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class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Vietne"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Saturs" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Saturs</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pārvietot uz sānjoslu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Sākums</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kristālu_klasifikācija_pēc_simetrijas_īpašībām" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kristālu_klasifikācija_pēc_simetrijas_īpašībām"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Kristālu klasifikācija pēc simetrijas īpašībām</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kristālu_klasifikācija_pēc_simetrijas_īpašībām-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Pārslēgt Kristālu klasifikācija pēc simetrijas īpašībām apakšsadaļu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kristālu_klasifikācija_pēc_simetrijas_īpašībām-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Singonijas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singonijas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Singonijas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singonijas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brevē_režģi_un_kristālu_klases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brevē_režģi_un_kristālu_klases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Brevē režģi un kristālu klases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brevē_režģi_un_kristālu_klases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiziskās_īpašības" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiziskās_īpašības"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fiziskās īpašības</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fiziskās_īpašības-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Pārslēgt Fiziskās īpašības apakšsadaļu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fiziskās_īpašības-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kristālu_defekti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kristālu_defekti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kristālu defekti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kristālu_defekti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kristāla_simetrija_un_fiziskās_īpašības" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kristāla_simetrija_un_fiziskās_īpašības"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kristāla simetrija un fiziskās īpašības</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kristāla_simetrija_un_fiziskās_īpašības-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ārējās_saites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ārējās_saites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ārējās saites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ārējās_saites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Saturs" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pārslēgt satura rādītāju" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pārslēgt satura rādītāju</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kristāliskā struktūra</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pāriet uz rakstu citā valodā. Pieejams 61 valodā" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 valoda</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalstruktuur" title="Kristalstruktuur – afrikandu" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kristalstruktuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikandu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estructura_cristalina" title="Estructura cristalina – aragoniešu" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estructura cristalina" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بنية بلورية – arābu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنية بلورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arābu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estructura_cristalina" title="Estructura cristalina – astūriešu" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estructura cristalina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astūriešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="کریستال قورولوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کریستال قورولوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кристална структура – bulgāru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кристална структура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalna_struktura" title="Kristalna struktura – bosniešu" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kristalna struktura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estructura_cristal%C2%B7lina" title="Estructura cristal·lina – katalāņu" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estructura cristal·lina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پەیکەری بلووری – centrālkurdu" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەیکەری بلووری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centrālkurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystalick%C3%A1_struktura" title="Krystalická struktura – čehu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krystalická struktura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čehu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Кристалла тытăм – čuvašu" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кристалла тытăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvašu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strwythur_crisial" title="Strwythur crisial – velsiešu" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Strwythur crisial" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velsiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystalstruktur" title="Krystalstruktur – dāņu" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krystalstruktur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallstruktur" title="Kristallstruktur – vācu" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kristallstruktur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure – angļu" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Crystal structure" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristala_strukturo" title="Kristala strukturo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristala strukturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estructura_cristalina" title="Estructura cristalina – spāņu" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estructura cristalina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallistruktuur" title="Kristallistruktuur – igauņu" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kristallistruktuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="igauņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal-egitura" title="Kristal-egitura – basku" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kristal-egitura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ساختار بلوری – persiešu" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساختار بلوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiderakenne" title="Kiderakenne – somu" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiderakenne" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="somu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_cristalline" title="Structure cristalline – franču" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Structure cristalline" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franču" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criostalstrucht%C3%BAr" title="Criostalstruchtúr – īru" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Criostalstruchtúr" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="īru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrutura_cristalina" title="Estrutura cristalina – galisiešu" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estrutura cristalina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99" title="מבנה גבישי – ivrits" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מבנה גבישי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalna_re%C5%A1etka" title="Kristalna rešetka – horvātu" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kristalna rešetka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrikti_kristalen" title="Estrikti kristalen – haitiešu" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Estrikti kristalen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C3%A1lyszerkezet" title="Kristályszerkezet – ungāru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kristályszerkezet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84" title="Բյուրեղային կառուցվածք – armēņu" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բյուրեղային կառուցվածք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal – indonēziešu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Struktur kristal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonēziešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%99%B6%E6%A7%8B%E9%80%A0" title="結晶構造 – japāņu" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="結晶構造" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/krilysu%27a" title="krilysu'a – ložbans" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="krilysu'a" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ložbans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%B0%EC%A0%95_%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0" title="결정 구조 – korejiešu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="결정 구조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кристална структура – maķedoniešu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кристална структура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="maķedoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8" title="ക്രിസ്റ്റൽ ഘടന – malajalu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രിസ്റ്റൽ ഘടന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%86" title="Болрын бүтэц – mongoļu" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Болрын бүтэц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktur_hablur" title="Struktur hablur – malajiešu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Struktur hablur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalstructuur" title="Kristalstructuur – holandiešu" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kristalstructuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystallstruktur" title="Krystallstruktur – jaunnorvēģu" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krystallstruktur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="jaunnorvēģu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystallstruktur" title="Krystallstruktur – norvēģu bukmols" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krystallstruktur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvēģu bukmols" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" title="ਲੈਟਿਸ – pandžabu" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੈਟਿਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sie%C4%87_krystaliczna" title="Sieć krystaliczna – poļu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sieć krystaliczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrutura_cristalina" title="Estrutura cristalina – portugāļu" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estrutura cristalina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structur%C4%83_cristalin%C4%83" title="Structură cristalină – rumāņu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Structură cristalină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кристаллическая структура – krievu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кристаллическая структура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="krievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creestal_structur" title="Creestal structur – skotu" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Creestal structur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalna_struktura" title="Kristalna struktura – serbu–horvātu" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kristalna struktura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbu–horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Crystal structure" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalna_struktura" title="Kristalna struktura – slovēņu" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kristalna struktura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktura_e_kristaleve_reale" title="Struktura e kristaleve reale – albāņu" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Struktura e kristaleve reale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кристална структура – serbu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кристална структура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallstruktur" title="Kristallstruktur – zviedru" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kristallstruktur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="zviedru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="படிக அமைப்பு – tamilu" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="படிக அமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81" title="โครงสร้างผลึก – taju" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โครงสร้างผลึก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal_yap%C4%B1" title="Kristal yapı – turku" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kristal yapı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кристалічна структура – ukraiņu" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кристалічна структура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="قلمی ساخت – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قلمی ساخت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristall_panjara" title="Kristall panjara – uzbeku" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kristall panjara" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A5u_tr%C3%BAc_tinh_th%E1%BB%83" title="Cấu trúc tinh thể – vjetnamiešu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cấu trúc tinh thể" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnamiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="晶体结构 – vu ķīniešu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="晶体结构" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="晶体结构 – ķīniešu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izskats</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pārvietot uz sānjoslu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipēdijas lapa</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lv" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Bismuth_crystal_macro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bismuth_crystal_macro.jpg/250px-Bismuth_crystal_macro.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bismuth_crystal_macro.jpg/375px-Bismuth_crystal_macro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bismuth_crystal_macro.jpg/500px-Bismuth_crystal_macro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Sintētisks <a href="/wiki/Bismuts" title="Bismuts">bismuta</a> kristāls</figcaption></figure> <p>Par <b>kristālisko struktūru</b> <a href="/wiki/Mineralo%C4%A3ija" title="Mineraloģija">mineraloģijā</a> un <a href="/wiki/Kristalogr%C4%81fija" title="Kristalogrāfija">kristalogrāfijā</a> dēvē likumsakarīgu <a href="/wiki/Atoms" title="Atoms">atomu</a> izkārtojumu <a href="/wiki/Krist%C4%81ls" title="Kristāls">kristālā</a>. Kristālisko struktūru nosaka atomu grupa, kurā atomi izkārtoti noteiktā veidā. Šāda vienība cikliski atkārtojas trijās dimensijās noteiktā <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brev%C4%93_re%C5%BE%C4%A3is&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brevē režģis (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">režģī</a>. Attālums starp šīm atomu grupām dažādos virzienos tiek saukts par kristāla <i>režģa parametriem</i>. Kristāla struktūra un simetrija nosaka daudzas kristāla īpašības, piemēram <a href="/wiki/Skaldn%C4%ABba" title="Skaldnība">skaldnību</a>, elektronisko <a href="/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_saite" title="Ķīmiskā saite">saišu struktūru</a> un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krist%C4%81loptika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristāloptika (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">optiskās īpašības</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kristālu_klasifikācija_pēc_simetrijas_īpašībām"><span id="Krist.C4.81lu_klasifik.C4.81cija_p.C4.93c_simetrijas_.C4.ABpa.C5.A1.C4.ABb.C4.81m"></span>Kristālu klasifikācija pēc simetrijas īpašībām</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krist%C4%81lisk%C4%81_strukt%C5%ABra&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļu: Kristālu klasifikācija pēc simetrijas īpašībām" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krist%C4%81lisk%C4%81_strukt%C5%ABra&action=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Kristālu klasifikācija pēc simetrijas īpašībām"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kristāla noteicošā īpašība ir tam piemītošā simetrija. Piemēram, daudziem kristālu veidiem raksturīgi tas, ka pagriežot kristālu par 180 grādiem ap noteiktu asi, tiek iegūts skats, kas ir analogs skatam, kāds bija novērojams sākotnējā kristāla pozīcijā. Šādā gadījumā saka, ka kristālam piemīt divkārša rotācijas simetrija attiecībā pret noteiktu asi. Bez rotācijas simetrijas kristāliem var būt arī spoguļsimetrija un translācijas simetrija, kā arī tā saucamās <i>kompleksās simetrijas</i> — translācijas un rotācijas/spoguļsimetrijas kombinācijas. Pilnīga kristāla klasifikācija ir iespējama pēc tam kad ir noteiktas visas kristālam piemītošās simetrijas. </p> <table class="wikitable" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Singonija</b> </td> <td colspan="4"><b>Brevē režģi</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Trikl%C4%ABn%C4%81_singonija" title="Triklīnā singonija">triklīnā singonija</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Triclinic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="triklīns"><img alt="triklīns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Triclinic.svg/80px-Triclinic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Triclinic.svg/120px-Triclinic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Triclinic.svg/160px-Triclinic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="129" data-file-height="149" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Monokl%C4%ABn%C4%81_singonija" title="Monoklīnā singonija">monoklīnā singonija</a> </td> <td>vienkāršs </td> <td>centrēts pamatnē </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Monoclinic_cell.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="monoklīns, vienkāršs"><img alt="monoklīns, vienkāršs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Monoclinic_cell.svg/80px-Monoclinic_cell.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Monoclinic_cell.svg/120px-Monoclinic_cell.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Monoclinic_cell.svg/160px-Monoclinic_cell.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="701" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Base-centered_monoclinic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="monoklīns, centrēts pamatnē"><img alt="monoklīns, centrēts pamatnē" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Base-centered_monoclinic.svg/80px-Base-centered_monoclinic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Base-centered_monoclinic.svg/120px-Base-centered_monoclinic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Base-centered_monoclinic.svg/160px-Base-centered_monoclinic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="114" data-file-height="143" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rombisk%C4%81_singonija" title="Rombiskā singonija">rombiskā singonija</a> </td> <td>vienkāršs </td> <td>centrēts pamatnē </td> <td>centrēts </td> <td>centrēts malās </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Orthorhombic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="rombisks, vienkāršs"><img alt="rombisks, vienkāršs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/80px-Orthorhombic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/120px-Orthorhombic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/160px-Orthorhombic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="142" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="rombisks, centrēts pamatnē"><img alt="rombisks, centrēts pamatnē" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg/80px-Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg/120px-Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg/160px-Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="142" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Body-centered_orthorhombic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="rombisks, centrēts"><img alt="rombisks, centrēts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Body-centered_orthorhombic.svg/80px-Body-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Body-centered_orthorhombic.svg/120px-Body-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Body-centered_orthorhombic.svg/160px-Body-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="142" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Face-centered_orthorhombic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="rombisks, centrēts malās"><img alt="rombisks, centrēts malās" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Face-centered_orthorhombic.svg/80px-Face-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Face-centered_orthorhombic.svg/120px-Face-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Face-centered_orthorhombic.svg/160px-Face-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="142" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heksagon%C4%81l%C4%81_singonija" title="Heksagonālā singonija">heksagonālā singonija</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Hexagonal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="heksagonāls"><img alt="heksagonāls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/80px-Hexagonal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/120px-Hexagonal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/160px-Hexagonal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="304" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trigon%C4%81l%C4%81_singonija" title="Trigonālā singonija">trigonālā singonija</a><br />(romboedriskā) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Rhombohedral.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="trigonāls"><img alt="trigonāls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/80px-Rhombohedral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/120px-Rhombohedral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/160px-Rhombohedral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="141" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tetragon%C4%81l%C4%81_singonija" title="Tetragonālā singonija">tetragonālā singonija</a> </td> <td>vienkāršs </td> <td>centrēts </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Tetragonal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="tetragonāls, vienkāršs"><img alt="tetragonāls, vienkāršs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tetragonal.svg/80px-Tetragonal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tetragonal.svg/120px-Tetragonal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tetragonal.svg/160px-Tetragonal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="165" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Body-centered_tetragonal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="tetragonāls, centrēts"><img alt="tetragonāls, centrēts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Body-centered_tetragonal.svg/80px-Body-centered_tetragonal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Body-centered_tetragonal.svg/120px-Body-centered_tetragonal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Body-centered_tetragonal.svg/160px-Body-centered_tetragonal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="165" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kubisk%C4%81_singonija" title="Kubiskā singonija">kubiskā singonija</a><br />(izometriskā) </td> <td>vienkāršs </td> <td>centrēts </td> <td>centrēts malās </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Simple_cubic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="kubisks, vienkāršs"><img alt="kubisks, vienkāršs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Simple_cubic.svg/80px-Simple_cubic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Simple_cubic.svg/120px-Simple_cubic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Simple_cubic.svg/160px-Simple_cubic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="145" data-file-height="135" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="kubisks, centrēts"><img alt="kubisks, centrēts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/80px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/120px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/160px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Face-centered_cubic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="kubisks, skaldnē centrēts"><img alt="kubisks, skaldnē centrēts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Face-centered_cubic.svg/80px-Face-centered_cubic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Face-centered_cubic.svg/120px-Face-centered_cubic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Face-centered_cubic.svg/160px-Face-centered_cubic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="145" data-file-height="135" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singonijas">Singonijas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krist%C4%81lisk%C4%81_strukt%C5%ABra&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļu: Singonijas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krist%C4%81lisk%C4%81_strukt%C5%ABra&action=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Singonijas"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Singonija" title="Singonija">Singonijas</a> ir kristālu struktūru grupas, kas izveidotas pamatojoties uz aksiālo sistēmu, kāda tiek pielietota to režģa aprakstam. Katra singonija sastāv no trīs asu komplekta, kas izkārtotas noteiktā ģeometriskā sistēmā. Izdala 7 specifiskas singonijas (sakārtotas, sākot ar vissimetriskākajām): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kubisk%C4%81_singonija" title="Kubiskā singonija">kubiskā singonija</a> (izometriskā)</li></ul> <p>Vienkāršākā un simetriskākā singonija, kurai ir <a href="/wiki/Kubs" title="Kubs">kuba</a> ģeometriskā struktūra. To raksturo trīs vienāda garuma asis, kas ir savstarpēji perpendikulāras. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heksagon%C4%81l%C4%81_singonija" title="Heksagonālā singonija">heksagonālā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetragon%C4%81l%C4%81_singonija" title="Tetragonālā singonija">tetragonālā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigon%C4%81l%C4%81_singonija" title="Trigonālā singonija">trigonālā</a> (arī romboedriskā)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rombisk%C4%81_singonija" title="Rombiskā singonija">rombiskā</a> (nereti — ortorombiskā)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monokl%C4%ABn%C4%81_singonija" title="Monoklīnā singonija">monoklīnā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikl%C4%ABn%C4%81_singonija" title="Triklīnā singonija">triklīnā</a></li></ul> <p>Citi kristalogrāfi heksagonālo singoniju neuzskata par atsevišķu singoniju bet gan par daļu no trigonālās singonijas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brevē_režģi_un_kristālu_klases"><span id="Brev.C4.93_re.C5.BE.C4.A3i_un_krist.C4.81lu_klases"></span>Brevē režģi un kristālu klases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krist%C4%81lisk%C4%81_strukt%C5%ABra&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļu: Brevē režģi un kristālu klases" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krist%C4%81lisk%C4%81_strukt%C5%ABra&action=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Brevē režģi un kristālu klases"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Singonijas kombinējot ar dažādiem iespējamiem režģa centrējumiem, tiek iegūti dažādi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brev%C4%93_re%C5%BE%C4%A3is&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brevē režģis (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Brevē režģi</a>. Tie apraksta režģa punktu ģeometrisko izkārtojumu un rezultātā — kristāla translācijas simetriju. Ir 14 veidu Brevē režģi (sk. attēlu pa labi), kas savstarpēji atšķiras pēc tiem piemītošās translācijas simetrijas. Visi līdz šim zināmie kristāli (izņemot <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvazikrist%C4%81li&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvazikristāli (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">kvazikristālus</a>) iekļaujas vienā no šiem 14 veidiem. </p><p>Kristāla struktūra satur tās pašas atomu grupas (kristāliskās vienības), kas izvietotas ap katru režģa punktu. Tādējādi šī atomu grupa bezgalīgi atkārtojas trīs dimensijās saskaņā ar noteikta Brevē režģa ģeometriju. Raksturīgās atomu grupu rotācijas un spoguļsimetrijas var grupēt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krist%C4%81lu_klase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristālu klase (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">kristālu klasēs</a>. Izdala 32 kristālu klases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fiziskās_īpašības"><span id="Fizisk.C4.81s_.C4.ABpa.C5.A1.C4.ABbas"></span>Fiziskās īpašības</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krist%C4%81lisk%C4%81_strukt%C5%ABra&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļu: Fiziskās īpašības" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krist%C4%81lisk%C4%81_strukt%C5%ABra&action=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Fiziskās īpašības"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kristālu_defekti"><span id="Krist.C4.81lu_defekti"></span>Kristālu defekti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krist%C4%81lisk%C4%81_strukt%C5%ABra&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļu: Kristālu defekti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krist%C4%81lisk%C4%81_strukt%C5%ABra&action=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Kristālu defekti"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dabiskajos kristālos ļoti bieži ir novērojami <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krist%C4%81la_defekts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristāla defekts (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">defekti</a>, kas novirza atomu izkārtojumu no augstāk aprakstītās ideālās sistēmas. Šie defekti lielā mērā nosaka dabā sastopamo materiālu elektriskās un mehāniskās īpašības. Piemēram, kristāliskā režģa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dislok%C4%81cija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dislokācija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">dislokācija</a> noved pie ievērojami zemākas laušanas pretestības šajā vietā. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kristāla_simetrija_un_fiziskās_īpašības"><span id="Krist.C4.81la_simetrija_un_fizisk.C4.81s_.C4.ABpa.C5.A1.C4.ABbas"></span>Kristāla simetrija un fiziskās īpašības</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krist%C4%81lisk%C4%81_strukt%C5%ABra&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Labot sadaļu: Kristāla simetrija un fiziskās īpašības" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krist%C4%81lisk%C4%81_strukt%C5%ABra&action=edit&section=6" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Kristāla simetrija un fiziskās īpašības"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Divdesmit no 32 kristālu klasēm ir tā saucamās <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pjezoelektrisks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pjezoelektrisks (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">pjezoelektriskās</a> klases. Kristāliem, kas pieder šīm klasēm, piemīt pjezoelektriskas īpašības. Visām 20 pjezoelektriskajām klasēm nav simetrijas centra. </p><p>Ir vairākas kristāliskās struktūras, piemēram <a href="/wiki/Perovsk%C4%ABts" title="Perovskīts">perovskīta</a> struktūra, kas uzrāda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferroelektrisks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferroelektrisks (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">ferroelektriskas</a> īpašības. Ja šāda kristāla rašanās laikā nav elektriskā lauka, tas nav <a href="/wiki/Polariz%C4%81cija" class="mw-disambig" title="Polarizācija">polarizēts</a>. Taču pietiekamas jaudas <a href="/wiki/Elektriskais_lauks" title="Elektriskais lauks">elektriskais lauks</a> piešķir perovskīta kristālam pastāvīgu polarizāciju. Šo polarizāciju var apvērst ar pietiekami spēcīgu pretējo lādiņu. Šajā gadījumā šis efekts tiek sasniegts pateicoties perovskīta kristāla struktūrai, nevis tāpēc, ka tā sastāvā būtu <a href="/wiki/Dzelzs" title="Dzelzs">dzelzs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ārējās_saites"><span id=".C4.80r.C4.93j.C4.81s_saites"></span>Ārējās saites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krist%C4%81lisk%C4%81_strukt%C5%ABra&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Labot sadaļu: Ārējās saites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krist%C4%81lisk%C4%81_strukt%C5%ABra&action=edit&section=7" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Ārējās saites"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822042901/http://dave.ucsc.edu/myrtreia/crystal.html">Ievads mineraloģijā: kristālu klases un sistemātika (angliski)</a></li></ul> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Autoritat%C4%ABv%C4%81_vad%C4%ABba" title="Autoritatīvā vadība">Autoritatīvā vadība</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li>GND: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4136176-3">4136176-3</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Saturs iegūts no "<a dir="ltr" href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristāliskā_struktūra&oldid=3993884">https://lv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristāliskā_struktūra&oldid=3993884</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Kategorijas</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:%C4%A2eolo%C4%A3ija" title="Kategorija:Ģeoloģija">Ģeoloģija</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Mineralo%C4%A3ija" title="Kategorija:Mineraloģija">Mineraloģija</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Kristalogr%C4%81fija" title="Kategorija:Kristalogrāfija">Kristalogrāfija</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Šī lapa pēdējoreiz labota: 2024. gada 27. janvāris plkst. 22.20.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teksts ir pieejams saskaņā ar <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike licenci</a>; var pastāvēt papildu ierobežojumi. 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