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Boise State University on The Conversation
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class="logo grid-three"> <img itemprop="logo" src="https://images.theconversation.com/institutions/1983/logos/logo-1429816445.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=170&h=170" /> </div> <div class="description grid-nine"> <p>Boise State University is a public, metropolitan research university located in the heart of Idaho’s capital city. We offer an array of undergraduate and graduate degrees and experiences that foster student success, lifelong learning, community engagement, innovation and creativity.</p> <p>Research and creative activities advance new knowledge and benefit students, the community, the state and the nation. As an integral part of its metropolitan environment, the university is engaged in professional and continuing education programming, policy issues, and promoting the region’s economic vitality and cultural enrichment.</p> <p>Boise State University aspires to be a research university known for the finest undergraduate education in the region, and outstanding research and graduate programs. With its exceptional faculty, staff and student body – combined with its location in the heart of a thriving metropolitan area, the university will be viewed as an engine that drives the Idaho economy, providing significant return on public investment.</p> </div> <section class="grid-four grid-last"> <h4 class="legacy">Links</h4> <ul class="article-list"> <li class="article"> <a itemprop="url" href="http://www.boisestate.edu/">Visit boisestate.edu/</a> </li> <li class="article"> <a href="/become-an-author">Are you an expert from this institution? Register to write</a> </li> <li class="feed"> <a href="/institutions/boise-state-university-1983/articles.atom"> <i class="icon-rss"></i> Article Feed </a> </li> </ul> </section> </section> <nav id="tabbed-navigation" class="tabbed tabbed-section-navigation"> <a class="tab active" href="#articles">Articles</a> <a class="tab" href="#contributors">Authors</a> </nav> <div class="institution-page sm-display-articles"> <div class="grid-ten large-grid-eight"> <section id="articles"> <h3 class="border">Displaying 1 - 20 of 161 articles</h3> <div class="content-list"> <article data-id="243550" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Trump’s agenda will face hurdles in Congress, despite the Republican ‘trifecta’ of winning the House, Senate and White House" href="/trumps-agenda-will-face-hurdles-in-congress-despite-the-republican-trifecta-of-winning-the-house-senate-and-white-house-243550"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:48.50299401197605%;--background-color:#373a4b"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/632641/original/file-20241118-19-h102gu.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=119%2C621%2C5194%2C2597&q=45&auto=format&w=668&h=324&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="632641"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Trump may have a majority in Congress, but that doesn’t mean he can move ahead with his entire agenda. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Al Drago/Bloomberg via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-19T19:49:26Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 19, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/trumps-agenda-will-face-hurdles-in-congress-despite-the-republican-trifecta-of-winning-the-house-senate-and-white-house-243550">Trump’s agenda will face hurdles in Congress, despite the Republican ‘trifecta’ of winning the House, Senate and White House</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/charlie-hunt-1364391">Charlie Hunt</a>, <em>Boise State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Gridlock can still happen under unified government, and for reasons that are likely to be on full display in the 119th Congress, where the GOP controls both houses under a Republican president.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="239558" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Cells have more mini ‘organs’ than researchers thought − unbound by membranes, these rogue organelles challenge biology’s fundamentals" href="/cells-have-more-mini-organs-than-researchers-thought-unbound-by-membranes-these-rogue-organelles-challenge-biologys-fundamentals-239558"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#513430"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/629041/original/file-20241030-15-z4ursi.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1009%2C0%2C1299%2C1299&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="629041"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Specialized compartments within cells carry out specific functions. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Christoph Burgstedt/Science Photo Library via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-05T13:44:26Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 5, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/cells-have-more-mini-organs-than-researchers-thought-unbound-by-membranes-these-rogue-organelles-challenge-biologys-fundamentals-239558">Cells have more mini ‘organs’ than researchers thought − unbound by membranes, these rogue organelles challenge biology’s fundamentals</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/allan-albig-1245922">Allan Albig</a>, <em>Boise State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Membraneless organelles, also called biomolecular condensates, are changing how scientists think about protein chemistry, various diseases and even the origin of life.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="240326" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Is America ready for a woman president? Voters’ attitudes to women politicians are radically different from a decade ago" href="/is-america-ready-for-a-woman-president-voters-attitudes-to-women-politicians-are-radically-different-from-a-decade-ago-240326"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#2b2e59"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/627353/original/file-20241022-17-x6hp0n.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1028%2C0%2C4442%2C4442&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="627353"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Voters hold clear and positive stereotypes of women politicians − while they don’t think as positively about men in politics. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Artis777/iStock/Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-24T12:42:41Z" data-format="tc_date"> October 24, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/is-america-ready-for-a-woman-president-voters-attitudes-to-women-politicians-are-radically-different-from-a-decade-ago-240326">Is America ready for a woman president? Voters’ attitudes to women politicians are radically different from a decade ago</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/angela-l-bos-2222457">Angela L. Bos</a>, <em>Boise State University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/daphne-joanna-van-der-pas-1486505">Daphne Joanna van der Pas</a>, <em>University of Amsterdam</em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/loes-aaldering-1496245">Loes Aaldering</a>, <em>Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>A decade ago, people did not even agree on the traits that defined women politicians. Now they see women seeking political office as intelligent, rational, analytical, ambitious and moral.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="240191" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Candidate experience matters in elections, but not the way you think" href="/candidate-experience-matters-in-elections-but-not-the-way-you-think-240191"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#5f6e95"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/625026/original/file-20241010-15-d7kmx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1710%2C0%2C4466%2C4466&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="625026"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Previously holding political office is an obvious advantage for candidates seeking votes. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">SDI Productions/E+/Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-15T12:29:44Z" data-format="tc_date"> October 15, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/candidate-experience-matters-in-elections-but-not-the-way-you-think-240191">Candidate experience matters in elections, but not the way you think</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/charlie-hunt-1364391">Charlie Hunt</a>, <em>Boise State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Do more politically experienced politicians have advantages in elections in a time when a candidate with expertise is dismissed as being part of an out-of-touch elite?</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="238971" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Eric Adams indictment: How campaign finance violations often grow into dramatic scandals" href="/eric-adams-indictment-how-campaign-finance-violations-often-grow-into-dramatic-scandals-238971"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#57432e"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/621984/original/file-20240926-16-kur7pz.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1537%2C0%2C3647%2C3646&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="621984"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Mayor Eric Adams at a news conference following his indictment by federal prosecutors on Sept. 26, 2024. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">AP Photo/Yuki Iwamura</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-26T17:23:57Z" data-format="tc_date"> September 26, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/eric-adams-indictment-how-campaign-finance-violations-often-grow-into-dramatic-scandals-238971">Eric Adams indictment: How campaign finance violations often grow into dramatic scandals</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/charlie-hunt-1364391">Charlie Hunt</a>, <em>Boise State University</em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jaclyn-kettler-1019037">Jaclyn Kettler</a>, <em>Boise State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Federal investigations into irregular election spending can uncover wild stories. Politicians have used campaign money to pay rent, fund family vacations, book hotel rooms for mistresses − and worse.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="235568" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Empowering engineering students through storytelling" href="/empowering-engineering-students-through-storytelling-235568"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#6b9a5c"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/616325/original/file-20240829-18-wus278.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1569%2C0%2C4476%2C4476&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="616325"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Engineering students from underrepresented groups often feel isolated and ultimately switch majors. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">skynesher/E+ via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-16T12:29:22Z" data-format="tc_date"> September 16, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/empowering-engineering-students-through-storytelling-235568">Empowering engineering students through storytelling</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/anne-hamby-1227987">Anne Hamby</a>, <em>Boise State University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/eric-jankowski-2203735">Eric Jankowski</a>, <em>Boise State University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/krishna-pakala-1551885">Krishna Pakala</a>, <em>Boise State University</em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/patrick-r-lowenthal-2203710">Patrick R. Lowenthal</a>, <em>Boise State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Researchers asked engineering students to tell stories about challenges they had faced. Telling the stories, students said, made them more likely to stay in their major.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="235820" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Trump supporters wasted no time in claiming Kamala Harris is ineligible to be president, but they’re wrong" href="/trump-supporters-wasted-no-time-in-claiming-kamala-harris-is-ineligible-to-be-president-but-theyre-wrong-235820"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#33365b"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/610382/original/file-20240730-17-acb06j.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=849%2C0%2C3466%2C3466&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="610382"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Opponents of the presidential bids of both Kamala Harris and Barack Obama falsely asserted they weren’t legally qualified to be president. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-02T12:36:09Z" data-format="tc_date"> August 2, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/trump-supporters-wasted-no-time-in-claiming-kamala-harris-is-ineligible-to-be-president-but-theyre-wrong-235820">Trump supporters wasted no time in claiming Kamala Harris is ineligible to be president, but they’re wrong</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/charlie-hunt-1364391">Charlie Hunt</a>, <em>Boise State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>A falsehood once used on Barack Obama – that he wasn’t eligible to be president – is being recycled to challenge the right of Kamala Harris to serve as president.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="233628" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Verifying facts in the age of AI – librarians offer 5 strategies" href="/verifying-facts-in-the-age-of-ai-librarians-offer-5-strategies-233628"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#ad895f"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/609514/original/file-20240725-17-jxmyjc.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1136%2C286%2C3343%2C3343&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="609514"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> The internet is awash in fake news articles and misinformation. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">franz12/iStock via Getty Images Plus</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-30T12:43:56Z" data-format="tc_date"> July 30, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/verifying-facts-in-the-age-of-ai-librarians-offer-5-strategies-233628">Verifying facts in the age of AI – librarians offer 5 strategies</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/tracy-bicknell-holmes-1544318">Tracy Bicknell-Holmes</a>, <em>Boise State University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/elaine-watson-1544260">Elaine Watson</a>, <em>Boise State University</em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/memo-cordova-1544263">Memo Cordova</a>, <em>Boise State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Library scientists offer tips and tricks to figure out if a particular online news article is reliable or fake.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="227036" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="What do genes have to do with psychology? They likely influence your behavior more than you realize" href="/what-do-genes-have-to-do-with-psychology-they-likely-influence-your-behavior-more-than-you-realize-227036"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#986161"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/608205/original/file-20240719-17-575q4d.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C1732%2C1732&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="608205"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Whether genes are able to compromise between their competing interests can have consequences for development. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">pressureUA/iStock via Getty Images Plus</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-24T12:18:41Z" data-format="tc_date"> July 24, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/what-do-genes-have-to-do-with-psychology-they-likely-influence-your-behavior-more-than-you-realize-227036">What do genes have to do with psychology? They likely influence your behavior more than you realize</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jessica-d-ayers-1385854">Jessica D. Ayers</a>, <em>Boise State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Human psychology is influenced by a complex network of genes and environmental factors. Studying how and when genes fail to cooperate could broaden our understanding of behavior.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="233051" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Why is Congress filled with old people?" href="/why-is-congress-filled-with-old-people-233051"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#5b2a28"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/603549/original/file-20240627-17-qoeopw.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=616%2C108%2C3592%2C3592&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="603549"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Lots of old representatives and senators in this building; very few in Congress are young. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Douglas Rissing/iStock/Getty Images Plus</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-11T12:25:25Z" data-format="tc_date"> July 11, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/why-is-congress-filled-with-old-people-233051">Why is Congress filled with old people?</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/charlie-hunt-1364391">Charlie Hunt</a>, <em>Boise State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Nearly 20% of House and Senate members are 70 or older, and only 6% are under 40. What explains Congress’ advanced age?</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="233525" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Los pastores migrantes vascos dejaron sus huellas en los álamos temblones del Oeste americano" href="/los-pastores-migrantes-vascos-dejaron-sus-huellas-en-los-alamos-temblones-del-oeste-americano-233525"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#583328"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/603530/original/file-20240613-17-tv8p2e.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=238%2C120%2C777%2C777&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="603530"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Las tallas realizadas durante décadas por los pastores vascos están en peligro, al igual que su lienzo, los álamos temblones. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Sawtooth Mountains, 2011, Idaho Basque Arborglyphs Collection, Special Collections and Archives, Albertsons Library, Boise State University</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-04T20:14:59Z" data-format="tc_date"> July 4, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/los-pastores-migrantes-vascos-dejaron-sus-huellas-en-los-alamos-temblones-del-oeste-americano-233525">Los pastores migrantes vascos dejaron sus huellas en los álamos temblones del Oeste americano</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/john-bieter-1518029">John Bieter</a>, <em>Boise State University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/cheryl-oestreicher-1518030">Cheryl Oestreicher</a>, <em>Boise State University</em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/inaki-arrieta-baro-1483351">Iñaki Arrieta Baro</a>, <em>University of Nevada, Reno</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Los pastores grababan nombres, lemas, siluetas de desnudos y mucho más en los árboles que les rodeaban durante las temporadas solitarias en las montañas. Ahora, los investigadores se apresuran a encontrar y grabar los arborglifos antes de que desaparezcan.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="225423" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Arborglyphs – Basque immigrant sheepherders left their marks on aspen trees in the American West" href="/arborglyphs-basque-immigrant-sheepherders-left-their-marks-on-aspen-trees-in-the-american-west-225423"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#2c3350"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/600562/original/file-20240613-17-tv8p2e.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=238%2C120%2C777%2C777&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="600562"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Carvings made over decades by Basque herders are endangered as their canvas, the aspens, are at risk. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Sawtooth Mountains, 2011, Idaho Basque Arborglyphs Collection, Special Collections and Archives, Albertsons Library, Boise State University</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-20T12:24:06Z" data-format="tc_date"> June 20, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/arborglyphs-basque-immigrant-sheepherders-left-their-marks-on-aspen-trees-in-the-american-west-225423">Arborglyphs – Basque immigrant sheepherders left their marks on aspen trees in the American West</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/john-bieter-1518029">John Bieter</a>, <em>Boise State University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/cheryl-oestreicher-1518030">Cheryl Oestreicher</a>, <em>Boise State University</em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/inaki-arrieta-baro-1483351">Iñaki Arrieta Baro</a>, <em>University of Nevada, Reno</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Herders carved names, slogans, nude silhouettes and more into the trees around them during lonely seasons in the mountains. Now, researchers rush to find and record the arborglyphs before they disappear.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="229090" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Term limits aren’t the answer" href="/term-limits-arent-the-answer-229090"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#5e58a2"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/593673/original/file-20240513-18-e3tjhv.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1321%2C0%2C2371%2C2371&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="593673"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Would term limits lead to a more effective and less polarized Congress? </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Andrey Denisyuk/Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-15T12:15:33Z" data-format="tc_date"> May 15, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/term-limits-arent-the-answer-229090">Term limits aren’t the answer</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/charlie-hunt-1364391">Charlie Hunt</a>, <em>Boise State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Very few Americans believe Congress is doing a good job. Some of them have a simple solution: Throw the bums out and institute term limits. But that creates more problems than it solves.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="224834" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="The Anglican Communion has deep differences over homosexuality – but a process of dialogue, known as ‘via media,’ has helped hold contradictory beliefs together" href="/the-anglican-communion-has-deep-differences-over-homosexuality-but-a-process-of-dialogue-known-as-via-media-has-helped-hold-contradictory-beliefs-together-224834"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#2b2f50"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/588710/original/file-20240417-16-fsyayt.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=754%2C0%2C3997%2C3997&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="588710"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Members of the Church of England’s Synod, at Church House in central London, on Feb. 9, 2023. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">James Manning/PA Images via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-22T12:38:16Z" data-format="tc_date"> April 22, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/the-anglican-communion-has-deep-differences-over-homosexuality-but-a-process-of-dialogue-known-as-via-media-has-helped-hold-contradictory-beliefs-together-224834">The Anglican Communion has deep differences over homosexuality – but a process of dialogue, known as ‘via media,’ has helped hold contradictory beliefs together</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/lisa-mcclain-442729">Lisa McClain</a>, <em>Boise State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>With over 80 million believers in 160 countries, the Anglican Communion has been grappling with LGBTQ+ issues since the 1970s.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="227632" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="The US is losing access to its bases in Niger − here’s why that’s a big deal" href="/the-us-is-losing-access-to-its-bases-in-niger-heres-why-thats-a-big-deal-227632"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#94876a"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/587754/original/file-20240412-20-ao2ys4.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=677%2C0%2C2843%2C2843&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="587754"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> A Nigerien official explains to U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken the jihadist crisis facing Niger and the surrounding region in March 2023. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Boureima Hama/Pool/AFP via Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-16T12:30:34Z" data-format="tc_date"> April 16, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/the-us-is-losing-access-to-its-bases-in-niger-heres-why-thats-a-big-deal-227632">The US is losing access to its bases in Niger − here’s why that’s a big deal</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/michael-a-allen-680378">Michael A. Allen</a>, <em>Boise State University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/carla-martinez-machain-894256">Carla Martinez Machain</a>, <em>University at Buffalo</em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/michael-e-flynn-890329">Michael E. Flynn</a>, <em>Kansas State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>The disintegration of the United States’ relationship with Niger following its military coup in 2023 is giving way to stronger ties between the African country and Russia and China.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="221834" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Using research to solve societal problems starts with building connections and making space for young people" href="/using-research-to-solve-societal-problems-starts-with-building-connections-and-making-space-for-young-people-221834"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#6397b0"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/584204/original/file-20240325-24-quw2bx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C3079%2C3077&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="584204"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> One or two or 10 studies won’t solve our most complex societal challenges. Big problems require collaborations beyond academia. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Orbon Alija/E+ via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-10T12:17:08Z" data-format="tc_date"> April 10, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/using-research-to-solve-societal-problems-starts-with-building-connections-and-making-space-for-young-people-221834">Using research to solve societal problems starts with building connections and making space for young people</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/zoey-england-1492580">Zoey England</a>, <em>University of Connecticut</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jennifer-forbey-1505615">Jennifer Forbey</a>, <em>Boise State University</em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/michael-muszynski-1505614">Michael Muszynski</a>, <em>University of Hawaii</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Use-inspired research goes beyond translational research to build lasting connections between researchers and communities.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="225415" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Tiny crystals capture millions of years of mountain range history – a geologist excavates the Himalayas with a microscope" href="/tiny-crystals-capture-millions-of-years-of-mountain-range-history-a-geologist-excavates-the-himalayas-with-a-microscope-225415"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#602a60"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/585021/original/file-20240328-16-mxj3mh.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C1885%2C1885&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="585021"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> This image of a single crystal shows 30 million years of geological history of the Himalayas by tracing its thorium concentration and age. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Matthew J. Kohn</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-09T12:16:33Z" data-format="tc_date"> April 9, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/tiny-crystals-capture-millions-of-years-of-mountain-range-history-a-geologist-excavates-the-himalayas-with-a-microscope-225415">Tiny crystals capture millions of years of mountain range history – a geologist excavates the Himalayas with a microscope</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/matthew-j-kohn-1518023">Matthew J. Kohn</a>, <em>Boise State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Measuring the concentration of radioactive elements in a single, sand-size crystal reveals the growth of the Himalayan mountain range over time.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="225539" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Is this the least productive congress ever? Yes, but it’s not just because they’re lazy" href="/is-this-the-least-productive-congress-ever-yes-but-its-not-just-because-theyre-lazy-225539"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4c332c"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/585139/original/file-20240328-22-eavlvc.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1891%2C25%2C3722%2C3722&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="585139"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> The 118th Congress put in a lot of late nights, but it doesn’t have a lot to show for it. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Glow Images/Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-01T12:28:58Z" data-format="tc_date"> April 1, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/is-this-the-least-productive-congress-ever-yes-but-its-not-just-because-theyre-lazy-225539">Is this the least productive congress ever? Yes, but it’s not just because they’re lazy</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/charlie-hunt-1364391">Charlie Hunt</a>, <em>Boise State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>If you hear the 118th Congress described as a bunch of slackers, you’re not getting the whole story.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="223151" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="A <span class="nobr">far-right</span> political group is gaining popularity in Germany – but so, too, are protests against it" href="/a-far-right-political-group-is-gaining-popularity-in-germany-but-so-too-are-protests-against-it-223151"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#533829"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/578973/original/file-20240229-18-u1ukal.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1477%2C51%2C5704%2C5704&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="578973"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> People in Hamburg, Germany, protest against right-wing extremism and the AfD party on Feb. 25, 2024. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Hami Roshan/Middle East Images/AFP via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-03-04T13:36:15Z" data-format="tc_date"> March 4, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/a-far-right-political-group-is-gaining-popularity-in-germany-but-so-too-are-protests-against-it-223151">A <span class="nobr">far-right</span> political group is gaining popularity in Germany – but so, too, are protests against it</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/julie-vandusky-1162985">Julie VanDusky</a>, <em>Boise State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Hundreds of thousands of people in Germany are taking to the streets to push back against the far-right, nationalist policies of the AfD, which currently holds 11% of the seats in parliament.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="222581" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Nikki Haley insists she can lose South Carolina and still get the nomination – but that would defy history" href="/nikki-haley-insists-she-can-lose-south-carolina-and-still-get-the-nomination-but-that-would-defy-history-222581"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#5d334d"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/573600/original/file-20240205-27-tyvqqr.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1050%2C0%2C3929%2C3929&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="573600"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Nikki Haley greets supporters at a campaign stop in Aiken, S.C., on Feb. 5, 2024. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Allison Joyce /AFP via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-20T13:18:50Z" data-format="tc_date"> February 20, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/nikki-haley-insists-she-can-lose-south-carolina-and-still-get-the-nomination-but-that-would-defy-history-222581">Nikki Haley insists she can lose South Carolina and still get the nomination – but that would defy history</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/charlie-hunt-1364391">Charlie Hunt</a>, <em>Boise State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>A presidential candidate’s ‘home state advantage’ should help them win a primary, which then bodes well for how they do in successive contests. But if they lose their home state, they’re in trouble.</span> </div> </article> </div> <nav class="pagination" role="navigation" aria-label="pager"> <span class="page current"> 1 </span> <span class="page"> <a rel="next" href="/institutions/boise-state-university-1983?page=2">2</a> </span> <span class="page"> <a href="/institutions/boise-state-university-1983?page=3">3</a> </span> <span class="page"> <a href="/institutions/boise-state-university-1983?page=4">4</a> </span> <span class="page"> <a href="/institutions/boise-state-university-1983?page=5">5</a> </span> <span class="page gap"></span> <span class="next"> <a rel="next" href="/institutions/boise-state-university-1983?page=2"><i class="icon-caret-right" title="Next"></i></a> </span> <span class="last"> <a href="/institutions/boise-state-university-1983?page=9">Last</a> </span> </nav> </section> </div> <div class="grid-six large-grid-eight grid-last"> <div id="jobs-and-events" class="grid-six large-grid-four"> </div> <div id="contributors" class="grid-six large-grid-four grid-last"> <section id="experts" class="article-section"> <h3 class="border">Authors</h3> <ol class="semantic article-authors"> <li class="vcard" id="author-1245922" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/allan-albig-1245922"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1245922/width170/image-20241004-15-d7yu4v.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Allan Albig </span> </a> <p class="role"> Associate Professor of Biological Sciences, Boise State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-2222457" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/angela-l-bos-2222457"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/2222457/width170/file-20240928-16-ui8iao.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Angela L. Bos </span> </a> <p class="role"> Dean and Professor, School of Public Service, Boise State University, Boise State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1227987" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/anne-hamby-1227987"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1227987/width170/file-20210623-23-z7bt6k.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Anne Hamby </span> </a> <p class="role"> Associate Professor of Marketing, Boise State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1364391" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/charlie-hunt-1364391"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1364391/width170/file-20220721-14443-fwtpci.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Charlie Hunt </span> </a> <p class="role"> Assistant Professor of Political Science, Boise State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1518030" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/cheryl-oestreicher-1518030"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1518030/width170/Cheryl-Oestreicher.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Cheryl Oestreicher </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor and Head of Special Collections and Archives for Albertsons Library, Boise State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1544260" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/elaine-watson-1544260"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1544260/width170/image-20240626-19-gdpc0r.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Elaine Watson </span> </a> <p class="role"> Librarian and Associate Professor, Boise State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-2203735" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/eric-jankowski-2203735"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a/ACg8ocI6MAgyWTpbBNtpY44MTqKKjn4-_tNLZIO08Eew93edje7ky--n=s96-c" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Eric Jankowski </span> </a> <p class="role"> Associate professor of engineering, Boise State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1019037" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/jaclyn-kettler-1019037"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1019037/width170/image-20240926-16-t7azo3.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Jaclyn Kettler </span> </a> <p class="role"> Associate Professor of Political Science, Boise State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1385854" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/jessica-d-ayers-1385854"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1385854/width170/image-20230908-29236-7ors23.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Jessica D. Ayers </span> </a> <p class="role"> Assistant Professor of Psychological Science, Boise State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1518029" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/john-bieter-1518029"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1518029/width170/John-Bieter-Photo.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> John Bieter </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor of History, Boise State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1551885" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/krishna-pakala-1551885"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1551885/width170/image-20240725-21-zdqqg1.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Krishna Pakala </span> </a> <p class="role"> Associate Professor, Boise State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-442729" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/lisa-mcclain-442729"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/442729/width170/image-20180221-161926-197pcm0.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Lisa McClain </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor of History and Gender Studies, Boise State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1544263" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/memo-cordova-1544263"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1544263/width170/image-20240626-21-qjz7qo.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Memo Cordova </span> </a> <p class="role"> Librarian and Associate Professor, Boise State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-2203710" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/patrick-r-lowenthal-2203710"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/2203710/width170/image-20240904-16-hb74jo.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Patrick R. Lowenthal </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor of Educational Technology, Boise State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1544318" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/tracy-bicknell-holmes-1544318"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1544318/width170/file-20240712-17-erheq2.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Tracy Bicknell-Holmes </span> </a> <p class="role"> Library professor, Boise State University </p> </li> </ol> <p class="more"> <a class="button right" href="/institutions/boise-state-university-1983/authors">More Authors</a> </p> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footers"> <section class="footer-primary"> <div class="wrapper nocontent"> <section class="community footer-link-list 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Either set keySeparator: false on init or make sure your translations are published in nested format.")}let e=[];const s=this.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng,t.lng||this.language);if("fallback"===this.options.saveMissingTo&&s&&s[0])for(let t=0;t<s.length;t++)e.push(s[t]);else"all"===this.options.saveMissingTo?e=this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t.lng||this.language):e.push(t.lng||this.language);const i=(e,s,i)=>{const n=p&&i!==h?i:y;this.options.missingKeyHandler?this.options.missingKeyHandler(e,a,s,n,v,t):this.backendConnector&&this.backendConnector.saveMissing&&this.backendConnector.saveMissing(e,a,s,n,v,t),this.emit("missingKey",e,a,s,h)};this.options.saveMissing&&(this.options.saveMissingPlurals&&c?e.forEach((e=>{const s=this.pluralResolver.getSuffixes(e,t);f&&t[`defaultValue${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`]&&s.indexOf(`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`)<0&&s.push(`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`),s.forEach((s=>{i([e],o+s,t[`defaultValue${s}`]||m)}))})):i(e,o,m))}h=this.extendTranslation(h,e,t,u,s),r&&h===o&&this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey&&(h=`${a}:${o}`),(r||i)&&this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler&&(h="v1"!==this.options.compatibilityAPI?this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler(this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey?`${a}:${o}`:o,i?h:void 0):this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler(h))}return i?(u.res=h,u.usedParams=this.getUsedParamsDetails(t),u):h}extendTranslation(e,t,s,i,n){var o=this;if(this.i18nFormat&&this.i18nFormat.parse)e=this.i18nFormat.parse(e,{...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...s},s.lng||this.language||i.usedLng,i.usedNS,i.usedKey,{resolved:i});else if(!s.skipInterpolation){s.interpolation&&this.interpolator.init({...s,interpolation:{...this.options.interpolation,...s.interpolation}});const r="string"==typeof e&&(s&&s.interpolation&&void 0!==s.interpolation.skipOnVariables?s.interpolation.skipOnVariables:this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables);let a;if(r){const t=e.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);a=t&&t.length}let l=s.replace&&"string"!=typeof s.replace?s.replace:s;if(this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(l={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...l}),e=this.interpolator.interpolate(e,l,s.lng||this.language||i.usedLng,s),r){const t=e.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);a<(t&&t.length)&&(s.nest=!1)}!s.lng&&"v1"!==this.options.compatibilityAPI&&i&&i.res&&(s.lng=this.language||i.usedLng),!1!==s.nest&&(e=this.interpolator.nest(e,(function(){for(var e=arguments.length,i=new Array(e),r=0;r<e;r++)i[r]=arguments[r];return n&&n[0]===i[0]&&!s.context?(o.logger.warn(`It seems you are nesting recursively key: ${i[0]} in key: ${t[0]}`),null):o.translate(...i,t)}),s)),s.interpolation&&this.interpolator.reset()}const r=s.postProcess||this.options.postProcess,a="string"==typeof r?[r]:r;return null!=e&&a&&a.length&&!1!==s.applyPostProcessor&&(e=w.handle(a,e,t,this.options&&this.options.postProcessPassResolved?{i18nResolved:{...i,usedParams:this.getUsedParamsDetails(s)},...s}:s,this)),e}resolve(e){let t,s,i,n,o,r=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};return"string"==typeof e&&(e=[e]),e.forEach((e=>{if(this.isValidLookup(t))return;const a=this.extractFromKey(e,r),l=a.key;s=l;let c=a.namespaces;this.options.fallbackNS&&(c=c.concat(this.options.fallbackNS));const u=void 0!==r.count&&"string"!=typeof r.count,h=u&&!r.ordinal&&0===r.count&&this.pluralResolver.shouldUseIntlApi(),p=void 0!==r.context&&("string"==typeof r.context||"number"==typeof r.context)&&""!==r.context,g=r.lngs?r.lngs:this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(r.lng||this.language,r.fallbackLng);c.forEach((e=>{this.isValidLookup(t)||(o=e,!L[`${g[0]}-${e}`]&&this.utils&&this.utils.hasLoadedNamespace&&!this.utils.hasLoadedNamespace(o)&&(L[`${g[0]}-${e}`]=!0,this.logger.warn(`key "${s}" for languages "${g.join(", ")}" won't get resolved as namespace "${o}" was not yet loaded`,"This means something IS WRONG in your setup. You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!")),g.forEach((s=>{if(this.isValidLookup(t))return;n=s;const o=[l];if(this.i18nFormat&&this.i18nFormat.addLookupKeys)this.i18nFormat.addLookupKeys(o,l,s,e,r);else{let e;u&&(e=this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(s,r.count,r));const t=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`,i=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}ordinal${this.options.pluralSeparator}`;if(u&&(o.push(l+e),r.ordinal&&0===e.indexOf(i)&&o.push(l+e.replace(i,this.options.pluralSeparator)),h&&o.push(l+t)),p){const s=`${l}${this.options.contextSeparator}${r.context}`;o.push(s),u&&(o.push(s+e),r.ordinal&&0===e.indexOf(i)&&o.push(s+e.replace(i,this.options.pluralSeparator)),h&&o.push(s+t))}}let a;for(;a=o.pop();)this.isValidLookup(t)||(i=a,t=this.getResource(s,e,a,r))})))}))})),{res:t,usedKey:s,exactUsedKey:i,usedLng:n,usedNS:o}}isValidLookup(e){return!(void 0===e||!this.options.returnNull&&null===e||!this.options.returnEmptyString&&""===e)}getResource(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};return this.i18nFormat&&this.i18nFormat.getResource?this.i18nFormat.getResource(e,t,s,i):this.resourceStore.getResource(e,t,s,i)}getUsedParamsDetails(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};const t=["defaultValue","ordinal","context","replace","lng","lngs","fallbackLng","ns","keySeparator","nsSeparator","returnObjects","returnDetails","joinArrays","postProcess","interpolation"],s=e.replace&&"string"!=typeof e.replace;let i=s?e.replace:e;if(s&&void 0!==e.count&&(i.count=e.count),this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(i={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...i}),!s){i={...i};for(const e of t)delete i[e]}return i}static hasDefaultValue(e){const t="defaultValue";for(const s in e)if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,s)&&t===s.substring(0,12)&&void 0!==e[s])return!0;return!1}}const R=e=>e.charAt(0).toUpperCase()+e.slice(1);class C{constructor(e){this.options=e,this.supportedLngs=this.options.supportedLngs||!1,this.logger=o.create("languageUtils")}getScriptPartFromCode(e){if(!(e=S(e))||e.indexOf("-")<0)return null;const t=e.split("-");return 2===t.length?null:(t.pop(),"x"===t[t.length-1].toLowerCase()?null:this.formatLanguageCode(t.join("-")))}getLanguagePartFromCode(e){if(!(e=S(e))||e.indexOf("-")<0)return e;const t=e.split("-");return this.formatLanguageCode(t[0])}formatLanguageCode(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.indexOf("-")>-1){if("undefined"!=typeof Intl&&void 0!==Intl.getCanonicalLocales)try{let t=Intl.getCanonicalLocales(e)[0];if(t&&this.options.lowerCaseLng&&(t=t.toLowerCase()),t)return t}catch(e){}const t=["hans","hant","latn","cyrl","cans","mong","arab"];let s=e.split("-");return this.options.lowerCaseLng?s=s.map((e=>e.toLowerCase())):2===s.length?(s[0]=s[0].toLowerCase(),s[1]=s[1].toUpperCase(),t.indexOf(s[1].toLowerCase())>-1&&(s[1]=R(s[1].toLowerCase()))):3===s.length&&(s[0]=s[0].toLowerCase(),2===s[1].length&&(s[1]=s[1].toUpperCase()),"sgn"!==s[0]&&2===s[2].length&&(s[2]=s[2].toUpperCase()),t.indexOf(s[1].toLowerCase())>-1&&(s[1]=R(s[1].toLowerCase())),t.indexOf(s[2].toLowerCase())>-1&&(s[2]=R(s[2].toLowerCase()))),s.join("-")}return this.options.cleanCode||this.options.lowerCaseLng?e.toLowerCase():e}isSupportedCode(e){return("languageOnly"===this.options.load||this.options.nonExplicitSupportedLngs)&&(e=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e)),!this.supportedLngs||!this.supportedLngs.length||this.supportedLngs.indexOf(e)>-1}getBestMatchFromCodes(e){if(!e)return null;let t;return e.forEach((e=>{if(t)return;const s=this.formatLanguageCode(e);this.options.supportedLngs&&!this.isSupportedCode(s)||(t=s)})),!t&&this.options.supportedLngs&&e.forEach((e=>{if(t)return;const s=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e);if(this.isSupportedCode(s))return t=s;t=this.options.supportedLngs.find((e=>e===s?e:e.indexOf("-")<0&&s.indexOf("-")<0?void 0:e.indexOf("-")>0&&s.indexOf("-")<0&&e.substring(0,e.indexOf("-"))===s||0===e.indexOf(s)&&s.length>1?e:void 0))})),t||(t=this.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng)[0]),t}getFallbackCodes(e,t){if(!e)return[];if("function"==typeof e&&(e=e(t)),"string"==typeof e&&(e=[e]),Array.isArray(e))return e;if(!t)return e.default||[];let s=e[t];return s||(s=e[this.getScriptPartFromCode(t)]),s||(s=e[this.formatLanguageCode(t)]),s||(s=e[this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t)]),s||(s=e.default),s||[]}toResolveHierarchy(e,t){const s=this.getFallbackCodes(t||this.options.fallbackLng||[],e),i=[],n=e=>{e&&(this.isSupportedCode(e)?i.push(e):this.logger.warn(`rejecting language code not found in supportedLngs: ${e}`))};return"string"==typeof e&&(e.indexOf("-")>-1||e.indexOf("_")>-1)?("languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&n(this.formatLanguageCode(e)),"languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&n(this.getScriptPartFromCode(e)),"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&n(this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e))):"string"==typeof e&&n(this.formatLanguageCode(e)),s.forEach((e=>{i.indexOf(e)<0&&n(this.formatLanguageCode(e))})),i}}let N=[{lngs:["ach","ak","am","arn","br","fil","gun","ln","mfe","mg","mi","oc","pt","pt-BR","tg","tl","ti","tr","uz","wa"],nr:[1,2],fc:1},{lngs:["af","an","ast","az","bg","bn","ca","da","de","dev","el","en","eo","es","et","eu","fi","fo","fur","fy","gl","gu","ha","hi","hu","hy","ia","it","kk","kn","ku","lb","mai","ml","mn","mr","nah","nap","nb","ne","nl","nn","no","nso","pa","pap","pms","ps","pt-PT","rm","sco","se","si","so","son","sq","sv","sw","ta","te","tk","ur","yo"],nr:[1,2],fc:2},{lngs:["ay","bo","cgg","fa","ht","id","ja","jbo","ka","km","ko","ky","lo","ms","sah","su","th","tt","ug","vi","wo","zh"],nr:[1],fc:3},{lngs:["be","bs","cnr","dz","hr","ru","sr","uk"],nr:[1,2,5],fc:4},{lngs:["ar"],nr:[0,1,2,3,11,100],fc:5},{lngs:["cs","sk"],nr:[1,2,5],fc:6},{lngs:["csb","pl"],nr:[1,2,5],fc:7},{lngs:["cy"],nr:[1,2,3,8],fc:8},{lngs:["fr"],nr:[1,2],fc:9},{lngs:["ga"],nr:[1,2,3,7,11],fc:10},{lngs:["gd"],nr:[1,2,3,20],fc:11},{lngs:["is"],nr:[1,2],fc:12},{lngs:["jv"],nr:[0,1],fc:13},{lngs:["kw"],nr:[1,2,3,4],fc:14},{lngs:["lt"],nr:[1,2,10],fc:15},{lngs:["lv"],nr:[1,2,0],fc:16},{lngs:["mk"],nr:[1,2],fc:17},{lngs:["mnk"],nr:[0,1,2],fc:18},{lngs:["mt"],nr:[1,2,11,20],fc:19},{lngs:["or"],nr:[2,1],fc:2},{lngs:["ro"],nr:[1,2,20],fc:20},{lngs:["sl"],nr:[5,1,2,3],fc:21},{lngs:["he","iw"],nr:[1,2,20,21],fc:22}],j={1:e=>Number(e>1),2:e=>Number(1!=e),3:e=>0,4:e=>Number(e%10==1&&e%100!=11?0:e%10>=2&&e%10<=4&&(e%100<10||e%100>=20)?1:2),5:e=>Number(0==e?0:1==e?1:2==e?2:e%100>=3&&e%100<=10?3:e%100>=11?4:5),6:e=>Number(1==e?0:e>=2&&e<=4?1:2),7:e=>Number(1==e?0:e%10>=2&&e%10<=4&&(e%100<10||e%100>=20)?1:2),8:e=>Number(1==e?0:2==e?1:8!=e&&11!=e?2:3),9:e=>Number(e>=2),10:e=>Number(1==e?0:2==e?1:e<7?2:e<11?3:4),11:e=>Number(1==e||11==e?0:2==e||12==e?1:e>2&&e<20?2:3),12:e=>Number(e%10!=1||e%100==11),13:e=>Number(0!==e),14:e=>Number(1==e?0:2==e?1:3==e?2:3),15:e=>Number(e%10==1&&e%100!=11?0:e%10>=2&&(e%100<10||e%100>=20)?1:2),16:e=>Number(e%10==1&&e%100!=11?0:0!==e?1:2),17:e=>Number(1==e||e%10==1&&e%100!=11?0:1),18:e=>Number(0==e?0:1==e?1:2),19:e=>Number(1==e?0:0==e||e%100>1&&e%100<11?1:e%100>10&&e%100<20?2:3),20:e=>Number(1==e?0:0==e||e%100>0&&e%100<20?1:2),21:e=>Number(e%100==1?1:e%100==2?2:e%100==3||e%100==4?3:0),22:e=>Number(1==e?0:2==e?1:(e<0||e>10)&&e%10==0?2:3)};const $=["v1","v2","v3"],A=["v4"],E={zero:0,one:1,two:2,few:3,many:4,other:5};class I{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};this.languageUtils=e,this.options=t,this.logger=o.create("pluralResolver"),this.options.compatibilityJSON&&!A.includes(this.options.compatibilityJSON)||"undefined"!=typeof Intl&&Intl.PluralRules||(this.options.compatibilityJSON="v3",this.logger.error("Your environment seems not to be Intl API compatible, use an Intl.PluralRules polyfill. Will fallback to the compatibilityJSON v3 format handling.")),this.rules=(()=>{const e={};return N.forEach((t=>{t.lngs.forEach((s=>{e[s]={numbers:t.nr,plurals:j[t.fc]}}))})),e})(),this.pluralRulesCache={}}addRule(e,t){this.rules[e]=t}clearCache(){this.pluralRulesCache={}}getRule(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};if(this.shouldUseIntlApi())try{const s=S("dev"===e?"en":e),i=t.ordinal?"ordinal":"cardinal",n=JSON.stringify({cleanedCode:s,type:i});if(n in this.pluralRulesCache)return this.pluralRulesCache[n];const o=new Intl.PluralRules(s,{type:i});return this.pluralRulesCache[n]=o,o}catch(e){return}return this.rules[e]||this.rules[this.languageUtils.getLanguagePartFromCode(e)]}needsPlural(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};const s=this.getRule(e,t);return this.shouldUseIntlApi()?s&&s.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.length>1:s&&s.numbers.length>1}getPluralFormsOfKey(e,t){let s=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};return this.getSuffixes(e,s).map((e=>`${t}${e}`))}getSuffixes(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};const s=this.getRule(e,t);return s?this.shouldUseIntlApi()?s.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.sort(((e,t)=>E[e]-E[t])).map((e=>`${this.options.prepend}${t.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${e}`)):s.numbers.map((s=>this.getSuffix(e,s,t))):[]}getSuffix(e,t){let s=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};const i=this.getRule(e,s);return i?this.shouldUseIntlApi()?`${this.options.prepend}${s.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${i.select(t)}`:this.getSuffixRetroCompatible(i,t):(this.logger.warn(`no plural rule found for: ${e}`),"")}getSuffixRetroCompatible(e,t){const s=e.noAbs?e.plurals(t):e.plurals(Math.abs(t));let i=e.numbers[s];this.options.simplifyPluralSuffix&&2===e.numbers.length&&1===e.numbers[0]&&(2===i?i="plural":1===i&&(i=""));const n=()=>this.options.prepend&&i.toString()?this.options.prepend+i.toString():i.toString();return"v1"===this.options.compatibilityJSON?1===i?"":"number"==typeof i?`_plural_${i.toString()}`:n():"v2"===this.options.compatibilityJSON||this.options.simplifyPluralSuffix&&2===e.numbers.length&&1===e.numbers[0]?n():this.options.prepend&&s.toString()?this.options.prepend+s.toString():s.toString()}shouldUseIntlApi(){return!$.includes(this.options.compatibilityJSON)}}const T=function(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:".",n=!(arguments.length>4&&void 0!==arguments[4])||arguments[4],o=((e,t,s)=>{const i=d(e,s);return void 0!==i?i:d(t,s)})(e,t,s);return!o&&n&&"string"==typeof s&&(o=k(e,s,i),void 0===o&&(o=k(t,s,i))),o},D=e=>e.replace(/\$/g,"$$$$");class F{constructor(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};this.logger=o.create("interpolator"),this.options=e,this.format=e.interpolation&&e.interpolation.format||(e=>e),this.init(e)}init(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};e.interpolation||(e.interpolation={escapeValue:!0});const{escape:t,escapeValue:s,useRawValueToEscape:i,prefix:n,prefixEscaped:o,suffix:r,suffixEscaped:a,formatSeparator:l,unescapeSuffix:c,unescapePrefix:u,nestingPrefix:h,nestingPrefixEscaped:p,nestingSuffix:g,nestingSuffixEscaped:d,nestingOptionsSeparator:f,maxReplaces:y,alwaysFormat:b}=e.interpolation;this.escape=void 0!==t?t:v,this.escapeValue=void 0===s||s,this.useRawValueToEscape=void 0!==i&&i,this.prefix=n?m(n):o||"{{",this.suffix=r?m(r):a||"}}",this.formatSeparator=l||",",this.unescapePrefix=c?"":u||"-",this.unescapeSuffix=this.unescapePrefix?"":c||"",this.nestingPrefix=h?m(h):p||m("$t("),this.nestingSuffix=g?m(g):d||m(")"),this.nestingOptionsSeparator=f||",",this.maxReplaces=y||1e3,this.alwaysFormat=void 0!==b&&b,this.resetRegExp()}reset(){this.options&&this.init(this.options)}resetRegExp(){const e=(e,t)=>e&&e.source===t?(e.lastIndex=0,e):new RegExp(t,"g");this.regexp=e(this.regexp,`${this.prefix}(.+?)${this.suffix}`),this.regexpUnescape=e(this.regexpUnescape,`${this.prefix}${this.unescapePrefix}(.+?)${this.unescapeSuffix}${this.suffix}`),this.nestingRegexp=e(this.nestingRegexp,`${this.nestingPrefix}(.+?)${this.nestingSuffix}`)}interpolate(e,t,s,i){let n,o,r;const a=this.options&&this.options.interpolation&&this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables||{},c=e=>{if(e.indexOf(this.formatSeparator)<0){const n=T(t,a,e,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure);return this.alwaysFormat?this.format(n,void 0,s,{...i,...t,interpolationkey:e}):n}const n=e.split(this.formatSeparator),o=n.shift().trim(),r=n.join(this.formatSeparator).trim();return this.format(T(t,a,o,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure),r,s,{...i,...t,interpolationkey:o})};this.resetRegExp();const u=i&&i.missingInterpolationHandler||this.options.missingInterpolationHandler,h=i&&i.interpolation&&void 0!==i.interpolation.skipOnVariables?i.interpolation.skipOnVariables:this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables;return[{regex:this.regexpUnescape,safeValue:e=>D(e)},{regex:this.regexp,safeValue:e=>this.escapeValue?D(this.escape(e)):D(e)}].forEach((t=>{for(r=0;n=t.regex.exec(e);){const s=n[1].trim();if(o=c(s),void 0===o)if("function"==typeof u){const t=u(e,n,i);o="string"==typeof t?t:""}else if(i&&Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(i,s))o="";else{if(h){o=n[0];continue}this.logger.warn(`missed to pass in variable ${s} for interpolating ${e}`),o=""}else"string"==typeof o||this.useRawValueToEscape||(o=l(o));const a=t.safeValue(o);if(e=e.replace(n[0],a),h?(t.regex.lastIndex+=o.length,t.regex.lastIndex-=n[0].length):t.regex.lastIndex=0,r++,r>=this.maxReplaces)break}})),e}nest(e,t){let s,i,n,o=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};const r=(e,t)=>{const s=this.nestingOptionsSeparator;if(e.indexOf(s)<0)return e;const i=e.split(new RegExp(`${s}[ ]*{`));let o=`{${i[1]}`;e=i[0],o=this.interpolate(o,n);const r=o.match(/'/g),a=o.match(/"/g);(r&&r.length%2==0&&!a||a.length%2!=0)&&(o=o.replace(/'/g,'"'));try{n=JSON.parse(o),t&&(n={...t,...n})}catch(t){return this.logger.warn(`failed parsing options string in nesting for key ${e}`,t),`${e}${s}${o}`}return n.defaultValue&&n.defaultValue.indexOf(this.prefix)>-1&&delete n.defaultValue,e};for(;s=this.nestingRegexp.exec(e);){let a=[];n={...o},n=n.replace&&"string"!=typeof n.replace?n.replace:n,n.applyPostProcessor=!1,delete n.defaultValue;let c=!1;if(-1!==s[0].indexOf(this.formatSeparator)&&!/{.*}/.test(s[1])){const e=s[1].split(this.formatSeparator).map((e=>e.trim()));s[1]=e.shift(),a=e,c=!0}if(i=t(r.call(this,s[1].trim(),n),n),i&&s[0]===e&&"string"!=typeof i)return i;"string"!=typeof i&&(i=l(i)),i||(this.logger.warn(`missed to resolve ${s[1]} for nesting ${e}`),i=""),c&&(i=a.reduce(((e,t)=>this.format(e,t,o.lng,{...o,interpolationkey:s[1].trim()})),i.trim())),e=e.replace(s[0],i),this.regexp.lastIndex=0}return e}}const V=e=>{const t={};return(s,i,n)=>{let o=n;n&&n.interpolationkey&&n.formatParams&&n.formatParams[n.interpolationkey]&&n[n.interpolationkey]&&(o={...o,[n.interpolationkey]:void 0});const r=i+JSON.stringify(o);let a=t[r];return a||(a=e(S(i),n),t[r]=a),a(s)}};class U{constructor(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};this.logger=o.create("formatter"),this.options=e,this.formats={number:V(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.NumberFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)})),currency:V(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.NumberFormat(e,{...t,style:"currency"});return e=>s.format(e)})),datetime:V(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.DateTimeFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)})),relativetime:V(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.RelativeTimeFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e,t.range||"day")})),list:V(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.ListFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)}))},this.init(e)}init(e){const t=(arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{interpolation:{}}).interpolation;this.formatSeparator=t.formatSeparator?t.formatSeparator:t.formatSeparator||","}add(e,t){this.formats[e.toLowerCase().trim()]=t}addCached(e,t){this.formats[e.toLowerCase().trim()]=V(t)}format(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};const n=t.split(this.formatSeparator);if(n.length>1&&n[0].indexOf("(")>1&&n[0].indexOf(")")<0&&n.find((e=>e.indexOf(")")>-1))){const e=n.findIndex((e=>e.indexOf(")")>-1));n[0]=[n[0],...n.splice(1,e)].join(this.formatSeparator)}return n.reduce(((e,t)=>{const{formatName:n,formatOptions:o}=(e=>{let t=e.toLowerCase().trim();const s={};if(e.indexOf("(")>-1){const i=e.split("(");t=i[0].toLowerCase().trim();const n=i[1].substring(0,i[1].length-1);"currency"===t&&n.indexOf(":")<0?s.currency||(s.currency=n.trim()):"relativetime"===t&&n.indexOf(":")<0?s.range||(s.range=n.trim()):n.split(";").forEach((e=>{if(e){const[t,...i]=e.split(":"),n=i.join(":").trim().replace(/^'+|'+$/g,""),o=t.trim();s[o]||(s[o]=n),"false"===n&&(s[o]=!1),"true"===n&&(s[o]=!0),isNaN(n)||(s[o]=parseInt(n,10))}}))}return{formatName:t,formatOptions:s}})(t);if(this.formats[n]){let t=e;try{const r=i&&i.formatParams&&i.formatParams[i.interpolationkey]||{},a=r.locale||r.lng||i.locale||i.lng||s;t=this.formats[n](e,a,{...o,...i,...r})}catch(e){this.logger.warn(e)}return t}return this.logger.warn(`there was no format function for ${n}`),e}),e)}}class M extends r{constructor(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};super(),this.backend=e,this.store=t,this.services=s,this.languageUtils=s.languageUtils,this.options=i,this.logger=o.create("backendConnector"),this.waitingReads=[],this.maxParallelReads=i.maxParallelReads||10,this.readingCalls=0,this.maxRetries=i.maxRetries>=0?i.maxRetries:5,this.retryTimeout=i.retryTimeout>=1?i.retryTimeout:350,this.state={},this.queue=[],this.backend&&this.backend.init&&this.backend.init(s,i.backend,i)}queueLoad(e,t,s,i){const n={},o={},r={},a={};return e.forEach((e=>{let i=!0;t.forEach((t=>{const r=`${e}|${t}`;!s.reload&&this.store.hasResourceBundle(e,t)?this.state[r]=2:this.state[r]<0||(1===this.state[r]?void 0===o[r]&&(o[r]=!0):(this.state[r]=1,i=!1,void 0===o[r]&&(o[r]=!0),void 0===n[r]&&(n[r]=!0),void 0===a[t]&&(a[t]=!0)))})),i||(r[e]=!0)})),(Object.keys(n).length||Object.keys(o).length)&&this.queue.push({pending:o,pendingCount:Object.keys(o).length,loaded:{},errors:[],callback:i}),{toLoad:Object.keys(n),pending:Object.keys(o),toLoadLanguages:Object.keys(r),toLoadNamespaces:Object.keys(a)}}loaded(e,t,s){const i=e.split("|"),n=i[0],o=i[1];t&&this.emit("failedLoading",n,o,t),!t&&s&&this.store.addResourceBundle(n,o,s,void 0,void 0,{skipCopy:!0}),this.state[e]=t?-1:2,t&&s&&(this.state[e]=0);const r={};this.queue.forEach((s=>{((e,t,s,i)=>{const{obj:n,k:o}=p(e,t,Object);n[o]=n[o]||[],n[o].push(s)})(s.loaded,[n],o),((e,t)=>{void 0!==e.pending[t]&&(delete e.pending[t],e.pendingCount--)})(s,e),t&&s.errors.push(t),0!==s.pendingCount||s.done||(Object.keys(s.loaded).forEach((e=>{r[e]||(r[e]={});const t=s.loaded[e];t.length&&t.forEach((t=>{void 0===r[e][t]&&(r[e][t]=!0)}))})),s.done=!0,s.errors.length?s.callback(s.errors):s.callback())})),this.emit("loaded",r),this.queue=this.queue.filter((e=>!e.done))}read(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:0,n=arguments.length>4&&void 0!==arguments[4]?arguments[4]:this.retryTimeout,o=arguments.length>5?arguments[5]:void 0;if(!e.length)return o(null,{});if(this.readingCalls>=this.maxParallelReads)return void this.waitingReads.push({lng:e,ns:t,fcName:s,tried:i,wait:n,callback:o});this.readingCalls++;const r=(r,a)=>{if(this.readingCalls--,this.waitingReads.length>0){const e=this.waitingReads.shift();this.read(e.lng,e.ns,e.fcName,e.tried,e.wait,e.callback)}r&&a&&i<this.maxRetries?setTimeout((()=>{this.read.call(this,e,t,s,i+1,2*n,o)}),n):o(r,a)},a=this.backend[s].bind(this.backend);if(2!==a.length)return a(e,t,r);try{const s=a(e,t);s&&"function"==typeof s.then?s.then((e=>r(null,e))).catch(r):r(null,s)}catch(e){r(e)}}prepareLoading(e,t){let s=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{},i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;if(!this.backend)return this.logger.warn("No backend was added via i18next.use. Will not load resources."),i&&i();"string"==typeof e&&(e=this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e)),"string"==typeof t&&(t=[t]);const n=this.queueLoad(e,t,s,i);if(!n.toLoad.length)return n.pending.length||i(),null;n.toLoad.forEach((e=>{this.loadOne(e)}))}load(e,t,s){this.prepareLoading(e,t,{},s)}reload(e,t,s){this.prepareLoading(e,t,{reload:!0},s)}loadOne(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"";const s=e.split("|"),i=s[0],n=s[1];this.read(i,n,"read",void 0,void 0,((s,o)=>{s&&this.logger.warn(`${t}loading namespace ${n} for language ${i} failed`,s),!s&&o&&this.logger.log(`${t}loaded namespace ${n} for language ${i}`,o),this.loaded(e,s,o)}))}saveMissing(e,t,s,i,n){let o=arguments.length>5&&void 0!==arguments[5]?arguments[5]:{},r=arguments.length>6&&void 0!==arguments[6]?arguments[6]:()=>{};if(this.services.utils&&this.services.utils.hasLoadedNamespace&&!this.services.utils.hasLoadedNamespace(t))this.logger.warn(`did not save key "${s}" as the namespace "${t}" was not yet loaded`,"This means something IS WRONG in your setup. You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!");else if(null!=s&&""!==s){if(this.backend&&this.backend.create){const a={...o,isUpdate:n},l=this.backend.create.bind(this.backend);if(l.length<6)try{let n;n=5===l.length?l(e,t,s,i,a):l(e,t,s,i),n&&"function"==typeof n.then?n.then((e=>r(null,e))).catch(r):r(null,n)}catch(e){r(e)}else l(e,t,s,i,r,a)}e&&e[0]&&this.store.addResource(e[0],t,s,i)}}}const H=()=>({debug:!1,initImmediate:!0,ns:["translation"],defaultNS:["translation"],fallbackLng:["dev"],fallbackNS:!1,supportedLngs:!1,nonExplicitSupportedLngs:!1,load:"all",preload:!1,simplifyPluralSuffix:!0,keySeparator:".",nsSeparator:":",pluralSeparator:"_",contextSeparator:"_",partialBundledLanguages:!1,saveMissing:!1,updateMissing:!1,saveMissingTo:"fallback",saveMissingPlurals:!0,missingKeyHandler:!1,missingInterpolationHandler:!1,postProcess:!1,postProcessPassResolved:!1,returnNull:!1,returnEmptyString:!0,returnObjects:!1,joinArrays:!1,returnedObjectHandler:!1,parseMissingKeyHandler:!1,appendNamespaceToMissingKey:!1,appendNamespaceToCIMode:!1,overloadTranslationOptionHandler:e=>{let t={};if("object"==typeof e[1]&&(t=e[1]),"string"==typeof e[1]&&(t.defaultValue=e[1]),"string"==typeof e[2]&&(t.tDescription=e[2]),"object"==typeof e[2]||"object"==typeof e[3]){const s=e[3]||e[2];Object.keys(s).forEach((e=>{t[e]=s[e]}))}return t},interpolation:{escapeValue:!0,format:e=>e,prefix:"{{",suffix:"}}",formatSeparator:",",unescapePrefix:"-",nestingPrefix:"$t(",nestingSuffix:")",nestingOptionsSeparator:",",maxReplaces:1e3,skipOnVariables:!0}}),K=e=>("string"==typeof e.ns&&(e.ns=[e.ns]),"string"==typeof e.fallbackLng&&(e.fallbackLng=[e.fallbackLng]),"string"==typeof e.fallbackNS&&(e.fallbackNS=[e.fallbackNS]),e.supportedLngs&&e.supportedLngs.indexOf("cimode")<0&&(e.supportedLngs=e.supportedLngs.concat(["cimode"])),e),J=()=>{};class z extends r{constructor(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;var s;if(super(),this.options=K(e),this.services={},this.logger=o,this.modules={external:[]},s=this,Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Object.getPrototypeOf(s)).forEach((e=>{"function"==typeof s[e]&&(s[e]=s[e].bind(s))})),t&&!this.isInitialized&&!e.isClone){if(!this.options.initImmediate)return this.init(e,t),this;setTimeout((()=>{this.init(e,t)}),0)}}init(){var e=this;let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},s=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;this.isInitializing=!0,"function"==typeof t&&(s=t,t={}),!t.defaultNS&&!1!==t.defaultNS&&t.ns&&("string"==typeof t.ns?t.defaultNS=t.ns:t.ns.indexOf("translation")<0&&(t.defaultNS=t.ns[0]));const i=H();this.options={...i,...this.options,...K(t)},"v1"!==this.options.compatibilityAPI&&(this.options.interpolation={...i.interpolation,...this.options.interpolation}),void 0!==t.keySeparator&&(this.options.userDefinedKeySeparator=t.keySeparator),void 0!==t.nsSeparator&&(this.options.userDefinedNsSeparator=t.nsSeparator);const n=e=>e?"function"==typeof e?new e:e:null;if(!this.options.isClone){let t;this.modules.logger?o.init(n(this.modules.logger),this.options):o.init(null,this.options),this.modules.formatter?t=this.modules.formatter:"undefined"!=typeof Intl&&(t=U);const s=new C(this.options);this.store=new O(this.options.resources,this.options);const r=this.services;r.logger=o,r.resourceStore=this.store,r.languageUtils=s,r.pluralResolver=new I(s,{prepend:this.options.pluralSeparator,compatibilityJSON:this.options.compatibilityJSON,simplifyPluralSuffix:this.options.simplifyPluralSuffix}),!t||this.options.interpolation.format&&this.options.interpolation.format!==i.interpolation.format||(r.formatter=n(t),r.formatter.init(r,this.options),this.options.interpolation.format=r.formatter.format.bind(r.formatter)),r.interpolator=new F(this.options),r.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:this.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(this)},r.backendConnector=new M(n(this.modules.backend),r.resourceStore,r,this.options),r.backendConnector.on("*",(function(t){for(var s=arguments.length,i=new Array(s>1?s-1:0),n=1;n<s;n++)i[n-1]=arguments[n];e.emit(t,...i)})),this.modules.languageDetector&&(r.languageDetector=n(this.modules.languageDetector),r.languageDetector.init&&r.languageDetector.init(r,this.options.detection,this.options)),this.modules.i18nFormat&&(r.i18nFormat=n(this.modules.i18nFormat),r.i18nFormat.init&&r.i18nFormat.init(this)),this.translator=new P(this.services,this.options),this.translator.on("*",(function(t){for(var s=arguments.length,i=new Array(s>1?s-1:0),n=1;n<s;n++)i[n-1]=arguments[n];e.emit(t,...i)})),this.modules.external.forEach((e=>{e.init&&e.init(this)}))}if(this.format=this.options.interpolation.format,s||(s=J),this.options.fallbackLng&&!this.services.languageDetector&&!this.options.lng){const e=this.services.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng);e.length>0&&"dev"!==e[0]&&(this.options.lng=e[0])}this.services.languageDetector||this.options.lng||this.logger.warn("init: no languageDetector is used and no lng is defined");["getResource","hasResourceBundle","getResourceBundle","getDataByLanguage"].forEach((t=>{this[t]=function(){return e.store[t](...arguments)}}));["addResource","addResources","addResourceBundle","removeResourceBundle"].forEach((t=>{this[t]=function(){return e.store[t](...arguments),e}}));const r=a(),l=()=>{const e=(e,t)=>{this.isInitializing=!1,this.isInitialized&&!this.initializedStoreOnce&&this.logger.warn("init: i18next is already initialized. You should call init just once!"),this.isInitialized=!0,this.options.isClone||this.logger.log("initialized",this.options),this.emit("initialized",this.options),r.resolve(t),s(e,t)};if(this.languages&&"v1"!==this.options.compatibilityAPI&&!this.isInitialized)return e(null,this.t.bind(this));this.changeLanguage(this.options.lng,e)};return this.options.resources||!this.options.initImmediate?l():setTimeout(l,0),r}loadResources(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:J;const s="string"==typeof e?e:this.language;if("function"==typeof e&&(t=e),!this.options.resources||this.options.partialBundledLanguages){if(s&&"cimode"===s.toLowerCase()&&(!this.options.preload||0===this.options.preload.length))return t();const e=[],i=t=>{if(!t)return;if("cimode"===t)return;this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t).forEach((t=>{"cimode"!==t&&e.indexOf(t)<0&&e.push(t)}))};if(s)i(s);else{this.services.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng).forEach((e=>i(e)))}this.options.preload&&this.options.preload.forEach((e=>i(e))),this.services.backendConnector.load(e,this.options.ns,(e=>{e||this.resolvedLanguage||!this.language||this.setResolvedLanguage(this.language),t(e)}))}else t(null)}reloadResources(e,t,s){const i=a();return"function"==typeof e&&(s=e,e=void 0),"function"==typeof t&&(s=t,t=void 0),e||(e=this.languages),t||(t=this.options.ns),s||(s=J),this.services.backendConnector.reload(e,t,(e=>{i.resolve(),s(e)})),i}use(e){if(!e)throw new Error("You are passing an undefined module! Please check the object you are passing to i18next.use()");if(!e.type)throw new Error("You are passing a wrong module! Please check the object you are passing to i18next.use()");return"backend"===e.type&&(this.modules.backend=e),("logger"===e.type||e.log&&e.warn&&e.error)&&(this.modules.logger=e),"languageDetector"===e.type&&(this.modules.languageDetector=e),"i18nFormat"===e.type&&(this.modules.i18nFormat=e),"postProcessor"===e.type&&w.addPostProcessor(e),"formatter"===e.type&&(this.modules.formatter=e),"3rdParty"===e.type&&this.modules.external.push(e),this}setResolvedLanguage(e){if(e&&this.languages&&!(["cimode","dev"].indexOf(e)>-1))for(let e=0;e<this.languages.length;e++){const t=this.languages[e];if(!(["cimode","dev"].indexOf(t)>-1)&&this.store.hasLanguageSomeTranslations(t)){this.resolvedLanguage=t;break}}}changeLanguage(e,t){var s=this;this.isLanguageChangingTo=e;const i=a();this.emit("languageChanging",e);const n=e=>{this.language=e,this.languages=this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e),this.resolvedLanguage=void 0,this.setResolvedLanguage(e)},o=(e,o)=>{o?(n(o),this.translator.changeLanguage(o),this.isLanguageChangingTo=void 0,this.emit("languageChanged",o),this.logger.log("languageChanged",o)):this.isLanguageChangingTo=void 0,i.resolve((function(){return s.t(...arguments)})),t&&t(e,(function(){return s.t(...arguments)}))},r=t=>{e||t||!this.services.languageDetector||(t=[]);const s="string"==typeof t?t:this.services.languageUtils.getBestMatchFromCodes(t);s&&(this.language||n(s),this.translator.language||this.translator.changeLanguage(s),this.services.languageDetector&&this.services.languageDetector.cacheUserLanguage&&this.services.languageDetector.cacheUserLanguage(s)),this.loadResources(s,(e=>{o(e,s)}))};return e||!this.services.languageDetector||this.services.languageDetector.async?!e&&this.services.languageDetector&&this.services.languageDetector.async?0===this.services.languageDetector.detect.length?this.services.languageDetector.detect().then(r):this.services.languageDetector.detect(r):r(e):r(this.services.languageDetector.detect()),i}getFixedT(e,t,s){var i=this;const n=function(e,t){let o;if("object"!=typeof t){for(var r=arguments.length,a=new Array(r>2?r-2:0),l=2;l<r;l++)a[l-2]=arguments[l];o=i.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler([e,t].concat(a))}else o={...t};o.lng=o.lng||n.lng,o.lngs=o.lngs||n.lngs,o.ns=o.ns||n.ns,""!==o.keyPrefix&&(o.keyPrefix=o.keyPrefix||s||n.keyPrefix);const c=i.options.keySeparator||".";let u;return u=o.keyPrefix&&Array.isArray(e)?e.map((e=>`${o.keyPrefix}${c}${e}`)):o.keyPrefix?`${o.keyPrefix}${c}${e}`:e,i.t(u,o)};return"string"==typeof e?n.lng=e:n.lngs=e,n.ns=t,n.keyPrefix=s,n}t(){return this.translator&&this.translator.translate(...arguments)}exists(){return this.translator&&this.translator.exists(...arguments)}setDefaultNamespace(e){this.options.defaultNS=e}hasLoadedNamespace(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};if(!this.isInitialized)return this.logger.warn("hasLoadedNamespace: i18next was not initialized",this.languages),!1;if(!this.languages||!this.languages.length)return this.logger.warn("hasLoadedNamespace: i18n.languages were undefined or empty",this.languages),!1;const s=t.lng||this.resolvedLanguage||this.languages[0],i=!!this.options&&this.options.fallbackLng,n=this.languages[this.languages.length-1];if("cimode"===s.toLowerCase())return!0;const o=(e,t)=>{const s=this.services.backendConnector.state[`${e}|${t}`];return-1===s||0===s||2===s};if(t.precheck){const e=t.precheck(this,o);if(void 0!==e)return e}return!!this.hasResourceBundle(s,e)||(!(this.services.backendConnector.backend&&(!this.options.resources||this.options.partialBundledLanguages))||!(!o(s,e)||i&&!o(n,e)))}loadNamespaces(e,t){const s=a();return this.options.ns?("string"==typeof e&&(e=[e]),e.forEach((e=>{this.options.ns.indexOf(e)<0&&this.options.ns.push(e)})),this.loadResources((e=>{s.resolve(),t&&t(e)})),s):(t&&t(),Promise.resolve())}loadLanguages(e,t){const s=a();"string"==typeof e&&(e=[e]);const i=this.options.preload||[],n=e.filter((e=>i.indexOf(e)<0&&this.services.languageUtils.isSupportedCode(e)));return n.length?(this.options.preload=i.concat(n),this.loadResources((e=>{s.resolve(),t&&t(e)})),s):(t&&t(),Promise.resolve())}dir(e){if(e||(e=this.resolvedLanguage||(this.languages&&this.languages.length>0?this.languages[0]:this.language)),!e)return"rtl";const t=this.services&&this.services.languageUtils||new C(H());return["ar","shu","sqr","ssh","xaa","yhd","yud","aao","abh","abv","acm","acq","acw","acx","acy","adf","ads","aeb","aec","afb","ajp","apc","apd","arb","arq","ars","ary","arz","auz","avl","ayh","ayl","ayn","ayp","bbz","pga","he","iw","ps","pbt","pbu","pst","prp","prd","ug","ur","ydd","yds","yih","ji","yi","hbo","men","xmn","fa","jpr","peo","pes","prs","dv","sam","ckb"].indexOf(t.getLanguagePartFromCode(e))>-1||e.toLowerCase().indexOf("-arab")>1?"rtl":"ltr"}static createInstance(){return new z(arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0)}cloneInstance(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:J;const s=e.forkResourceStore;s&&delete e.forkResourceStore;const i={...this.options,...e,isClone:!0},n=new z(i);void 0===e.debug&&void 0===e.prefix||(n.logger=n.logger.clone(e));return["store","services","language"].forEach((e=>{n[e]=this[e]})),n.services={...this.services},n.services.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:n.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(n)},s&&(n.store=new O(this.store.data,i),n.services.resourceStore=n.store),n.translator=new P(n.services,i),n.translator.on("*",(function(e){for(var t=arguments.length,s=new Array(t>1?t-1:0),i=1;i<t;i++)s[i-1]=arguments[i];n.emit(e,...s)})),n.init(i,t),n.translator.options=i,n.translator.backendConnector.services.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:n.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(n)},n}toJSON(){return{options:this.options,store:this.store,language:this.language,languages:this.languages,resolvedLanguage:this.resolvedLanguage}}}const q=z.createInstance();q.createInstance=z.createInstance;q.createInstance,q.dir,q.init,q.loadResources,q.reloadResources,q.use,q.changeLanguage,q.getFixedT,q.t,q.exists,q.setDefaultNamespace,q.hasLoadedNamespace,q.loadNamespaces,q.loadLanguages}},function(e){var 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