Meet the Italian Man Who Preserved His Own Brain

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta name="turbo-visit-control" content="reload"> <meta name="env" content="production">  <script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/consent/c7042f21-9a02-4cf6-ad42-3e1f237e2b50/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="c7042f21-9a02-4cf6-ad42-3e1f237e2b50" ></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { } </script>  <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.atlasobscura.com/2/Platform-Regular-Web.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.atlasobscura.com/2/Platform-Medium-Web.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.atlasobscura.com/2/FreigTexProBookWeb.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.atlasobscura.com/2/FreigTexProBookItWeb.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.atlasobscura.com/icons2/atlasobscura.woff2?3sjg72" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://assets.atlasobscura.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//b.scorecardresearch.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://maps.google.com"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"bed08a364b","applicationID":"16192845","transactionName":"Jg1fEkIMXl4HQU0ERRELUgpVEB1BClwV","queueTime":2,"applicationTime":16,"agent":""}</script> <script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={xpid:"VQUHVVJSCRABUlBbBQkDUw==",licenseKey:"bed08a364b",applicationID:"16192845"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-full-1.283.1.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>p,xN:()=>g});var n=r(3333);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MARKS)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MEASURES)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.RESOURCES)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.283.1",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>u,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>f,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>l,m:()=>c,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>d});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=""+a?.location,u=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),d=u&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,l=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),f=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)g(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function g(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:g,addEventListener:g,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=p(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var g=v()[s[e]];g&&g.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:p,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function g(e,t){n[e]=p(e).concat(t)}function p(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",g)}function g(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),c&&h(c.prototype,f),h(a.gm,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9414:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{J:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(2646),o=r(944),a=r(3434);const s=new Map;function c(e,t,r,c){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,o.R)(29);const u=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("logger")}(e),d=(0,a.YM)(u),l=new i.y(n.P);l.level=c.level,l.customAttributes=c.customAttributes;const f=t[r]?.[a.Jt]||t[r];return s.set(f,l),d.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>s.get(f))),u}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$v:()=>u,TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,kd:()=>c,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3,c=["PageAction","UserAction","BrowserPerformance"],u={MARKS:"experimental.marks",MEASURES:"experimental.measures",RESOURCES:"experimental.resources"}},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A$:()=>o,ET:()=>a,TZ:()=>s,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o={OFF:0,ERROR:1,WARN:2,INFO:3,DEBUG:4,TRACE:5},a="log",s=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(8154),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},8154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{z_:()=>o,XG:()=>s,TZ:()=>n,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a});r(6154),r(9566),r(384);const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},8969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>N});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(8154),h=r(384),g=r(6344);const p=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",g.G4.RECORD,g.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),R=r(3785),x=r(9414);function w(){const e=(0,h.pV)();p.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const E={};var A=r(9417),T=r(5603),_=r(5284);const S=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function N(e,t={},p,N){let{init:I,info:P,loader_config:j,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=p;const H=(0,h.pV)();P||(I=H.init,P=H.info,j=H.loader_config),(0,A.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,I||{}),(0,T.a)(e.agentIdentifier,j||{}),P.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(P.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,P);const D=(0,A.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),L=[P.beacon,P.errorBeacon];O||(D.proxy.assets&&(S(D.proxy.assets),L.push(D.proxy.assets)),D.proxy.beacon&&L.push(D.proxy.beacon),w(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",_.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===D.soft_navigations.enabled&&D.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...D.ajax.deny_list||[],...D.ajax.block_internal?L:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const p={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");E[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(g.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{E[e]=t}));var T="api-",_=T+"ixn-";function S(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(T,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function O(){}p.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,R.R)(w,e,t,r)},p.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,x.J)(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{p[e]=I(T,e,!0,"api")})),p.addPageAction=I(T,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),p.recordCustomEvent=I(T,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),p.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(T,"setPageViewName",!0)()},p.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return S(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},p.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return S("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},p.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return S("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},p.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},p[g.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(g.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},p[g.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(g.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},p.interaction=function(e){return(new O).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const N=O.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),h||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function P(){r.e(891).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{N[e]=I(_,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),p.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(T,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),p.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!E[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>P()),!0):P(),p}(e.agentIdentifier,N,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>s,P3:()=>c,XX:()=>i,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},c={[s.pageViewEvent]:1,[s.pageViewTiming]:2,[s.metrics]:3,[s.jserrors]:4,[s.spa]:5,[s.ajax]:6,[s.sessionTrace]:7,[s.softNav]:8,[s.sessionReplay]:9,[s.logging]:10,[s.genericEvents]:11},u={[s.pageViewEvent]:a,[s.pageViewTiming]:n,[s.ajax]:n,[s.spa]:n,[s.softNav]:n,[s.metrics]:i,[s.jserrors]:i,[s.sessionTrace]:o,[s.sessionReplay]:o,[s.logging]:"browser/logs",[s.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({95:"nr-full-compressor",222:"nr-full-recorder",891:"nr-full"}[e]+"-1.283.1.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.283.1.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={891:"sha512-lVqR3Dn6J8gNv/qx6uwv/BkHGfYTjmgUmpQ1g3KewUs/BAlEgDNEjtqisiOvM7gJNOH5b/lDr/gXrctX/6uhmg==",222:"sha512-r7JndTDmcqZc7soxM3YtJog64BIblVU4Ez8/mfluyz/KDQOnr3V1KGyop/fFGfRcLFLVYt0pv5PyUwCyC+FbVQ==",95:"sha512-kzPPmh2eRI84JbwNgf72DNQY/HX6glcZEu/X7P6FfEBXL9+sv1l63r5rK0u+QlS2I9OQrnLM5nmwqyfJCpNVHA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(g);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},g=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={85:0,959:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.283.1.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.283.1.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(8969);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),g=i(6154),p=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(891).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(891).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};g.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,p.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class R extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var x=i(384);var w=i(9908),E=i(2843),A=i(3878),T=i(782),_=i(1863);class S extends b{static featureName=T.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,T.T,t),g.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,w.p)("docHidden",[(0,_.t)()],void 0,T.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,A.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,w.p)("winPagehide",[(0,_.t)()],void 0,T.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var O=i(8154);class N extends b{static featureName=O.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,O.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),P=i(3304);class j{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,P.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return D(e)?e:new j(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(D(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function H(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new j(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return D(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function D(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class L extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",((e,t)=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,w.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,_.t)(),!0,{},this.#r,t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),g.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,w.p)("err",[k(e),(0,_.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),g.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,w.p)("err",[H(e),(0,_.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var M=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===g.gm?0:(0,M.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,P.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(void 0===g.gm.XMLHttpRequest)return n;if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=g.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=g.gm.MutationObserver,s=g.gm.Promise,c=g.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=g.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(p?p.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var p=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",J=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=g.gm.Request,ee=g.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&g.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,J.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(g.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof g.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,P.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,x.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,x.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,w.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};g.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};ge(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=x,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){E(t,e)}),(0,A.jT)(!1)),g.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},ge(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,_.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,_.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function p(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,_.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,_.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&g.RI&&(t=""+g.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:g.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,_.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:g.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),ge(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function R(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,_.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,_.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function x(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,_.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):E(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function E(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,w.p)(O.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",p),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",R)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function ge(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const pe={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!g.RI||pe[t.debugId]++||(pe[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:Re,d3:xe,Kp:we,TZ:Ee,Lc:Ae,uP:Te,Rz:_e}=be;class Se extends b{static featureName=Ee;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Ee,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Te,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,_.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){(0,w.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,_.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(_e+xe,(function(e){this.time=(0,_.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(_e+we,(function(e){(0,w.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,w.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:Re,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var Oe=i(2614);class Ne extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(Oe.H3,"_").concat(Oe.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,p.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,w.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.ERROR)||(0,p.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(891),i.e(222)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee,agentRef:this.#o}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(Oe.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=Oe.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=Oe.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3333);class Pe extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Ie.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled,e.init.performance.resources.enabled];if(g.RI&&(e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(Ie.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,w.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),Ie.qN.forEach((e=>{const t=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,w.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),500,{leading:!0});(0,A.sp)(e,t)}))),e.init.performance.resources.enabled&&g.gm.PerformanceObserver?.supportedEntryTypes.includes("resource"))){new PerformanceObserver((e=>{e.getEntries().forEach((e=>{(0,w.p)("browserPerformance.resource",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}))})).observe({type:"resource",buffered:!0})}r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var je=i(993),Ce=i(3785),ke=i(9414);class He extends b{static featureName=je.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,je.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;(0,ke.J)(r,g.gm.console,"log",{level:"info"}),(0,ke.J)(r,g.gm.console,"error",{level:"error"}),(0,ke.J)(r,g.gm.console,"warn",{level:"warn"}),(0,ke.J)(r,g.gm.console,"info",{level:"info"}),(0,ke.J)(r,g.gm.console,"debug",{level:"debug"}),(0,ke.J)(r,g.gm.console,"trace",{level:"trace"}),this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,Ce.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),g.gm?(this.features={},(0,x.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(R),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,x.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[R,S,Se,Ne,he,N,L,Pe,He],loaderType:"pro"})})()})();</script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="206394544492" /> <meta property="fb:admins" content="784963490" /> <meta property="fb:admins" content="514970725" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="103921782727" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Atlas Obscura" /> <meta name="p:domain_verify" content="0f207004875a5511f774fc29f0a5a3f3"/> <meta name="pocket-site-verification" content="8353ea6cd97e141f193687e3013ce3" /> <meta name="turbo-visit-control" content="reload"> <link rel='alternate' type='application/rss+xml' title='Atlas Obscura - Latest Articles and Places' href='https://www.atlasobscura.com/feeds/latest'> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({ google_ad_client: "ca-pub-7043236988399860", enable_page_level_ads: true }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> function isSmallScreen () { return window.innerWidth < 668; } function isSmallScreenNewBreakpoints () { return window.innerWidth < 768; } </script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PH5RC2F');</script>   <script> !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '1494388927542275'); // Insert your pixel ID here. fbq('track', 'PageView'); </script> <noscript><img height="1" width="1" style="display:none" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1494388927542275&ev=PageView&noscript=1" /></noscript>  <script> !function(d,s,id){ var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if(!d.getElementById(id)){ js=d.createElement(s); js.id=id; js.async=true; js.src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);} } (document,"script","twitter-wjs"); </script> <script src="https://js.stripe.com/v3/"></script> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href='https://img.atlasobscura.com/arq81MTohFEUbDPogElM6DD8zKK9nOeDi38TE22FmFs/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5h/bWF6b25hd3MuY29t/L2F0bGFzLWRldi9t/aXNjL2ljb25zL2Fw/cGxlLXRvdWNoLWlj/b24ucG5n'> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes='144x144' href='https://img.atlasobscura.com/jthYPtckohvAoDRucK2XgRa0uaiuPPDLSMiSzYOdNWU/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5h/bWF6b25hd3MuY29t/L2F0bGFzLWRldi9t/aXNjL2ljb25zL2Fw/cGxlLXRvdWNoLWlj/b24tMTQ0eDE0NC1w/cmVjb21wb3NlZC5w/bmc'> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes='114x114' href='https://img.atlasobscura.com/jXUkqlVM4uiG_1De18C2OaLqTSqz6kHV501SvKujZI4/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5h/bWF6b25hd3MuY29t/L2F0bGFzLWRldi9t/aXNjL2ljb25zL2Fw/cGxlLXRvdWNoLWlj/b24tMTE0eDExNC1w/cmVjb21wb3NlZC5w/bmc'> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href='https://img.atlasobscura.com/KDdUfBbJVh0qn1m1L2EqlwyJ27N9Q-_65NXreu-c_Ko/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5h/bWF6b25hd3MuY29t/L2F0bGFzLWRldi9t/aXNjL2ljb25zL2Fw/cGxlLXRvdWNoLWlj/b24tcHJlY29tcG9z/ZWQucG5n'> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://img.atlasobscura.com/9GticEl966ZTAOEQ-dcQskOD50V9_Gt6QboGVSgUHbI/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5h/bWF6b25hd3MuY29t/L2F0bGFzLWRldi9t/aXNjL2ljb25zL2Zh/dmljb24tMzJ4MzIu/cG5n"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://img.atlasobscura.com/5ecyTx3Hi1dIDjpxGsybIAZuNsO4JErZ9d-TzuG0AdE/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5h/bWF6b25hd3MuY29t/L2F0bGFzLWRldi9t/aXNjL2ljb25zL2Zh/dmljb24tMTZ4MTYu/cG5n"> <link rel="manifest" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/atlas-dev/misc/icons/manifest.json"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/atlas-dev/misc/icons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#53b19f"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/atlas-dev/misc/icons/favicon.ico" sizes="48x48"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="https://s3.amazonaws.com/atlas-dev/misc/icons/browserconfig.xml"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script defer data-domain="atlasobscura.com" src="https://plausible.io/js/plausible.js"></script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-VE390YR3HM"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('set', 'linker', { 'domains': ['eventbrite.com'] }); var c = document.cookie.split('; ').find(row => row.startsWith('ao_id_token')); var ao_id_token = c === undefined ? '' : c.split('=')[1]; gtag("config", "G-VE390YR3HM", { 'link_attribution': true, 'user_id': ao_id_token, 'user_properties': { 'user_type': 'Guest' }, 'content_group': 'articles', 'tag_list': 'science;crime;neuroscience;world war ii;anatomy;anatomy museums;brain collections;brain;objects of intrigue', 'publish_date': '2025-02-18', }); </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/preserved-brain-italy"> <script> AtlasAdSlots = window.AtlasAdSlots || {}; (window.googletag = window.googletag || {"cmd":[]}) </script> <script src="https://cdn.adapex.io/hb/aaw.atlasobscura.js" async></script> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().setTargeting("isTesting", "NO"); }); </script> <title>Meet the Italian Man Who Preserved His Own Brain - Atlas Obscura</title> <meta property="description" content="Carlo Giacomini was one of the first neurologists to study brains in the 1800s, attempting to answer whether people are born criminals, which helped fight against Nazi beliefs and eugenics." /> <script> window.AtlasObscura = {}; window.AtlasObscura["next_online_experiences"] = []; </script> <script> window.lazySizesConfig = window.lazySizesConfig || {}; lazySizesConfig.lazyClass = 'lazy'; lazySizesConfig.loadMode = 1; </script> <script> AtlasObscura.current_article = {"id":18341,"title":"A Man in 19th-Century Italy Preserved His Own Brain to Fight Eugenics","subtitle":"Visit Turin to see the organ—and learn how to preserve your own.","body":"Tucked between the tibias of a standing skeleton in a museum in Turin, Italy, is a peculiar glass dome. The small container almost escapes notice, located in the last room of the Luigi Rolando Museum of Human Anatomy. Despite the wooden plaque below the item, the explanation just raises more questions. “Being neither an advocate of cremation nor cemeteries, I would like my bones to be laid to rest in the Anatomical Institute,” the inscription reads. “I would also like my brain to be preserved with my method and placed in the Museum together with the others.”\nThe words are taken from the last will of Carlo Giacomini, and the item on display is his brain.\nGiacomini was an anatomist, neuroscientist, and museum director from the 1800s who proposed a new way to preserve brains. His recipe essentially dried the organ out, while maintaining all the significant features.\n\nToday, his own brain is slightly shrunken and has a dark brownish color. And it’s not the only one. Within the museum are five cases filled with 800 human brains, all prepared by the same man. Some of them are labeled Cervelli di criminali, or “Criminals’ brains.”\nThough he didn’t know it at the time, Giacomini’s work became part of a bigger conversation involving eugenics, Nazis, and a division of neurocriminology today.\n\nWhen Giacomini was in medical school, scientists of the day were hotly debating phrenology, a new school of thought that claimed physical characteristics could reveal internal aspects of an individual. Franz Joseph Gall first proposed the idea in the early 1800s that criminal behavior was determined by biology and was even apparent in the shape of a skull. But it was Cesare Lombroso who popularized the theory when he established the Positivist School of Criminology in Italy. Lombroso believed the brain’s morphology was responsible for violent, antisocial, or genius behavior. He claimed that criminal dispositions were biologically inherited, identified from a unique physiological signature, and therefore unchangeable—in other words, individuals were born criminals and were predetermined to commit violent crimes.\n\nLombroso’s ideas were widely influential in criminal law in both Europe and the United States in the late 1800s, and were often used to support crude racial and class-based stereotypes of criminal behavior. “Such theories confirmed the superiority of the white male intelligence and the legitimization of colonial power,” says Cristiane Augusto, a researcher and expert in Penal Right at the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.\nLombroso wanted anatomical proof of his theories, so he enlisted Giacomini, who ran in the same scientific circles. Lombroso procured the brains from recently deceased individuals and gave them to Giacomini. Most of the specimens came from a hospital, but some were from individuals who died in prison.\nThe only problem in studying brains was how quickly they fell apart, so something had to be done to preserve them.\nScientists had previously attempted to preserve the brain with both liquids and dehydration, but Giacomini had deemed all known methods unsatisfactory. Liquids were expensive, needed to be changed every few years, and made observations more difficult, whereas current drying methods caused cracks and a marked reduction in volume. The organ is extremely delicate. “In certain seasons of the year,” Giacomini wrote in Guide to the Study of the Cerebral Convolutions, “the brain is so soft when it is extracted from its cavity 24 hours after death, that it would be almost impossible to remove its membranes to make the convolutions more visible.” The only solution, he thought, was to try to harden the brain.\n\nGiacomini injected the brains with or immersed them in zinc chloride, glycerine, nitric acid, or potassium bichromate. After a few days, the organs would dry out, becoming “more durable and less subject to deterioration,” he wrote.\n“Preparations made with the drying method not only gave the anatomical specimen greater consistency but, more importantly, eliminated deformations, making observations more reliable,” says Giacomo Giacobini, the current scientific director of Turin’s anatomical museum.\nGiacomini prepared more than a thousand brains using his new methods. He then carefully studied the organs for years, measuring and comparing the cerebral matter of different specimens. And his conclusions did not make Lombroso and many of his colleagues very happy.\nHe stated unequivocally: “We do not find that the brains of social misfits have a specific type of conformation, but rather the same variations, in the same proportions, as other brains, and we can in no way relate these variations to their malevolent actions.'’\n\nHowever, his views were never acknowledged by a wider audience. Some of his opponents claimed Lombroso was improving upon Darwin’s theory of evolution by expanding the idea to social evolutionism. They therefore dubbed Giacomini as a “theologian and fearful individual” who stood against Darwin (which was false), and discarded his conclusions altogether.\nThough Giacomini’s method was used extensively by some Italian scientists, it became obsolete as new technologies, such as digital angiography, allowed a more sophisticated mapping of the human brain. His conclusions, though, became prevalent in the aftermath of World War II. In the wake of Nazism, Lombroso’s views were widely dismissed, considering their problematic relationship with scientific racism and eugenics.\nBut the idea of linking positive or negative attributes to the cerebral cortex didn’t disappear. Today, the scientific community at large assumes that all mental activities produce electrical, magnetic, or metabolic signals that new technologies are able to read. Highly technological tomographies perform exams in which it is possible to see the brain in action. Neurocriminology defends the idea that alterations in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus can lead to reduction of self control and anger management, predisposing a person to violence.\n“Of course we emphasize that brain mechanisms underlying aggression do not stand in isolation, but represent a component of the larger biopsychosocial framework from which we view crime,” remarks Adrian Raine, author of The Anatomy of Violence and one of the most notable proponents of neurocriminology. “But as we begin to see the evidence for biomarkers as incontrovertible, then what should we do about them?”\n\nSome legal defense teams, particularly in the U.S., have started using brain scans and neuroscience as mitigating evidence in the trials of violent criminals and sex offenders. Yet sociologists and bioethicists express concerns about the dangers of such an approach. “While it is certainly possible to observe a correlation between biological mechanisms and behavioral patterns, this does not directly imply causality,” explains Giorgio Gristina, a researcher at the Systems Neuroscience Laboratory in the Champalimaud Center for the Unknown.\nIn the debate of nature versus nurture, it’s difficult to disregard someone’s surroundings, since, as neurocriminology affirms, the brain is a malleable organ. “Environmental factors can change the physical structure of the brain,” adds Jaime Arlandis, a researcher also at the Champalimaud Center. Gristina and Arlandis believe one’s actions are not predetermined by the brain they were born with, but that the brain can change over the course of one’s life.\nWho knows if Carlo Giacomini would have realized this debate would continue well beyond his own death. His work in preserving and studying brains was a precursor to neuroscience today, but the answers are still as mysterious as the brain itself, which modern scientists are only beginning to understand.\nDid Giacomini realize more work was needed? Is that why he preserved his own brain and left it for all to see? Those answers may be locked in the hardened cerebral mass sitting on display in Turin. All we can do is quietly look at his physical mind and wonder.","associated_places":[{"place_id":1881,"title":"Cesare Lombroso's Museum of Criminal Anthropology","subtitle":"The astonishing collection of an infamous criminologist.","city":"Turin","country":"Italy","location":"Turin, Italy","url":"https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/cesare-lombrosos-museum-of-criminal-anthropology","thumbnail_url":"https://img.atlasobscura.com/LAwZsPYXxw6jBJ3mhBXWc_gdqQwSzvX3qNNwXayQRHA/rs:fill:200:200:1/g:ce/c:600:400:nowe:12:46/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy9kZTIw/Yzk0ZGE0ZDg0M2M4/ZDI5NGVlYzliOTY4/ODZhMzBiZTg5NDZh/LmpwZw.jpg","coordinates":{"lat":45.049399,"lng":7.679334}}]}; </script> <script src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/application-f4063a32b13301c0ec2ec9f6d5689578e5b18f27dc454cd5a693e537f80c20e7.js"></script> <style type="text/css"> .lazy, .lazyloading { background-image: https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/icons/ao-0152e1e536b3624b4195515c0d5120884c7f6c9d572e64082b3f52fe1fca41d6.svg; } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/application-edd70f4255f080c9b09c63368c470162633ecfc46fb4713abce99381b737c613.css" media="all" /> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().setTargeting('is_home', 'NO'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("page", "article") googletag.pubads().setTargeting("post_id", "article-18341"); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("pid", "article-18341"); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("tags", ["science", "crime", "neuroscience", "world war ii", "anatomy", "anatomy museums", "brain collections", "brain", "objects of intrigue"]); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().setTargeting("environment", "production") googletag.pubads().setTargeting("paid_member", "false") }); </script> <meta property="og:title" content="A Man in 19th-Century Italy Preserved His Own Brain to Fight Eugenics"/> <meta property="og:url" content="http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/preserved-brain-italy" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://img.atlasobscura.com/-WNZsjE-YHzbRHzlx0Nx-V-ta9-fkr24gw5QnvaHMh4/rt:fit/w:600/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9iYWYyOTE2OC01/ZGRmLTQ4OWQtODdi/My1hYjViZGI3ZDA5/NzI4MWMwZGFiZGQ5/MmFlMjQzYjBfY2Vy/dmVsbG9fZ2lhY29t/aW5pLmpwZw.jpg" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Visit Turin to see the organ—and learn how to preserve your own." /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2025-02-18 14:50:00 -0500" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2025-02-19 14:26:59 -0500" /> <meta property="article:author" content="Dania Rodrigues"> <meta property="article:tag" content="science" /> <meta property="article:tag" content="crime" /> <meta property="article:tag" content="neuroscience" /> <meta property="article:tag" content="world war ii" /> <meta property="article:tag" content="anatomy" /> <meta property="article:tag" content="anatomy museums" /> <meta property="article:tag" content="brain collections" /> <meta property="article:tag" content="brain" /> <meta property="article:tag" content="objects of intrigue" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@atlasobscura"> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://img.atlasobscura.com/-WNZsjE-YHzbRHzlx0Nx-V-ta9-fkr24gw5QnvaHMh4/rt:fit/w:600/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9iYWYyOTE2OC01/ZGRmLTQ4OWQtODdi/My1hYjViZGI3ZDA5/NzI4MWMwZGFiZGQ5/MmFlMjQzYjBfY2Vy/dmVsbG9fZ2lhY29t/aW5pLmpwZw.jpg"> <script type="application/ld+json"> [ { "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Atlas Obscura", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/atlas-obscura-600x60-ed42a393ab13f1f48a181388053a46d752e2d9457a23088d96e3dc5794358c50.png", "width": 600, "height": 60 } }, "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "NewsArticle", "headline": "A Man in 19th-Century Italy Preserved His Own Brain to Fight Eugenics", "dateCreated": "2025-02-18T14:50:00-05:00", "datePublished": "2025-02-18T14:50:00-05:00", "dateModified": "2025-02-19T14:26:59-05:00", "keywords": ["science", "crime", "neuroscience", "world war ii", "anatomy", "anatomy museums", "brain collections", "brain", "objects of intrigue", "section-Articles"], "articleSection": "evergreen_article", "url": "https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/preserved-brain-italy", "description": "Visit Turin to see the organ—and learn how to preserve your own.", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Dania Rodrigues" }, "creator": "Dania Rodrigues", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://img.atlasobscura.com/jd_-peoQrWQOnCPvGJ_vAE4Qlvs168lL4Y-iSOG1BkE/rs:fill:780:520:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9iYWYyOTE2OC01/ZGRmLTQ4OWQtODdi/My1hYjViZGI3ZDA5/NzI4MWMwZGFiZGQ5/MmFlMjQzYjBfY2Vy/dmVsbG9fZ2lhY29t/aW5pLmpwZw.jpg", "height": 520, "width": 780 }, "thumbnailUrl": "https://img.atlasobscura.com/jd_-peoQrWQOnCPvGJ_vAE4Qlvs168lL4Y-iSOG1BkE/rs:fill:780:520:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9iYWYyOTE2OC01/ZGRmLTQ4OWQtODdi/My1hYjViZGI3ZDA5/NzI4MWMwZGFiZGQ5/MmFlMjQzYjBfY2Vy/dmVsbG9fZ2lhY29t/aW5pLmpwZw.jpg" } ] </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({article:'auto'}); !function (e, f, u, i) { if (!document.getElementById(i)){ e.async = 1; e.src = u; e.id = i; f.parentNode.insertBefore(e, f); } }(document.createElement('script'), document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0], '//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/atlasobscura-network/loader.js', 'tb_loader_script'); if(window.performance && typeof window.performance.mark == 'function') {window.performance.mark('tbl_ic');} </script> </head> <body class="articles show ArticleTemplate -- "> <div id="fb-root"></div> <script> window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId : '206394544492', xfbml : true, version : 'v2.5' }); FB.Event.subscribe('edge.create', function(response) { Cookies.set('fb_subscriber', '1', { expires: 200, path: '/' }); }); FB.Event.subscribe('edge.remove', function(response) { Cookies.set('fb_subscriber', '0', { expires: 200, path: '/' }); }); }; (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); function isGastroPage() { return ; } </script>  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PH5RC2F" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <script type="text/javascript"> window.horizontalFoodCardTemplate = function() { return '<div class="athanasius"></div>'; }; </script> <div class="leaderboard-container js-leaderboard-container-height-mobile"> <div class="ad-site-top-full-width-lg" data-aaad='true' data-aa-device='["desktop", "tablet"]' data-aa-adunit='/22181265/atlasobscura_970v_1'></div> <div class="ad-site-top-full-width-sm" data-aaad='true' data-aa-device='["mobile"]' data-aa-adunit='/22181265/atlasobscura_mob_320v_1'></div> </div> <header class="page-header"> <div class="container-fluid no-pad "> <nav class="navbar-main"> <div class="nav-header"> <div class="row"> <div class="mobile-logo-link"> <a class="logo-link" title="Atlas Obscura" href="/"> <i class="icon icon-atlas-icon"></i> <i class="icon icon-atlas-logo-alt"></i> </div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm hidden-print nav-tools-right with-notification-spacer hide-spacer js-notification-spaceable"> </div> <div class="nav-search hidden-md hidden-lg hidden-print"> <a id="m-search-dropdown-link" class="js-launch-search-link nav-header-search-link-m non-decorated-link" aria-label="Open Site Search Form" data-search-dock="search-dock-m" data-category="Search Suggest" data-action="Opened Search Form" data-label="Global Search" href="javascript:void(0)"> <svg width="24px" height="24px" class="icon-search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M507.3 484.7l-141.5-141.5C397 306.8 415.1 259.7 415.1 208c0-114.9-93.13-208-208-208S-.0002 93.13-.0002 208S93.12 416 207.1 416c51.68 0 98.85-18.96 135.2-50.15l141.5 141.5C487.8 510.4 491.9 512 496 512s8.188-1.562 11.31-4.688C513.6 501.1 513.6 490.9 507.3 484.7zM208 384C110.1 384 32 305 32 208S110.1 32 208 32S384 110.1 384 208S305 384 208 384z"/></svg> <i class="icon-menu-close"></i> </a> <div class="sitewide-hero-search vue-js-nav-search-bar mobile-search"> <div class="hero-search-bar-bg"></div> <div class="container hero-search-wrapper js-hero-search-wrapper"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-10 col-md-offset-1 hero-search-bar"> <form autocomplete="off" class="js-search-form-to-submit js-hero-search" action="/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <search-input></search-input> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-10 col-md-offset-1"> <search-suggestions></search-suggestions> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nav-toggle-container"></div> <a class="icon-menu-open nav-toggle js-nav-toggle visible-xs visible-sm" href="javascript:void(0)" aria-label="Open menu"> <span class="notifications-badge"></span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nav-content js-nav-content is-slider-hidden-m"> <div class="nav-verticals"> <div class="nav-left-section"> <a class="logo-link" title="Atlas Obscura" href="/"> <i class="icon icon-atlas-icon"></i> <i class="icon icon-atlas-logo-alt"></i> </a> </div> <ul class="nav-center-section"> <li class="nav-vertical js-taphover nav-content-vertical nav-adventures"> <a class="heading-sm nav-link" href="/adventures/"> <div class="heading-sm nav-link-heading">Trips</div> </a> <div class="nav-dropdown"> <div class="container nav-dropdown-content"> <div class="fake-bg"></div> <div class="row table-display"> <div class="col-md-6 left-panel"> <div class="left-panel-container"> <img src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/hermes/aoa_logo_aon-fb53a8d4415047286c25915bdbbdf3721acc39fd90bd71bf7712345c0096a45b.svg" /> <h2 class="adv-left-panel-title"> Take your next trip with Atlas Obscura! </h2> <p class="adv-left-panel-copy" > Our small-group adventures are inspired by our Atlas of the world's most fascinating places, the stories behind them, and the people who bring them to life. </p> <a data-turbo="true" class="adv-left-panel-button" href="/adventures/">Visit Adventures</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 right-panel"> <h4 class="nav-category-heading">Trips Highlight</h4> <div class="adventures-nav-cards"> <div class="adventures-nav-card"> <div class="adventures-nav-card-img-wrap"> <a href="/adventures/trips/slovenia-gastro"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/nuLsSowHgm6sL-pPpE63I0o42nirFoSxQt1V7IiPRnU/rs:fill:256:192/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2V2ZW50/X2ltYWdlcy8yYTU3/ZGRjZS0yOGE1LTQ4/MDktOTkzYS1jMDk4/YzRjMGJjYmVlNDll/ZGZiMjA0OWE2YmYw/Mjlfc2xvdmVuaWEg/bXVzaHJvb20gZm9y/YWdpbmcgLSBHZXR0/eUltYWdlcy0xMzQ0/MDQ1MDc4LmpwZw.jpg" alt="Slovenia mushroom foraging" data-width="2784" data-height="1856" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> </a> </div> <div class="adventures-nav-card-info"> <div class="adventures-country-length"> <span>Slovenia</span> <span class="hermes-bullet">•</span> <span>6 days, 5 nights</span> </div> <h3 class="nav-card-title"> <a class="animate-underline" href="/adventures/trips/slovenia-gastro"> Forest to Table in Alpine Slovenia </a> </h3> <span class="trip-fees">from <span class="TripPrice__number">$3,980</span> <span class="TripPrice__currency">USD</span></span> </div> </div> <div class="adventures-nav-card"> <div class="adventures-nav-card-img-wrap"> <a href="/adventures/trips/japan"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/pCizvIhLR-gUkeRyjRPJzfOcLDEssBcNDDrTeNHoJoM/rs:fill:256:192/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2V2ZW50/X2ltYWdlcy9lZjBi/NDcxYy05Y2Q3LTQ2/MTQtOGM2Mi1hMzkw/MzlhN2U3NDc1NGQ4/M2Q5ZWVhNzQ5MzI4/NDdfSmFwYW4xIC0g/U2FkbyBJc2xhbmQg/VHViIEJvYXRzLnBu/Zw.png" alt="Japan - Sado Island Tub Boats" data-width="2400" data-height="1600" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> </a> </div> <div class="adventures-nav-card-info"> <div class="adventures-country-length"> <span>Japan</span> <span class="hermes-bullet">•</span> <span>10 days, 9 nights</span> </div> <h3 class="nav-card-title"> <a class="animate-underline" href="/adventures/trips/japan"> Hidden Japan: Sado Island, Nara & Kyoto </a> </h3> <span class="trip-fees">from <span class="TripPrice__number">$8,985</span> <span class="TripPrice__currency">USD</span></span> </div> </div> </div> <a class="arrow-link" href="/adventures/trips"> <span>View all trips</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M443.3 267.3c6.2-6.2 6.2-16.4 0-22.6l-176-176c-6.2-6.2-16.4-6.2-22.6 0s-6.2 16.4 0 22.6L393.4 240 16 240c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16s7.2 16 16 16l377.4 0L244.7 420.7c-6.2 6.2-6.2 16.4 0 22.6s16.4 6.2 22.6 0l176-176z"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-vertical js-taphover nav-atlas nav-content-vertical"> <a class="heading-sm nav-link" href="/articles/all-places-in-the-atlas-on-one-map"> <div class="heading-sm nav-link-heading">Places</div> </a> <div class="nav-dropdown"> <div class="container nav-dropdown-content"> <div class="fake-bg"></div> <div class="row table-display"> <div class="col-md-3 left-panel"> <ul class="nav-links-column links-column nav-hoverable-links-column"> <li> <a class="tab selected js-nav-rollover-tab" data-target="destinations-panel" href=""> Top Destinations<span class="icon-arrow-down nav-arrow-right"></span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="tab js-nav-rollover-tab" data-target="recent-places-panel" href=""> Latest Places<span class="icon-arrow-down nav-arrow-right"></span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/places?sort=likes_count"> Most Popular Places </a> </li> <li> <a class="js-dropdown-random" href="/random"> Random Place </a> </li> <li> <a href="/lists"> Lists </a> </li> <li> <a href="/itineraries"> Itineraries </a> </li> <li> <hr> <a class="add-place js-user-required" data-cause-key="p_add" href=/places/new> <i class="icon-add-place"></i> Add a Place </a> <hr> </li> <li class="app-store-link"> <div class="athanasius" style="margin-top: 0.5em"> <a href="https://app.atlasobscura.com" class="download-the-app o-white-primary-btn" > <svg fill="none" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" > <path clip-rule="evenodd" d="m13.3673 7.56543c.0196-.01249.1374-.04856.1451-.10097.0145-.09727-.0091-.22078-.0624-.30416-.4387-.68524-.8878-1.36371-1.3339-2.04422-.2278-.3474-.4502-.69846-.6852-1.04087-.2137-.31118-.4391-.28688-.5917.0533-.0142.03154-.0302.06235-.0423.09462-.4164 1.10624-.83625 2.21118-1.24217 3.32122-.04104.11216.00229.25513.00651.38379.12062-.00999.2516.00724.36014-.03425.80822-.30894 1.63112-.5204 2.50692-.42984.292.03018.584.06297.939.10138zm-10.17496 4.12907c-.00657 1.8598.32025 3.2218 1.05714 4.4748.09964.1695.15495.4271.41879.4063.26275-.0208.27973-.2818.34962-.4653 1.25714-3.2997 2.50876-6.60152 3.76168-9.90286.27583-.72672.558-1.45115.82086-2.18246.03656-.10169.01781-.27251-.04812-.34647-.05568-.0624-.21692-.03482-.33166-.03815-.04078-.00119-.0826.0228-.12333.03706-3.53804 1.23891-5.90686 4.62051-5.90498 8.01708zm17.73166.3641c-.0182-.0046-.0364-.0091-.0547-.0137-.0396-.4393-.0694-.8797-.1226-1.3174-.0323-.2646-.0953-.5261-.154-.78681-.8093-3.58926-3.9623-6.36723-7.6093-6.69554-.1383-.01249-.3476.02202-.4087.11232-.0555.08213.0088.29469.0835.4082 2.35 3.5724 4.7064 7.14063 7.0686 10.70503.1083.1635.2788.4019.4205.402.2622.0002.3396-.3041.3823-.5227.1486-.7604.2655-1.5271.3944-2.2914zm-8.8346 8.7928c.2614-.0271.6586-.0566 1.0525-.1107 1.9309-.265 3.6074-1.0694 5.0026-2.4273.3814-.3711.7193-.7971 1.0204-1.2368.2361-.3448.3156-.768.0694-1.152-.4528-.7062-.9298-1.3969-1.4072-2.0868-.0496-.0718-.1777-.1415-.2543-.1278-.0778.014-.1621.1215-.1987.2072-.0605.1413-.0795.2997-.1252.4481-.8478 2.7519-3.6187 4.3386-6.4162 3.6598-1.68774-.4096-2.8955-1.4214-3.65626-2.9785-.05124-.1049-.1576-.2023-.26254-.2505-.03505-.0161-.1814.1187-.2164.2081-.30832.7879-.6018 1.5816-.9022 2.3726-.17297.4553-.04745.8378.3016 1.146 1.67171 1.4757 3.62351 2.2511 5.9925 2.3286zm-.0015-3.8514c2.2582.0421 4.291-1.8484 4.227-4.3257-.0601-2.3249-1.996-4.12441-4.2774-4.09729-2.30051.02732-4.25418 1.95909-4.15783 4.39659.08963 2.2672 2.01263 4.057 4.20823 4.0264zm9.9114-5.0053c.0588 5.4674-4.4267 9.8761-9.7322 10.0024-5.63487.1341-10.1749-4.3749-10.26563-9.7953-.0951-5.68175 4.43822-10.1151 9.83433-10.2005 5.7288-.09067 10.2305 4.59162 10.1635 9.9934z" fill-rule="evenodd" /> </svg> <span>Download the App</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="recent-places-panel" class="col-md-9 right-panel" style="display:none"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8"> <h4 class="nav-category-heading heading-md-non-uppercase">Latest Places</h4> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <a class="detail-sm nav-dropdown-viewall-link" href="/places?sort=published_at">View All Places »</a> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <a class="col-md-3 nav-card" href="/places/caprock-canyon-state-park"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/guovZZSeYLitjvLgUf3GOaTVVG9ngljd4ebbi_1WoMo/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy9lYTJi/YWE1Mi1lNmUxLTQz/ZGItODZjMi1iZWJk/OWViYmQ1ZmFkNDA5/YjIyNDI0YTMwODk3/OWNfMjAyMTExMjdf/MTExMzE5LmpwZw.jpg" alt="This landscape in this park is truly striking." data-width="4032" data-height="2268" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <div class="detail-sm nav-card-location">Quitaque, Texas</div> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">Caprock Canyon State Park</span></h3> <div class="lat-lng nav-card-details" aria-hidden="true"> 34.4370, -101.0599 </div> </a> <a class="col-md-3 nav-card" href="/places/lovers-of-modena"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/nIWORZzq_fB8Q11HIuDPz_YmhkMe8MqaWUOxrXxKsWc/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy8yNWZm/ZWUwZS1lNmMwLTRh/ZGUtOGI0MC1lYWRl/MGY2YzJjYmQwMmIz/YzkyOTBkYjkwNzFi/NzlfRFNDXzAyNDIu/anBlZw.jpg" alt="These “lovers” turned out to be both male." data-width="6000" data-height="4000" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <div class="detail-sm nav-card-location">Modena, Italy</div> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">Lovers of Modena</span></h3> <div class="lat-lng nav-card-details" aria-hidden="true"> 44.6481, 10.9207 </div> </a> <a class="col-md-3 nav-card" href="/places/smoma-the-snail-museum-of-miniature-art"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/X63WOdn8WRFjl42iSFOXDGrhSj98rrvEWspeaMhgcKE/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy8zZTM4/ZDE5MS1mOTNhLTQx/ODQtOWFjMy03MjIx/MDc2NTFmOWZkYjky/MzJhOTE3M2Y4Yzdm/ODFfSU1HXzAzMTcu/anBlZw.jpg" alt="Welcome to SMoMA." data-width="4039" data-height="4069" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <div class="detail-sm nav-card-location">New Orleans, Louisiana</div> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">SMoMA - The Snail Museum of Miniature Art</span></h3> <div class="lat-lng nav-card-details" aria-hidden="true"> 29.9257, -90.0838 </div> </a> <a class="col-md-3 nav-card" href="/places/petroglyphs-signal-hill"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/xbw3Et_Tsg4kuPetPyMNV4CvEFh61cFCC48UXQFusKg/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy8wZGVj/Yzg2NS00MGZmLTQ4/NDUtYTE2NC1lY2Y5/MTc1MTE5NTk2YmNm/MWRhNDZmZmY4MGUx/YjRfcGV0cm9nbHlw/aHMxLmpwZw.jpg" alt="Check out the petroglyphs at Signal Hill." data-width="2272" data-height="1704" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <div class="detail-sm nav-card-location">Tucson, Arizona</div> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">Petroglyphs at Signal Hill</span></h3> <div class="lat-lng nav-card-details" aria-hidden="true"> 32.2896, -111.2084 </div> </a> </div> </div> <div id="destinations-panel" class="col-md-9 right-panel"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8"> <h4 class="nav-category-heading heading-md-non-uppercase">Top Destinations</h4> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <a class="detail-sm nav-dropdown-viewall-link" href="/destinations">View All Destinations »</a> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <section class="section-top-content"> <div class="col-md-3 section-top-content-col"> <div class="places-section-top-content-header"> <h4 class="section-top-content-title detail-sm">Countries</h4> </div> <ul id="top-destinations-list-nav" class="top-content-list links-column top-content-list-col-sm-2"> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/australia' title='Australia'>Australia</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/canada' title='Canada'>Canada</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/china' title='China'>China</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/france' title='France'>France</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/germany' title='Germany'>Germany</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/india' title='India'>India</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/italy' title='Italy'>Italy</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/japan' title='Japan'>Japan</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-9 section-top-content-col"> <div class="places-section-top-content-header"> <h4 class="section-top-content-title detail-sm">Cities</h4> </div> <ul class="top-content-list links-column top-content-list-col-sm-2"> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/amsterdam-netherlands' title='Amsterdam'>Amsterdam</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/barcelona-spain' title='Barcelona'>Barcelona</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/beijing-china' title='Beijing'>Beijing</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/berlin-germany' title='Berlin'>Berlin</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/boston-massachusetts' title='Boston'>Boston</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/budapest-hungary' title='Budapest'>Budapest</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/chicago-illinois' title='Chicago'>Chicago</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/london-england' title='London'>London</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/los-angeles-california' title='Los Angeles'>Los Angeles</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/mexico-city-mexico' title='Mexico City'>Mexico City</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/montreal-quebec' title='Montreal'>Montreal</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/moscow-russia' title='Moscow'>Moscow</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/new-orleans-louisiana' title='New Orleans'>New Orleans</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/new-york' title='New York City'>New York City</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/paris-france' title='Paris'>Paris</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/philadelphia-pennsylvania' title='Philadelphia'>Philadelphia</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/rome-italy' title='Rome'>Rome</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/san-francisco-california' title='San Francisco'>San Francisco</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/seattle-washington' title='Seattle'>Seattle</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/stockholm-sweden' title='Stockholm'>Stockholm</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/tokyo-japan' title='Tokyo'>Tokyo</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/toronto-ontario' title='Toronto'>Toronto</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/vienna-austria' title='Vienna'>Vienna</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/washington-dc' title='Washington, D.C.'>Washington, D.C.</a> </li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-vertical js-taphover nav-foods nav-content-vertical"> <a class="heading-sm nav-link" href="/gastro"> <div class="heading-sm nav-link-heading">Foods</div> </a> <div class="nav-dropdown"> <div class="container nav-dropdown-content"> <div class="row table-display"> <div class="nav-full-panel col-md-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8"> <h4 class="nav-category-heading heading-md-non-uppercase">Latest Places to Eat & Drink</h4> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <a class="detail-sm nav-dropdown-viewall-link" href="/cool-places-to-eat">View All Places to Eat »</a> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <a class="nav-card" href="/places/senguloglu-baklava"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/uW12dUZg8QesuFQGxVjLiwkUNiovyYvHc5-iJtVRb8o/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy8xMjcz/ZDU1MzBjN2E4ZWNh/OTVfNDM3NTk1OTAz/XzQxNzU1OTgxNzcy/NjIyMV8xNzI0NzMy/MDcxODk5NDcxNDg0/X24uanBlZw.jpg" alt="Order a coffee to accompany your order of sweets." data-width="1440" data-height="1440" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <div class="detail-sm food-card-supertag"></div> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">Şengüloğlu Baklava</span></h3> </a> <a class="nav-card" href="/places/lamb-and-flag"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/E6tltl8USKuelyMI28n5VNurFAxv_T-RKU4JfbxSf04/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy85ZmRk/NzUzYS1lZDQwLTRi/OTAtYmVjZC0yY2Y2/NzQ5ODNkY2M3ZDFi/ZWZhZGMxYTU3MzZk/NzBfRFNDXzAxNTMu/anBlZw.jpg" alt="The sign of the Agnus Dei." data-width="6000" data-height="4000" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <div class="detail-sm food-card-supertag"></div> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">Lamb and Flag</span></h3> </a> <a class="nav-card" href="/places/cafe-de-dokter"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/Z-KIVf86whiISA7YnYsB1HV9gF0SDtufmlBroQqg2KA/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy8wYjk1/MjZlOC0xNDhhLTQ0/NDktOWM0ZS1kMzg2/NjAyMTQ0NmJmNDFl/MWEyZGM3YTdiMzgw/YzdfSU1HXzk5OTUu/anBn.jpg" alt="Amsterdam's smallest bar has been in business for more than two centuries." data-width="1042" data-height="1390" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <div class="detail-sm food-card-supertag"></div> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">Café De Dokter</span></h3> </a> <a class="nav-card" href="/places/farrens-bar"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/pjbZItuec-DtBmWh2czYpL9FDyazYNXS6Zzc7mZBBlY/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy83NTIy/ZDgzMC05ODgzLTQw/N2EtODZmMS01YjNl/ODJhMmM4NGQ5ZDMw/YTZlYzg3N2U4MDg2/YmRfNDc0NzcwNDgw/XzE2OTkzMDMyNjQz/NTM3ODVfNzY4MTA4/ODc5NTY2NTU0NzI1/OF9uLmpwZw.jpg" alt="" data-width="2048" data-height="1365" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <div class="detail-sm food-card-supertag"></div> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">Farren’s Bar</span></h3> </a> <a class="nav-card" href="/places/jqd-saltworks-2"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/7EW3c4GrVYNQHXNfO1nWcw0dHADAAi4b0k5SAgvN6AU/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy80YTA5/YjE2N2Q4MDM5MThj/MDhfNDczMDIyMDE3/XzY0MDQwNTA2MTk5/MDQ3OV81MzY2Nzc2/NTI0NjY3Nzg2MTQ2/X24uanBn.jpg" alt="This Appalachian salt business has a long family history." data-width="2048" data-height="1363" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <div class="detail-sm food-card-supertag"></div> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">JQD Saltworks </span></h3> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-vertical js-taphover nav-content-vertical nav-articles"> <a class="heading-sm nav-link" href="/articles"> <div class="heading-sm nav-link-heading">Stories</div> </a> <div class="nav-dropdown"> <div class="container nav-dropdown-content"> <div class="fake-bg"></div> <div class="row table-display"> <div class="col-md-3 left-panel"> <ul class="nav-links-column links-column nav-hoverable-links-column"> <li> <a class="tab selected">Recent Stories<span class="icon-arrow-down nav-arrow-right"></span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/articles">All Stories</a> </li> <li> <a href="/series/ao-puzzles">Puzzles</a> </li> <li> <a href="/videos">Video</a> </li> <li> <a href="/podcast">Podcast</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-9 right-panel"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9"> <h4 class="nav-category-heading heading-md-non-uppercase">Most Recent Stories</h4> </div> <div class="col-md-3"> <a class="detail-sm nav-dropdown-viewall-link" href="/articles">View All Stories »</a> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <a class="col-md-3 nav-card" href="/articles/womens-wrongs"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/uYqkN5zaXYxYSjvn1F6DIu-10GJBgU1p2BmsTfQDKwU/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy81MWFkNGQ2Ni1m/YTE2LTQzNGUtYjAz/Yi05MmVlMDcyNTFl/YTdmNTY2MmY0ZDgz/NDNkNGU0ZDFfMWQz/YTg0YTg3ZTJlMzFi/MDEwX1NjcmVlbiBT/aG90IDIwMTYtMDMt/MjIgYXQgMS4wOS40/OSBQTS5wbmc.png" alt="Marm Mandelbaum, who ran her own school for criminals, is among one of many women making history in all the wrong ways." data-width="646" data-height="551" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">Women’s Wrongs: Our Favorite Reads</span></h3> <div class="detail-sm nav-card-details js-time-ago" data-timestamp="2025-02-21 11:00:00 UTC" ></div> </a> <a class="col-md-3 nav-card" href="/articles/dublin-pubs-art"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/4uXVOgVv6zXSQ7axvQjXjDDT7XeO8bQH-QKdAS5lRXY/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy80YmYwMWNlOS1k/MDczLTQwZGItYWNl/MC05YWI2Y2E5YTYz/MjY5NmVkMzNkYTkx/Y2NlNWMxNjFfS2Vy/bm9mZidzIEEgQmly/ZCBOZXZlciBGbGV3/IE9uIE9uZSBXaW5n/IG9uIGRpc3BsYXkg/aW4gTmVhcnkncyBO/by4zIC0gQ3JlZGl0/IC0gSm9obm55IExl/bm5veCwgYXJ0d29y/ayBjb3B5cmlnaHQg/b2YgRXN0YXRlIG9m/IEhhcnJ5IEFhcm9u/IEtlcm5vZmYuLmpw/Zw.jpg" alt="<em>A Bird Never Flew On One Wing</em> is Harry Kernoff's most well-known work." data-width="1813" data-height="1215" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">The Artist Who Turned Dublin's Pubs Into Galleries</span></h3> <div class="detail-sm nav-card-details js-time-ago" data-timestamp="2025-02-20 23:00:00 UTC" ></div> </a> <a class="col-md-3 nav-card" href="/articles/what-did-the-ancient-egyptians-eat"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/ef0I7-r0brsyP7AbKkdmD-n4_Ium-OSB_e_UkIITdCM/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9hMmNmZmY2MC1h/OTM0LTQ1MjQtOGIx/NC1jYTc4NDhmMWEy/ZjhlMDdmMmJhOThh/MmZlN2ExZDhfMl9U/YXFhaGliYV9OdWJh/cmVpeWFoICg3KS5K/UEc.jpg" alt="For her Ph.D. research, El Dorry worked on a medieval site where the remains of grapes from wine-making were discovered." data-width="4000" data-height="3000" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">What Did the Ancient Egyptians Eat? AO Wants to Know.</span></h3> <div class="detail-sm nav-card-details js-time-ago" data-timestamp="2025-02-20 20:50:00 UTC" ></div> </a> <a class="col-md-3 nav-card" href="/articles/preserved-brain-italy"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/k5wIi-55bPumkH7rstXKuKjZvh8VSSeXl8kt7VIX3wo/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9iYWYyOTE2OC01/ZGRmLTQ4OWQtODdi/My1hYjViZGI3ZDA5/NzI4MWMwZGFiZGQ5/MmFlMjQzYjBfY2Vy/dmVsbG9fZ2lhY29t/aW5pLmpwZw.jpg" alt="The neuroscientist’s brain is brownish and small, but is otherwise virtually unchanged from the 1800s." data-width="2896" data-height="2381" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">A Man in 19th-Century Italy Preserved His Own Brain to Fight Eugenics</span></h3> <div class="detail-sm nav-card-details js-time-ago" data-timestamp="2025-02-18 19:50:00 UTC" ></div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="hidden-md hidden-lg nav-vertical"> <div class="nav-vertical"> <a href="/newsletters" class="heading-sm nav-link js-link-tracked" data-category="Nav Menu" data-event="Clicked Newsletters Link Mobile"> <span class="heading-sm nav-link-heading">Newsletters</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="hidden-md hidden-lg" style="width: 100%;">  <div class="nav-vertical nav-vertical-sessions-m"> <div class="nav-session-links-wrap-m"> <a href="/sign-in" class="heading-sm nav-session-link-m nav-link"> <i class="icon-profile nav-session-icon"></i>Sign In </a><i class="or-pipe or-pipe-sessions-m"></i> <a href="/join" class="heading-sm nav-session-link-m nav-link"> Join </a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class="nav-right-section"> <li class="newsletters-cell"> <div id="nav-newsletters-menu" class="dropdown"> <div class="nav-session-link detail-sm profile-dropdown js-profile-dropdown js-taphover" tabindex="0" aria-label="Newsletter Options" aria-haspopup="true"> <a href="/newsletters" class="profile-nav-hover-target js-link-tracked" aria-label="Newsletter options" data-category="Nav Menu" data-event="Clicked Newsletters Icon"> <svg width="30px" class="icon-bulk-envelopes" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 640 512"><path d="M80 160C88.84 160 96 152.8 96 144V64c0-17.67 14.33-32 32-32h256c17.67 0 32 14.33 32 32h32c0-35.35-28.65-64-64-64H128C92.65 0 64 28.65 64 64v80C64 152.8 71.16 160 80 160zM576 96H256C220.7 96 192 124.7 192 160h32c0-17.67 14.33-32 32-32h320c17.67 0 32 14.33 32 32v192c0 17.67-14.33 32-32 32h-144c-8.836 0-16 7.162-16 16c0 8.836 7.164 16 16 16H576c35.35 0 64-28.65 64-64V160C640 124.7 611.3 96 576 96zM560 256C568.9 256 576 248.9 576 240v-64C576 167.1 568.9 160 560 160h-64C487.1 160 480 167.1 480 176v64C480 248.9 487.1 256 496 256H560zM512 192h32v32h-32V192zM320 192H64C28.65 192 0 220.7 0 256v192c0 35.35 28.65 64 64 64h256c35.35 0 64-28.65 64-64V256C384 220.7 355.3 192 320 192zM352 448c0 17.67-14.33 32-32 32H64c-17.67 0-32-14.33-32-32V313.6C44.75 323.3 64 339.3 128 384c12.75 9.625 38.38 32 64 32s51.25-22.38 64-32c64-44.75 83.25-60.75 96-70.38V448zM352 275.3c-25.62 19.12-22.38 19.12-115.3 86.38C227.3 364.8 208 384 192 384s-35.25-19.25-44.75-25.62C54.38 291.3 57.63 291.3 32 272V256c0-17.67 14.33-32 32-32h256c17.67 0 32 14.33 32 32V275.3z"/></svg> </a> <div class="profile-dropdown-menu js-profile-dropdown-menu dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" tabindex="0"> <a class="nav-session-link detail-sm dropdown-item js-link-tracked" data-category="Nav Menu" data-event="Clicked Newsletters Link" href="/newsletters">Explore Newsletters</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="user-cell"> <div id="nav-profile-menu" class="dropdown"> <div class="nav-session-link detail-sm profile-dropdown js-profile-dropdown js-taphover" tabindex="0" aria-label="User Profile Options" aria-haspopup="true"> <a href="/sign-in" class="profile-nav-hover-target" aria-label="Account options"> <svg width="21px" class="icon-user" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M224 256c70.7 0 128-57.31 128-128s-57.3-128-128-128C153.3 0 96 57.31 96 128S153.3 256 224 256zM224 32c52.94 0 96 43.06 96 96c0 52.93-43.06 96-96 96S128 180.9 128 128C128 75.06 171.1 32 224 32zM274.7 304H173.3C77.61 304 0 381.6 0 477.3c0 19.14 15.52 34.67 34.66 34.67h378.7C432.5 512 448 496.5 448 477.3C448 381.6 370.4 304 274.7 304zM413.3 480H34.66C33.2 480 32 478.8 32 477.3C32 399.4 95.4 336 173.3 336h101.3C352.6 336 416 399.4 416 477.3C416 478.8 414.8 480 413.3 480z"/></svg> </a> <div class="profile-dropdown-menu js-profile-dropdown-menu dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" tabindex="0"> <a id="nav-sign-in-link" class="nav-session-link detail-sm dropdown-item" href="/sign-in">Sign In</a> <hr> <a id="nav-sign-up-link" class="nav-session-link detail-sm dropdown-item" href="/join">Join</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="search-cell"> <div class="nav-search"> <a id="d-search-dropdown-link" class="heading-sm nav-link js-launch-search-link" aria-label="Open Site Search Form" data-search-dock="nav-dropdown-search-dock" data-category="Search Suggest" data-action="Opened Search Form" data-label="Global Search" href="javascript:void(0)"> <svg width="24px" height="24px" class="icon-search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M507.3 484.7l-141.5-141.5C397 306.8 415.1 259.7 415.1 208c0-114.9-93.13-208-208-208S-.0002 93.13-.0002 208S93.12 416 207.1 416c51.68 0 98.85-18.96 135.2-50.15l141.5 141.5C487.8 510.4 491.9 512 496 512s8.188-1.562 11.31-4.688C513.6 501.1 513.6 490.9 507.3 484.7zM208 384C110.1 384 32 305 32 208S110.1 32 208 32S384 110.1 384 208S305 384 208 384z"/></svg> <i class="icon-menu-close"></i> </a> <div class="sitewide-hero-search vue-js-nav-search-bar desktop-search"> <div class="hero-search-bar-bg"></div> <div class="container hero-search-wrapper js-hero-search-wrapper"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-10 col-md-offset-1 hero-search-bar"> <form autocomplete="off" class="js-search-form-to-submit js-hero-search" action="/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <search-input></search-input> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-10 col-md-offset-1"> <search-suggestions></search-suggestions> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="search-dock-m" class="container-fluid search-dock"></div> <div class="m-nearby-search" > <div class="btns-search-random-aon"> <a class="js-search-nearby js-link-tracked btn-search-random-aon --search-nearby" data-category="Search Nearby" data-action="Submitted" data-label="articles" href="javascript:void(0)"> <svg fill="#D6D3D1" height="16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M47.1 256C32.71 256 19.55 245.2 16.6 230.2C13.65 215.2 21.73 200.2 35.88 194.4L387.9 50.38C399.8 45.5 413.5 48.26 422.6 57.37C431.7 66.49 434.5 80.19 429.6 92.12L285.6 444.1C279.8 458.3 264.8 466.3 249.8 463.4C234.8 460.4 223.1 447.3 223.1 432V256H47.1zM256 224V432L400 80L47.1 224H256z"/></svg> Places near me </a> <a class="js-link-tracked btn-search-random-aon --random" data-category="Random Place Mobile" data-action="Click" data-label="articles" href="/random"> <svg fill="#1c1917" height="16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M427.3 292.7c-6.25-6.25-16.38-6.25-22.62 0s-6.25 16.38 0 22.62L457.4 368H336c-5 0-9.781-2.406-12.78-6.406l-38.41-51.19c-5.312-7.094-15.38-8.5-22.41-3.219c-7.062 5.312-8.5 15.34-3.219 22.41l38.41 51.19C306.6 392.8 320.1 400 336 400h121.4l-52.69 52.69c-6.25 6.25-6.25 16.38 0 22.62C407.8 478.4 411.9 480 416 480s8.188-1.562 11.31-4.688l80-80c6.25-6.25 6.25-16.38 0-22.62L427.3 292.7zM336 144h121.4l-52.69 52.69c-6.25 6.25-6.25 16.38 0 22.62C407.8 222.4 411.9 224 416 224s8.188-1.562 11.31-4.688l80-80c6.25-6.25 6.25-16.38 0-22.62l-80-80c-6.25-6.25-16.38-6.25-22.62 0s-6.25 16.38 0 22.62L457.4 112H336c-15.03 0-29.41 7.188-38.41 19.22l-172.8 230.4C121.8 365.6 117 368 112 368h-96C7.156 368 0 375.2 0 384s7.156 16 16 16h96c15.03 0 29.41-7.188 38.41-19.22l172.8-230.4C326.2 146.4 331 144 336 144zM16 144h96c5 0 9.781 2.406 12.78 6.406l38.41 51.19C166.3 205.8 171.2 208 176 208c3.344 0 6.719-1.031 9.594-3.188c7.062-5.312 8.5-15.34 3.219-22.41L150.4 131.2C141.4 119.2 127 112 112 112h-96C7.156 112 0 119.2 0 128S7.156 144 16 144z"/></svg> Random place </a> </div> </div> </div> <div data-aaad='true' data-aa-adunit='/22181265/atlasobscura_1x1' class="adapex-1x1"></div> </header> <div id="page-content"> <article class="athanasius item-content js-article-content article-content article--content "> <div class="ArticleHeaderBg ArticleHeaderBg--dark ArticleHeaderBg--wide-hero ArticleHeaderBg-- "> <header class="ArticleHeader js-item-header ArticleHeader--wide-hero "> <div class="container"> <h1 class="ArticleHeader__title">A Man in 19th-Century Italy Preserved His Own Brain to Fight Eugenics</h1> <h2 class="ArticleHeader__subtitle"> Visit Turin to see the organ—and learn how to preserve your own. </h2> <div class="ArticleHeader__end-matter"> <div class="ArticleHeader__byline-dateline"> <span class="ArticleHeader__byline"> by <a href="/users/daniar?view=articles">Dania Rodrigues</a> </span> <span class="ArticleHeader__pub-date">February 18, 2025</span> </div> <div class="ArticleHeader__social hidden-sm hidden-xs"> <div class="SocialLinks "> <a class="js-share-button-facebook js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Header" data-service="Facebook" data-action="Share" aria-label="Share on Facebook" href=""> <i class="icon icon-facebook"></i> </a> <a target="_blank" class="js-social-action-tracked js-social-ask-for-follow" data-position="Header" data-service="Twitter" data-action="Share" aria-label="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=A%20Man%20in%2019th-Century%20Italy%20Preserved%20His%20Own%20Brain%20to%20Fight%20Eugenics%20@atlasobscura&count=none&url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/preserved-brain-italy"> <i class="icon icon-twitter"></i> </a> <a class="js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Header" data-service="Email" data-action="Send" aria-label="Email this" onclick="recordShareFor(event, {"id":18341,"type":"Article"})" href="mailto:?subject=A%20Man%20in%2019th-Century%20Italy%20Preserved%20His%20Own%20Brain%20to%20Fight%20Eugenics&body=A%20Man%20in%2019th-Century%20Italy%20Preserved%20His%20Own%20Brain%20to%20Fight%20Eugenics%0AVisit%20Turin%20to%20see%20the%20organ%E2%80%94and%20learn%20how%20to%20preserve%20your%20own.%0A%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fpreserved-brain-italy?utm_source=share_by_email%26utm_medium=email%26utm_campaign=mailto_share"> <i class="icon icon-envelope"></i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div id="btf-nav" class="container-fluid hidden athanasius"> <div class="row"> <div class="mini-nav-wrapper Subnav--with-depth"> <div class="container-fluid"> <nav> <div class="mini-nav-contents"> <div id="btf-nav-home" class="btf-nav-square hidden-sm hidden-xs"> <a class="mini-nav-logo-link non-decorated-link" title="Atlas Obscura" href="/"><i class="icon icon-atlas-icon"></i></a> </div> <div id="btf-nav-title" class="detail hidden-sm hidden-xs"> A Man in 19th-Century Italy Preserved His Own Brain to Fight Eugenics </div> <div class="social-links"> <div class="btf-nav-square first-in-series"> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="icon icon-facebook link-facebook social-link js-social-action-tracked js-share-button-facebook" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="Facebook" data-action="Share" target="_blank" aria-label="Share on Facebook"></a> </div> <div class="btf-nav-square"> <a href="https://twitter.com/share?text=A%20Man%20in%2019th-Century%20Italy%20Preserved%20His%20Own%20Brain%20to%20Fight%20Eugenics%20@atlasobscura&count=none&url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/preserved-brain-italy" class="icon icon-twitter social-link link-twitter js-social-action-tracked js-social-ask-for-follow" target="_blank" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="Twitter" data-action="Share" aria-label="Share on Twitter"></a> </div> <div class="btf-nav-square"> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fpreserved-brain-italy" class="icon icon-reddit link-reddit social-link js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="reddit" data-action="Share" target="_blank" aria-label="Share on Reddit"></a> </div> <div class="btf-nav-square"> <a href="mailto:?subject=A%20Man%20in%2019th-Century%20Italy%20Preserved%20His%20Own%20Brain%20to%20Fight%20Eugenics&body=A%20Man%20in%2019th-Century%20Italy%20Preserved%20His%20Own%20Brain%20to%20Fight%20Eugenics%0AVisit%20Turin%20to%20see%20the%20organ%E2%80%94and%20learn%20how%20to%20preserve%20your%20own.%0A%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fpreserved-brain-italy?utm_source=share_by_email%26utm_medium=email%26utm_campaign=mailto_share" class="icon icon-envelope link-email social-link js-social-action-tracked js-btn-email-share hidden-xs hidden-sm" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="Email" data-action="Send" onclick="recordShareFor(event, {"id":18341,"type":"Article"})" aria-label="Email this"></a> <a href="mailto:?subject=A Man in 19th-Century Italy Preserved His Own Brain to Fight Eugenics&body=Discovered on Atlas Obscura: https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/preserved-brain-italy" class="icon icon-envelope link-email social-link js-social-action-tracked js-btn-email-share hidden-md hidden-lg" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="Email" data-action="Send" aria-label="Email this"></a> </div> </div> <div class="BTFNav__mobile-share-button js-BTFNav__popover-trigger"> <i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-share"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-share" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-share" /> </svg> </i> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> <template class="js-BTFNav__popover-content"> <div> <a onclick="copyURLWithConfirm()" data-placement="left" data-trigger="click" data-template='<div class="tooltip BrownBGTooltip" role="tooltip"><div class="tooltip-arrow"></div><div class="tooltip-inner"></div></div>' data-toggle="tooltip" title="Link Copied" class="DDPNavbarItem js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="Link" data-action="Copied" aria-label="Copy Link"> <i class="DDPNavbarIcon--copy-link atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-link"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-link" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-link" /> </svg> </i> <span class="DDPNavbarItem__text">Copy Link</span> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="DDPNavbarItem js-social-action-tracked js-share-button-facebook" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="Facebook" data-action="Share" target="_blank" aria-label="Share on Facebook"><i class="DDPNavbarIcon--fb atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-facebook"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-facebook" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-facebook" /> </svg> </i> <span class="DDPNavbarItem__text">Facebook</span></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/share?text=A%20Man%20in%2019th-Century%20Italy%20Preserved%20His%20Own%20Brain%20to%20Fight%20Eugenics%20@atlasobscura&count=none&url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/preserved-brain-italy" class="DDPNavbarItem js-social-action-tracked js-social-ask-for-follow" target="_blank" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="Twitter" data-action="Share" aria-label="Share on Twitter"><i class="DDPNavbarIcon--twitter atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-twitter"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-twitter" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-twitter" /> </svg> </i> <span class="DDPNavbarItem__text">Twitter</span></a> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fpreserved-brain-italy" class="DDPNavbarItem js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="reddit" data-action="Share" target="_blank" aria-label="Share on Reddit"><i class="DDPNavbarIcon--reddit atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-reddit"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-reddit" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-reddit" /> </svg> </i> <span class="DDPNavbarItem__text">Reddit</span></a> <a href="https://share.flipboard.com/bookmarklet/popout?v=2&title=A%20Man%20in%2019th-Century%20Italy%20Preserved%20His%20Own%20Brain%20to%20Fight%20Eugenics&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fpreserved-brain-italy" target="_blank" class="DDPNavbarItem js-social-action-tracked DDPNavbarItem" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="flipboard" data-action="Share" target="_blank" aria-label="Share on Flipboard"> <i class="DDPNavbarIcon--flipboard atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-flipboard"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-flipboard" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-flipboard" /> </svg> </i> <span class="DDPNavbarItem__text">Flipboard</span> </a> <a href="https://getpocket.com/edit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fpreserved-brain-italy" target="_blank" class="DDPNavbarItem js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="pocket" data-action="Share" target="_blank" aria-label="Share on Pocket"> <i class="DDPNavbarIcon DDPNavbarIcon--pocket atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-pocket"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-pocket" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-pocket" /> </svg> </i> <span class="DDPNavbarItem__text">Pocket</span> </a> </div> </template> <script charset="utf-8"> function copyURLWithConfirm () { copyCurrentUrlToClipboard(); $('.DDPNavbarItem[data-toggle="tooltip"]').tooltip('show'); window.setTimeout(function () { $('.DDPNavbarItem[data-toggle="tooltip"]').tooltip('destroy'); }, 1500) } $(function (){ $('.js-BTFNav__popover-trigger').popover({ trigger: 'click', html: true, placement: 'bottom', template: '<div class="BTFNav__share-popover popover" role="tooltip"><div class="arrow"></div><h3 class="popover-title"></h3><div class="popover-content"></div></div>', content: function () { return $($('.js-BTFNav__popover-content').html()); }, delay: { hide: 100 } }); }) </script> <div id="article-container" class="container"> <div class="row"> <div id="article-hero" class="hero-img-wide col-xs-12 col-md-8 hidden-print ArticleHero "> <img alt="The neuroscientist’s brain is brownish and small, but is otherwise virtually unchanged from the 1800s." data-width="2896" data-height="2381" width="1280" class="article-image" src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/mqa9NDEAgjOwnlpmHzLpi0jVDgsla23krydZBfRW0l4/rt:fit/w:1280/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9iYWYyOTE2OC01/ZGRmLTQ4OWQtODdi/My1hYjViZGI3ZDA5/NzI4MWMwZGFiZGQ5/MmFlMjQzYjBfY2Vy/dmVsbG9fZ2lhY29t/aW5pLmpwZw.jpg" /> <div class="article-caption-pre-rd article-hero-img-caption"> The neuroscientist’s brain is brownish and small, but is otherwise virtually unchanged from the 1800s. <span class='caption-credit'>Courtesy of Museo di Anatomia umana “Luigi Rolando,” Università di Torino</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row MainContentRow -- "> <div id="ArticleLeftRail" class="article-left-siderail social-siderail-l hidden-print col-md-2"> <div class="siderail-placement siderail-associated-content-cards"> <div class="siderail-title o-heading fs--19">In This Story</div> <div class="siderail-cards-container"> <div class="CardWrapper --PlaceWrapper js-CardWrapper --small-wrapper"> <div class="CardActionBtns"> <div class="CardActionBtns__positioner"> <div data-item-type="Place" data-place-title="Cesare Lombroso's Museum of Criminal Anthropology" data-place-city="Turin" data-place-country="Italy" data-place-id="1881" class="Card__action-btns vue-js-been-there-everywhere-place"> <been-there-everywhere></been-there-everywhere> </div> </div> </div> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--small" data-type="Place" data-item-id="1881" data-gtm-content-type="Place" data-lat="45.049399" data-lng="7.679334" data-city="Turin" data-state="Piedmont" data-country="Italy" href="/places/cesare-lombrosos-museum-of-criminal-anthropology"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure --content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/usTJcWfxSUTSA4rZsNGB7VHqy9wPqR-4EKTBWJNmxyI/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/c:600:400:nowe:12:46/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy9kZTIw/Yzk0ZGE0ZDg0M2M4/ZDI5NGVlYzliOTY4/ODZhMzBiZTg5NDZh/LmpwZw.jpg" alt="" data-width="662" data-height="450" class="lazy Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /></figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat --place">Place</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>Cesare Lombroso's Museum of Criminal Anthropology</span> </h3> <div class="Card__content js-subtitle-content"> The astonishing collection of an infamous criminologist. </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="CardWrapper --GeoWrapper js-CardWrapper --small-wrapper"> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--small Card--flipped" data-gtm-content-type="Geo" data-lat="41.87194" data-lng="12.56738" data-country="Italy" data-global-subregion="Southern Europe" data-global-region="Europe" href="/things-to-do/italy"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/8ZzCYtqSXdURNIozqbXy-u22sPWpVOj-zP17chvznmI/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy80ZjE4/YWZhNWVkYzJhM2Y5/YjJfQjlKVEMyICgz/KS5qcGc.jpg" alt="" data-width="3775" data-height="2508" class="lazy Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat"><span class="Card__hat-icon"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-map"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-map" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-map" /> </svg> </i> </span> Destination Guide</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title"> <span>Italy</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading --trip-info --content-card-info"> <span>108 Articles</span> </div> <div class="Card__subheading --trip-info --content-card-info"> <span>1047 Places</span> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content-body col-md-6"> <section id="article-body" class="ArticleBody ArticleBody__default article--body "> <p class="item-body-text-graf"><span class="section-start-text">Tucked between the tibias of </span>a standing skeleton in a museum in <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/things-to-do/turin-italy">Turin</a>, <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/things-to-do/italy">Italy,</a> is a peculiar glass dome. The small container almost escapes notice, located in the last room of the <a href="https://www.museoanatomia.unito.it/en/museum/intro/">Luigi Rolando Museum of Human Anatomy</a>. Despite the wooden plaque below the item, the explanation just raises more questions. “Being neither an advocate of cremation nor cemeteries, I would like my bones to be laid to rest in the Anatomical Institute,” the inscription reads. “I would also like my brain to be preserved with my method and placed in the Museum together with the others.”</p><section class="inline-ad-container inline-ad-container--article"><div data-aa-adunit="/22181265/atlasobscura_300v_1" data-aaad="true" data-aa-target='["mobile", "tablet", "desktop"]' data-aa-sizes="[[300, 250], [300, 600]]"></div></section> <p class="item-body-text-graf">The words are taken from the last will of Carlo Giacomini, and the item on display is his brain.</p> <p class="item-body-text-graf">Giacomini was an anatomist, neuroscientist, and museum director from the 1800s who proposed a new way to preserve brains. His recipe essentially dried the organ out, while maintaining all the significant features.</p> <figure class=" contains-caption zoomable-image"><img class="article-image with-structured-caption zoomable-image lazy" src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/GLZuYnKHhDsPEkBU_UtdXkdBKwbBfL_1cUJ2yPVtQr4/rt:fill/w:1200/el:1/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9kOWFhOTk3My1j/YTBiLTRjNGQtOGQy/Ny04ZTE4MjNjNjIy/YTZmNGRiOWNjYmYw/NDAyZjRlNTFfc2No/ZWxldHJvX2dpYWNv/bWluaS5qcGc.jpg" alt="The cerebellum of Giacomini's brain has been placed between the severed right and left hemisphere in order to better show the organ’s convolutions." width="auto" data-article-image-id="undefined" data-full-size-image="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/article_images/full/104717/image" data-kind="article-image" id="article-image-104717" loading="lazy"><figcaption class="caption structured-caption noskim">The cerebellum of Giacomini’s brain has been placed between the severed right and left hemisphere in order to better show the organ’s convolutions. <span class="caption-credit">Courtesy of Museo di Anatomia umana “Luigi Rolando,” Università di Torino</span></figcaption></figure> <p class="item-body-text-graf">Today, his own brain is slightly shrunken and has a dark brownish color. And it’s not the only one. Within the museum are five cases filled with 800 human brains, all prepared by the same man. Some of them are labeled <em>Cervelli di criminali,</em> or “Criminals’ brains.”</p><section class="inline-ad-container inline-ad-container--article"><div data-aa-adunit="/22181265/atlasobscura_300v_2" data-aaad="true"></div></section> <p class="item-body-text-graf">Though he didn’t know it at the time, Giacomini’s work became part of a bigger conversation involving eugenics, Nazis, and a division of neurocriminology today.</p> <hr class="baseline-grid-hr"> <p class="item-body-text-graf section-break-graf"><span class="section-start-text">When Giacomini was in medical </span>school, scientists of the day were <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/how-19thcentury-zombie-dogs-revealed-the-workings-of-the-brain">hotly debating phrenology</a>, a new school of thought that claimed physical characteristics could reveal internal aspects of an individual. Franz Joseph Gall first proposed the idea in the early 1800s that criminal behavior was determined by biology and was even apparent in the shape of a skull. But it was Cesare Lombroso who popularized the theory when he established the <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/cesare-lombrosos-museum-of-criminal-anthropology">Positivist School of Criminology</a> in Italy. Lombroso believed the brain’s morphology was responsible for violent, antisocial, or genius behavior. He claimed that criminal dispositions were biologically inherited, identified from a unique physiological signature, and therefore unchangeable—in other words, individuals were born criminals and were predetermined to commit violent crimes.</p> <figure class=" contains-caption "><img class="article-image with-structured-caption lazy" src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/v9ws1lm7SAUNiWJ195XbmguyIdhqfkO7Lw_ChmucRbU/rs:fill:12000:12000/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9iZGI3YTZjNS05/YWQ4LTRkN2ItOWQ5/NC1lODI4ODJmYzQ3/YzllZjU0NTI2OWIz/ZDU2YWJlODJfRzM3/WE43LmpwZw.jpg" alt="Phrenology spread the idea that criminal dispositions were biologically inherited and unchangeable." width="auto" data-kind="article-image" id="article-image-104739" loading="lazy"><figcaption class="caption structured-caption noskim">Phrenology spread the idea that criminal dispositions were biologically inherited and unchangeable. <a class="caption-credit" target="_blank" href="https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-dr-gustav-schere-lectures-on-phrenology-at-the-buchhandlerdorfe-leipzig-105280819.html?imageid=A0CCF0E6-80DF-4264-A1E1-7626163E7843&p=181734&pn=1&searchId=689e3c6477c0318f391ed8724b579466&searchtype=0">Chronicle / Alamy Stock Photo</a></figcaption></figure> <p class="item-body-text-graf">Lombroso’s ideas were widely influential in criminal law in both Europe and the United States in the late 1800s, and were often used to support crude racial and class-based stereotypes of criminal behavior. “Such theories confirmed the superiority of the white male intelligence and the legitimization of colonial power,” says Cristiane Augusto, a researcher and expert in Penal Right at the Universidade Federal do <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/things-to-do/rio-de-janeiro-brazil">Rio de Janeiro</a>.</p><section class="inline-ad-container inline-ad-container--article"><div data-aa-adunit="/22181265/atlasobscura_300v_3" data-aaad="true"></div></section> <p class="item-body-text-graf">Lombroso wanted anatomical proof of his theories, so he enlisted Giacomini, who ran in the same scientific circles. Lombroso procured the brains from recently deceased individuals and gave them to Giacomini. Most of the specimens came from a hospital, but some were from individuals who died in prison.</p> <p class="item-body-text-graf">The only problem in studying brains was <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/mystery-preserved-brains">how quickly they fell apart</a>, so something had to be done to preserve them.</p> <p class="item-body-text-graf">Scientists had previously attempted to preserve the brain with both liquids and dehydration, but Giacomini had deemed all known methods unsatisfactory. Liquids were expensive, needed to be changed every few years, and made observations more difficult, whereas current drying methods caused cracks and a marked reduction in volume. The organ is extremely delicate. “In certain seasons of the year,” Giacomini wrote in <em>Guide to the Study of the Cerebral Convolutions</em>, “the brain is so soft when it is extracted from its cavity 24 hours after death, that it would be almost impossible to remove its membranes to make the convolutions more visible.” The only solution, he thought, was to try to harden the brain.</p> <figure class=" contains-caption "><img class="article-image with-structured-caption lazy" src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/QytupSq_f47qhcZj38DSwCR73ssNP-BCmzJUvfondPA/rs:fill:12000:12000/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9jYTBmODEyYS1l/ZGEyLTRhN2YtOTBm/Ni1mMzIzOTM1MDky/YTlhMzM0ODZiYjA3/ZjY0YjhlZGRfYXJt/YWRpb19jZXJ2ZWxs/aS5qcGc.jpg" alt="The Luigi Rolando Museum of Human Anatomy contains five vitrines filled with 800 preserved brains." width="auto" data-kind="article-image" id="article-image-104719" loading="lazy"><figcaption class="caption structured-caption noskim">The Luigi Rolando Museum of Human Anatomy contains five vitrines filled with 800 preserved brains. <span class="caption-credit">Courtesy of Museo di Anatomia umana “Luigi Rolando,” Università di Torino</span></figcaption></figure> <p class="item-body-text-graf">Giacomini injected the brains with or immersed them in zinc chloride, glycerine, nitric acid, or potassium bichromate. After a few days, the organs would dry out, becoming “more durable and less subject to deterioration,” he wrote.</p> <p class="item-body-text-graf">“Preparations made with the drying method not only gave the anatomical specimen greater consistency but, more importantly, eliminated deformations, making observations more reliable,” says Giacomo Giacobini, the current scientific director of Turin’s anatomical museum.</p> <p class="item-body-text-graf">Giacomini prepared more than a thousand brains using his new methods. He then carefully studied the organs for years, measuring and comparing the cerebral matter of different specimens. And his conclusions did not make Lombroso and many of his colleagues very happy.</p><section class="inline-ad-container inline-ad-container--article"><div data-aa-adunit="/22181265/atlasobscura_300v_3" data-aaad="true"></div></section> <p class="item-body-text-graf">He stated unequivocally: “We do not find that the brains of social misfits have a specific type of conformation, but rather the same variations, in the same proportions, as other brains, and we can in no way relate these variations to their malevolent actions.’’</p> <figure class="article-image-full-width contains-caption "><img class="article-image with-structured-caption lazy" src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/bG6rq53i7QSaZsUeFPgYGuXtSC82m4QyMYlKNQwkAFI/rt:fill/w:1200/el:1/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy8xNmNhNmZkNC0w/Yjg5LTQ4NjYtOTJi/NS1mNGY5ZDI3Yjgz/ZDdhMzM0ODZiYjA3/ZjY0YjhlZGRfZ2lh/Y29taW5pX2FsbGll/dmkuanBn.jpg" alt="Carlo Giacomini (center) concluded there was no difference between the brains of those who committed crimes and those who did not." width="auto" data-kind="article-image" id="article-image-104718" loading="lazy"><figcaption class="caption structured-caption noskim">Carlo Giacomini (center) concluded there was no difference between the brains of those who committed crimes and those who did not. <span class="caption-credit">Courtesy of Museo di Anatomia umana “Luigi Rolando,” Università di Torino</span></figcaption></figure> <p class="item-body-text-graf">However, his views were never acknowledged by a wider audience. Some of his opponents claimed Lombroso was improving upon Darwin’s theory of evolution by expanding the idea to social evolutionism. They therefore dubbed Giacomini as a “theologian and fearful individual” who stood against Darwin (which was false), and discarded his conclusions altogether.</p> <p class="item-body-text-graf">Though Giacomini’s method was used extensively by some Italian scientists, it became obsolete as new technologies, such as digital angiography, allowed a more sophisticated <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/nimhans-brain-museum">mapping of the human brain</a>. His conclusions, though, became prevalent in the aftermath of World War II. In the wake of Nazism, Lombroso’s views were widely dismissed, considering their problematic relationship with scientific racism and eugenics.</p><section class="inline-ad-container inline-ad-container--article"><div data-aa-adunit="/22181265/atlasobscura_300v_3" data-aaad="true"></div></section> <p class="item-body-text-graf">But the idea of linking positive or negative attributes to the cerebral cortex didn’t disappear. Today, the scientific community at large assumes that all mental activities produce electrical, magnetic, or metabolic signals that new technologies are able to read. Highly technological tomographies perform exams in which it is possible to see the brain in action. Neurocriminology defends the idea that alterations in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus can lead to reduction of self control and anger management, predisposing a person to violence.</p> <p class="item-body-text-graf">“Of course we emphasize that brain mechanisms underlying aggression do not stand in isolation, but represent a component of the larger biopsychosocial framework from which we view crime,” remarks Adrian Raine, author of <em>The Anatomy of Violence</em> and one of the most notable proponents of neurocriminology. “But as we begin to see the evidence for biomarkers as incontrovertible, then what should we do about them?”</p> <figure class=" contains-caption "><img class="article-image with-structured-caption lazy" src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/_6wb1If6o7jlksTxolGb5sDbpGiGoEtJfvqVpnswrqA/rs:fill:12000:12000/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9kZTIwMGRmZC02/M2M5LTQwMTUtYmNi/NS03ZDc2NzExZTQ0/OWJlZjU0NTI2OWIz/ZDU2YWJlODJfRDhC/QkdQLmpwZw.jpg" alt="In the 19th century, scientists believed the brain could be mapped out with behavioral tendencies such as “destructiveness” and “secretiveness.”" width="auto" data-kind="article-image" id="article-image-104738" loading="lazy"><figcaption class="caption structured-caption noskim">In the 19th century, scientists believed the brain could be mapped out with behavioral tendencies such as “destructiveness” and “secretiveness.” <a class="caption-credit" target="_blank" href="https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-phrenology-traits-56798918.html?imageid=CE73F834-3600-41E8-B126-8E118274A4F1&p=181734&pn=1&searchId=689e3c6477c0318f391ed8724b579466&searchtype=0">Chronicle / Alamy Stock Photo</a></figcaption></figure> <p class="item-body-text-graf">Some legal defense teams, particularly in the U.S., have started using brain scans and neuroscience as mitigating evidence in the trials of violent criminals and sex offenders. Yet sociologists and bioethicists express concerns about the dangers of such an approach. “While it is certainly possible to observe a correlation between biological mechanisms and behavioral patterns, this does not directly imply causality,” explains Giorgio Gristina, a researcher at the <a href="https://fchampalimaud.org/champalimaud-research">Systems Neuroscience Laboratory in the Champalimaud Center for the Unknown</a>.</p><section class="inline-ad-container inline-ad-container--article"><div data-aa-adunit="/22181265/atlasobscura_300v_3" data-aaad="true"></div></section> <p class="item-body-text-graf">In the debate of nature versus nurture, it’s difficult to disregard someone’s surroundings, since, as neurocriminology affirms, the brain is a malleable organ. “Environmental factors can change the physical structure of the brain,” adds Jaime Arlandis, a researcher also at the Champalimaud Center. Gristina and Arlandis believe one’s actions are not predetermined by the brain they were born with, but that the brain can change over the course of one’s life.</p> <p class="item-body-text-graf">Who knows if Carlo Giacomini would have realized this debate would continue well beyond his own death. His work in preserving and studying brains was a precursor to neuroscience today, but the answers are still as mysterious as the brain itself, which <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10585277/">modern scientists are only beginning to understand</a>.</p> <p class="item-body-text-graf item-body-last">Did Giacomini realize more work was needed? Is that why he preserved his own brain and left it for all to see? Those answers may be locked in the hardened cerebral mass sitting on display in Turin. All we can do is quietly look at his physical mind and wonder.</p> </section> <script type="text/javascript"> var bodyViewedPercentageLogger = debounce( function() { logPercentBelowViewport( $('#article-body'), 'contentViewed' ); // Chase campaign: Simple Reach reporting %> // END Chase campaign }, 16); $(window).on('scroll resize', bodyViewedPercentageLogger); </script> <div class="ItemEndRow" data-category='Articles Page Recirc' data-action='Recirc Item Clicked' data-label='Footer Next Article'> <div class="HorizontalCardWrapper --ArticleWrapper "> <a class="HorizontalCard" data-gtm-category="Articles Page Recirc" data-gtm-template="End Cap" data-gtm-content-type="Article" data-gtm-recirc-association="Related" href="/articles/birds-of-paradise-biofluorescent"> <div class="HorizontalCard__content-wrap"> <div class="HorizontalCard__hat">Read next</div> <h3 class="HorizontalCard__heading"> <span class="js-socket-title">Birds-of-Paradise Can Emit Light Through Their Feathers</span> </h3> <div class="HorizontalCard__content js-subtitle-content js-socket-subtitle"> Scientists have found that many of the species known for their spectacular plumage are biofluorescent, meaning they absorb and release light through their bodies. </div> </div> <figure class="HorizontalCard__figure js-HorizontalCard__figure js-content-horizontal-card-figure"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/rfh8u9u9FQJlEFJ-D2I-oZeJC4AYKA2bO49fIebn8oE/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9hMzUwYzNmYi1l/Yjc3LTRjZDItYTM4/NS05MWY2YWY4OGQz/Y2RmNTA0NGM1MDRm/Yzc5MmIxODVfVm9n/ZWxrb3BfTG9waG9y/aW5hX21hbGVfZGlz/cGxheV8wQTJBODgx/NS5qcGc.jpg" alt="" data-width="2908" data-height="1938" class="lazy HorizontalCard__img u-img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /></figure> </a> </div> </div> <div class="itemTags ItemEndRow"> <span class="itemTags__tag itemTags__tag--rounded itemTags__tag--light"><a class="itemTags__link" href="/categories/neuroscience">neuroscience</a></span><span class="itemTags__tag itemTags__tag--rounded itemTags__tag--light"><a class="itemTags__link" href="/categories/brain-collections">brain collections</a></span><span class="itemTags__tag itemTags__tag--rounded itemTags__tag--light"><a class="itemTags__link" href="/categories/brain">brain</a></span><span class="itemTags__tag itemTags__tag--rounded itemTags__tag--light"><a class="itemTags__link" href="/categories/anatomy">anatomy</a></span><span class="itemTags__tag itemTags__tag--rounded itemTags__tag--light"><a class="itemTags__link" href="/categories/anatomy-museums">anatomy museums</a></span><span class="itemTags__tag itemTags__tag--rounded itemTags__tag--light"><a class="itemTags__link" href="/categories/crime">crime</a></span><span class="itemTags__tag itemTags__tag--rounded itemTags__tag--light"><a class="itemTags__link" href="/categories/objects-of-intrigue">objects of intrigue</a></span><span class="itemTags__tag itemTags__tag--rounded itemTags__tag--light"><a class="itemTags__link" href="/categories/world-war-ii">world war ii</a></span><span class="itemTags__tag itemTags__tag--rounded itemTags__tag--light"><a class="itemTags__link" href="/categories/science">science</a></span> </div> </div> <div id="ArticleStickyRailTrack" class="content-siderail hidden-print"> <div class="js-above-rail"></div> <div id="ArticleStickyRail" class="js-sticky-siderail" data-below-of=".js-above-rail" data-affixed-top-margin="74" data-affixed-bottom-margin="0" data-above-of=".js-below-rail"> <div class="siderail-ad hidden-sm hidden-xs"> <div class="ad-wrapper hidden-print"> <div class="ProgrammaticMembershipCallout ProgrammaticMembershipCallout--sticky-rail js-programmatic-member-cta"> Want to see fewer ads?<br/> <a href="/membership">Become a Member</a>. </div> <div data-aaad='true' data-aa-adunit='/22181265/atlasobscura_300v_1'></div> </div> </div> <aside id="sidebar-popular" class="js-most-popular-recircs aside-recirc-module related-articles-module"> </aside> <div class="siderail-bottom-affix-placeholder hidden-xs"> <div class="siderail-ad siderail-bottom-ad js-sticky-bottom-siderail-ad hidden-sm hidden-xs"> <div class="fixedPositionAdBg--300"> <div class="ad-wrapper hidden-print"> <div class="ProgrammaticMembershipCallout ProgrammaticMembershipCallout--sticky-rail js-programmatic-member-cta"> Want to see fewer ads?<br/> <a href="/membership">Become a Member</a>. </div> <div data-aaad='true' data-aa-adunit='/22181265/atlasobscura_sticky_rail_2'></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ArticleStickyRailBrakePositioner" class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <div id="ArticleStickyRailBrake" class="js-below-rail"></div> </div> <div class="col-md-4 ArticleRightRail__space-holder hidden-xs hidden-sm"></div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="athanasius"> <div class="AdBlockModal modal fade" id="adBlockModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="adBlockModalTitle" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-close"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-close" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-close" /> </svg> </i> </span> </button> </div> <h5 class="modal-title" id="adBlockModalTitle">Using an ad blocker?</h5> <p class="modal-body">We depend on ad revenue to craft and curate stories about the world’s hidden wonders. Consider supporting our work by becoming a member for as little as $5 a month.</p> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="o-ghost-btn" data-dismiss="modal">Continue Using Ad-Block</button> <a href="/membership" class="o-primary-btn">Support Us <i style="margin-left: 7px; fill: white; width: 16px; height: 16px;" class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-heart"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-heart" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-heart" /> </svg> </i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> if( isIE() ) { $(function() { window.railSelector = '.js-sticky-siderail'; ensureRelevantMargins('.js-sticky-siderail'); affixRightRail('.js-sticky-siderail'); }); $(function() { var debounceAffixRightRail = debounce( function(){ affixRightRail('.js-sticky-siderail'); }, 50, true); $(window).on('resize scroll', debounceAffixRightRail); }); } $(function(){ $('.js-sticky-bottom-siderail-ad').affix({ offset: { top: function() { return $('#sidebar-popular').offset().top + $('#sidebar-popular').innerHeight() - 35; }, bottom: function () { return $('.recirc-footer-wrap').innerHeight() + $('.page-footer').innerHeight() + 100; } } }) }) </script> <div class="recirc-footer-wrap hidden-print "> <div class="card-grid js-inject-gtm-data-in-child-links" data-gtm-category='Articles Page Recirc' data-gtm-action='Recirc Item Clicked' data-gtm-label='Footer Related Content Card' data-gtm-template='Footer Cards' data-gtm-recirc-association='Related Mixed Content' > <div class="athanasius"> <div class="full-width-container CardRecircSection CardRecircSection--8-cards-lg full-width-container CardRecircSection__article-footer"> <div class="container"> <div class='CardRecircSection__header CardRecircSection__flex'> <div> <div class="CardRecircSection__title">Keep Exploring</div> </div> </div> <div class="card-grid CardRecircSection__card-grid js-inject-gtm-data-in-child-links" data-gtm-category='Article Page Recirc' data-gtm-action='Recirc Item Clicked' data-gtm-label='Related Content Card' data-gtm-template='Footer Cards' data-gtm-recirc-association='Related Mixed Content'> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --ArticleWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat" data-type="Article" data-item-id="13181" data-gtm-content-type="Article" data-lat="-77.844378" data-lng="166.663628" href="/articles/antarctica-brains"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure --content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/IltBFYuOzt9ujBHh45jXn9XoYhHKm4LLvs6ZQkYMif8/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy83NTFlYTYwNWU4/NGY1NjE1ODhfRTZN/WDRXX3NpemVkLmpw/Zw.jpg" alt="Antarctica is always cold, and for much of the year, it's really dark, too. " data-width="1280" data-height="853" class="lazy Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /></figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">science</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>Antarctica Is Stark, Beautiful, and Will Shrink Your Brain</span> </h3> <div class="Card__content js-subtitle-content"> The impact of 14 months at the edge of the world. </div> <div class="Card__footer --content-card-footer"> <div class="Card__byline-dateline --article-byline-dateline"> <span class="Card__byline --article-byline">Jessica Leigh Hester</span> <span class="Card__dateline --article-byline-date"> December 13, 2019 </span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --ArticleWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat" data-type="Article" data-item-id="17611" data-gtm-content-type="Article" href="/articles/daylight-saving-time-2024-brain-health"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure --content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/mVH39Kwq-L-jxKmHRqUQM2i0DpNpt5w-pEp1xU7fl0c/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy81MjIwODNmOTZi/NmMxODQwODFfU2F2/aW5nX0RheWxpZ2h0/Xy1fQW5faG91cl9v/Zl9MaWdodF9mb3Jf/YW5faG91cl9vZl9u/aWdodF9OTUFILUFD/MDQzMy0wMDAxNDg3/LmpwZw.jpg" alt="A World War I-era poster extolling the value of Daylight Saving Time—which may actually do more harm than good." data-width="2000" data-height="1363" class="lazy Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /></figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">science</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>Why Daylight Saving Time Messes With Your Brain</span> </h3> <div class="Card__content js-subtitle-content"> To "spring forward" is more damaging to our health than to "fall back," according to some surprising science. </div> <div class="Card__footer --content-card-footer"> <div class="Card__byline-dateline --article-byline-dateline"> <span class="Card__byline --article-byline">Beth Ann Malow</span> <span class="Card__dateline --article-byline-date"> March 6, 2024 </span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --ArticleWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat" data-type="Article" data-item-id="11612" data-gtm-content-type="Article" data-lat="40.792292" data-lng="-73.952421" href="/articles/a-close-up-look-at-the-most-influential-medical-book-of-the-16th-century"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure --content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/fgki42p5Xe81cxdQvOh1Jto4u0FRDp0hL_uJ4IFERJw/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy81YjBhNmIwMS1k/ZjNiLTRkNmQtOWU5/ZS0yMzBiYTk1ZDc4/MDMyZDEwOGE5ZGUx/Nzk3MWFiOTZfVmVz/YWxpdXMgMDdmeC5q/cGc.jpg" alt="" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" class="lazy Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /></figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">objects of intrigue</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>A Close-Up Look at the Most Influential Medical Book of the 16th Century</span> </h3> <div class="Card__content js-subtitle-content"> Andreas Vesalius dissected the bodies of executed prisoners to better understand human anatomy. </div> <div class="Card__footer --content-card-footer"> <div class="Card__byline-dateline --article-byline-dateline"> <span class="Card__byline --article-byline">Lizzie Philip</span> <span class="Card__dateline --article-byline-date"> November 9, 2018 </span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --ArticleWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat" data-type="Article" data-item-id="9195" data-gtm-content-type="Article" href="/articles/babies-sleep-learning-naps-development-memory"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure --content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/WccuCwvMgySaxYcVc1pSNlEpgvNvj0qTuCU3cTP27LI/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy81ZDE4Y2M4ODQ5/OThmOWYwNGZfQmFi/eV9zbGVlcGluZ18y/OTI5X05ldml0Lmpw/Zw.jpg" alt="Under construction. " data-width="896" data-height="592" class="lazy Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /></figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">science</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>Midday Naps Are Key to Infant Learning (and Parental Mental Health)</span> </h3> <div class="Card__content js-subtitle-content"> Scientists learned just how much sleep a baby needs to tell a “Zuser” from a “Bofel.” </div> <div class="Card__footer --content-card-footer"> <div class="Card__byline-dateline --article-byline-dateline"> <span class="Card__byline --article-byline">Samir S. Patel</span> <span class="Card__dateline --article-byline-date"> August 8, 2017 </span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/the-most-influential-medical-book-of-the-16th-century"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/mEgxDYfR6GFN_kumPmetngEjctnyWTGw4lN--i7szUo/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDE5LzAzLzI1LzE4/LzIyLzU1L2I4NDE5/NjA2LTk1NzUtNGRl/MC1iODBmLTdmNDQ0/YzNjMDBlNS9WZXNh/bGl1cyAwNmZ4Lmpw/Zw.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video • Object of Intrigue</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>The Most Influential Medical Book of the 16th Century</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>2:41</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/17th-century-anatomical-manikins"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/3L5eq73CoX2ucc6B-wtoZPX8oriuamXznzaxR6pbLwE/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDE5LzAzLzI1LzE4/LzAyLzA4LzY1MGVl/ZTE2LWY2YjQtNDBm/MC05MDZhLWQyZWE0/ZjFmYmU0OC9tYW5p/a2luMDMuanBn.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video • Object of Intrigue</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>Mysterious and Intricate 17th-Century Anatomical Manikins</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>2:13</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/a-glimpse-inside-a-synthetic-cadaver-factory"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/8rJJTrzP3jSpr8xOHa-_eFi-26IOrfxgXXUwgRTLHEY/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDE5LzAzLzI3LzE1/LzAyLzQzLzQ5MGJj/ZmM4LTdmZGMtNGNh/ZC05YTc4LTNkMDhh/YjY1YTgwNy9TeW5E/YXZlclN0aWxsLmpw/Zw.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>A Glimpse Inside a Synthetic Cadaver Factory</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>3:48</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/cia-fake-scrotum"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/rNd1AbQ2mtUrsp6tIg9kbWN-scujj8EWBM-OBttjgT4/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDIwLzAzLzI1LzE4/LzI1LzU1LzhhZTQw/M2QyLWFjNWUtNDY1/My04MTBjLTBlZjY3/NDMyMzQwNi9TY3Jv/dHVtIENvbmNlYWxl/bWVudCBUaHVtYiBO/ZXdzbGV0dGVyIFVT/RS5wbmc.png" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video • Object of Intrigue</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>The CIA's Fake Scrotum That Hid a Radio</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>3:32</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/the-first-meteorite-that-wrecked-a-car"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/cn39UvTKI6TfWMp_wGGX_ZF_XeQX3AEvvooyNZWGlKY/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDE5LzA3LzA5LzIx/LzI2LzM2LzQ3MjQy/OTFkLWY0MmItNGVi/OS1iOGFiLTE1YjRk/NGRjYjhmMS9NZXRl/b3JpdGVTdGlsbF9D/S04ucG5n.png" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video • Object of Intrigue</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>The First Meteorite to Crash Into a Car</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>4:06</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/the-largest-egg-in-the-world"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/hD25M01gIny7rJ-yBMF34L4LlvcjDd3hxxNKDRwd4wI/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDE5LzA3LzMxLzE5/LzI1LzI1LzI3ZDIy/YjdkLTNlZTItNDI1/Zi05M2QxLTJjN2Ix/Y2Y5YzY1My9MYXJn/ZXN0IEVnZyBTdGls/bCAwMy5qcGc.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video • Object of Intrigue</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>The Value of the Largest Egg in the World</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>3:11</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/imperfect-objects-with-jessica-oreck"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/cwuAu3ZHxxSLTwl7OPJ8-icRkS104NIFZJ9S6NxJtCY/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDIwLzA1LzA1LzE1/LzA5LzI2LzFkYWE2/ZDRhLTY3MjMtNGEw/Zi04YjVlLTI4NzQ2/OGRmNDJmMC9TJlQg/SmVzcyBPcmVjayBT/dGlsbCBDTVMgMDIu/anBn.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video • Wonder From Home</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>Show & Tell: The Magic of Imperfect Objects With Jessica Oreck</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>9:58</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/show-tell-magic-auctioneer"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/UkM82Hb2-zoHDlQd6q-BHfV5ZnyFKGe74enPjWLlPW8/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDIwLzA2LzMwLzE2/LzAxLzQ5L2UxNDQ4/M2JhLWI0M2YtNDRm/Mi05N2Y5LTI5NTU1/MDI4MDE1MC9HYWJl/IEZ1anVyaSBOZXdz/bGV0dGVyIFN0aWxs/IDA2MzAyMCB2MS5q/cGc.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video • Wonder From Home</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>Show & Tell With a Master Magic Auctioneer </span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>10:02</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/show-tell-best-roadside-attraction"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/zhXuMcenRmeEK7cAlkQMNPGKvfEHZXR_JYnQkb-SSDU/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDIwLzA3LzA3LzE4/LzUxLzQxLzQ2ZmU0/NGUzLTBkMWYtNGJl/Ni1hN2U5LWI0MjEx/YjliZjBiNi9Fcmlr/YSBOZWxzb24gUyZU/IE5MIFN0aWxsIHYx/LmpwZw.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video • Wonder From Home</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>Show & Tell With the Genius Behind America’s Best Roadside Attraction</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>11:40</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/cia-chief-of-disguise-hollywood-mask"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/vP_mXFVK-u_ac9KmK6hW4n6BibdRIVYLCz9zEj1CSME/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDIwLzA3LzIwLzIw/LzU2LzMxLzllYTA1/NTQzLTI5YzMtNGYz/My1hY2YwLWNkODc0/OWMzNDJkZC9NQVNL/IC0gRklOQUwgRmFj/ZWJvb2suMDBfMDBf/MzdfMTYuU3RpbGww/MDMuanBn.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video • Object of Intrigue</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>A Former CIA Chief of Disguise Shows Off a Five-Second Mask</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>3:59</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/horned-helmet-henry-viii"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/D35dVu5P1FCzi3BoH2h523l6BBXuSASfxu6T7gxqMMs/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDIwLzA5LzIxLzIx/LzUwLzE0LzU2NmM1/MjRhLTljOTktNDFi/ZS1iNjBjLTg5YWRl/MzhjMjBmYy9Ib3Ju/ZWQgSGVsbWV0IFlU/IEZJTkFMIDA5MTYy/MC4wMF8wMF8wM18x/MC5TdGlsbDAwMS5q/cGc.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>See the Mysterious Horned Helmet of Henry VIII</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>4:00</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/the-spy-tactic-that-almost-destroyed-wwii-britain"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/w8vygn1bpFGMAuthtBbTdsJBHwxuPkGz62s8_iQIa-g/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDE5LzAzLzI1LzE4/LzQyLzI5LzM4NDBi/ZjVmLWE4NmUtNDY1/ZS1hNGFkLWZjY2I4/NGM0YTYwYy9QUklO/VElORyBQTEFURV9G/aW5hbF93aXRoR0ZY/ICgwLTAxLTQ1LTE2/KS5qcGc.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video • Object of Intrigue</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>The Spy Tactic That Almost Destroyed WWII Britain</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>2:40</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/abandoned-futuristic-fort-portland-maine"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/-rzQlj2jEs05-gt83kjYYO5AGtY8COMdzzZpYD1JJ7U/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDE5LzAzLzI3LzAw/LzAyLzUwL2E4MGNh/ZGUzLTllNzUtNDM0/OC1iZmEyLWU4ODUx/NjAxMmNiMS9CYXR0/ZXJ5U3RlZWxlU3Rp/bGwuanBn.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>There's an Abandoned Futuristic Fort in Portland, Maine</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>3:32</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/atlas-tries-magnet-fishing"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/z8SOd4ZZgrUmRfZES6jmeaWCiuyFOflf13R0beonPDw/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDIwLzA2LzA4LzIx/LzIwLzM4LzBlNDZi/OGU2LWU1ZWEtNDc2/Yi1hMDFlLWJlYTFj/MmE5Yjc4Mi9NYWdu/ZXQgRmlzaGluZyBD/TVMgU3RpbGwuanBn.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>Atlas Obscura Tries: Magnet Fishing</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>6:00</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/step-inside-the-garden-of-cosmic-speculation"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/cDwZ0dUTLAiNflfH_lwpYX44J85MgNHCgG5n27d8Y_0/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDE5LzA1LzI4LzE3/LzE1LzE0LzJjNGY5/NGYxLWMxYjctNGY0/Yi04ZGQxLWUwMjVh/YzdhMTQ0MC9HYXJk/ZW5TVElMTC5qcGc.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video • PinDrop</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>A 30-Acre Garden Inspired by the Principles of Modern Physics </span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>1:32</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/flesh-eating-beetles-field-museum-chicago"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/TZ8ruPVKLZcVkir3ETApQkgJe65QHLV3LICoZIJOlLw/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDE5LzA5LzE3LzE1/LzMwLzIyL2U1NDNi/NGI1LTYyNTgtNGVk/Zi1hOWIyLWY0YzYy/YjkyYjlhYy8yQklS/RFNCVUdTX0VESVQw/NyBCQyBmaW5hbC4w/MF8wMF8yN18xMi5T/dGlsbDAxMS5qcGc.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>The Flesh-Eating Beetles of Chicago's Field Museum</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>3:58</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/inside-ohio-s-experimental-archaeology-lab"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/XnZr_QCUQfVOUBrO9o4w4k_4RZSsV2Q7V1-ONJGa0Kw/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDE5LzExLzA2LzIy/LzE1LzAwLzdiMGMw/MTYyLWIwYzUtNDky/Yi1hMTdlLTIyYjll/ZWI4ZDJkYS9FeHBl/cmltZW50YWxBcmNo/YWVvbG9neUxhYiAw/OTIzMTkgRkIuMDBf/MDBfNTBfMjAuU3Rp/bGwwMTIuanBn.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>Inside Ohio's Experimental Archaeology Lab</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>7:29</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/step-inside-buffalo-s-lava-lab"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/BADrSdSdnkb9kTWcLHMTO-aeEk5noWb4-sqZpvEi4nA/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDE5LzExLzE0LzE5/LzExLzU0LzY5ZThj/MGI4LTE0NmUtNDcw/ZS1iMzZmLWMzODNh/YThhOTdiZi8gMjAx/OTExMDhfZ2l6bW9k/b19sYWJzZXJpZXNf/bGF2YWxhYl9zYW50/aV9jbGVhbi4wMF8w/MF8xOV8yMy5TdGls/bDAwNC5qcGc.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>A Visit to Buffalo's Lava Lab</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>4:51</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/missoula-us-forest-service-fire-lab"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/YR9aoRoKVsgr-CfXrSdPCB307yWVlFUk_8FsLl6PTME/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDE5LzEyLzA2LzIw/LzUxLzQ0Lzg2MjFm/OTRlLTk4NDctNDU5/My04YzZmLWI3OGQy/YzFkMWIyZS9GaXJl/TGFiIDAwXzAwXzA2/XzEwLlN0aWxsMDE1/LmpwZw.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>Where Scientists Play With Fire</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>7:22</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/a-colossal-squid-is-hiding-in-new-zealand"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/w2kQEsScLf2N9g8goYUbmzDY_GckaKPzHMDFJIuqsz8/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDE5LzEyLzEwLzIx/LzE3LzA2LzYyMmIy/N2M1LWNjOGEtNDNj/NS1hODQ5LTEwMjVi/OTZjMDE4MS9BVExB/U19PQlNDVVJBX0NP/TE9TU0FMX1NRVUlE/X0ZJTkFMLjAwXzAx/XzMwXzIwLlN0aWxs/MDAzLmpwZw.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video • Object of Intrigue</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>A Colossal Squid Is Hiding in New Zealand</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>3:07</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/kilauea-volcano-untold-earth"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/IlbAKtJF3hdG-7wCrElPS8hOmLtE0V6IwZ77G1HTWcc/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDIzLzEyLzE2LzE4/LzU3LzU4Lzk4YjUz/NjExLTM3ZDAtNGNk/Yy1iZDQ1LWM5NzNl/MmRkYjI3My9VbnRv/bGQgRWFydGggLSBF/cDggVGh1bWI3Lmpw/Zw.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>This Volcano Won't Stop Erupting | Untold Earth</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>10:03</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="athanasius"> <div class="full-width-container CardRecircSection"> <div class="container adapex-container"> <div data-aaad='true' data-aa-adunit='/22181265/atlasobscura_970v_2' class="advertisement-disclaimer"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="athanasius" style="padding-bottom: 24px;"> <div class="full-width-container"> <div class="container"> <div class="disco-widget" data-widget-id="WI_clf02s3xs00020sppz6efmo7h"></div> <script defer src="https://disco.headliner.link/d/atlasobscura/web/js/widget.js"></script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="athanasius"> <div class="full-width-container ProgrammaticMembershipCallout--taboola-member-article-container"> <div class="container"> <div class="ProgrammaticMembershipCallout--taboola-member-article-cta ProgrammaticMembershipCallout--taboola-member-article-top-border"> Want to see fewer ads? <a class="" href="/membership">Become a Member</a>. </div> <div class="CardRecircSection__header CardRecircSection__flex"> <div class="CardRecircSection__title ProgrammaticMembershipCallout--taboola-member-article-header">From Around the Web</div> </div> <div id="taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd"></div> <script type="text/javascript"> TaboolaUtils.pushCards(); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="articleBody__interrupt-card" class="hidden hidden-print"> <div class="athanasius"> <div class="FullWidthPromo FullWidthPromo--rounded FullWidthPromo--small "> <div class="js-bg-of-container-img js-custom-lazyloading-placeheld" data-lazyload-placeholder="https://img.atlasobscura.com/Hf490Peu72ocTeZ-XqZ3zvyc7BLil0vcq-y_rAeEkgY/rs:fill:35:35:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2V2ZW50/X2ltYWdlcy8yOGNi/M2Y5Ni0xYjQzLTQ1/YWItOTdkZi1iN2U1/MTM5NmQwNWZkZjg4/ZmU2NjM5Njc0MDJi/NjFfSXRhbHkgVHJp/cCBMaXN0aW5nIEhl/cm8gSW1hZ2UucG5n.png"> <picture> <source data-breakpoint='sm' media='(max-width: 667px)' data-srcset='https://img.atlasobscura.com/f1qV_0sulwwbNjNYRGvxNzcBRBs_yTgu9qxqom-zqZE/rs:fill:580:580:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2V2ZW50/X2ltYWdlcy8yOGNi/M2Y5Ni0xYjQzLTQ1/YWItOTdkZi1iN2U1/MTM5NmQwNWZkZjg4/ZmU2NjM5Njc0MDJi/NjFfSXRhbHkgVHJp/cCBMaXN0aW5nIEhl/cm8gSW1hZ2UucG5n.png' srcset='https://img.atlasobscura.com/f1qV_0sulwwbNjNYRGvxNzcBRBs_yTgu9qxqom-zqZE/rs:fill:580:580:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2V2ZW50/X2ltYWdlcy8yOGNi/M2Y5Ni0xYjQzLTQ1/YWItOTdkZi1iN2U1/MTM5NmQwNWZkZjg4/ZmU2NjM5Njc0MDJi/NjFfSXRhbHkgVHJp/cCBMaXN0aW5nIEhl/cm8gSW1hZ2UucG5n.png' /> <source data-breakpoint='md-lg' media='(min-width: 668px)' data-srcset='https://img.atlasobscura.com/TlBmPvlC5kbOunzsCOWkgcc4JTCxX9bUZ2OjJ0CpoCs/rt:fit/w:2560/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2V2ZW50/X2ltYWdlcy8yOGNi/M2Y5Ni0xYjQzLTQ1/YWItOTdkZi1iN2U1/MTM5NmQwNWZkZjg4/ZmU2NjM5Njc0MDJi/NjFfSXRhbHkgVHJp/cCBMaXN0aW5nIEhl/cm8gSW1hZ2UucG5n.png' srcset='https://img.atlasobscura.com/TlBmPvlC5kbOunzsCOWkgcc4JTCxX9bUZ2OjJ0CpoCs/rt:fit/w:2560/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2V2ZW50/X2ltYWdlcy8yOGNi/M2Y5Ni0xYjQzLTQ1/YWItOTdkZi1iN2U1/MTM5NmQwNWZkZjg4/ZmU2NjM5Njc0MDJi/NjFfSXRhbHkgVHJp/cCBMaXN0aW5nIEhl/cm8gSW1hZ2UucG5n.png' /> <img class='img-responsive' data-src='https://img.atlasobscura.com/f1qV_0sulwwbNjNYRGvxNzcBRBs_yTgu9qxqom-zqZE/rs:fill:580:580:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2V2ZW50/X2ltYWdlcy8yOGNi/M2Y5Ni0xYjQzLTQ1/YWItOTdkZi1iN2U1/MTM5NmQwNWZkZjg4/ZmU2NjM5Njc0MDJi/NjFfSXRhbHkgVHJp/cCBMaXN0aW5nIEhl/cm8gSW1hZ2UucG5n.png' data-ie-src='["md-lg"]' alt=''/></picture> </div> <div class="FullWidthPromo__overlay"></div> <a class="FullWidthPromo__block-link js-link-tracked" data-category="Articles Page Recirc" data-label="Trip Promotional Interruptor" data-action="Recirc Item Clicked" data-gtm-category="Articles Page Recirc" data-gtm-template="Interruptor" data-gtm-content-type="TripSeries" data-gtm-recirc-association="Associated Trip" href="/unusual-trips/italy-gastro"> <div class="container FullWidthPromo__container"> <div class="FullWidthPromo__supertitle">Atlas Obscura Trips</div> <div class="FullWidthPromo__heading">Flavors of Italy: Roman Carbonara, Florentine Steak & Venetian Cocktails</div> <div class="FullWidthPromo__button">View This Trip</div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal lightbox-modal fadeX" id="lightbox" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="lightbox"> <div id="lightbox-content"> <span class="icon-menu-close modal-close" data-dismiss="modal"></span> <div id="lightbox-figure-box"> <figure id="lightbox-figure"> <img src="" id="lightbox-image" alt=""/> <figcaption id="lightbox-caption" class="caption"> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div id="lightbox-controls" class="hidden-sm hidden-xs"> <a class="js-lightbox-prev lightbox-gallery-control prev-arrow" href="javascript:void(0)" aria-label="Previous image"> <i class="icon-expand_left"></i> </a> <a class="js-lightbox-next lightbox-gallery-control next-arrow" href="javascript:void(0)" aria-label="Next image"> <i class="icon-expand_right"></i> </a> </div> <div id="mobile-lightbox-control-prev" class="hidden-md hidden-lg"> <a class="js-lightbox-prev lightbox-gallery-control prev-arrow" href="javascript:void(0)"> <i class="icon-expand_left"></i> </a> </div> <div id="mobile-lightbox-control-next" class="hidden-md hidden-lg"> <a class="js-lightbox-next lightbox-gallery-control next-arrow" href="javascript:void(0)"> <i class="icon-expand_right"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="lightbox-thumbnails hidden-sm hidden-xs hidden-md"> <div class="lightbox-thumbnails-container"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="hidden-md hidden-lg m-social-adhesive-wrap"> </div> <div data-aaad='true' data-aa-adunit='/22181265/atlasobscura_mobile_stickyfooter'></div> <script async defer src="//platform.instagram.com/en_US/embeds.js"></script> <script async src="https://secure.assets.tumblr.com/post.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> if( isIE() ){ $("#article-body .article-image").removeAttr("width"); } </script> <script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"> $(function () { function loadMostReadRecircs () { $.ajax({ url: '/payloads/most_read_recircs' }).success(function(viewMarkup) { $('.js-most-popular-recircs').append(viewMarkup); addCTA('.js-most-popular-recircs', 'View More Stories', '/articles'); pinContent(); }); } function addCTA(target, content, href) { $(target).append('<div class="recirc-view-all"><a class="TextCTA" href="' + href + '">'+ content +'</a></div>') }; function pinContent () { if ($('#pinned-content-template').length > 0) { $('#sidebar-popular .numbered-recirc-item:last-child').remove(); $('#sidebar-popular').append($('#pinned-content-template').html()); } } var ArticleBodyState = {}; var $articleContent = $('.content-body #article-body').children(); loadMostReadRecircs(); if (isSmallScreen()){ placeMobileArticleEndAd(); placeMobileLeftRail(); } placeInterruptContent($articleContent, shouldNotAbutInterrupt, placeArticleInterruptCard, 5); function placeInterruptContent($content, nodeCheckFunction, placingFunction, limit) { var limit = (typeof limit !== 'undefined') ? limit : 7; var n = 0; var contentWasPlaced = false; $content.each(function (index, p) { // nodeCheckFunction must take a node & // return true/false about its content if ( nodeCheckFunction( $(p) ) ) { return; } n++; if (n >= limit) { if ( nodeCheckFunction($(p).next()) ) { return; } placingFunction(p); contentWasPlaced = true; return false; } }); if (!contentWasPlaced) { placingFunction($articleContent.last()); } } function shouldNotAbutInterrupt(domElement) { var headers = hasHeadingContent(domElement); var iframes = $(domElement).html() && $(domElement).html().indexOf("iframe") >= 0; var cards = $(domElement).html() && $(domElement).html().indexOf(".Card") >= 0; return headers || iframes || cards; } function placeArticleEmailAsk(p) { ArticleBodyState.emailAsk = $('#newsletter-email-ask').detach(); ArticleBodyState.emailAsk.insertAfter(p); ArticleBodyState.emailAsk.removeClass("hidden"); attachEmailAskListeners(); } function placeArticleInterruptCard(p) { if ($('#articleBody__interrupt-card').length > 0) { if ( insertionShouldBeSkipped(p) ) { return; } else { ArticleBodyState.interruptorCard = $('#articleBody__interrupt-card').detach(); ArticleBodyState.interruptorCard.insertAfter(p); ArticleBodyState.interruptorCard.removeClass('hidden'); } } } function attachEmailAskListeners() { ArticleBodyState.emailAsk.on('click', 'a', function (e) { e.preventDefault(); }); ArticleBodyState.emailAsk.on('click', function (e) { e.preventDefault(); ArticleBodyState.emailAsk.find('.input-container') .slideToggle(200); }); ArticleBodyState.emailAsk.find('#email').on('click', function (e) { e.stopPropagation(); }); ArticleBodyState.emailAsk.find('button').on('click', function (e) { e.stopPropagation(); }); } function placeInBodyAd(p) { // Only place the belly band ad on Desktop Features. if(!isSmallScreen()){ var bodyWithNow = $("body.articles")[0].offsetWidth; ArticleBodyState.featureAdMarkup = "<div class='ad-background-intra-body hidden-print'><div class='ad-wrapper hidden-print ad-inline-banner ad-banner-lg'></div></div>"; Content = $articleContent; $(p).after( ArticleBodyState.featureAdMarkup ); } } function insertionShouldBeSkipped (graf) { return ( $(graf).next().hasClass('ad-background-intra-body') || ($('section#article-body').first().find('> p.item-body-text-graf').length < 5) ) } function placeMobileArticleEndAd () { $('section#article-body').first().append($("<div class='ad-background-intra-body hidden-print'><div class='ad-wrapper hidden-print mobile-bottom-ad'><div data-aaad='true' data-aa-adunit='/22181265/atlasobscura_300v_3'></div></div>")); } function placeMobileLeftRail () { var $leftRail = $('.article-left-siderail .siderail-placement').detach(); if($('section#article-body p').length > 2) { $($('section#article-body p').get(2)).after($leftRail); } else { $('section#article-body p').last().after($leftRail); } } }); </script> <script> $(function() { $('.ad-background-intra-body .ad-wrapper:empty').parent().remove(); }); </script> </div> <footer class="page-footer"> <section class="footer-banner js-membership-footer-banner"> <h1 class="footer-banner__title">See Fewer Ads</h1> <h2 class="footer-banner__subtitle">Become an Atlas Obscura member and experience far fewer ads and no pop-ups.</h2> <div class="athanasius"> <a class="o-primary-btn" href="/membership">Learn More</a> </div> <script> (function() { $('.js-membership-footer-banner a').click(function(e) { gtag('event', 'select_content', { "promotions": [ { 'id': 'onsite_member_promo', 'name': 'Membership', 'creative': 'banner', 'position': 'footer_see_all' } ] }); gtag('event', 'click', { 'event_category': 'Internal Promotions', 'event_label': 'Membership' }); }); })(); </script> </section> <div class="new-footer"> <div class="container js-page-left-reference"> <div class="row footer-first-row"> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 newsletter-form"> <div class="footer-social"> <section class="footer-subscribe"> <h4 class="heading-sm footer-links-heading">Get Our Email Newsletter</h4> <div class="athanasius" style="margin-top:0.5em"> <form class="footer-newsletter-form js-email-ask-form js-ath-form-validated" action="/email_lists/signup" accept-charset="UTF-8" data-remote="true" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="240fMM5pLCaixcLNWftsU2kcEYOS4PoEqR-jVCkWIz5qqR1CNnileioVoiGNP6fvslZjPqzmxAawO3hKY3OdCg" autocomplete="off" /> <input type="hidden" name="source" value="footer-email-ask" autocomplete="off" /> <input type="hidden" name="subscribe_general" value="true" autocomplete="off" /> <input type="text" name="nickname" style="display: none;" /> <div class="FormGroup FormGroup--inline"> <div class="FormGroup__validated-field-wrap"> <input type="email" name="email" class="FormGroup__text-input js-footer-email-ask-removable" required="required" placeholder="Enter your email" aria-label="Email" /> <div class="FormGroup__feedback-ui"> <div class="FormGroup__validate-message"></div> <div class="FormGroup__underliner"></div> </div> <div id="js-footer-email-ask-thanks" class="subscribe-thanks detail">Thanks for subscribing! <a target="_parent" data-category="View All Newsletters Link" data-action="Click" data-label="Footer" class="js-view-newsletters" href="/newsletters">View all newsletters »</a> </div> </div> <input type="submit" name="commit" value="Submit" class="o-primary-btn FormGroup__inline-submit js-footer-email-ask-removable" data-disable-with="Submit" /> </div> </form> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 social-icons"> <div class="row nested-row"> <h4 class="heading-sm footer-links-heading social-icons-heading">Follow Us</h4> <ul id="footer-social-list"> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/atlasobscura/" class="icon-facebook btn-icon footer-social-btn js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Footer" data-service="Facebook" data-action="Like" aria-label="Like us on Facebook"></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/atlasobscura" class="icon-youtube btn-icon footer-social-btn js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Footer" data-service="Youtube" data-action="Follow" aria-label="Subscribe to our Youtube channel"></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/atlasobscura" class="icon-twitter btn-icon footer-social-btn js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Footer" data-service="Twitter" data-action="Follow" aria-label="Follow us on Twitter"></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.instagram.com/atlasobscura/" class="icon-instagram btn-icon footer-social-btn js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Footer" data-service="Instagram" data-action="Follow" aria-label="Follow us on Instagram"></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.pinterest.com/atlasobscura/_saved/" class="icon-pinterest btn-icon footer-social-btn js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Footer" data-service="Pinterest" data-action="Follow" aria-label="Follow us on Pinterest"></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="/feeds/latest" class="icon-rss btn-icon footer-social-btn js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Footer" data-service="RSS" data-action="Follow" aria-label="Subscribe to our RSS feed"></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 apple-store-icon"> <div class="row nested-row"> <h4 class="heading-sm footer-links-heading app-store-heading">Get the app</h4> <a class="hidden-md hidden-lg" href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/atlas-obscura-travel-guide/id1563250221"> <img src="https://atlas-dev.s3.amazonaws.com/misc/internal-one-offs/apple_logo.svg" alt="Download on the Apple App Store"> </a> <a class="hidden-md hidden-lg" href='https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.atlasobscura.android&pcampaignid=pcampaignidMKT-Other-global-all-co-prtnr-py-PartBadge-Mar2515-1'><img alt='Get it on Google Play' src='https://play.google.com/intl/en_us/badges/static/images/badges/en_badge_web_generic.png' style="height: 58px;"/></a> <div class="athanasius" style="margin-top: 0.5em"> <a href="https://app.atlasobscura.com" class="download-the-app o-white-primary-btn" > <svg fill="none" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" > <path clip-rule="evenodd" d="m13.3673 7.56543c.0196-.01249.1374-.04856.1451-.10097.0145-.09727-.0091-.22078-.0624-.30416-.4387-.68524-.8878-1.36371-1.3339-2.04422-.2278-.3474-.4502-.69846-.6852-1.04087-.2137-.31118-.4391-.28688-.5917.0533-.0142.03154-.0302.06235-.0423.09462-.4164 1.10624-.83625 2.21118-1.24217 3.32122-.04104.11216.00229.25513.00651.38379.12062-.00999.2516.00724.36014-.03425.80822-.30894 1.63112-.5204 2.50692-.42984.292.03018.584.06297.939.10138zm-10.17496 4.12907c-.00657 1.8598.32025 3.2218 1.05714 4.4748.09964.1695.15495.4271.41879.4063.26275-.0208.27973-.2818.34962-.4653 1.25714-3.2997 2.50876-6.60152 3.76168-9.90286.27583-.72672.558-1.45115.82086-2.18246.03656-.10169.01781-.27251-.04812-.34647-.05568-.0624-.21692-.03482-.33166-.03815-.04078-.00119-.0826.0228-.12333.03706-3.53804 1.23891-5.90686 4.62051-5.90498 8.01708zm17.73166.3641c-.0182-.0046-.0364-.0091-.0547-.0137-.0396-.4393-.0694-.8797-.1226-1.3174-.0323-.2646-.0953-.5261-.154-.78681-.8093-3.58926-3.9623-6.36723-7.6093-6.69554-.1383-.01249-.3476.02202-.4087.11232-.0555.08213.0088.29469.0835.4082 2.35 3.5724 4.7064 7.14063 7.0686 10.70503.1083.1635.2788.4019.4205.402.2622.0002.3396-.3041.3823-.5227.1486-.7604.2655-1.5271.3944-2.2914zm-8.8346 8.7928c.2614-.0271.6586-.0566 1.0525-.1107 1.9309-.265 3.6074-1.0694 5.0026-2.4273.3814-.3711.7193-.7971 1.0204-1.2368.2361-.3448.3156-.768.0694-1.152-.4528-.7062-.9298-1.3969-1.4072-2.0868-.0496-.0718-.1777-.1415-.2543-.1278-.0778.014-.1621.1215-.1987.2072-.0605.1413-.0795.2997-.1252.4481-.8478 2.7519-3.6187 4.3386-6.4162 3.6598-1.68774-.4096-2.8955-1.4214-3.65626-2.9785-.05124-.1049-.1576-.2023-.26254-.2505-.03505-.0161-.1814.1187-.2164.2081-.30832.7879-.6018 1.5816-.9022 2.3726-.17297.4553-.04745.8378.3016 1.146 1.67171 1.4757 3.62351 2.2511 5.9925 2.3286zm-.0015-3.8514c2.2582.0421 4.291-1.8484 4.227-4.3257-.0601-2.3249-1.996-4.12441-4.2774-4.09729-2.30051.02732-4.25418 1.95909-4.15783 4.39659.08963 2.2672 2.01263 4.057 4.20823 4.0264zm9.9114-5.0053c.0588 5.4674-4.4267 9.8761-9.7322 10.0024-5.63487.1341-10.1749-4.3749-10.26563-9.7953-.0951-5.68175 4.43822-10.1151 9.83433-10.2005 5.7288-.09067 10.2305 4.59162 10.1635 9.9934z" fill-rule="evenodd" /> </svg> <span>Download the App</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row footer-links"> <section class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 col-lg-2"> <h3 class="heading-sm footer-links-heading mobile-accordion-title js-footer-links-heading"> Places <i class="icon-expand_more footer-expand-arrow visible-sm visible-xs"></i> </h3> <div class="is-slider-hidden-m"> <ul class="links-column"> <li><a target="" href="/articles/all-places-in-the-atlas-on-one-map">All Places</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/places?sort=published_at">Latest Places</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/places?sort=likes_count">Most Popular</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/cool-places-to-eat">Places to Eat</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/random">Random</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/search/search_nearby">Nearby</a></li> <li><a class="js-user-required" data-cause-key="p_add" target="" href="/places/new">Add a Place</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 col-lg-2"> <h3 class="heading-sm footer-links-heading mobile-accordion-title js-footer-links-heading"> Editorial <i class="icon-expand_more footer-expand-arrow visible-sm visible-xs"></i> </h3> <div class="is-slider-hidden-m"> <ul class="links-column"> <li><a target="" href="/articles">Stories</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/unique-food">Food & Drink</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/itineraries">Itineraries</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/series/ao-puzzles">Puzzles</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/videos">Video</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/podcast">Podcast</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/newsletters">Newsletters</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 col-lg-2"> <h3 class="heading-sm footer-links-heading mobile-accordion-title js-footer-links-heading"> Trips <i class="icon-expand_more footer-expand-arrow visible-sm visible-xs"></i> </h3> <div class="is-slider-hidden-m"> <ul class="links-column"> <li><a target="" href="/adventures/trips">All Trips</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/adventures/trips?int=family+trip">Family Trip</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/adventures/trips?int=food+%26+drink">Food & Drink</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/adventures/trips?int=history+%26+culture">History & Culture</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/adventures/trips?int=wildlife+%26+nature">Wildlife & Nature</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/adventures/adventures-faq">FAQ</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 col-lg-2"> <h3 class="heading-sm footer-links-heading mobile-accordion-title js-footer-links-heading"> Community <i class="icon-expand_more footer-expand-arrow visible-sm visible-xs"></i> </h3> <div class="is-slider-hidden-m"> <ul class="links-column"> <li><a target="" href="/membership">Membership</a></li> <li><a target="" class="js-link-tracked" data-nolt="modal" data-category="Footer" data-action="Nolt Link Clicked" href="https://atlas-obscura-digital-product.nolt.io">Feedback & Ideas</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/community-guidelines">Community Guidelines</a></li> <li><a target="" class="js-link-tracked" href="/product-blog">Product Blog</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/unique-gifts">Unique Gifts</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/jobs">Work With Us</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 col-lg-2"> <h3 class="heading-sm footer-links-heading mobile-accordion-title js-footer-links-heading"> Company <i class="icon-expand_more footer-expand-arrow visible-sm visible-xs"></i> </h3> <div class="is-slider-hidden-m"> <ul class="links-column"> <li><a target="" href="/about">About</a></li> <li class="hidden-md hidden-lg"><a onclick="window.open(this.href,'Contact Atlas Obscura','width=600,height=700,toolbar=no,menubar=no,scrollbars'); return false" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/contact_form" target="_blank">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/faq">FAQ</a></li> <li><a target="" href="https://studio-obscura.atlasobscura.com/studio-obscura/p/1">Advertise With Us</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/advertising-acceptability-guidelines">Advertising Guidelines</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/privacy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/cookies">Cookie Policy</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/terms">Terms of Use</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-4 hidden-md hidden-lg hidden-xl"> <a href="/" title="Atlas Obscura" class="footer-logo logo-link"> <svg width="171" height="24" viewBox="0 0 171 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" > <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M32.8983 13.1237H35.7686L34.3334 9.00865L32.8983 13.1237ZM36.8982 16.4156H31.7687L30.4272 20.2949H26.5682L32.2628 4.02411H36.4041L42.4278 20.2949H38.2629L36.8982 16.4156Z" fill="white" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M46.6951 7.71579H48.3657V10.8897H46.6951V15.8982C46.6951 16.7445 47.0479 17.0266 47.7302 17.0266H48.3657V20.2009C48.3657 20.2009 47.7775 20.4362 46.4601 20.4362C44.0599 20.4362 42.9066 19.1898 42.9066 17.0266V10.8897H41.801V7.71579H42.9066V5.7171H46.6951V7.71579Z" fill="white" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M49.6208 20.2949H53.409V3.10699H49.6208V20.2949Z" fill="white" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M73.732 12.0657C74.273 12.183 74.8376 12.2774 75.2612 12.3946C77.4496 13.006 78.4375 14.0168 78.4375 16.298C78.4375 19.2602 76.1554 20.4594 73.6375 20.4594C69.9198 20.4594 68.8375 18.3435 68.9316 16.1567H72.5319C72.5082 16.7918 72.7201 17.4736 73.6847 17.4736C74.3202 17.4736 74.7671 17.1915 74.7671 16.6973C74.7671 16.1803 74.508 15.9451 73.732 15.7806C72.9315 15.6161 72.4846 15.4981 71.8255 15.2868C69.9903 14.6518 69.1434 13.3586 69.1434 11.4779C69.1434 9.03228 71.1199 7.55096 73.708 7.55096C76.3905 7.55096 78.2024 8.75018 78.2256 11.6424H74.7671C74.7435 10.8897 74.3907 10.4196 73.6375 10.4196C73.0729 10.4196 72.7201 10.7253 72.7201 11.1954C72.7201 11.666 73.026 11.9245 73.732 12.0657Z" fill="white" /> <mask id="mask0_1882_13" style="mask-type:luminance" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="0" y="0" width="68" height="24" > <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M67.8173 23.9764H0.0235596V0.336792H33.9204H67.8173V23.9764Z" fill="white" /> </mask> <g mask="url(#mask0_1882_13)"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M61.229 17.1443C63.0642 17.1443 64.1466 15.7806 64.1466 13.9936C64.1466 12.2066 62.9469 10.8665 61.2054 10.8665C59.3466 10.8665 58.2642 12.2302 58.2642 13.9936C58.2642 15.7806 59.4171 17.1443 61.229 17.1443ZM64.3351 19.2527C63.9335 19.6773 62.9448 20.5066 60.9699 20.5066C57.0877 20.5066 54.4993 17.8969 54.4993 13.9936C54.4993 10.3019 57.0172 7.50415 60.9699 7.50415C62.422 7.50415 63.5583 8.03648 64.2642 8.67149V7.71582H67.8173V20.295H64.3351V19.2527Z" fill="white" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M11.8402 24C5.3011 24 -0.00012207 18.7027 -0.00012207 12.1684C-0.00012207 5.6341 5.3011 0.336792 11.8402 0.336792C18.3793 0.336792 23.6805 5.6341 23.6805 12.1684C23.6805 18.7027 18.3793 24 11.8402 24ZM5.81924 15.4568C5.72435 15.4568 5.6334 15.5315 5.57985 15.6929C5.57985 15.6929 4.75537 17.8143 4.52819 18.445C4.33329 18.9856 4.35967 19.3173 4.77191 19.7953C4.86877 19.9074 7.65246 22.5986 11.8075 22.5986C12.1906 22.5986 12.5859 22.5757 12.9911 22.5258C15.7779 22.1827 18.1809 20.8151 19.8605 18.8215C20.6425 17.8938 20.6527 17.1805 20.3393 16.7319C20.3393 16.7319 18.8703 14.5849 18.7518 14.3866C18.6663 14.2442 18.5561 14.1659 18.4529 14.1659C18.3344 14.1659 18.2254 14.2694 18.175 14.4988C17.4757 17.4744 14.9235 19.4872 11.9449 19.4872C10.0117 19.4872 7.38196 18.5162 6.09564 15.6944C6.02555 15.541 5.92003 15.4568 5.81924 15.4568ZM11.9489 8.12812C11.7662 8.12812 11.5815 8.13835 11.3957 8.15881C8.66711 8.46137 6.69333 10.9259 6.99611 13.6524C7.27841 16.1941 9.43922 18.0799 11.9414 18.0799C12.1237 18.0799 12.3083 18.0696 12.4942 18.0492C15.2228 17.7466 17.1965 15.2821 16.8938 12.5551C16.6115 10.0139 14.4506 8.12812 11.9489 8.12812ZM8.74742 2.24972C8.68797 2.24972 8.62103 2.26113 8.5474 2.28591C3.95609 3.82624 1.02041 8.33037 1.47518 13.3169C1.64724 15.2018 2.27642 16.4353 2.82135 17.3477C2.91821 17.5102 3.03514 17.5896 3.14657 17.5896C3.27414 17.5896 3.39462 17.4866 3.4714 17.2851L8.98996 2.76159C9.1069 2.45627 8.99665 2.24972 8.74742 2.24972ZM12.8143 1.79567C12.4662 1.79567 12.3493 2.04983 12.5591 2.36577L21.1295 15.3273C21.2343 15.5032 21.3414 15.5819 21.4445 15.5819C21.5555 15.5819 21.6618 15.4898 21.7552 15.3293C22.0532 14.8174 22.4277 12.9588 22.2068 11.0184C21.6516 6.13691 17.8202 2.25403 12.8871 1.79921C12.8619 1.79685 12.8375 1.79567 12.8143 1.79567ZM10.8 2.54479C10.6681 2.54479 10.5452 2.64826 10.4673 2.85167L8.92344 6.95371C8.81674 7.23266 8.888 7.39869 9.08014 7.39869C9.14865 7.39869 9.23252 7.37744 9.32938 7.33298C9.32938 7.33298 10.3216 6.90335 11.2677 6.79869C11.4595 6.77744 11.654 6.76879 11.8426 6.76879C12.584 6.76879 13.2309 6.9002 13.2309 6.9002C13.2911 6.91318 13.3455 6.91948 13.3939 6.91908C13.6612 6.91908 13.7337 6.72748 13.5439 6.44144L11.1374 2.77731C11.0338 2.62151 10.9138 2.54479 10.8 2.54479Z" fill="#C3AD85" /> </g> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M90.9132 16.935C93.7839 16.935 95.3368 14.8186 95.3368 12.1617C95.3368 9.5048 93.6894 7.38887 90.8896 7.38887C88.0189 7.38887 86.4896 9.5048 86.4896 12.1617C86.4896 14.8422 88.2071 16.935 90.9132 16.935ZM90.8191 3.72083C96.1369 3.72083 99.4549 7.36528 99.4549 12.1145C99.4549 16.8642 96.1601 20.6027 90.9364 20.6027C85.6187 20.6027 82.3716 16.9586 82.3716 12.1853C82.3716 7.45932 85.8073 3.72083 90.8191 3.72083Z" fill="white" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M107.275 17.123C109.134 17.123 110.193 15.7825 110.193 13.9955C110.193 12.1853 109.063 10.8448 107.252 10.8448C105.369 10.8448 104.31 12.1853 104.31 13.9955C104.31 15.8062 105.486 17.123 107.275 17.123ZM104.192 20.2973H100.639V3.10938H104.428V8.58767C105.063 8.02347 106.31 7.5061 107.769 7.5061C111.605 7.5061 113.958 10.1162 113.958 13.9955C113.958 17.7344 111.416 20.509 107.51 20.509C106.263 20.509 105.016 20.1325 104.192 19.451V20.2973Z" fill="white" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M119.378 12.0677C119.919 12.1853 120.484 12.2794 120.907 12.397C123.096 13.0084 124.084 14.0192 124.084 16.3C124.084 19.2626 121.801 20.4618 119.284 20.4618C115.566 20.4618 114.484 18.3455 114.578 16.1591H118.178C118.154 16.7937 118.366 17.4756 119.331 17.4756C119.966 17.4756 120.413 17.1935 120.413 16.6997C120.413 16.1823 120.155 15.9474 119.378 15.7826C118.578 15.6181 118.131 15.5005 117.472 15.2892C115.636 14.6542 114.79 13.361 114.79 11.4799C114.79 9.03466 116.766 7.55334 119.354 7.55334C122.037 7.55334 123.849 8.75216 123.872 11.6444H120.413C120.39 10.8921 120.037 10.4219 119.284 10.4219C118.719 10.4219 118.366 10.7276 118.366 11.1978C118.366 11.668 118.672 11.9269 119.378 12.0677Z" fill="white" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M148.729 7.71777V15.2892C148.729 18.4399 146.964 20.4382 143.67 20.4382C140.046 20.4382 138.611 18.4399 138.611 15.2892V7.71777H142.399V15.3124C142.399 16.2295 142.776 16.8409 143.67 16.8409C144.564 16.8409 144.94 16.2295 144.94 15.3124V7.71777H148.729Z" fill="white" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M133.966 14.7403C133.675 16.1009 132.84 17.1159 131.337 17.1159C129.605 17.1159 128.575 15.7117 128.575 14.0073C128.575 12.1806 129.707 10.8988 131.304 10.8988C132.722 10.8988 133.718 11.9072 134.003 13.2268L137.716 12.9675C137.273 9.85614 134.583 7.5061 131.304 7.5061C127.711 7.5061 124.798 10.3314 124.798 14.0073C124.798 17.8509 127.497 20.509 131.304 20.509C134.72 20.509 137.287 18.1011 137.736 14.9485L133.966 14.7403Z" fill="white" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M164.079 17.1466C165.915 17.1466 166.997 15.7825 166.997 13.9955C166.997 12.2089 165.797 10.8684 164.056 10.8684C162.197 10.8684 161.115 12.2321 161.115 13.9955C161.115 15.7825 162.267 17.1466 164.079 17.1466ZM167.186 19.2547C166.784 19.6796 165.795 20.509 163.821 20.509C159.938 20.509 157.35 17.8989 157.35 13.9955C157.35 10.3043 159.868 7.5061 163.821 7.5061C165.272 7.5061 166.409 8.03882 167.115 8.67384V7.71778H170.668V20.2973H167.186V19.2547Z" fill="white" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M156.958 11.6211H155.208C154.196 11.6211 153.937 12.0209 153.937 12.7967V20.2973H150.149V7.71777H153.937V8.84262C154.151 8.37718 154.468 8.00853 154.953 7.82597C155.438 7.64341 156.09 7.64735 156.958 7.64735V11.6211Z" fill="white" /> </svg> </a> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="copyright"> © 2025 Atlas Obscura. All rights reserved. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <a id="site-feedback-wrap" target="_blank" onclick="window.open(this.href,'Contact Atlas Obscura','width=600,height=700,toolbar=no,menubar=no,scrollbars'); return false" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/contact_form"> <button id="btn-site-feedback" class="btn btn-stretch">Questions or Feedback? <span class="static-underline">Contact Us</span></button> </a> <div class="mobile-ad-spacer"></div>  <div class="js-paginate-content-modal-controls paginate-content-modal-controls close-button-container"> <button type="button" class="modal-close-button js-modal-close-button icon icon-menu-close" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="js-paginate-content-modal paginate-content-modal modal"> <div class="modal-body"> </div> </div> <div class="js-confirmation-modal confirmation-modal modal"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-bg"> <div class="modal-header hidden"></div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="modal-dismiss"> <button type="button" data-dismiss="modal" class="modal-close-button js-modal-close-button icon icon-menu-close" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="confirmation-modal-heading title-md baseline-standard baseline-mobile"></div> <p class="confirmation-modal-text"></p> </div> <div class="modal-buttons athanasius"> <div class="submit-button o-secondary-btn btn-modal-cancel"></div> <div data-dismiss="modal" class="back-button o-primary-btn btn-modal-submit"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="social-follow-ask-modal" class="confirmation-modal modal"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-bg"> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="modal-dismiss"> <button type="button" data-dismiss="modal" class="modal-close-button js-modal-close-button icon icon-menu-close" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="confirmation-modal-heading title-md baseline-standard baseline-mobile">Thanks for sharing!</div> <p data-service="Twitter" style="display: none;" class="baseline-standard baseline-mobile">Follow us on Twitter to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders.</p> <p data-service="Facebook" style="display: none;" class="baseline-standard baseline-mobile">Like us on Facebook to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders.</p> <a href="https://twitter.com/atlasobscura" class="js-social-action-tracked btn btn-twitter fullscreen-modal-social-btn" target="_blank" data-service="Twitter" data-action="Follow" data-position="Modal After Social Action" style="display: none;"><i class="icon icon-twitter"></i>Follow us on Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/atlasobscura/" class="js-social-action-tracked btn btn-facebook fullscreen-modal-social-btn" target="_blank" data-service="Facebook" data-action="Like" data-position="Modal After Social Action" style="display: none;"><i class="icon icon-facebook"></i>Like us on Facebook</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="book-contest-email-modal" class="modal modal-sm-fullscreen modal-md-fullscreen js-subscription-ask-modal" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-body-fullscreen"> <div class="close-button-container"> <i class="modal-close-button icon icon-menu-close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></i> </div> <div id="contest-wrap" class="standalone-signup-wrap align-items-center fullpage-bg-modal plain-beige-version"> <div class="container pre-final-container"> <div class="row"> <center class="contest-contents col-lg-10 col-lg-push-1"> <div class="contest-image-wrap hidden-md hidden-lg hidden-xl"> <img class="img-responsive lazy" src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/jRRqVmwSdq_sqQiPPFNoINXhRb6xOS_fwnr78p5Ntfo/h:450/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS9h/b24vbWFya2V0aW5n/L3dpbGRsaWZlL3dp/bGRsaWZlX2Nvdm9y/X2FuZ2xlX3hsLnBu/Zw" alt="Wild Life Cover"/> </div> <div class="contest-form-wrap"> <h4 id="book-contest-title" class="title-lg baseline-standard baseline-mobile animate-swing-up">Order <em>Atlas Obscura: Wild Life</em> Today!</h4> <div class="subtitle-lg baseline-mobile" style="margin-bottom: 1.5em">Venture into nature's unseen realms with our new book <em>Wild Life</em>. Explore hidden ecosystems & discover incredible species.</div> <a class="cta-button" href="https://wildlife.atlasobscura.com?utm_source=atlasobscura&utm_medium=modal_overlay">Order Now!</a> </div> <div class="contest-image-wrap hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <img class="img-responsive lazy" src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/jRRqVmwSdq_sqQiPPFNoINXhRb6xOS_fwnr78p5Ntfo/h:450/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS9h/b24vbWFya2V0aW5n/L3dpbGRsaWZlL3dp/bGRsaWZlX2Nvdm9y/X2FuZ2xlX3hsLnBu/Zw" alt="Wild Life Cover"/> </div> </center> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="facebook-topographic-modal" class="modal js-subscription-ask-modal " role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-wrap modal-wrap-topographic topographic modal-wrap-responsive modal-wrap-fb"> <i class="icon-modal-close modal-close" data-dismiss="modal"></i> <div class="row modal-bg roadblock-modal-content"> <div class="modal-body"> <div id="js-facebook-topographic-modal-thanks" class="form-complete-notice"></div> <h4 class="title-lg modal-title-roadblock" style="font-size: 38px;">We'd Like You to Like Us</h4> <div class="subtitle-md">Like Atlas Obscura and get our latest and greatest stories in your Facebook feed.</div> <fieldset class="modal-fieldset"> <div id="fb-modal-like-wrap"></div> </fieldset> <footer class="roadblock-footer"> <a href="" class="roadblock-dismiss-link cta-lg" data-dismiss="modal">No Thanks</a> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="fixed-notice-m" class="js-notice"> <div class="notice"> <i class="icon-info"></i> <span id="fixed-notice-m-text" class="flash-message"></span> <i class="icon-menu-close js-dismiss-notice"></i> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="//s.skimresources.com/js/89027X1542228.skimlinks.js"></script> <script src="https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?v=3&key=AIzaSyDS5K_jUTkei2yHIfiUGCoXTjyaHMO0N84&libraries=places&language=en&callback=triggerMapsInit" async defer></script>  <script> var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "21716107" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/cs/21716107/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })(); </script> <noscript> <img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=21716107&cv=3.6.0&cj=1"> </noscript>   <script type="text/javascript"> var _qevents = _qevents || []; (function() { // AO BLOCK for blocking the pixel // according to eu_origin cookie. var isEu = Cookies.get('eu_origin') == "1"; if (isEu) return false; // END AO BLOCK var elem = document.createElement('script'); elem.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://secure" : "http://edge") + ".quantserve.com/quant.js"; elem.async = true; elem.type = "text/javascript"; var scpt = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; scpt.parentNode.insertBefore(elem, scpt); })(); </script> <script> _qevents.push({ qacct:"p-wCQ2x-2BzmYPY" ,labels: "Section.Article.Italy,Location.Italy.Article" }); </script> <noscript> <div style="display:none;"><img src="//pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-wCQ2x-2BzmYPY.gif" border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="Quantcast"/></div> </noscript> <script type="application/javascript">(function(w,d,t,r,u){w[u]=w[u]||[];w[u].push({'projectId':'10000','properties':{'pixelId':'10090539'}});var s=d.createElement(t);s.src=r;s.async=true;s.onload=s.onreadystatechange=function(){var y,rs=this.readyState,c=w[u];if(rs&&rs!="complete"&&rs!="loaded"){return}try{y=YAHOO.ywa.I13N.fireBeacon;w[u]=[];w[u].push=function(p){y([p])};y(c)}catch(e){}};var scr=d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],par=scr.parentNode;par.insertBefore(s,scr)})(window,document,"script","https://s.yimg.com/wi/ytc.js","dotq");</script>  <div id="parsely-root" style="display: none"> <span id="parsely-cfg" data-parsely-site="atlasobscura.com"></span> </div> <script> (function(s, p, d) { var h=d.location.protocol, i=p+"-"+s, e=d.getElementById(i), r=d.getElementById(p+"-root"), u=h==="https:"?"d1z2jf7jlzjs58.cloudfront.net" :"static."+p+".com"; if (e) return; e = d.createElement(s); e.id = i; e.async = true; e.src = h+"//"+u+"/p.js"; r.appendChild(e); })("script", "parsely", document); </script>  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/cookieconsent@3/build/cookieconsent.min.css" /> <style> .cc-banner .cc-message {margin-right: 2em;} .cc-link {padding: 0} </style> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/cookieconsent@3/build/cookieconsent.min.js" data-cfasync="false"></script> <svg aria-hidden="true" style="position: absolute; width: 0; height: 0; overflow: hidden;" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <defs> <symbol id="icon-aoc-full-screen"> <title>aoc-full-screen</title> <path d="M8,14.5857864 L9.41421356,16 L4.477,21 L7,21 L7,23 L1,23 L1,17 L3,17 L3,19.65 L8,14.5857864 Z M16,14.5857864 L21,19.561 L21,17 L23,17 L23,23 L17,23 L17,21 L19.611,21 L14.5857864,16 L16,14.5857864 Z M7,1 L7,3 L4.392,3 L9.41421356,8 L8,9.41421356 L3,4.437 L3,7 L1,7 L1,1 L7,1 Z M23,1 L23,7 L21,7 L21,4.432 L16,9.41421356 L14.5857864,8 L19.604,3 L17,3 L17,1 L23,1 Z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-heart" viewBox="0 0 21 18"> <title>aoc-heart-solid</title> <path d="M9.84346228,1.39508088 L10.4997548,2.00856898 L11.1537468,1.39723137 C12.2309202,0.498852678 13.6081673,0 15.0384384,0 C16.6195837,0 18.1359284,0.609647939 19.2537044,1.694752 C20.371701,2.77905149 21,4.2503834 21,5.78459222 C21,7.31880105 20.371701,8.79013296 19.2535523,9.87458013 L10.5,18 L1.74595725,9.87458012 C-0.581985776,7.61574216 -0.581985748,3.9534423 1.74595732,1.69460437 C3.96600394,-0.459540024 7.50147956,-0.559381197 9.84346228,1.39508088 Z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-compass" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-compass</title> <path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11c-6.075 0-11-4.925-11-11s4.925-11 11-11zM12 3c-4.971 0-9 4.029-9 9s4.029 9 9 9c4.971 0 9-4.029 9-9s-4.029-9-9-9zM7.679 4.515l6.438 6.262 2.204 8.707-6.438-6.262-2.204-8.707z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-flipboard" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-flipboard</title> <path d="M2 2v20h20v-20h-20zM18 10h-4v4h-4v4h-4v-12h12v4z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-globe" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-globe</title> <path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11c-6.075 0-11-4.925-11-11s4.925-11 11-11zM14.777 13h-5.554c0.208 4.498 1.777 7.8 2.777 7.8s2.569-3.302 2.777-7.8zM7.020 13l-3.764 0c0.366 3.232 2.482 5.933 5.377 7.133-0.899-1.802-1.497-4.314-1.613-7.133zM20.744 13l-3.764-0c-0.116 2.819-0.714 5.331-1.613 7.132 2.895-1.2 5.011-3.901 5.377-7.132zM8.633 3.867l-0.059 0.024c-2.866 1.212-4.956 3.899-5.319 7.109l3.764 0c0.115-2.819 0.714-5.332 1.613-7.133zM12 3.2c-1 0-2.569 3.303-2.777 7.801h5.554c-0.203-4.393-1.705-7.646-2.706-7.795l-0.071-0.005zM15.367 3.867l0.018 0.036c0.889 1.799 1.481 4.297 1.595 7.098l3.764-0c-0.365-3.232-2.481-5.934-5.377-7.134z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-pocket" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-pocket</title> <path d="M20.196 3h-16.384c-0.987 0-1.812 0.803-1.812 1.762v5.868c0 5.412 4.451 9.731 10.009 9.731 5.536 0 9.991-4.319 9.991-9.731v-5.868c0-0.972-0.79-1.762-1.804-1.762zM12.964 14.654c-0.554 0.512-1.402 0.482-1.893 0-5.076-4.727-5.129-4.562-5.129-5.347 0-0.733 0.616-1.332 1.371-1.332 0.759 0 0.719 0.165 4.696 3.876 4.045-3.772 3.955-3.876 4.71-3.876s1.371 0.599 1.371 1.332c0 0.773-0.129 0.681-5.125 5.347v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-share" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-share</title> <path d="M18 16.080c-0.76 0-1.44 0.3-1.96 0.77l-7.13-4.15c0.050-0.23 0.090-0.46 0.090-0.7s-0.040-0.47-0.090-0.7l7.050-4.11c0.54 0.5 1.25 0.81 2.040 0.81 1.66 0 3-1.34 3-3s-1.34-3-3-3c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3 0 0.24 0.040 0.47 0.090 0.7l-7.050 4.11c-0.54-0.5-1.25-0.81-2.040-0.81-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3c0.79 0 1.5-0.31 2.040-0.81l7.12 4.16c-0.050 0.21-0.080 0.43-0.080 0.65 0 1.61 1.31 2.92 2.92 2.92s2.92-1.31 2.92-2.92c0-1.61-1.31-2.92-2.92-2.92v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-cancel" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-cancel</title> <path d="M12 2c-5.53 0-10 4.47-10 10s4.47 10 10 10c5.53 0 10-4.47 10-10s-4.47-10-10-10v0zM17 15.59l-1.41 1.41-3.59-3.59-3.59 3.59-1.41-1.41 3.59-3.59-3.59-3.59 1.41-1.41 3.59 3.59 3.59-3.59 1.41 1.41-3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-video" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-video</title> <path d="M10 16.5l6-4.5-6-4.5v9zM12 2c-5.52 0-10 4.48-10 10s4.48 10 10 10c5.52 0 10-4.48 10-10s-4.48-10-10-10v0zM12 20c-4.41 0-8-3.59-8-8s3.59-8 8-8c4.41 0 8 3.59 8 8s-3.59 8-8 8v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-building" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-building</title> <path d="M16 8.050c-0.096 0.098-0.187 0.202-0.272 0.312-1.061 0.455-1.911 1.305-2.366 2.366-0.129 0.099-0.25 0.207-0.362 0.322v-0.050h-2v2h1.036c-0.024 0.164-0.036 0.331-0.036 0.5 0 1.883 1.487 3.419 3.351 3.497 0.2 0.177 0.418 0.334 0.649 0.468v4.535h-5v-6h-4v6h-5v-20h14v6.050zM5 11v2h2v-2h-2zM5 7v2h2v-2h-2zM8 7v2h2v-2h-2zM8 11v2h2v-2h-2zM11 7v2h2v-2h-2zM17 16.829c-0.485-0.171-0.913-0.464-1.247-0.842-0.083 0.008-0.167 0.013-0.253 0.013-1.381 0-2.5-1.119-2.5-2.5 0-0.898 0.474-1.686 1.185-2.127 0.349-1.027 1.161-1.839 2.188-2.188 0.441-0.711 1.228-1.185 2.127-1.185 1.381 0 2.5 1.119 2.5 2.5 0 0.185-0.020 0.365-0.058 0.539 1.17 0.209 2.058 1.231 2.058 2.461 0 1.381-1.119 2.5-2.5 2.5-0.085 0-0.17-0.004-0.253-0.013-0.334 0.378-0.762 0.67-1.247 0.842v5.171h-2v-5.171z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-clock" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-clock</title> <path d="M11.99 2c5.53 0 10.010 4.48 10.010 10s-4.48 10-10.010 10c-5.52 0-9.99-4.48-9.99-10s4.47-10 9.99-10zM13 11.423v-5.423c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1s-1 0.448-1 1v6.577l3.964 2.289c0.478 0.276 1.090 0.112 1.366-0.366s0.112-1.090-0.366-1.366l-2.964-1.711z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-clipboard" viewBox="0 0 19 24"> <title>aoc-clipboard</title> <path d="M12.984 2.4c-0.504-1.392-1.824-2.4-3.384-2.4s-2.88 1.008-3.384 2.4h-3.816c-1.32 0-2.4 1.080-2.4 2.4v16.8c0 1.32 1.080 2.4 2.4 2.4h14.4c1.32 0 2.4-1.080 2.4-2.4v-16.8c0-1.32-1.080-2.4-2.4-2.4h-3.816zM10.8 3.6c0 0.66-0.54 1.2-1.2 1.2s-1.2-0.54-1.2-1.2c0-0.66 0.54-1.2 1.2-1.2s1.2 0.54 1.2 1.2zM4.804 20.4c-0.665 0-1.204-0.533-1.204-1.2v0c0-0.663 0.525-1.2 1.204-1.2h5.993c0.665 0 1.204 0.533 1.204 1.2v0c0 0.663-0.525 1.2-1.204 1.2h-5.993zM4.794 15.6c-0.66 0-1.194-0.533-1.194-1.2v0c0-0.663 0.547-1.2 1.194-1.2h9.611c0.66 0 1.194 0.533 1.194 1.2v0c0 0.663-0.547 1.2-1.194 1.2h-9.611zM4.794 10.8c-0.66 0-1.194-0.533-1.194-1.2v0c0-0.663 0.547-1.2 1.194-1.2h9.611c0.66 0 1.194 0.533 1.194 1.2v0c0 0.663-0.547 1.2-1.194 1.2h-9.611z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-help" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-help</title> <path d="M12 1c6.072 0 11 4.928 11 11s-4.928 11-11 11c-6.072 0-11-4.928-11-11s4.928-11 11-11zM12 19.5c0.69 0 1.25-0.56 1.25-1.25s-0.56-1.25-1.25-1.25c-0.69 0-1.25 0.56-1.25 1.25s0.56 1.25 1.25 1.25zM7.6 8.7c0 0.608 0.492 1.1 1.1 1.1s1.1-0.492 1.1-1.1c0-1.21 0.99-2.2 2.2-2.2s2.2 0.99 2.2 2.2c0 0.605-0.242 1.155-0.649 1.551l-1.364 1.386c-0.67 0.679-1.285 1.592-1.285 2.563h-0.002c0 0.608 0.492 1.1 1.1 1.1s1.1-0.492 1.1-1.1c0.067-1.003 0.7-1.417 1.287-2.013l0.99-1.012c0.627-0.627 1.023-1.507 1.023-2.475 0-2.431-1.969-4.4-4.4-4.4s-4.4 1.969-4.4 4.4z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-arrow-right</title> <path d="M9.295 7.115l1.41-1.41 6 6-6 6-1.41-1.41 4.58-4.59z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-arrow-left" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-arrow-left</title> <path d="M7.295 11.705l6-6 1.41 1.41-4.58 4.59 4.58 4.59-1.41 1.41z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-ticket" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-ticket</title> <path d="M19.778 12.707l-8.485-8.485 2.828-2.828c0.391-0.391 1.024-0.391 1.414 0l2.311 2.311c-0.005 0.004-0.009 0.009-0.013 0.013-0.71 0.71-0.743 1.828-0.073 2.498s1.788 0.637 2.498-0.073c0.004-0.004 0.009-0.009 0.013-0.013l2.336 2.336c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.024 0 1.414l-2.828 2.828zM19.071 13.414l-9.192 9.192c-0.391 0.391-1.024 0.391-1.414 0l-2.336-2.336c0.697-0.711 0.725-1.819 0.060-2.484s-1.774-0.637-2.484 0.060l-2.311-2.311c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.024 0-1.414l9.192-9.192 8.485 8.485zM5.636 14.121c-0.391 0.391-0.391 1.024 0 1.414s1.024 0.391 1.414 0l4.95-4.95c0.391-0.391 0.391-1.024 0-1.414s-1.024-0.391-1.414 0l-4.95 4.95zM8.464 16.95c-0.391 0.391-0.391 1.024 0 1.414s1.024 0.391 1.414 0l4.95-4.95c0.391-0.391 0.391-1.024 0-1.414s-1.024-0.391-1.414 0l-4.95 4.95z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-place-entry" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-place-entry</title> <path d="M18 8c0-3.31-2.69-6-6-6s-6 2.69-6 6c0 4.5 6 11 6 11s6-6.5 6-11v0zM10 8c0-1.1 0.9-2 2-2s2 0.9 2 2c0 1.1-0.89 2-2 2-1.1 0-2-0.9-2-2v0zM5 20v2h14v-2h-14z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-facebook" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-facebook</title> <path d="M20.895 2h-17.789c-0.61 0-1.105 0.495-1.105 1.105v17.789c0 0.61 0.495 1.105 1.105 1.105h9.579v-7.719h-2.614v-3.042h2.6v-2.221c0-2.586 1.575-3.993 3.881-3.993 0.783 0.002 1.566 0.047 2.344 0.133v2.698h-1.593c-1.253 0-1.495 0.593-1.495 1.467v1.93h3l-0.389 3.028h-2.611v7.719h5.088c0.61 0 1.105-0.495 1.105-1.105v-17.789c0-0.61-0.495-1.105-1.105-1.105z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-instagram" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-instagram</title> <path d="M12 2c2.716 0 3.056 0.012 4.123 0.060 1.064 0.049 1.791 0.218 2.427 0.465 0.658 0.256 1.215 0.597 1.771 1.153s0.898 1.114 1.153 1.771c0.247 0.636 0.416 1.363 0.465 2.427 0.049 1.067 0.060 1.407 0.060 4.123s-0.012 3.056-0.060 4.123c-0.049 1.064-0.218 1.791-0.465 2.427-0.256 0.658-0.597 1.215-1.153 1.771s-1.114 0.898-1.771 1.153c-0.636 0.247-1.363 0.416-2.427 0.465-1.067 0.049-1.407 0.060-4.123 0.060s-3.056-0.012-4.123-0.060c-1.064-0.049-1.791-0.218-2.427-0.465-0.658-0.256-1.215-0.597-1.771-1.153s-0.898-1.114-1.153-1.771c-0.247-0.636-0.416-1.363-0.465-2.427-0.049-1.067-0.060-1.407-0.060-4.123s0.012-3.056 0.060-4.123c0.049-1.064 0.218-1.791 0.465-2.427 0.256-0.658 0.597-1.215 1.153-1.771s1.114-0.898 1.771-1.153c0.636-0.247 1.363-0.416 2.427-0.465 1.067-0.049 1.407-0.060 4.123-0.060zM12 3.802c-2.67 0-2.986 0.010-4.041 0.058-0.975 0.044-1.504 0.207-1.857 0.344-0.467 0.181-0.8 0.398-1.15 0.748s-0.567 0.683-0.748 1.15c-0.137 0.352-0.3 0.882-0.344 1.857-0.048 1.054-0.058 1.371-0.058 4.041s0.010 2.986 0.058 4.041c0.044 0.975 0.207 1.504 0.344 1.857 0.181 0.467 0.398 0.8 0.748 1.15s0.683 0.567 1.15 0.748c0.352 0.137 0.882 0.3 1.857 0.344 1.054 0.048 1.371 0.058 4.041 0.058s2.987-0.010 4.041-0.058c0.975-0.044 1.504-0.207 1.857-0.344 0.467-0.181 0.8-0.398 1.15-0.748s0.567-0.683 0.748-1.15c0.137-0.352 0.3-0.882 0.344-1.857 0.048-1.054 0.058-1.371 0.058-4.041s-0.010-2.986-0.058-4.041c-0.044-0.975-0.207-1.504-0.344-1.857-0.181-0.467-0.398-0.8-0.748-1.15s-0.683-0.567-1.15-0.748c-0.352-0.137-0.882-0.3-1.857-0.344-1.054-0.048-1.371-0.058-4.041-0.058zM12 6.865c2.836 0 5.135 2.299 5.135 5.135s-2.299 5.135-5.135 5.135c-2.836 0-5.135-2.299-5.135-5.135s2.299-5.135 5.135-5.135zM12 15.333c1.841 0 3.333-1.492 3.333-3.333s-1.492-3.333-3.333-3.333c-1.841 0-3.333 1.492-3.333 3.333s1.492 3.333 3.333 3.333zM18.538 6.662c0 0.663-0.537 1.2-1.2 1.2s-1.2-0.537-1.2-1.2 0.537-1.2 1.2-1.2c0.663 0 1.2 0.537 1.2 1.2z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-reddit" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-reddit</title> <path d="M22.999 12.034c0-1.397-1.137-2.534-2.534-2.534-0.621 0-1.208 0.225-1.67 0.632-1.648-1.054-3.834-1.732-6.252-1.823l1.441-4.096 3.601 0.861c0.002 1.139 0.929 2.065 2.069 2.065 1.141 0 2.069-0.928 2.069-2.069s-0.929-2.069-2.069-2.069c-0.866 0-1.609 0.536-1.917 1.292l-4.265-1.020-1.771 5.030c-2.519 0.048-4.803 0.729-6.512 1.816-0.46-0.399-1.040-0.618-1.655-0.618-1.397 0-2.534 1.137-2.534 2.534 0 0.864 0.445 1.661 1.166 2.126-0.044 0.253-0.069 0.509-0.069 0.77 0 3.658 4.434 6.634 9.884 6.634s9.884-2.976 9.884-6.634c0-0.253-0.023-0.502-0.064-0.748 0.74-0.461 1.199-1.27 1.199-2.148l-0.001-0.001zM7.283 13.759c0-0.86 0.697-1.557 1.558-1.557 0.86 0 1.557 0.697 1.557 1.557 0 0.86-0.697 1.557-1.557 1.557-0.861 0-1.558-0.697-1.558-1.557zM15.652 17.971c-0.046 0.049-1.164 1.185-3.689 1.185-2.538 0-3.554-1.153-3.595-1.202-0.143-0.167-0.124-0.419 0.044-0.562 0.166-0.142 0.415-0.124 0.559 0.041 0.023 0.025 0.87 0.926 2.993 0.926 2.16 0 3.107-0.933 3.116-0.942 0.153-0.156 0.404-0.16 0.562-0.006s0.162 0.401 0.011 0.56l0.001-0.001zM15.342 15.316c-0.861 0-1.558-0.697-1.558-1.557s0.697-1.557 1.558-1.557c0.86 0 1.557 0.697 1.557 1.557 0 0.86-0.697 1.557-1.557 1.557z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-rss" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-rss</title> <path d="M3 2c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v18c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h18c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-18c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1h-18zM14.083 18.25h-2.381c0-3.282-2.671-5.952-5.953-5.952v-2.381c4.595 0 8.333 3.738 8.333 8.333zM18.25 18.25h-2.381c0-5.58-4.539-10.119-10.119-10.119v-2.381c6.892 0 12.5 5.608 12.5 12.5zM5.75 16.464c0-0.986 0.8-1.786 1.786-1.786s1.786 0.8 1.786 1.786c0 0.986-0.8 1.786-1.786 1.786s-1.786-0.8-1.786-1.786z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-twitter" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-twitter</title> <path d="M23 6.072c-0.772 0.351-1.602 0.589-2.474 0.695 0.89-0.546 1.573-1.412 1.895-2.443-0.833 0.506-1.754 0.873-2.738 1.071-0.784-0.858-1.904-1.394-3.144-1.394-2.378 0-4.307 1.978-4.307 4.418 0 0.346 0.037 0.683 0.111 1.006-3.581-0.185-6.755-1.941-8.881-4.617-0.371 0.655-0.583 1.414-0.583 2.223 0 1.532 0.761 2.884 1.917 3.677-0.705-0.021-1.371-0.222-1.952-0.551v0.054c0 2.141 1.485 3.927 3.457 4.332-0.361 0.104-0.742 0.155-1.135 0.155-0.277 0-0.549-0.027-0.811-0.078 0.549 1.754 2.139 3.032 4.024 3.066-1.474 1.186-3.333 1.892-5.351 1.892-0.348 0-0.692-0.020-1.028-0.061 1.907 1.251 4.172 1.983 6.604 1.983 7.926 0 12.258-6.731 12.258-12.569 0-0.192-0.004-0.384-0.011-0.573 0.842-0.623 1.573-1.401 2.148-2.287z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-accommodation" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-accommodation</title> <path d="M23 12v1h-17c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1s0.448-1 1-1h4v-2.834c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1 0.051 0 0.102 0.004 0.152 0.012l11 1.692c0.488 0.075 0.848 0.495 0.848 0.988v2.142zM4 14h19v6h-3v-3h-16v3h-3v-15c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1h1c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v9zM7 10c-1.105 0-2-0.895-2-2s0.895-2 2-2c1.105 0 2 0.895 2 2s-0.895 2-2 2z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-activity-level" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-activity-level</title> <path d="M22.994 17.99h-7.239c-0.366 0-0.72-0.134-0.994-0.377l-11.172-9.883 3.409-4.016c0.422-0.557 0.839-0.788 1.251-0.694 0.619 0.141 0.619 2.349 2.249 3.47 0.909 0.625 1.601 0.94 5 0.5 0.889 1.249 2.099 5.976 3.050 6.747s4.447 1.234 4.447 3.753v0.5zM22.994 18.99v1c0 0.552-0.448 1-1 1l-6.864-0c-0.73 0-1.435-0.266-1.983-0.749l-10.808-9.522c-0.409-0.36-0.454-0.982-0.101-1.397l0.704-0.829 11.157 9.87c0.457 0.404 1.046 0.628 1.656 0.628h7.239z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-add-a-photo" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-add-a-photo</title> <path d="M3 4v-3h2v3h3v2h-3v3h-2v-3h-3v-2h3zM6 10v-3h3v-3h7l1.83 2h3.17c1.1 0 2 0.9 2 2v12c0 1.1-0.9 2-2 2h-16c-1.1 0-2-0.9-2-2v-10h3zM13 19c2.76 0 5-2.24 5-5s-2.24-5-5-5c-2.76 0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5v0zM9.8 14c0 1.77 1.43 3.2 3.2 3.2s3.2-1.43 3.2-3.2c0-1.77-1.43-3.2-3.2-3.2s-3.2 1.43-3.2 3.2v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-add-box" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-add-box</title> <path d="M19 3h-14c-1.11 0-2 0.9-2 2v14c0 1.1 0.89 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-0.9 2-2v-14c0-1.1-0.9-2-2-2v0zM17 13h-4v4h-2v-4h-4v-2h4v-4h2v4h4v2z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-add-shape" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-add-shape</title> <path d="M19 13h-6v6h-2v-6h-6v-2h6v-6h2v6h6z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-arrow-forward" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-arrow-forward</title> <path d="M12 4l-1.41 1.41 5.58 5.59h-12.17v2h12.17l-5.58 5.59 1.41 1.41 8-8z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-been-here" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-been-here</title> <path d="M7 20h-2l-1-16h2l1 16zM8.625 15l-0.625-10h12l-3 5 3 5h-11.375z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-chat-bubbles" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-chat-bubbles</title> <path d="M21 6h-2v9h-13v2c0 0.55 0.45 1 1 1h11l4 4v-15c0-0.55-0.45-1-1-1v0zM17 12v-9c0-0.55-0.45-1-1-1h-13c-0.55 0-1 0.45-1 1v14l4-4h10c0.55 0 1-0.45 1-1v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-close" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-close</title> <path d="M19 6.41l-1.41-1.41-5.59 5.59-5.59-5.59-1.41 1.41 5.59 5.59-5.59 5.59 1.41 1.41 5.59-5.59 5.59 5.59 1.41-1.41-5.59-5.59z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-expand-more" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-expand-more</title> <path d="M16.59 9l-4.59 4.58-4.59-4.58-1.41 1.41 6 6 6-6z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-expand-less" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-expand-less</title> <path d="M12 8l-6 6 1.41 1.41 4.59-4.58 4.59 4.58 1.41-1.41z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-forum-flag" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-forum-flag</title> <path d="M6 15v6c0 0.552-0.448 1-1 1s-1-0.448-1-1v-18c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1s1 0.448 1 1h14l-3 6 3 6h-14zM16.764 5h-10.764v8h10.764l-2-4 2-4z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-group-size" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-group-size</title> <path d="M12 3c1.812 0 3.281 1.469 3.281 3.281s-1.469 3.281-3.281 3.281c-1.812 0-3.281-1.469-3.281-3.281s1.469-3.281 3.281-3.281zM6.292 10.178c-0.345 0.519-0.542 1.139-0.542 1.797v5.025h-4c-0.414 0-0.75-0.336-0.75-0.75v-5.266c0-0.688 0.468-1.288 1.136-1.455l0.71-0.178c0.582 0.63 1.416 1.024 2.341 1.024 0.388 0 0.76-0.069 1.104-0.197zM17.488 9.885c0.492 0.31 1.075 0.49 1.699 0.49 0.888 0 1.691-0.363 2.269-0.948l0.408 0.102c0.668 0.167 1.136 0.767 1.136 1.455v5.266c0 0.414-0.336 0.75-0.75 0.75h-4v-5.025c0-0.787-0.282-1.52-0.762-2.091zM19.188 9.375c-1.208 0-2.187-0.979-2.187-2.187s0.979-2.187 2.187-2.187c1.208 0 2.187 0.979 2.187 2.187s-0.979 2.187-2.187 2.187zM5.187 9.375c-1.208 0-2.187-0.979-2.187-2.187s0.979-2.187 2.187-2.187c1.208 0 2.187 0.979 2.187 2.187s-0.979 2.187-2.187 2.187zM9.279 9.587c0.74 0.61 1.688 0.976 2.721 0.976s1.981-0.366 2.721-0.976l0.824 0.206c1.002 0.25 1.704 1.15 1.704 2.183v6.9c0 0.621-0.504 1.125-1.125 1.125h-8.25c-0.621 0-1.125-0.504-1.125-1.125v-6.9c0-1.032 0.703-1.932 1.704-2.183l0.824-0.206z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-heart-outline" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-heart-outline</title> <path d="M18.91 11.473c0.697-0.71 1.090-1.677 1.090-2.689s-0.394-1.979-1.091-2.689c-0.689-0.703-1.62-1.095-2.587-1.095s-1.897 0.393-2.587 1.095l-1.736 1.768-1.736-1.768c-1.433-1.46-3.741-1.46-5.174 0-1.454 1.481-1.454 3.897-0.031 5.347l6.941 6.765 6.91-6.734zM11.375 4.395l0.625 0.613 0.623-0.611c1.026-0.898 2.338-1.397 3.7-1.397 1.506 0 2.95 0.61 4.015 1.695s1.663 2.556 1.663 4.090-0.598 3.006-1.663 4.090l-8.337 8.125-8.337-8.125c-2.217-2.259-2.217-5.921 0-8.18 2.114-2.154 5.481-2.254 7.712-0.3z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-heart-solid" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-heart-solid</title> <path d="M11.375 4.395l0.625 0.613 0.623-0.611c1.026-0.898 2.338-1.397 3.7-1.397 1.506 0 2.95 0.61 4.015 1.695s1.663 2.556 1.663 4.090-0.598 3.006-1.663 4.090l-8.337 8.125-8.337-8.125c-2.217-2.259-2.217-5.921 0-8.18 2.114-2.154 5.481-2.254 7.712-0.3z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-home" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-home</title> <path d="M15 22v-5c0-1.657-1.343-3-3-3s-3 1.343-3 3v5h-5v-11h-2v-1l9.995-8 10.005 8v1h-2v11h-5z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-important" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-important</title> <path d="M21.775 18.469c0.641 1.125-0.164 2.531-1.444 2.531h-16.663c-1.283 0-2.083-1.408-1.444-2.531l8.331-14.626c0.641-1.125 2.247-1.123 2.887 0l8.331 14.626zM12 8c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v5c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1s1-0.448 1-1v-5c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1zM12 19c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1s-0.448-1-1-1c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1s0.448 1 1 1z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-knife-fork" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-knife-fork</title> <path d="M9.25 2.75v4.625c0 0.345 0.28 0.625 0.625 0.625s0.625-0.28 0.625-0.625v-4.625c0-0.414 0.336-0.75 0.75-0.75s0.75 0.336 0.75 0.75v6.25c0 1.306-0.835 2.417-2 2.829v8.671c0 0.828-0.672 1.5-1.5 1.5s-1.5-0.672-1.5-1.5v-8.671c-1.165-0.412-2-1.523-2-2.829v-6.25c0-0.414 0.336-0.75 0.75-0.75s0.75 0.336 0.75 0.75v4.625c0 0.345 0.28 0.625 0.625 0.625s0.625-0.28 0.625-0.625v-4.625c0-0.414 0.336-0.75 0.75-0.75s0.75 0.336 0.75 0.75zM19 1v19.5c0 0.828-0.672 1.5-1.5 1.5s-1.5-0.672-1.5-1.5v-7.5h-1c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-6c0-2.761 2.239-5 5-5z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-library-books" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-library-books</title> <path d="M4 6h-2v14c0 1.1 0.9 2 2 2h14v-2h-14v-14zM20 2h-12c-1.1 0-2 0.9-2 2v12c0 1.1 0.9 2 2 2h12c1.1 0 2-0.9 2-2v-12c0-1.1-0.9-2-2-2v0zM19 11h-10v-2h10v2zM15 15h-6v-2h6v2zM19 7h-10v-2h10v2z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-link" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-link</title> <path d="M9.937 12.2c0.441-0.33 1.067-0.24 1.397 0.201 0.542 0.724 1.372 1.178 2.274 1.242s1.788-0.266 2.428-0.906l2.451-2.451c1.187-1.229 1.171-3.173-0.032-4.377-1.201-1.201-3.146-1.221-4.355-0.053l-1.421 1.413c-0.391 0.389-1.023 0.387-1.412-0.004s-0.387-1.023 0.004-1.412l1.431-1.423c2.002-1.934 5.192-1.904 7.164 0.067 1.975 1.975 1.998 5.165 0.044 7.187l-2.463 2.463c-1.049 1.049-2.502 1.591-3.982 1.485s-2.841-0.85-3.73-2.038c-0.33-0.441-0.24-1.067 0.201-1.397zM14.425 12.152c-0.441 0.33-1.067 0.24-1.397-0.201-0.542-0.724-1.372-1.178-2.274-1.242s-1.788 0.266-2.428 0.906l-2.451 2.451c-1.187 1.229-1.171 3.173 0.032 4.377 1.201 1.201 3.145 1.221 4.352 0.056l1.414-1.414c0.39-0.39 1.022-0.39 1.412 0s0.39 1.022-0 1.412l-1.426 1.426c-2.002 1.933-5.191 1.903-7.163-0.068-1.975-1.975-1.998-5.165-0.044-7.187l2.463-2.463c1.049-1.049 2.502-1.591 3.982-1.485s2.841 0.85 3.73 2.038c0.33 0.441 0.24 1.067-0.201 1.397z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-list-circle-bullets" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-list-circle-bullets</title> <path d="M4 10.5c-0.83 0-1.5 0.67-1.5 1.5s0.67 1.5 1.5 1.5c0.83 0 1.5-0.67 1.5-1.5s-0.67-1.5-1.5-1.5v0zM4 4.5c-0.83 0-1.5 0.67-1.5 1.5s0.67 1.5 1.5 1.5c0.83 0 1.5-0.67 1.5-1.5s-0.67-1.5-1.5-1.5v0zM4 16.5c-0.835 0-1.5 0.677-1.5 1.5s0.677 1.5 1.5 1.5c0.823 0 1.5-0.677 1.5-1.5s-0.665-1.5-1.5-1.5v0zM7 19h14v-2h-14v2zM7 13h14v-2h-14v2zM7 5v2h14v-2h-14z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-list" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-list</title> <path d="M3 13h2v-2h-2v2zM3 17h2v-2h-2v2zM3 9h2v-2h-2v2zM7 13h14v-2h-14v2zM7 17h14v-2h-14v2zM7 7v2h14v-2h-14z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-location-add" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-location-add</title> <path d="M12 2c-3.86 0-7 3.14-7 7 0 5.25 7 13 7 13s7-7.75 7-13c0-3.86-3.14-7-7-7v0zM16 10h-3v3h-2v-3h-3v-2h3v-3h2v3h3v2z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-location" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-location</title> <path d="M12 2c-3.87 0-7 3.13-7 7 0 5.25 7 13 7 13s7-7.75 7-13c0-3.87-3.13-7-7-7v0zM12 11.5c-1.38 0-2.5-1.12-2.5-2.5s1.12-2.5 2.5-2.5c1.38 0 2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5s-1.12 2.5-2.5 2.5v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-mail" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-mail</title> <path d="M20 4h-16c-1.1 0-1.99 0.9-1.99 2l-0.010 12c0 1.1 0.9 2 2 2h16c1.1 0 2-0.9 2-2v-12c0-1.1-0.9-2-2-2v0zM20 8l-8 5-8-5v-2l8 5 8-5v2z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-map" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-map</title> <path d="M20.5 3l-0.16 0.030-5.34 2.070-6-2.1-5.64 1.9c-0.21 0.070-0.36 0.25-0.36 0.48v15.12c0 0.28 0.22 0.5 0.5 0.5l0.16-0.030 5.34-2.070 6 2.1 5.64-1.9c0.21-0.070 0.36-0.25 0.36-0.48v-15.12c0-0.28-0.22-0.5-0.5-0.5v0zM15 19l-6-2.11v-11.89l6 2.11v11.89z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-menu" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-menu</title> <path d="M3 5h18v2h-18v-2zM3 11h18v2h-18v-2zM3 17h18v2h-18v-2z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-more-horizontal" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-more-horizontal</title> <path d="M6 10c-1.1 0-2 0.9-2 2s0.9 2 2 2c1.1 0 2-0.9 2-2s-0.9-2-2-2v0zM18 10c-1.1 0-2 0.9-2 2s0.9 2 2 2c1.1 0 2-0.9 2-2s-0.9-2-2-2v0zM12 10c-1.1 0-2 0.9-2 2s0.9 2 2 2c1.1 0 2-0.9 2-2s-0.9-2-2-2v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-my-location" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-my-location</title> <path d="M12 8c-2.21 0-4 1.79-4 4s1.79 4 4 4c2.21 0 4-1.79 4-4s-1.79-4-4-4v0zM20.94 11c-0.46-4.17-3.77-7.48-7.94-7.94v-2.060h-2v2.060c-4.17 0.46-7.48 3.77-7.94 7.94h-2.060v2h2.060c0.46 4.17 3.77 7.48 7.94 7.94v2.060h2v-2.060c4.17-0.46 7.48-3.77 7.94-7.94h2.060v-2h-2.060zM12 19c-3.87 0-7-3.13-7-7s3.13-7 7-7c3.87 0 7 3.13 7 7s-3.13 7-7 7v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-near-me" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-near-me</title> <path d="M21 3l-18 7.53v0.98l6.84 2.65 2.64 6.84h0.98z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-notifications-alert" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-notifications-alert</title> <path d="M18.988 10.589c0.008 0.136 0.012 0.273 0.012 0.411v5l2 1v2h-18v-2l2-1v-5c0-3.526 2.608-6.444 6-6.929v-1.071c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1s1 0.447 1 1c-0.628 0.836-1 1.875-1 3 0 2.761 2.239 5 5 5 0.707 0 1.379-0.147 1.988-0.411zM10 20h4c0 1.105-0.895 2-2 2s-2-0.895-2-2zM17 9c-1.657 0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3 3-3c1.657 0 3 1.343 3 3s-1.343 3-3 3z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-notifications-mentions" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-notifications-mentions</title> <path d="M15.52 15.487c-0.585 0.857-1.949 1.786-3.776 1.786-3.094 0-5.189-2.154-5.189-5.164 0-2.937 2.144-5.237 5.092-5.237 1.486 0 2.704 0.587 3.265 1.297v-1.126h2.12v6.534c0 1.126 0.39 1.835 1.535 1.835 1.34 0 2.388-1.786 2.388-4.601 0-4.943-3.411-7.978-8.771-7.978-5.677 0-9.039 4.185-9.039 9.201 0 5.555 3.898 9.103 9.623 9.103 2.68 0 4.848-1.003 6.383-2.349l1.121 1.37c-1.437 1.444-4.166 2.839-7.553 2.839-7.358 0-11.719-4.748-11.719-10.914 0-6.412 4.629-11.086 11.256-11.086 6.797 0 10.744 4.283 10.744 9.715 0 4.209-1.998 6.534-4.653 6.534-1.657 0-2.509-0.832-2.826-1.762zM8.75 12.011c0 1.747 1.19 2.989 2.929 2.989s3.071-1.149 3.071-2.989c0-1.839-1.357-3.011-3.095-3.011s-2.905 1.241-2.905 3.011z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-notifications-muted" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-notifications-muted</title> <path d="M13 4.071c3.392 0.485 6 3.403 6 6.929v5l2 1v2h-18v-2l2-1v-5c0-3.526 2.608-6.444 6-6.929v-1.071c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1s1 0.448 1 1v1.071zM10 20h4c0 1.105-0.895 2-2 2s-2-0.895-2-2zM13.407 11.993l2.828-2.828-1.414-1.414-2.828 2.828-2.828-2.828-1.414 1.414 2.828 2.828-2.828 2.828 1.414 1.414 2.828-2.828 2.828 2.828 1.414-1.414-2.828-2.828z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-notifications-tracking" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-notifications-tracking</title> <path d="M19 9.9c0.323 0.066 0.658 0.1 1 0.1s0.677-0.034 1-0.1v10.1c0 1.105-0.895 2-2 2h-14c-1.105 0-2-0.895-2-2v-14c0-1.105 0.895-2 2-2h10.1c-0.066 0.323-0.1 0.658-0.1 1s0.034 0.677 0.1 1h-10.1v14h14v-10.1zM20 8c-1.657 0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3 3-3c1.657 0 3 1.343 3 3s-1.343 3-3 3z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-open-in-new" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-open-in-new</title> <path d="M19 19h-14v-14h7v-2h-7c-1.11 0-2 0.9-2 2v14c0 1.1 0.89 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-0.9 2-2v-7h-2v7zM14 3v2h3.59l-9.83 9.83 1.41 1.41 9.83-9.83v3.59h2v-7h-7z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-pencil" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-pencil</title> <path d="M3 17.25v3.75h3.75l11.060-11.060-3.75-3.75-11.060 11.060zM20.71 7.040c0.39-0.39 0.39-1.020 0-1.41l-2.34-2.34c-0.39-0.39-1.020-0.39-1.41 0l-1.83 1.83 3.75 3.75 1.83-1.83z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-person" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-person</title> <path d="M12 12c2.21 0 4-1.79 4-4s-1.79-4-4-4c-2.21 0-4 1.79-4 4s1.79 4 4 4v0zM12 14c-2.67 0-8 1.34-8 4v2h16v-2c0-2.66-5.33-4-8-4v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-pinned" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-pinned</title> <path d="M6.515 16.077l-4.223-4.223c1.774-1.774 4.266-2.391 6.541-1.853l5.516-4.667c-0.493-1.098-0.288-2.433 0.614-3.335l7.039 7.039c-0.902 0.902-2.236 1.106-3.335 0.614l-4.667 5.516c0.539 2.274-0.079 4.767-1.852 6.541l-4.223-4.223-4.223 4.223c-0.389 0.389-1.019 0.389-1.408 0s-0.389-1.019 0-1.408l4.223-4.223z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-plane-takeoff" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-plane-takeoff</title> <path d="M2.5 19h19v2h-19v-2zM22.070 9.64c-0.21-0.8-1.040-1.28-1.84-1.060l-5.31 1.42-6.9-6.43-1.93 0.51 4.14 7.17-4.97 1.33-1.97-1.54-1.45 0.39 1.82 3.16 0.77 1.33 1.6-0.43 14.97-4c0.81-0.23 1.28-1.050 1.070-1.85v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-plane" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-plane</title> <path d="M21 16v-2l-8-5v-5.5c0-0.83-0.67-1.5-1.5-1.5s-1.5 0.67-1.5 1.5v5.5l-8 5v2l8-2.5v5.5l-2 1.5v1.5l3.5-1 3.5 1v-1.5l-2-1.5v-5.5l8 2.5z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="passport-plane"> <title>passport-plane</title> <path d="m6.9935.373223c-.80137 0-1.10188 1.001717-1.10188 1.602747l.15025 3.65626-1.70291.7012v-.60103c0-.20035-.15026-.3506-.3506-.3506-.15026-.05009-.25043.15025-.30052.30051v.90154l-1.30222.50086v-.50086c0-.20034-.15026-.3506-.30052-.30051-.20034 0-.3506.15026-.3506.3506v.80137l-.3506.15026c-.601028.20034-1.001714.7012-.951628 1.35231h5.809948l.05008 2.35402-1.85317 1.6528.10017.6011 2.4542-.6511 2.4542.6511.10017-.6011-1.85317-1.6528.10017-2.4041h5.80993c0-.60103-.4007-1.20206-.9516-1.35232l-.3506-.15025v-.80138c0-.20034-.1503-.3506-.3506-.3506-.2004 0-.3506.15026-.3506.3506v.50086l-1.3523-.55094v-.90155c0-.20034-.1503-.3506-.35063-.3506-.20034 0-.35059.15026-.30051.30052v.60103l-1.70291-.7012.20034-3.60618c.05009-.55094-.3506-1.552653-1.10189-1.502567z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-print" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-print</title> <path d="M19 8h-14c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3v6h4v4h12v-4h4v-6c0-1.66-1.34-3-3-3v0zM16 19h-8v-5h8v5zM19 12c-0.55 0-1-0.45-1-1s0.45-1 1-1c0.55 0 1 0.45 1 1s-0.45 1-1 1v0zM18 3h-12v4h12v-4z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-reply" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-reply</title> <path d="M10 9v-4l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-search" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-search</title> <path d="M15.5 14h-0.79l-0.28-0.27c0.98-1.14 1.57-2.62 1.57-4.23 0-3.59-2.91-6.5-6.5-6.5s-6.5 2.91-6.5 6.5c0 3.59 2.91 6.5 6.5 6.5 1.61 0 3.090-0.59 4.23-1.57l0.27 0.28v0.79l5 4.99 1.49-1.49-4.99-5zM9.5 14c-2.49 0-4.5-2.010-4.5-4.5s2.010-4.5 4.5-4.5c2.49 0 4.5 2.010 4.5 4.5s-2.010 4.5-4.5 4.5v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-shuffle" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-shuffle</title> <path d="M10.59 9.17l-5.18-5.17-1.41 1.41 5.17 5.17 1.42-1.41zM14.5 4l2.040 2.040-12.54 12.55 1.41 1.41 12.55-12.54 2.040 2.040v-5.5h-5.5zM14.83 13.41l-1.41 1.41 3.13 3.13-2.050 2.050h5.5v-5.5l-2.040 2.040-3.13-3.13z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-star" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-star</title> <path d="M18.18 21l-1.635-7.029 5.455-4.727-7.191-0.617-2.809-6.627-2.809 6.627-7.191 0.617 5.455 4.727-1.635 7.029 6.18-3.728z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-subject" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-subject</title> <path d="M14 17h-10v2h10v-2zM20 9h-16v2h16v-2zM4 15h16v-2h-16v2zM4 5v2h16v-2h-16z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-trip-style" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-trip-style</title> <path d="M20 6c1.11 0 2 0.89 2 2v11c0 1.11-0.89 2-2 2h-16c-1.11 0-2-0.89-2-2l0.010-11c0-1.11 0.88-2 1.99-2h4v-2c0-1.11 0.89-2 2-2h4c1.11 0 2 0.89 2 2v2h4zM14 6v-2h-4v2h4zM6.5 14c0.828 0 1.5-0.672 1.5-1.5s-0.672-1.5-1.5-1.5c-0.828 0-1.5 0.672-1.5 1.5s0.672 1.5 1.5 1.5zM6 16.042l0.347 1.97 5.909-1.042-0.347-1.97-5.909 1.042z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-unpinned" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-unpinned</title> <path d="M5.416 12.15l6.433 6.433c0.362-0.93 0.439-1.959 0.203-2.955l-0.233-0.982 5.94-7.020-1.386-1.386-7.020 5.94-0.982-0.233c-0.996-0.236-2.025-0.16-2.955 0.203zM6.515 16.077l-4.223-4.223c1.774-1.774 4.266-2.391 6.541-1.853l5.516-4.667c-0.493-1.098-0.288-2.433 0.614-3.335l7.039 7.039c-0.902 0.902-2.236 1.106-3.335 0.614l-4.667 5.516c0.539 2.274-0.079 4.767-1.852 6.541l-4.223-4.223-4.223 4.223c-0.389 0.389-1.019 0.389-1.408 0s-0.389-1.019 0-1.408l4.223-4.223z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-send" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-send</title> <path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/> <path d="M2.01 21L23 12 2.01 3 2 10l15 2-15 2z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-phone" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-phone</title> <path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/> <path d="M6.62 10.79c1.44 2.83 3.76 5.14 6.59 6.59l2.2-2.2c.27-.27.67-.36 1.02-.24 1.12.37 2.33.57 3.57.57.55 0 1 .45 1 1V20c0 .55-.45 1-1 1-9.39 0-17-7.61-17-17 0-.55.45-1 1-1h3.5c.55 0 1 .45 1 1 0 1.25.2 2.45.57 3.57.11.35.03.74-.25 1.02l-2.2 2.2z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-apps" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-apps</title> <path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/> <path d="M4 8h4V4H4v4zm6 12h4v-4h-4v4zm-6 0h4v-4H4v4zm0-6h4v-4H4v4zm6 0h4v-4h-4v4zm6-10v4h4V4h-4zm-6 4h4V4h-4v4zm6 6h4v-4h-4v4zm0 6h4v-4h-4v4z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-lock" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-lock</title> <path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/> <path d="M18 8h-1V6c0-2.76-2.24-5-5-5S7 3.24 7 6v2H6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v10c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h12c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V10c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm-6 9c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2s.9-2 2-2 2 .9 2 2-.9 2-2 2zm3.1-9H8.9V6c0-1.71 1.39-3.1 3.1-3.1 1.71 0 3.1 1.39 3.1 3.1v2z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-verified" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-verified</title> <path d="m0 0h24v24h-24z" fill="none"/> <path d="m23 12-2.44-2.79.34-3.69-3.61-.82-1.89-3.2-3.4 1.46-3.4-1.46-1.89 3.19-3.61.81.34 3.7-2.44 2.8 2.44 2.79-.34 3.7 3.61.82 1.89 3.19 3.4-1.47 3.4 1.46 1.89-3.19 3.61-.82-.34-3.69zm-12.91 4.72-3.8-3.81 1.48-1.48 2.32 2.33 5.85-5.87 1.48 1.48z"/> </symbol> </defs> </svg> <script type="text/javascript"> window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({flush: true}); </script> <script async src="https://cdn.nolt.io/widgets.js"></script> <script>window.noltQueue=window.noltQueue||[];function nolt(){noltQueue.push(arguments)}</script>  <img src='https://tag.yieldoptimizer.com/ps/analytics?pxid=149095&' width='1' height='1'><img src='https://tag.yieldoptimizer.com/ps/analytics?pxid=149100&' width='1' height='1'> <script type="text/javascript" async="" src="https://static.klaviyo.com/onsite/js/UUnqkC/klaviyo.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> !function(){if(!window.klaviyo){window._klOnsite=window._klOnsite||[];try{window.klaviyo=new Proxy({},{get:function(n,i){return"push"===i?function(){var n;(n=window._klOnsite).push.apply(n,arguments)}:function(){for(var n=arguments.length,o=new Array(n),w=0;w<n;w++)o[w]=arguments[w];var t="function"==typeof o[o.length-1]?o.pop():void 0,e=new Promise((function(n){window._klOnsite.push([i].concat(o,[function(i){t&&t(i),n(i)}]))}));return e}}})}catch(n){window.klaviyo=window.klaviyo||[],window.klaviyo.push=function(){var n;(n=window._klOnsite).push.apply(n,arguments)}}}}(); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var item = { "Type": "Article", "Title": "A Man in 19th-Century Italy Preserved His Own Brain to Fight Eugenics", "ProductID": "article-18341", "ArticleID": "18341", "GeoIDs": [], "Interests": ["science", "crime", "neuroscience", "world war ii", "anatomy", "anatomy museums", "brain collections", "brain", "objects of intrigue"], "Region": "", "Categories": "", "Slug": "/articles/preserved-brain-italy", }; klaviyo.push(["track", "Viewed Article", item]); </script> <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'9158f1d32915fd70',t:'MTc0MDE2NDA2My4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Meet the Italian Man Who Preserved His Own Brain - Atlas Obscura