern Norman Évèroui) in works such as Wace's <a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Rou" title="Roman de Rou">Roman de Rou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Jórvík, meanwhile, gradually reduced to York in the centuries after the Conquest, moving from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> Yerk in the 14th century through Yourke in the 16th century to Yarke in the 17th century. The form York was first recorded in the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Willis35-51">[51]</a> Many company and place names, such as the Ebor race meeting, refer to the Latinised Brittonic, Roman name.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a> uses Ebor as his surname in his signature.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions">Traditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Traditions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_suicides">Historic suicides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historic suicides">edit</a>]</div> In the ancient Celtic world, the yew tree (*eburos) had extraordinary importance; a passage by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a> narrates that <a href="/wiki/Cativolcus" title="Cativolcus">Cativolcus</a>, chief of the <a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a>, poisoned himself with yew rather than submit to Rome (Gallic Wars 6: 31). Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Florus" title="Florus">Florus</a> notes that when the Cantabrians were under siege by the legate Gaius Furnius in 22 BC, most of them took their lives either by sword, fire, or a poison extracted ex arboribus taxeis, that is, from the yew tree (2: 33, 50–51). In a similar way, <a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a> notes that when the <a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Astures</a> were besieged at Mons Medullius, they preferred to die by their own swords or by yew poison rather than surrender (6, 21, 1). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LaHayeDeRoutotIf1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/LaHayeDeRoutotIf1.JPG/220px-LaHayeDeRoutotIf1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/LaHayeDeRoutotIf1.JPG/330px-LaHayeDeRoutotIf1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/LaHayeDeRoutotIf1.JPG/440px-LaHayeDeRoutotIf1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Door of a Norman chapel set in a yew tree, Chapelle Saint-Anne, Church of Notre-Dame, <a href="/wiki/La_Haye-de-Routot" title="La Haye-de-Routot">La Haye-de-Routot</a>, France.</figcaption></figure> The yew is traditionally and regularly found in <a href="/wiki/Churchyard" title="Churchyard">churchyards</a> in England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and Northern France (particularly <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>). Some examples can be found in <a href="/wiki/La_Haye-de-Routot" title="La Haye-de-Routot">La Haye-de-Routot</a> or <a href="/wiki/La_Lande-Patry" title="La Lande-Patry">La Lande-Patry</a>. It is said up to 40 people could stand inside one of the La-Haye-de-Routot yew trees, and the <a href="/wiki/Le_M%C3%A9nil-Ciboult" title="Le Ménil-Ciboult">Le Ménil-Ciboult</a> yew is probably the largest, with a girth of 13 m.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Yews may grow to become exceptionally large (over 5 m diameter) and may live to be over 2,000 years old. Sometimes monks planted yews in the middle of their <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloister</a>, as at <a href="/wiki/Muckross_Abbey" title="Muckross Abbey">Muckross Abbey</a> (Ireland) or <a href="/wiki/Abbaye_de_Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbaye de Jumièges">abbaye de Jumièges</a> (Normandy). Some ancient yew trees are located at St. Mary the Virgin Church, <a href="/wiki/Overton-on-Dee" title="Overton-on-Dee">Overton-on-Dee</a> in Wales.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> rendering of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Book of Nahum</a>, 1:10, <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> and other deemed enemies of the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">biblical God</a> are foretold to "be laid bare even to its foundation, and…devoured as a twisted yew."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In Asturian tradition and culture, the yew tree was considered to be linked with the land, people, ancestors, and ancient religion. It was tradition on <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a> to bring a branch of a yew tree to the tombs of those who had died recently so they would be guided in their return to the Land of Shadows. The yew tree has been found near chapels, churches, and cemeteries since ancient times as a symbol of the transcendence of death. They are often found in the main squares of villages where people celebrated the open councils that served as a way of general assembly to rule village affairs.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> It has been suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree_at_Uppsala" title="Sacred tree at Uppsala">sacred tree</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a> was an ancient yew tree.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The Christian church commonly found it expedient to take over existing pre-Christian sacred sites for churches. It has also been suggested that yews were planted at religious sites as their long life was suggestive of eternity, or because, being toxic when ingested, they were seen as trees of death.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Another suggested explanation is that yews were planted to discourage farmers and drovers from letting animals wander onto the burial grounds, the poisonous foliage being the disincentive. A further possible reason is that fronds and branches of yew were often used as a substitute for palms on <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-DLP-63">[63]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> ordered yew trees planted in churchyards to protect the buildings. Some yews existed before their churches, as preachers held services beneath them when churches were unavailable. Due to the ability of their branches to root and sprout anew after touching the ground, yews became symbols of death, rebirth, and therefore immortality.<a href="#cite_note-DLP-63">[63]</a> In interpretations of <a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Norse cosmology</a>, the tree <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a> has traditionally been interpreted as a giant <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus">ash tree</a>. Some scholars now believe errors were made in past interpretations of the ancient writings, and that the tree is most likely a European yew (Taxus baccata).<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Crann_Ogham" class="mw-redirect" title="Crann Ogham">Crann Ogham</a>—the variation on the ancient Irish <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> alphabet which consists of a list of trees—yew is the last in the main list of 20 trees, primarily symbolizing death. There are stories of people who have committed suicide by ingesting the foliage. As the ancient Celts also believed in the <a href="/wiki/Transmigration_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmigration of the soul">transmigration of the soul</a>, there is in some cases a secondary meaning of the eternal soul that survives death to be reborn in a new form.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> Yew wood was historically important, finding use in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in items such as musical instruments, furniture, and <a href="/wiki/Longbows" class="mw-redirect" title="Longbows">longbows</a>. The species was felled nearly to extinction in much of Europe. In the modern day it is not considered a commercial crop due to its very slow growth, but it is valued for hedging and <a href="/wiki/Topiary" title="Topiary">topiary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Atlas-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical">Medical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Medical">edit</a>]</div> Certain compounds found in the bark of yew trees were discovered in 1967 to have efficacy as anti-cancer agents. The precursors of the <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> drug <a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">paclitaxel</a> (taxol) were later shown to be synthesized easily from extracts of the leaves of European yew,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> which is a much more renewable source than the bark of the Pacific yew (<a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">Taxus brevifolia</a>) from which they were initially isolated. This ended a point of conflict in the early 1990s; many environmentalists, including <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, had opposed the destructive harvesting of Pacific yew for paclitaxel cancer treatments. <a href="/wiki/Docetaxel" title="Docetaxel">Docetaxel</a> can then be obtained by semi-synthetic conversion from the precursors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woodworking">Woodworking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Woodworking">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:If_cincentenaire_49.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/If_cincentenaire_49.JPG/220px-If_cincentenaire_49.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/If_cincentenaire_49.JPG/330px-If_cincentenaire_49.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/If_cincentenaire_49.JPG/440px-If_cincentenaire_49.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Bole of an ancient yew in <a href="/wiki/Pont-de-Buis-l%C3%A8s-Quimerch" title="Pont-de-Buis-lès-Quimerch">Pont-de-Buis-lès-Quimerch</a>, Brittany</figcaption></figure> Wood from the yew is classified as a closed-pore <a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">softwood</a>, similar to cedar and pine. Easy to work, yew is among the hardest of the softwoods, yet it possesses a remarkable elasticity, making it ideal for products that require springiness, such as bows.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The wood is esteemed for <a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">cabinetry</a> and tool handles.<a href="#cite_note-PFaF-21">[21]</a> The hard, slow-growing wood also finds use in gates, furniture, <a href="/wiki/Parquet_floors" class="mw-redirect" title="Parquet floors">parquet floors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Panelling" title="Panelling">paneling</a>. Its typical <a href="/wiki/Burl" title="Burl">burls</a> and contorted growth, with intricate multicolored patterns, make it attractive for carving and <a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">woodturning</a>, but also make the wood unsuited for construction.<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status-1">[1]</a> It is good firewood and is sometimes burnt as incense.<a href="#cite_note-PFaF-21">[21]</a> Due to all parts of the yew and its volatile oils being poisonous and cardiotoxic,<a href="#cite_note-rushforth-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-afm2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-PoisonGarden-68">[68]</a> a mask should be worn if one comes in contact with sawdust from the wood.<a href="#cite_note-ancientyew-69">[69]</a> One of the world's oldest surviving wooden artifacts is a <a href="/wiki/Clactonian" title="Clactonian">Clactonian</a> yew<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> spear head, found in 1911 at <a href="/wiki/Clacton-on-Sea" title="Clacton-on-Sea">Clacton-on-Sea</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, UK. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Clacton_Spear" title="Clacton Spear">Clacton Spear</a>, it is estimated to be over 400,000 years old.<a href="#cite_note-White_Clacton-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laing50-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longbows">Longbows</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Longbows">edit</a>]</div> Yew is also associated with Wales and England because of the <a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">longbow</a>, an early weapon of war developed in northern Europe, and as the <a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">English longbow</a> the basis for a medieval tactical system. The oldest surviving yew longbow was found at Rotten Bottom in <a href="/wiki/Dumfries" title="Dumfries">Dumfries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a>, Scotland. It has been given a calibrated radiocarbon date of 4040 BC to 3640 BC and is on display in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">National Museum of Scotland</a>. Yew is the wood of choice for longbow making; the <a href="/wiki/Heartwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Heartwood">heartwood</a> is always on the inside of the bow with the sapwood on the outside. This makes most efficient use of their properties as heartwood is best in compression whilst sapwood is superior in tension. However, much yew is knotty and twisted, and therefore unsuitable for bowmaking; most trunks do not give good staves and even in a good trunk much wood has to be discarded.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There was a tradition of planting yew trees in churchyards throughout Britain and Ireland, among other reasons, as a resource for bows, such as at "<a href="/wiki/Ardchattan_Priory" title="Ardchattan Priory">Ardchattan Priory</a> whose yew trees, according to other accounts, were inspected by <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a> and cut to make at least some of the <a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">longbows</a> used at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bannockburn" title="Battle of Bannockburn">Battle of Bannockburn</a>."<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The trade of yew wood to England for longbows was so robust that it depleted the stocks of good-quality, mature yew over a vast area. The first documented import of yew bowstaves to England was in 1294. In 1423 the Polish king commanded protection of yews in order to cut exports, facing nearly complete destruction of local yew stock.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In 1470 compulsory archery practice was renewed, and <a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">hazel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus">ash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laburnum" title="Laburnum">laburnum</a> were specifically allowed for practice bows. Supplies still proved insufficient, until by the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1472" title="Statute of Westminster 1472">Statute of Westminster</a> in 1472, every ship coming to an English port had to bring four bowstaves for every <a href="/wiki/Tun_(unit)" title="Tun (unit)">tun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III of England</a> increased this to ten for every tun. This stimulated a vast network of extraction and supply, which formed part of royal monopolies in southern Germany and Austria. In 1483, the price of bowstaves rose from two to eight pounds per hundred, and in 1510 the Venetians would only sell a hundred for sixteen pounds. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1507 the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> asked the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Bavaria">Duke of Bavaria</a> to stop cutting yew, but the trade was profitable, and in 1532 the royal <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> was granted for the usual quantity "if there are that many." In 1562, the Bavarian government sent a long plea to the Holy Roman Emperor asking him to stop the cutting of yew, and outlining the damage done to the forests by its selective extraction, which broke the canopy and allowed wind to destroy neighbouring trees. In 1568, despite a request from <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, no royal monopoly was granted because there was no yew to cut, and the next year <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> similarly failed to produce enough yew to justify a royal monopoly. Forestry records in this area in the 17th century do not mention yew, and it seems that no mature trees were to be had. The English tried to obtain supplies from the Baltic, but at this period bows were being replaced by guns in any case.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_instruments">Musical instruments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Musical instruments">edit</a>]</div> The late Robert Lundberg, a noted <a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">luthier</a> who performed extensive research on historical <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>-making methodology, states in his 2002 book Historical Lute Construction that yew was historically a prized wood for lute construction. European legislation establishing use limits and requirements for yew limited supplies available to luthiers, but it was apparently as prized among medieval, renaissance, and baroque lute builders as <a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_nigra" title="Dalbergia nigra">Brazilian rosewood</a> is among contemporary guitar-makers for its quality of sound and beauty.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horticulture">Horticulture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Horticulture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Yew_600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/English_Yew_600.jpg/220px-English_Yew_600.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/English_Yew_600.jpg/330px-English_Yew_600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/English_Yew_600.jpg/440px-English_Yew_600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>An Irish yew (Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata') planted at <a href="/wiki/Kenilworth_Castle" title="Kenilworth Castle">Kenilworth Castle</a></figcaption></figure> Today European yew is widely used in landscaping and ornamental horticulture. Due to its dense, dark green, mature foliage, and its tolerance of even very severe pruning, it is used especially for formal <a href="/wiki/Hedge" title="Hedge">hedges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Topiary" title="Topiary">topiary</a>. Its relatively slow growth rate means that in such situations it needs to be clipped only once per year (in late summer). European yew will tolerate a wide range of soils and situations, including shallow chalk soils and shade,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> although in deep shade its foliage may be less dense. However it cannot tolerate waterlogging, and in poorly-draining situations is liable to succumb to the root-rotting pathogen <a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_cinnamomi" title="Phytophthora cinnamomi">Phytophthora cinnamomi</a>. T. baccata is tolerant of urban pollution, cold, and heat, though soil compaction e.g. by roads can harm it. It is slow-growing, taking about 20 years to grow 4.5 metres (15 ft) tall, and vertical growth effectively stops after 100 years. With its soft bark, the tree can be killed over time by rubbing such as by climbing children.<a href="#cite_note-PFaF-21">[21]</a> In Europe, Taxus baccata grows naturally north to <a href="/wiki/Molde" title="Molde">Molde</a> in southern Norway, but it is used in gardens further north. It is also popular as a <a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">bonsai</a> in many parts of Europe and makes a handsome small- to large-sized bonsai.<a href="#cite_note-Ma-Ke_Taxus_baccata-78">[78]</a> Well over 200 <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> of T. baccata have been named. The most popular of these are the <a href="/wiki/Florence_Court_Yew" title="Florence Court Yew">Irish yew</a> (T. baccata 'Fastigiata'), a fastigiate cultivar of the European yew selected from two trees found growing in Ireland, and the several cultivars with yellow leaves, collectively known as "golden yew".<a href="#cite_note-afm2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-DJ-16">[16]</a> In some locations, e.g. when hemmed in by buildings or other trees, an Irish yew can reach 20 feet in height without exceeding 2 feet in diameter at its thickest point, although with age many Irish yews assume a fat cigar shape rather than being truly columnar. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="AGM_cultivars">AGM cultivars</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: AGM cultivars">edit</a>]</div> The following cultivars have gained the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit" title="Award of Garden Merit">Award of Garden Merit</a>:-<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>T. baccata<a href="#cite_note-RHSPF-5">[5]</a></li> <li>T. baccata 'Fastigiata' (Irish yew)<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li>T. baccata 'Fastigiata Aureomarginata' (golden Irish yew)<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li>T. baccata 'Icicle'<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li> <li>T. baccata 'Repandens'<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li> <li>T. baccata 'Repens Aurea'<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li> <li>T. baccata 'Semperaurea'<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></li> <li>T. baccata 'Standishii'<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privies">Privies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Privies">edit</a>]</div> In England, yew has historically been sometimes associated with <a href="/wiki/Outhouse" title="Outhouse">privies</a> (outside toilets), possibly because the smell of the plant keeps insects away.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Culinary">edit</a>]</div> The edible arils, often colloquially referred to as “yew berries” (or traditionally as “snotty gogs” in parts of England<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>), are eaten by some foragers in western countries, although great care must be taken to remove or spit out the toxic seed.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Conservation">edit</a>]</div> Historically, T. baccata populations were gravely threatened by felling for longbows and destruction to protect livestock from poisoning. It is now endangered in parts of its range due to intensive land use. The species is also harvested to meet pharmaceutical demand for taxanes. Trees are often damaged by <a href="/wiki/Browsing_(herbivory)" title="Browsing (herbivory)">browsing</a> and bark stripping. Yew's thin bark makes it vulnerable to fire. Its toxicity protects against many insects, but the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yew_mite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yew mite (page does not exist)">yew mite</a> causes significant bud mortality, and seedlings can be killed by fungi.<a href="#cite_note-Atlas-2">[2]</a> Clippings from ancient specimens in the UK, including the Fortingall Yew, were taken to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh" title="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh">Royal Botanic Gardens</a> in Edinburgh to form a mile-long hedge. The purpose of this "Yew Conservation Hedge Project" is to maintain the DNA of Taxus baccata.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Another conservation programme was run in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> in the early 2010s by the <a href="/wiki/Forest_Sciences_Centre_of_Catalonia" title="Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia">Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia</a> (CTFC) in order to protect genetically endemic yew populations and preserve them from <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> and forest fires.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In the framework of this programme, the 4th International Yew Conference was organised in the Poblet Monastery in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> There has also been a conservation programme in northern Portugal and <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Northern Spain</a> (Cantabrian Range).<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poisonous_plants" title="List of poisonous plants">List of poisonous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_poisonous_to_equines" title="List of plants poisonous to equines">List of plants poisonous to equines</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_1-7">h</a> <a 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 14 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monumentos+Naturales&rft.pub=Gobierno+del+Principado+de+Asturias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asturias.es%2Fportal%2Fsite%2Fmedioambiente%2Fmenuitem.1340904a2df84e62fe47421ca6108a0c%2F%3Fvgnextoid%3Dfe216c79ae973210VgnVCM10000097030a0aRCRD%26vgnextchannel%3D33d53d6b6311b110VgnVCM1000006a01a8c0RCRD%26i18n.http.lang%3Des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxus+baccata" class="Z3988"> Contains Word document "Monumento Natural Teixu de Bermiego". </li> <li id="cite_note-national-trust-31"><a href="#cite_ref-national-trust_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/florence-court/features/the-original-irish-yew-tree-at-florence-court">"The original Irish Yew Tree at Florence Court"</a>. 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Retrieved 2022-03-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planta+Medica&rft.atitle=Taxanes+in+Taxus+baccata+Pollen%3A+Cardiotoxicity+and%2For+Allergenicity%3F&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-40&rft.date=2002-01&rft.issn=0032-0943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A260283336%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11842324&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-2002-19865&rft.aulast=Vanhaelen&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Duchateau%2C+Jean&rft.au=Vanhaelen-Fastr%C3%A9%2C+Ren%C3%A9e&rft.au=Jaziri%2C+Mondher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thieme-connect.de%2FDOI%2FDOI%3F10.1055%2Fs-2002-19865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxus+baccata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delamarre159-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Delamarre159_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delamarre159_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delamarre159_43-2">c</a> Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, éditions errance 2003, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bilingual_welcome_sign_Newry.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Bilingual welcome sign Newry.jpg">Welcome sign in Newry, Northern Ireland, in English and Irish</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ortnamnlexiko2003-375-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ortnamnlexiko2003-375_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ortnamnlexiko2003-375_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahlberg2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wahlberg, Mats, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180807001456/http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/download/18.5850f85e15732ead0b325e/1529494467246/Svenskt%20ortnamnslexikon.pdf">Svensk ortnamnslexikon</a> (PDF) (in Swedish). Uppsala: Språk- och folkminnesinstitutet. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7229-020-X" title="Special:BookSources/91-7229-020-X"><bdi>91-7229-020-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/download/18.5850f85e15732ead0b325e/1529494467246/Svenskt%20ortnamnslexikon.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 7, 2018. Retrieved April 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svensk+ortnamnslexikon&rft.place=Uppsala&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Spr%C3%A5k-+och+folkminnesinstitutet&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=91-7229-020-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprakochfolkminnen.se%2Fdownload%2F18.5850f85e15732ead0b325e%2F1529494467246%2FSvenskt%2520ortnamnslexikon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxus+baccata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Pierre-Yves Lambert, La langue gauloise, éditions errance 1994, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_of_Monmouth1136" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey of Monmouth (1136). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Kings_of_Britain/Book_2#7">Historia Regum Britanniae</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414000917/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Kings_of_Britain/Book_2#7">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorkfestivals.com/metadot/index.pl?iid=2757&isa=Category">the original</a> on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ebor+Festival&rft.pub=York+City+of+Festivals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorkfestivals.com%2Fmetadot%2Findex.pl%3Fiid%3D2757%26isa%3DCategory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxus+baccata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121101106/http://www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/professions/religion/church-of-england/archbishops-of-canterbury-and-york.aspx">"How to address the Archbishops of Canterbury and York – Forms of Address, Church of England, Religion"</a>. 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Libros del Jata, First Edition, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788416443024" title="Special:BookSources/9788416443024">9788416443024</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Ohlmarks, Å. (1994). 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Retrieved 27 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+yew+DNA+preserved+in+hedge+project&rft.pub=United+Press+International&rft.date=2008-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FScience_News%2F2008%2F11%2F07%2FAncient-yew-DNA-preserved-in-hedge-project%2FUPI-70171226088573%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxus+baccata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasalsCamprodonCaritatRios2015" class="citation journal cs1">Casals, Pere; Camprodon, Jordi; Caritat, Antonia; Rios, Ana; Guixe, David; Garcia-Marti, X; Martin-Alarcon, Santiago; Coll, Lluis (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiudigital.ctfc.cat/docs/upload/27_521_PereR2015.pdf">"Forest structure of Mediterranean yew (Taxus baccata L.) populations and neighbor effects on juvenile yew performance in the NE Iberian Peninsula"</a> (PDF). Forest Systems. 24 (3): e042. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5424%2Ffs%2F2015243-07469">10.5424/fs/2015243-07469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forest+Systems&rft.atitle=Forest+structure+of+Mediterranean+yew+%28Taxus+baccata+L.%29+populations+and+neighbor+effects+on+juvenile+yew+performance+in+the+NE+Iberian+Peninsula&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e042&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5424%2Ffs%2F2015243-07469&rft.aulast=Casals&rft.aufirst=Pere&rft.au=Camprodon%2C+Jordi&rft.au=Caritat%2C+Antonia&rft.au=Rios%2C+Ana&rft.au=Guixe%2C+David&rft.au=Garcia-Marti%2C+X&rft.au=Martin-Alarcon%2C+Santiago&rft.au=Coll%2C+Lluis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farxiudigital.ctfc.cat%2Fdocs%2Fupload%2F27_521_PereR2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxus+baccata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taxus.cat/docs/llibre%20ponencies%20jornades%20teix.pdf">"IV International Yew Workshop: Management, conservation and culture of the yew forests in the Mediterrenean forest ecosystems (Proceedings)"</a> (PDF). Life TAXUS. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906210738/http://www.taxus.cat/docs/llibre%20ponencies%20jornades%20teix.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Life+TAXUS&rft.atitle=IV+International+Yew+Workshop%3A+Management%2C+conservation+and+culture+of+the+yew+forests+in+the+Mediterrenean+forest+ecosystems+%28Proceedings%29&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taxus.cat%2Fdocs%2Fllibre%2520ponencies%2520jornades%2520teix.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxus+baccata" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life-baccata.eu/es">"LIFE Baccata Project"</a>. LIFE Baccata EU project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LIFE+Baccata+EU+project&rft.atitle=LIFE+Baccata+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.life-baccata.eu%2Fes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxus+baccata" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Chetan, A. and Brueton, D. (1994) The Sacred Yew, London: Arkana, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-019476-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-019476-2">0-14-019476-2</a></li> <li>Hartzell, H. (1991) The yew tree: a thousand whispers: biography of a species, Eugene: Hulogosi, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-938493-14-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-938493-14-0">0-938493-14-0</a></li> <li>Simón, F. M. (2005) Religion and Religious Practices of the Ancient Celts of the Iberian Peninsula, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_6/marco_simon_6_6.html">e-Keltoi</a>, v. 6, p. 287-345, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1540-4889">1540-4889</a> online</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasalsCamprodonCaritatRios2015" class="citation journal cs1">Casals, Pere; Camprodon, Jordi; Caritat, Antonia; Rios, Ana; Guixe, David; Garcia-Marti, X; Martin-Alarcon, Santiago; Coll, Lluis (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiudigital.ctfc.cat/docs/upload/27_521_PereR2015.pdf">"Forest structure of Mediterranean yew (Taxus baccata L.) populations and neighbor effects on juvenile yew performance in the NE Iberian Peninsula"</a> (PDF). Forest Systems. 24 (3): e042. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5424%2Ffs%2F2015243-07469">10.5424/fs/2015243-07469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forest+Systems&rft.atitle=Forest+structure+of+Mediterranean+yew+%28Taxus+baccata+L.%29+populations+and+neighbor+effects+on+juvenile+yew+performance+in+the+NE+Iberian+Peninsula&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e042&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5424%2Ffs%2F2015243-07469&rft.aulast=Casals&rft.aufirst=Pere&rft.au=Camprodon%2C+Jordi&rft.au=Caritat%2C+Antonia&rft.au=Rios%2C+Ana&rft.au=Guixe%2C+David&rft.au=Garcia-Marti%2C+X&rft.au=Martin-Alarcon%2C+Santiago&rft.au=Coll%2C+Lluis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farxiudigital.ctfc.cat%2Fdocs%2Fupload%2F27_521_PereR2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxus+baccata" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxus_baccata&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata" class="extiw" title="commons:Taxus baccata">Taxus baccata</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Taxus_baccata" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Taxus baccata">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Yew" class="extiw" title="q:Yew">Yew</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/photos-europeanyew/">Monumentaltrees.com: Images and location details of ancient yews</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taxus.cat/?page_id=358">Life+ TAXUS.cat: Taxus conservation programme in Catalonia </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Sciences_Centre_of_Catalonia" title="Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia">Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia</a> (CTFC)—<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctfc.cat/funcionament-decosistemes-i-biodiversitat/?lang=en#title">Biology Conservation Department</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170112000926/http://www.ctfc.cat/funcionament-decosistemes-i-biodiversitat/?lang=en#title">Archived</a> 2017-01-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euforgen.org/species/taxus-baccata/">Taxus baccata</a>—distribution map, genetic conservation units, and related resources from the <a 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carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certosina" title="Certosina">Certosina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_carving" title="Chainsaw carving">Chainsaw carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlrosing" title="Kohlrosing">Kohlrosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Pyrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">Relief carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_carving" title="Root carving">Root carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_turning" title="Segmented turning">Segmented turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_turning" title="Spindle turning">Spindle turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treen" title="Treen">Treen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittling" title="Whittling">Whittling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">Soft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_cedar" title="List of plants known as cedar">Cedar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">Fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">Juniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium_cupressinum" title="Dacrydium cupressinum">Rimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Yew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericopsis_elata" title="Pericopsis elata">Afromosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carapa_guianensis" title="Carapa guianensis">Andiroba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anigre" title="Anigre">Anigre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">Aspen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turraeanthus_africanus" title="Turraeanthus africanus">Avodire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochroma" title="Ochroma">Balsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilinga_(wood)" title="Bilinga (wood)">Bilinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">African Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacia_melanoxylon" title="Acacia melanoxylon">Australian Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">Boxwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia" title="Guibourtia">Bubinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphora_officinarum" title="Camphora officinarum">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedrela" title="Cedrela">Cedrela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">Cocobolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Cumaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">Ebony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">Hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_ivorensis" title="Terminalia ivorensis">Idigbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocotea_porosa" title="Ocotea porosa">Imbuia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handroanthus" title="Handroanthus">Ipê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroko" title="Iroko">Iroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_marginata" title="Eucalyptus marginata">Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">Jelutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">Lignum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">Linden (lime, basswood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovoa_trichilioides" title="Lovoa trichilioides">Lovoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intsia_bijuga" title="Intsia bijuga">Merbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">Mahogany</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khaya" title="Khaya">African</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Meranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus" title="Pterocarpus">Padauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">Poplar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltogyne" title="Peltogyne">Purpleheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia_ehie" title="Guibourtia ehie">Ovankol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonystylus" title="Gonystylus">Ramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinopsis" title="Schinopsis">Red Quebracho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">Rosewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberwood" title="Rubberwood">Rubberwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapele" title="Sapele">Sapele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_totara" title="Podocarpus totara">Totara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entandrophragma" title="Entandrophragma">Utile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans" title="Juglans">Walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millettia_laurentii" title="Millettia laurentii">Wenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrawood" title="Zebrawood">Zebrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glue laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">Hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">OSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Wood-plastic composite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking_tools" title="Category:Woodworking tools">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnisher" title="Burnisher">Burnisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawknife" title="Drawknife">Drawknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence_(woodworking)" title="Fence (woodworking)">Fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(woodworking)" title="Float (woodworking)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(tool)" title="Gimlet (tool)">Gimlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_driver" title="Impact driver">Impact driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">Janka hardness test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer" title="Jointer">Jointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_box" title="Mitre box">Mitre box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasp" title="Rasp">Rasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">Router</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shaper" title="Wood shaper">Shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square</a> (<a href="/wiki/Steel_square" title="Steel square">Carpenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miter_square" title="Miter square">Miter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_square" title="Speed square">Speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Try_square" title="Try square">Try</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thickness_planer" title="Thickness planer">Thickness planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timber_framing_tools" title="List of timber framing tools">Timber-framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_hammer" title="Veneer hammer">Veneer hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">Vise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_hammer" title="Warrington hammer">Warrington hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winding_stick" title="Winding stick">Winding sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_scribe" title="Wood scribe">Wood scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench_(woodworking)" title="Workbench (woodworking)">Workbench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_clamp" title="Band clamp">Band clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-clamp" title="C-clamp">C-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-clamp" title="F-clamp">F-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooring_clamp" title="Flooring clamp">Flooring clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_(tool)" title="Gripe (tool)">Gripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdfast_(tool)" title="Holdfast (tool)">Holdfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_clamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre clamp">Mitre clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_clamp" title="Pipe clamp">Pipe clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawbuck" title="Sawbuck">Sawbuck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backsaw" title="Backsaw">Backsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_saw" title="Compass saw">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_saw" title="Coping saw">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_saw" title="Frame saw">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretsaw" title="Fretsaw">Fretsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_saw" title="Hand saw">Hand saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(tool)" title="Jigsaw (tool)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripsaw" title="Ripsaw">Ripsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_saw" title="Scroll saw">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_saw" title="Table saw">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_saw" title="Veneer saw">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">Planes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_plane" title="Bedrock plane">Bedrock plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_plane" title="Block plane">Block plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer_plane" title="Chamfer plane">Chamfer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass plane">Compass plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_plane" title="Finger plane">Finger plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_plane" title="Fore plane">Fore plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooving_plane" title="Grooving plane">Grooving plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_plane" title="Jack plane">Jack plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_plane" title="Japanese plane">Japanese plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer_plane" title="Jointer plane">Jointer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulding_plane" title="Moulding plane">Moulding plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee_plane" title="Razee plane">Razee plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebate_plane" title="Rebate plane">Rebate plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_plane" title="Router plane">Router plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_plane" title="Scrub plane">Scrub plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_plane" title="Shoulder plane">Shoulder plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothing_plane" title="Smoothing plane">Smoothing plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokeshave" title="Spokeshave">Spokeshave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surform" title="Surform">Surform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birdsmouth_joint" title="Birdsmouth joint">Birdsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_joiner" title="Biscuit joiner">Biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_joint" title="Box joint">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle_joint" title="Bridle joint">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butt_joint" title="Butt joint">Butt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_joint" title="Butterfly joint">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_(joinery)" title="Coping (joinery)">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns_(woodworking)" title="Crown of Thorns (woodworking)">Crown of thorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dado_(joinery)" title="Dado (joinery)">Dado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">Dovetail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_joint" title="Finger joint">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_(joinery)" title="Groove (joinery)">Groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halved_joint" title="Halved joint">Halved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer-headed_tenon" title="Hammer-headed tenon">Hammer-headed tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(construction)" title="Knee (construction)">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_joint" title="Lap joint">Lap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason%27s_mitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason's mitre">Mason's mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_joint" title="Miter joint">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbet" title="Rabbet">Rabbet/Rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splice_joint" title="Splice joint">Splice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">Tongue and groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Profiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bead_(woodworking)" title="Bead (woodworking)">Bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevel" title="Bevel">Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">Chamfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">Ogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive" title="Ogive">Ogive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovolo" title="Ovolo">Ovolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;">Surface piecing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purfling#Binding" title="Purfling">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_banding" title="Edge banding">Edge banding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oystering" title="Oystering">Oystering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purfling" title="Purfling">Purfling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_glue" title="Wood glue">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_bending_of_wood" title="Heat bending of wood">Heat bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">Paint stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_bending" title="Steam bending">Steam bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation#Heat_treatments" title="Wood preservation">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Wood stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">Wood finishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Woodturners" title="American Association of Woodturners">American Association of Woodturners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Woodwork_Institute" title="Architectural Woodwork Institute">Architectural Woodwork Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Woodworking_Federation" title="British Woodworking Federation">British Woodworking Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_and_Wood_Workers%27_International" title="Building and Wood Workers' International">Building and Wood Workers' International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_Carvers_of_America" title="Caricature Carvers of America">Caricature Carvers of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers" title="International Federation of Building and Wood Workers">International Federation of Building and Wood Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wood_Carvers_Association" title="National Wood Carvers Association">National Wood Carvers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers" title="Society of Wood Engravers">Society of Wood Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Framers_Guild" title="Timber Framers Guild">Timber Framers Guild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conversion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">Hewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">Wood splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_sawing" title="Flat sawing">Flat sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_sawing" title="Quarter sawing">Quarter sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_sawing" title="Rift sawing">Rift sawing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_and_panel" title="Frame and panel">Frame and panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameless_construction" title="Frameless construction">Frameless construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">Green woodworking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking" title="Category:Woodworking">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Woodworking" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Woodworking">WikiProject</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Woodworking" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Woodworking">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Taxus baccata</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179729" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q179729">Q179729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Taxus baccata">Taxus baccata</a></li> <li>APDB: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/131140">131140</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id2429">2429</a></li> <li>Calflora: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=12924">12924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5527N">5527N</a></li> <li>Conifers.org: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conifers.org/ta/Taxus_baccata.php">Taxus_baccata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=10299">10299</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1033691">1033691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/TAXBA">TAXBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/150835">150835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5284517">5284517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=80070">80070</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47553">47553</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/306036-2">306036-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10694100">10694100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=194883">194883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/42546">42546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=287305">287305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.135012/">2.135012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000004638">NBNSYS0000004638</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=25629">25629</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/c415e598-6ade-4446-b584-33dff880e97a">c415e598-6ade-4446-b584-33dff880e97a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=2789">2789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/7541/">7541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=684215">684215</a></li> <li>PalDat: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paldat.org/pub/Taxus_baccata">Taxus_baccata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taxus+baccata">Taxus baccata</a></li> <li>PFI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=177">177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2434158">kew-2434158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/TABA80">TABA80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A306036-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:306036-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/18001/wd/Details">18001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/31200027">31200027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000408637">wfo-0000408637</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179729#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4151137-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85149136">United 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