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data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Bakgrunn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakgrunn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Bakgrunn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakgrunn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valg_og_protester" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valg_og_protester"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Valg og protester</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valg_og_protester-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maktskiftet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maktskiftet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Maktskiftet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maktskiftet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Den_andre_roserevolusjonen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Den_andre_roserevolusjonen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Den andre roserevolusjonen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Den_andre_roserevolusjonen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internasjonale_konsekvenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internasjonale_konsekvenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Internasjonale konsekvenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internasjonale_konsekvenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Roserevolusjonen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 46 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenrevolutionen" title="Rosenrevolutionen – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rosenrevolutionen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenrevolutionen" title="Rosenrevolutionen – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rosenrevolutionen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosrewolusie" title="Roosrewolusie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Roosrewolusie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ثورة الزهور – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثورة الزهور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1z%C4%B1lg%C3%BCl_inqilab%C4%B1" title="Qızılgül inqilabı – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qızılgül inqilabı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6" title="Рэвалюцыя руж – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэвалюцыя руж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Рэвалюцыя ружаў – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэвалюцыя ружаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Революция на розите – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Революция на розите" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_de_les_Roses" title="Revolució de les Roses – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolució de les Roses" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%AF%C5%BEov%C3%A1_revoluce" title="Růžová revoluce – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Růžová revoluce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenrevolution" title="Rosenrevolution – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rosenrevolution" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooside_revolutsioon" title="Rooside revolutsioon – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rooside revolutsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Rose Revolution" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_de_las_Rosas" title="Revolución de las Rosas – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revolución de las Rosas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolucio_de_la_rozoj" title="Revolucio de la rozoj – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Revolucio de la rozoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larrosen_Iraultza" title="Larrosen Iraultza – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Larrosen Iraultza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DA%AF%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="انقلاب گل رز – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انقلاب گل رز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_des_Roses" title="Révolution des Roses – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolution des Roses" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EB%AF%B8_%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85" title="장미 혁명 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장미 혁명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վարդերի հեղափոխություն – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վարդերի հեղափոխություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolucija_ru%C5%BEa" title="Revolucija ruža – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Revolucija ruža" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Mawar" title="Revolusi Mawar – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Revolusi Mawar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoluzione_delle_rose" title="Rivoluzione delle rose – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivoluzione delle rose" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מהפכת הוורדים – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מהפכת הוורדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ვარდების რევოლუცია – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვარდების რევოლუცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%BEi%C5%B3_revoliucija" title="Rožių revoliucija – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rožių revoliucija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сарнайн хувьсгал – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сарнайн хувьсгал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozenrevolutie" title="Rozenrevolutie – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rozenrevolutie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="バラ革命 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バラ革命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਗੁਲਾਬ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਲਾਬ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewolucja_r%C3%B3%C5%BC" title="Rewolucja róż – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rewolucja róż" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rosa" title="Revolução Rosa – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolução Rosa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_Trandafirilor" title="Revoluția Trandafirilor – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revoluția Trandafirilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Революция роз – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Революция роз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolucija_vrtnic" title="Revolucija vrtnic – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Revolucija vrtnic" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Револуција ружа – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Револуција ружа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolucija_ru%C5%BEa" title="Revolucija ruža – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Revolucija ruža" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruusuvallankumous" title="Ruusuvallankumous – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruusuvallankumous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A" title="การปฏิวัติดอกกุหลาบ – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การปฏิวัติดอกกุหลาบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D2%9B%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%A3" title="Инқилоби садбаргӣ – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Инқилоби садбаргӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCl_Devrimi" title="Gül Devrimi – tyrkisk" lang="tr" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><table style="margin-left:1em; border:1px solid #000000; background-color:#f2f2f2; padding:2px; float:right; font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_(Georgia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/250px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/375px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/500px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="428" /></a></span> <p>Artikkelen er en del av serien<br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Georgias_historie" title="Georgias historie">Georgias historie</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 5px; background: #ccf; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldtidens_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oldtidens Georgia (ikke skrevet ennå)">Oldtidens Georgia</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kolchis" title="Kolchis">Kolchis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egrisi-Lazica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egrisi-Lazica (ikke skrevet ennå)">Egrisi-Lazica</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kaukasisk_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaukasisk Iberia">Kaukasisk Iberia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 5px; background: #ccf;text-align: center;"><b>Middelalderen</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tao-Klarjeti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tao-Klarjeti (ikke skrevet ennå)">Tao-Klarjeti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_abkhasiske_konged%C3%B8mme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Det abkhasiske kongedømme (ikke skrevet ennå)">Kongedømmet Abkhaseti-Egrisi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 5px; background: #ccf;text-align: center;"><b>Russisk styre</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Georgias_historie#Russisk_annektering_av_Georgia" title="Georgias historie">Georgia under det russiske keiserdømme</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 5px; background: #ccf;text-align: center;"><b>Tidlig uavhengighet</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Den_demokratiske_republikken_Georgia" title="Den demokratiske republikken Georgia">Den demokratiske republikken Georgia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 5px; background: #ccf;text-align: center;"><b>Sovjet-tiden</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Den_georgiske_sosialistiske_sovjetrepublikk" title="Den georgiske sosialistiske sovjetrepublikk">Georgisk SSR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massakren_i_Tbilisi_den_9._mars_1956&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massakren i Tbilisi den 9. mars 1956 (ikke skrevet ennå)">9. mars-tragedien</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massakren_den_9._april_1989&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massakren den 9. april 1989 (ikke skrevet ennå)">9. april-tragedien</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 5px; background: #ccf; text-align: center;"><b>Moderne Georgia</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Georgias_historie#Post-kommunistisk_æra,_1990_-_2003" title="Georgias historie">Republikken Georgia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_georgiske_borgerkrig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Den georgiske borgerkrig (ikke skrevet ennå)">Den georgiske borgerkrig</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roserevolusjonen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Georgias_historie#Georgia_etter_Sjevardnadse" title="Georgias historie">Etter Sjevardnadse</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 5px; background: #ccf; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underavdelinger_av_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Underavdelinger av Georgia (ikke skrevet ennå)">Underavdelinger av Georgia</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhasias_historie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abkhasias historie (ikke skrevet ennå)">Abkhasias historie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjaras_historie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adjaras historie (ikke skrevet ennå)">Adjaras historie</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Eduard_shevardnadze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Eduard_shevardnadze.jpg/270px-Eduard_shevardnadze.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Eduard_shevardnadze.jpg/405px-Eduard_shevardnadze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Eduard_shevardnadze.jpg/540px-Eduard_shevardnadze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="2910" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Sjevardnadse" title="Eduard Sjevardnadse">Eduard Sjevardnadse</a> måtte avgå som president i <a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/23._november" title="23. november">23. november</a> <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a> som en følge av roserevolusjonen</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Roserevolusjonen</b> (georgisk: ვარდების რევოლუცია – <i>vardebis revolucia</i>) var en fredelig revolusjon i Georgia i 2003 som avsatte daværende President <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Sjevardnadse" title="Eduard Sjevardnadse">Eduard Sjevardnadse</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bakgrunn">Bakgrunn</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roserevolusjonen&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Bakgrunn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roserevolusjonen&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Bakgrunn"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Georgia hadde blitt ledet av <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Sjevardnadse" title="Eduard Sjevardnadse">Eduard Sjevardnadse</a> siden <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a>, med han som president i landet fra <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a>. Hans regjering og hans egen familie, ble mer og mer assosiert med <a href="/wiki/Korrupsjon" title="Korrupsjon">korrupsjon</a> som hindret den økonomiske veksten i Georgia. Landet fortsatte å være fattig i europeisk standard. To russisk-støttede utbryter-republikker (<a href="/wiki/Abkhasia" title="Abkhasia">Abkhasia</a> og <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Ossetia" title="Sør-Ossetia">Sør-Ossetia</a>) fortsatte å være utenfor kontrollen til regjeringen i <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, og den autonome republikken <a href="/wiki/Adsjaria" title="Adsjaria">Adsjaria</a> var styrt av den semi-separatistiske lederen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslan_Abashidze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aslan Abashidze (ikke skrevet ennå)">Aslan Abashidze</a>. Den politiske og sosio-økonomiske krisen var nær med å nå sitt klimaks like før valget på ny nasjonalforsamling <a href="/wiki/2._november" title="2. november">2. november</a> <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>. Sjevardnadses politiske allianse "For New Georgia" og Abashidzes "Union of Democratic Revival of Georgia" hadde motstand i opposisjonspartiene: <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakasjvili" title="Mikheil Saakasjvili">Mikheil Saakasjvilis</a> "United National Movement" og "Burjanadze-Democrats" ledet av Nino Burjanadse og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurab_Zhvania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zurab Zhvania (ikke skrevet ennå)">Zurab Zhvania</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Valg_og_protester">Valg og protester</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roserevolusjonen&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Valg og protester" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roserevolusjonen&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Valg og protester"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Georgia avholdt valg på ny nasjonalforsamling <a href="/wiki/2._november" title="2. november">2. november</a> <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>. Omfattende <a href="/wiki/Valgfusk" title="Valgfusk">valgfusk</a>, i favør av <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Sjevardnadse" title="Eduard Sjevardnadse">Eduard Sjevardnadse</a>, ble fordømt av lokale og internasjonale valgobservatører. Mikheil Saakasjvili hevdet at han hadde vunnet valget (en påstand støttet av uavhengige valgdagsmålinger). Dette ble også bekreftet av en uavhengig valgtelling (PVT) gjennomført av ISFED (International Society for Fair Elections and Democracy, local election monitoring group). Saakasjvili og den forente opposisjonen aksepterte ISFEDs PVT som det "offisielle" resultatet, og oppfordret georgierne om å demonstrere mot Sjevardnadses regjering og bli med på ikke-voldelig <a href="/wiki/Sivil_ulydighet" title="Sivil ulydighet">sivil ulydighet</a> mot myndighetene. Opposisjonspartiene forente seg for å kreve Sjevardnadses avgang og et omvalg. </p><p>I midten av november startet massive anti-regjeringsdemonstrasjoner i de sentrale gatene av Tbilisi, for så å spre seg til nesten alle større byer i Georgia. Organisasjonen "Kmara" ("Nok!"), en ungdomsorganisasjon og flere andre tilsvarende grupper, var sentrale og aktive i alle demonstrasjonene. Sjevardnadses regjering ble støttet av Aslan Abashidze, den semi-<a href="/wiki/Separatisme" title="Separatisme">separatistiske</a> lederen av <a href="/wiki/Adsjaria" title="Adsjaria">Adsjaria</a>, som sendte tusenvis av sine tilhengere for å holde en demonstrasjon for regjeringen i <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maktskiftet">Maktskiftet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roserevolusjonen&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Maktskiftet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roserevolusjonen&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Maktskiftet"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Amtseinf%C3%BChrung_Saakaschwili.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Amtseinf%C3%BChrung_Saakaschwili.jpg/200px-Amtseinf%C3%BChrung_Saakaschwili.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Amtseinf%C3%BChrung_Saakaschwili.jpg/300px-Amtseinf%C3%BChrung_Saakaschwili.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Amtseinf%C3%BChrung_Saakaschwili.jpg/400px-Amtseinf%C3%BChrung_Saakaschwili.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Saakasjvilis innsettelse som president i <a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Demonstrasjonene nådde sitt klimaks <a href="/wiki/22._november" title="22. november">22. november</a> <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>, samme dag som åpningen av den nye nasjonalforsamlingen, som opposisjonen mente var ulovlig valgt. Samme dag inntok demonstranter nasjonalforsamlingen med roser i hendene (derav navnet «roserevolusjonen»), og avbrøt en tale av president <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Sjevardnadse" title="Eduard Sjevardnadse">Eduard Sjevardnadse</a> og tvang han til å rømme bygget sammen med livvaktene sine. Han erklærte senere unntakstilstand og begynte å mobilisere politi og militære styrker nær sin residens i Tbilisi. Men sentrale militære elite-enheter nektet å støtte regjeringen. Om kvelden, <a href="/wiki/23._november" title="23. november">23. november</a>, møtte Sjevardnadse opposisjonens ledere Saakasjvili og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurab_Zhvania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zurab Zhvania (ikke skrevet ennå)">Zurab Zhvania</a> for å diskutere situasjonen, i et møte arrangert av <a href="/wiki/Russland" title="Russland">Russlands</a> utenriksminister <a href="/wiki/Igor_Ivanov" title="Igor Ivanov">Igor Ivanov</a>. Etter møtet annonserte presidenten sin avgang. Dette medførte en euforisk stemning på gatene i Tbilisi. Mer enn 100.000 mennesker feiret seieren hele natten, til lyden av fyrverkeri og rocke-konserter. </p><p>Nasjonalforsamlingens tidligere leder, Nino Burjanadse, overtok som president fram til nye valg kunne bli gjennomført. Georgisk høyesterett annullerte presidentvalget. <a href="/wiki/4._januar" title="4. januar">4. januar</a> <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a> vant så <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakasjvili" title="Mikheil Saakasjvili">Mikheil Saakasjvili</a> en stor seier, og ble innsatt som den nye presidenten i Georgia <a href="/wiki/25._januar" title="25. januar">25. januar</a>. 28. mars samme år ble det avholdt nyvalg på nasjonalforsamlingen, og det Saakasjvili-støttende partiet "National Movement" vant valget. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Den_andre_roserevolusjonen">Den andre roserevolusjonen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roserevolusjonen&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Den andre roserevolusjonen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roserevolusjonen&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Den andre roserevolusjonen"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I mai 2004, skjedde den såkalte «andre roserevolusjonen» i <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Adsjaria" title="Adsjaria">Adsjaria</a>. Etter måneder med høy spenning mellom Saakashvilis regjering og Aslan Abashidze, den egentlige diktatoren i det autonome området, mobiliserte tusenvis av innbyggere, organisert av "United National Movement" og "Kmara", i protester mot Abashidzes politikk med separatisme og militarisme. Abashidze brukte sikkerhetsstyrker og paramilitære styrker for å bryte opp demonstrasjonene i Batumi og Kobuleti. Men han mislyktes i å holde demonstrasjonene nede, og de vokste i omfang og styrke. 6. mai 2004, samlet demonstranter fra hele Adsjaria seg i Batumi trass i å ha blitt jaget dagen i forveien. Georgia sin statsminister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurab_Zhvania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zurab Zhvania (ikke skrevet ennå)">Zurab Zhvania</a> og innenriksminister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgi_Baramidze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgi Baramidze (ikke skrevet ennå)">Giorgi Baramidze</a> forhandlet med Arjan sin innenriksminister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jemal_Gogitidze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jemal Gogitidze (ikke skrevet ennå)">Jemal Gogitidze</a> om tilbaketrekning av hans styrker fra grensen mot resten av Georgia, slik at georgiske spesialstyrker inn i området. Abashidze ga tilslutt opp for det uunngåelige, og gikk av samme kveld og reiste til <a href="/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva">Moskva</a>. President Saakashvili besøkte <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> dagen etter og ble møtt av feirende innbyggere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internasjonale_konsekvenser">Internasjonale konsekvenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roserevolusjonen&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Internasjonale konsekvenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roserevolusjonen&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Internasjonale konsekvenser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oransjerevolusjonen" title="Oransjerevolusjonen">Oransjerevolusjonen</a> som fulgte det omstridte <a href="/wiki/Presidentvalget_i_Ukraina_2004" title="Presidentvalget i Ukraina 2004">presidentvalget i Ukraina 2004</a>, ble delvis inspirert av den georgiske roserevolusjonen.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgiske flagg ble sett i hendene til tilhengere av <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Jusjtsjenko" title="Viktor Jusjtsjenko">Viktor Jusjtsjenko</a>, som holdt en rose mens han hilste massene. </p><p>Russlands president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> kommenterte på en pressekonferanse 23. desember 2004 under <a href="/wiki/Oransjerevolusjonen" title="Oransjerevolusjonen">oransjerevolusjonen</a> at: «<i>It’s extremely dangerous trying to resolve political problems outside the framework of the law — first the ‘Rose Revolution’, then they’ll think up of something like blue.</i>».<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roserevolusjonen&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roserevolusjonen&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Bunce, V.J & Wolchik, S.L. International diffusion and postcommunist electoral revolutions <i>Communist and Post-Communist Studies</i> (2006) V.39 No 3 p. 283-304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/markets/russia/article405454.ece">Times Online: West stirring revolution in Ukraine, says Putin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090708151950/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/markets/russia/article405454.ece">Arkivert</a> 8. juli 2009 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., presentert 24. desember 2004</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roserevolusjonen&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roserevolusjonen&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tinatin Khidasheli, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060324122521/http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/12/08/edkhidasheli_ed3_.php">"The Rose Revolution has wilted"</a>, <i>International Herald Tribune</i>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/8._desember" title="8. desember">8. desember</a> <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720153712/https://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr167.html">"Georgia's Rose Revolution: A Participant's Perspective"</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Institute_of_Peace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U.S. Institute of Peace (ikke skrevet ennå)">U.S. Institute of Peace</a> Report, July 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanrights.ge/index.php?lang=en">HumanRights.ge</a> — daily updated online magazine and web portal on human rights in Georgia</li> <li>Michael Barker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070225055624/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=74&ItemID=11311">"Regulating revolutions in Eastern Europe: Polyarchy and the National Endowment for Democracy"</a>, <a href="/wiki/1._november" title="1. november">1. november</a> <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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