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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Källor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Källor</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" 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innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">William Ockham</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 76 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_van_Ockham" title="Willem van Ockham – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Willem van Ockham" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="وليم الأوكامي – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وليم الأوكامي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermu_d%27Ockham" title="Guillermu d'Ockham – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guillermu d'Ockham" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilyam_Okkam" title="Vilyam Okkam – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vilyam Okkam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="অকহামের উইলিয়াম – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অকহামের উইলিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Уільям Окам – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уільям Окам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8E%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ўільям Окам – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ўільям Окам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Уилям Окам – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уилям Окам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_vo_Ockham" title="Wilhelm vo Ockham – bayerska" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wilhelm vo Ockham" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bayerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ockham" title="William Ockham – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="William Ockham" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwilherm_Ockham" title="Gwilherm Ockham – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwilherm Ockham" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillem_d%27Occam" title="Guillem d'Occam – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guillem d'Occam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ockham" title="William Ockham – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="William Ockham" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_o_Ockham" title="William o Ockham – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="William o Ockham" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_af_Ockham" title="William af Ockham – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="William af Ockham" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Ockham" title="Wilhelm von Ockham – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wilhelm von Ockham" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ockham" title="William Ockham – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="William Ockham" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%8C%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BC" title="Γουλιέλμος του Όκαμ – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουλιέλμος του Όκαμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="William of Ockham" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_de_Ockham" title="Guillermo de Ockham – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guillermo de Ockham" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelmo_el_Okhamo" title="Vilhelmo el Okhamo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vilhelmo el Okhamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilen_Ockhamekoa" title="Gilen Ockhamekoa – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gilen Ockhamekoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ویلیام اکام – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام اکام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_d%27Ockham" title="Guillaume d'Ockham – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guillaume d'Ockham" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Ockham" title="William de Ockham – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="William de Ockham" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%BB%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84" title="오컴의 윌리엄 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오컴의 윌리엄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%95%D5%AF%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Ուիլյամ Օկկամ – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուիլյամ Օկկամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ओकम के विलियम – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओकम के विलियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Occam" title="William Occam – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="William Occam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_dari_Ockham" title="William dari Ockham – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William dari Ockham" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_di_Occam" title="Guglielmo di Occam – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guglielmo di Occam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9D" title="ויליאם איש אוקאם – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם איש אוקאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="უილიამ ოკამი – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უილიამ ოკამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Уильям Оккам – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уильям Оккам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_wa_Ockham" title="William wa Ockham – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="William wa Ockham" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Уильям Оккам – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Уильям Оккам" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillelmus_de_Ockham" title="Guillelmus de Ockham – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Guillelmus de Ockham" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljams_Okams" title="Viljams Okams – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viljams Okams" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%ABllem_vun_Ockham" title="Wëllem vun Ockham – luxemburgiska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wëllem vun Ockham" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljamas_Okamas" title="Viljamas Okamas – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viljamas Okamas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ockham" title="William Ockham – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="William Ockham" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Вилијам Окамски – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вилијам Окамски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham – malagassiska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="William of Ockham" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഓക്കമിലെ വില്യം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓക്കമിലെ വില്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89" title="وليم الاوكامى – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وليم الاوكامى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_van_Ockham" title="Willem van Ockham – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Willem van Ockham" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0" title="オッカムのウィリアム – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オッカムのウィリアム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_av_Ockham" title="William av Ockham – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="William av Ockham" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_av_Ockham" title="William av Ockham – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="William av Ockham" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gll%C3%A2ome_d%27Occam" title="Gllâome d'Occam – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Gllâome d'Occam" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilh%C3%A8m_d%27Occam" title="Guilhèm d'Occam – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guilhèm d'Occam" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%94%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AE" title="ਵਿਲੀਅਮ ਔਕਮ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਲੀਅਮ ਔਕਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dgillaume_Ockham" title="Dgillaume Ockham – pikardiska" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Dgillaume Ockham" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="pikardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vielm_%C3%ABd_Occam" title="Vielm ëd Occam – piemontesiska" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Vielm ëd Occam" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ockham" title="William Ockham – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William Ockham" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilherme_de_Ockham" title="Guilherme de Ockham – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guilherme de Ockham" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Ockham" title="William de Ockham – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="William de Ockham" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Оккам, Уильям – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оккам, Уильям" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ockham" title="William Ockham – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="William Ockham" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugghiermu_di_Ockham" title="Gugghiermu di Ockham – sicilianska" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gugghiermu di Ockham" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="William of Ockham" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viliam_z_Ockhamu" title="Viliam z Ockhamu – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Viliam z Ockhamu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilijem_iz_Ockhama" title="Vilijem iz Ockhama – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vilijem iz Ockhama" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ویلیامی ئۆکامی – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویلیامی ئۆکامی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Вилијам Окамски – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилијам Окамски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Occam" title="William Occam – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="William Occam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_ti_Ockham" title="William ti Ockham – sundanesiska" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="William ti Ockham" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_Occamilainen" title="Vilhelm Occamilainen – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vilhelm Occamilainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_ng_Ockham" title="Guillermo ng Ockham – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Guillermo ng Ockham" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ockhaml%C4%B1_William" title="Ockhamlı William – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ockhamlı William" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вільям Оккам – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільям Оккам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_x%E1%BB%A9_Ockham" title="William xứ Ockham – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="William xứ Ockham" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_han_Ockham" title="William han Ockham – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="William han Ockham" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A1%E5%A7%86%E4%B8%AA%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89" title="奥卡姆个威廉 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥卡姆个威廉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8D%A1%E5%A7%86%E5%98%85%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89" title="奧卡姆嘅威廉 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧卡姆嘅威廉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A1%E5%A7%86%E7%9A%84%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89" title="奥卡姆的威廉 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥卡姆的威廉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43936#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><table class="infobox background:steelblue; color:white;" style="border-spacing:3px; width:23.0em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="padding:2px; text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; padding:0.25em; background:steelblue; color:white; font-size:115%;">William Ockham</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:William_of_Ockham.png" class="mw-file-description" title="William of Ockham.png"><img alt="William of Ockham.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/200px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /></a></span> <div style="">William Ockham.<br />Glasmålning i All Saints' Church i Ockham.</div></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Född</th><td class="" style="">cirka 1287</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Död</th><td class="" style="">9 april 1347</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Region</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterl%C3%A4ndsk_filosofi" title="Västerländsk filosofi">Västerländsk filosofi</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Skola</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Skolastik" title="Skolastik">Skolastik</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Intressen</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Metafysik" title="Metafysik">Metafysik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistemologi" title="Epistemologi">epistemologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teologi" title="Teologi">teologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logik" title="Logik">logik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontologi" title="Ontologi">ontologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politik" title="Politik">politik</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Idéer</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Ockhams_rakkniv" title="Ockhams rakkniv">Ockhams rakkniv</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Influenser</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_av_Aquino" title="Thomas av Aquino">Thomas av Aquino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Duns_Scotus" title="Johannes Duns Scotus">Johannes Duns Scotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard">Pierre Abélard</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrus_Aureolus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrus Aureolus [inte skriven än]">Petrus Aureolus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Durand_(filosof)" title="Guillaume Durand (filosof)">Guillaume Durand</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Influerat</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Jean Buridan</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Biel" title="Gabriel Biel">Gabriel Biel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Calvin" title="Jean Calvin">Jean Calvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:William_of_Ockham_-_Logica_1341.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/William_of_Ockham_-_Logica_1341.jpg/250px-William_of_Ockham_-_Logica_1341.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/William_of_Ockham_-_Logica_1341.jpg/375px-William_of_Ockham_-_Logica_1341.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/William_of_Ockham_-_Logica_1341.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>William Ockham, skiss i manuskriptet <i>Summa logicae</i> från 1341 med texten <i>frater Occham iste</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>William Ockham</b> (även <i>William Ockam</i> och <i>William av Occam</i>, ibland bara <i>Occam</i>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a>: <i>Guillelmus de Ockham</i>), född cirka <a href="/wiki/1287" title="1287">1287</a> i byn <a href="/wiki/Ockham" title="Ockham">Ockham</a> i <a href="/wiki/Grevskap" title="Grevskap">grevskapet</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> i <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, död <a href="/wiki/9_april" title="9 april">9 april</a> <a href="/wiki/1347" title="1347">1347</a> i <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München">München</a>, var en engelsk <a href="/wiki/Franciskanorden" title="Franciskanorden">franciskanmunk</a> och <a href="/wiki/Filosof" title="Filosof">filosof</a>. </p><p>Utgångspunkten för William Ockhams tänkande är kritiken av den <a href="/wiki/Universalierealism" title="Universalierealism">realistiska</a> <a href="/wiki/Kunskapsteori" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunskapsteori">kunskapsteorin</a>. Enligt Ockham äger <a href="/wiki/Allm%C3%A4nbegrepp" class="mw-redirect" title="Allmänbegrepp">allmänbegreppen</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Universalia" title="Universalia">universalia</a></i>, inte någon verklig existens utanför det mänskliga medvetandet och de utgör bara tecken för tingen, inte tingen själva (se den så kallade <a href="/wiki/Universaliestriden" title="Universaliestriden">universaliestriden</a>). Denna <a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">nominalism</a> förenade han med ett nytt intresse för det individuella och för den <a href="/wiki/Empirism" title="Empirism">empiriska</a> världen i allmänhet. Hans ståndpunkt innebar en avgörande vändpunkt i <a href="/wiki/Skolastik" title="Skolastik">skolastikens</a> historia. Han formulerade en princip om <i>minsta möjliga antagande</i> som går under beteckningen <a href="/wiki/Ockhams_rakkniv" title="Ockhams rakkniv">Ockhams rakkniv</a>. </p><p>Ockham fick av sina anhängare hedersnamnen <i>Venerabilis inceptor</i>, <i>Doctor singularis et invincibilis</i> och <i>Princeps et caput nominalium</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografi_och_tankevärld"><span id="Biografi_och_tankev.C3.A4rld"></span>Biografi och tankevärld</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ockham&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Biografi och tankevärld" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ockham&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Biografi och tankevärld"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William Ockham studerade i <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> och inträdde i <a href="/wiki/Franciskanorden" title="Franciskanorden">franciskanorden</a>, där han anslöt sig till <a href="/wiki/Observanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Observanter">observanternas</a> strängare parti. Han var lärjunge till <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Duns_Scotus" title="Johannes Duns Scotus">Johannes Duns Scotus</a> (död 1308) och blev själv en framstående lärare i <a href="/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi">filosofi</a> och <a href="/wiki/Teologi" title="Teologi">teologi</a> vid <a href="/wiki/Universitetet_i_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitetet i Paris">universitetet i Paris</a> och därefter i Oxford. Där bekämpade han den rådande <a href="/wiki/Realism" title="Realism">realismen</a>. År 1322 uttalade han på ett ordenskonvent i <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a> en kraftig protest mot påve <a href="/wiki/Johannes_XXII" title="Johannes XXII">Johannes XXII</a>:s välvilja mot ordens mindre stränga parti. På grund av detta blev han fängslad i <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>, men han lyckades fly tillsammans med bland andra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_av_Cesena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michele av Cesena [inte skriven än]">Michele av Cesena</a>, franciskanernas ordensgeneral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöffe1995216_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöffe1995216-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han bannlystes 1328, och påven <a href="/wiki/Klemens_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Klemens VI">Klemens VI</a> lyckades inte förmå honom till lydnad och underkastelse, trots förhandlingar. </p><p>Ockham ansåg att naturorsakerna, som frambringar tingen, omedelbart åstadkommer dem som individuella företeelser. Därför är en särskild individualiseringsprincip, som Duns Scotus hävdade finns, helt överflödig. De föregående <a href="/wiki/Medeltiden" title="Medeltiden">medeltidstänkarna</a> hade i allmänhet tänkt sig sinnesförnimmelserna som någon sorts inre avbilder av tingen. Ockham bröt med denna syn och betraktade förnimmelserna och begreppen endast som tecken (<i>termini</i>) för de föremål som framkallar dem. Med hjälp av dessa tecken kommer vi inte åt tingens väsen, men vi kan i tänkandet liksom räkna med dem som med ett slags lätthanterliga skiljemynt. Dessa tecken kan vart och ett för sig stå för en mångfald individuella föremål och blir därigenom på sätt och vis något generellt. Men verkligheten i sig själv består endast av individer. Medan den föregående medeltidsfilosofin arbetade med endast <a href="/wiki/Abstrakt" title="Abstrakt">abstrakta</a> begrepp, antog Ockham även en intuitiv kunskap, inte bara i form av sinnesåskådning, utan också som ett vetande, som innebär omedelbar visshet. Därigenom undgår denna intuitiva kunskap det med slutledningar opererande abstrakta förståndets osäkerhet. </p><p>Denna uppfattning tillämpade han också i sin <a href="/wiki/Teologi" title="Teologi">teologi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gud" title="Gud">Guds</a> existens kan enligt Ockhams syn inte omedelbart härledas ur gudsbegreppet, som <a href="/wiki/Anselm_av_Canterbury" title="Anselm av Canterbury">Anselm av Canterbury</a> försökt. Inte heller kan den bevisas <a href="/wiki/Kosmologi" title="Kosmologi">kosmologiskt</a>. Den enda kunskapskällan för att veta något om Gud är därför <a href="/wiki/Uppenbarelse" title="Uppenbarelse">uppenbarelsen</a>, vilket gör Ockham till antirationalist i detta avseende. Guds allmakt gör allting möjligt för honom. Denna föreställning om Guds allmakt utsträcker Ockham även till det <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moraliska</a> området: Gud är inte med nödvändighet god utan står över distinktionen mellan gott och ont. Därför förnekar han att det finns något gott och rätt i sig självt. Hade det behagat Gud, hade han kunnat dekretera att det rätta varit en hänsynslös <a href="/wiki/Etisk_egoism" title="Etisk egoism">egoism</a>; Gud hade, om han så hade velat, kunnat handla ont. Endast uppenbarelsen, som låter oss lära känna Guds vilja, definierar skillnaden mellan gott och ont. </p><p>Även om Ockhams lära fördömdes av universitetet i Paris år 1340, omfattades den av en mängd lärjungar. <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Biel" title="Gabriel Biel">Gabriel Biel</a> (död 1495), "den siste skolastikern", sammanfattade Ockhams läror och utövade genom dem inflytande på <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> och <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a>. Å andra sidan är Ockham att beteckna som en föregångare till den <a href="/wiki/Empirism" title="Empirism">empiriska riktningen</a> inom den nyare tidens engelska filosofi. </p><p>Bland Ockhams många skrifter må nämnas <i>Summa totius logices</i>, <i>Super IV libros sententiarum subtilissimæ quæstiones</i>, <i>Centiloquium theologicum</i> och <i>Dialogus in tres partes distinctus</i>, hans kyrkopolitiska huvudverk, där han ger kejsaren rätt att avsätta <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A5ve" title="Påve">påven</a> och vänder sig mot <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A5vens_ofelbarhet" class="mw-redirect" title="Påvens ofelbarhet">påvens ofelbarhet</a>, men även mot <a href="/wiki/Koncilium" class="mw-redirect" title="Koncilium">konciliernas</a>. Enligt Ockham kunde kyrkan lika gärna ha en annan författning – utan påve. Påven har på intet vis någon världslig maktbefogenhet – särskilt tillkommer det honom varken att utnämna eller att sanktionera den <a href="/wiki/Tysk-romersk_kejsare" title="Tysk-romersk kejsare">romerske kejsaren</a>, då han tvärtom själv står under kejserlig <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiktion" title="Jurisdiktion">jurisdiktion</a>. Men även inom kyrkan är påven, enligt Ockham, allt annat än enväldig eftersom han är bunden av <a href="/wiki/Bibeln" title="Bibeln">Bibeln</a>. Den senare är ofelbar medan påven är utsatt för villfarelser; han kan själv vara en <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4tteri" title="Kätteri">kättare</a> och måste i så fall avsättas från sin värdighet. Kyrkan utgörs ingalunda uteslutande av <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sterskap" title="Prästerskap">prästerskapet</a>, utan av samtliga kristna. Men även denna kyrka och dess organ, konciliet, kan enligt Ockham missta sig, så snart den avlägsnar sig från skriften.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ockham&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ockham&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHöffe,_Otfried1995"><a href="/wiki/Otfried_H%C3%B6ffe" title="Otfried Höffe">Höffe, Otfried</a>, red (1995). <i><span>De stora filosoferna D. 1 Antiken och medeltiden</span></i>. Stockholm: <a href="/wiki/Bokf%C3%B6rlaget_Forum" title="Bokförlaget Forum">Forum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-37-10725-9" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-37-10725-9">ISBN 91-37-10725-9</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+stora+filosoferna+D.+1+Antiken+och+medeltiden&rft.date=1995&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=%5B%5BBokf%C3%B6rlaget+Forum%7CForum%5D%5D&rft.isbn=91-37-10725-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:William_Ockham"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbt/0237.html">Occam, William</a> i <i><a href="/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok" title="Nordisk familjebok">Nordisk familjebok</a></i> (andra upplagan, 1914)</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFNordin2013">Nordin, Svante (2013). <i><span>Filosofins historia: det västerländska förnuftets äventyr från Thales till postmodernismen</span></i> (3., [rev.] uppl.). Lund: Studentlitteratur. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/13618087">13618087</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-91-44-08797-9" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-91-44-08797-9">ISBN 978-91-44-08797-9</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filosofins+historia%3A+det+v%C3%A4sterl%C3%A4ndska+f%C3%B6rnuftets+%C3%A4ventyr+fr%C3%A5n+Thales+till+postmodernismen&rft.aulast=Nordin&rft.aufirst=Svante&rft.au=Nordin%2C+Svante&rft.date=2013&rft.edition=3.%2C+%5Brev.%5D+uppl.&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Studentlitteratur&rft.isbn=978-91-44-08797-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:William_Ockham"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ockham&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ockham&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöffe1995216-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöffe1995216_1-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHöffe1995">Höffe 1995</a>, sid. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFHildebrandHjärnePflugk-Harttung">Hildebrand, Hans; Hjärne, Harald; Pflugk-Harttung, Julius von. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/vrldhist/2/0406.html">”378 (Världshistoria / Medeltiden)”</a>. <i><span>runeberg.org</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://runeberg.org/vrldhist/2/0406.html">https://runeberg.org/vrldhist/2/0406.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 9 juli 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=378+%28V%C3%A4rldshistoria+%2F+Medeltiden%29&rft.atitle=runeberg.org&rft.aulast=Hildebrand&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=Hildebrand%2C+Hans&rft.au=Hj%C3%A4rne%2C+Harald&rft.au=Pflugk-Harttung%2C+Julius+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fvrldhist%2F2%2F0406.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:William_Ockham"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ockham&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a 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color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Politisk_filosofi" title="Mall:Politisk filosofi"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Politisk_filosofi&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Politisk_filosofi" title="Politisk filosofi">Politisk filosofi</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Termer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Auktoritet" title="Auktoritet">Auktoritet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Egendom" title="Egendom">Egendom</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elit" title="Elit">Elit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Folk" title="Folk">Folk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fred" title="Fred">Fred</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frihet" title="Frihet">Frihet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hegemoni" title="Hegemoni">Hegemoni</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hierarki" title="Hierarki">Hierarki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Krig" title="Krig">Krig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lag" title="Lag">Lag</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legitimitet" title="Legitimitet">Legitimitet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lydnad" title="Lydnad">Lydnad</a> • <a href="/wiki/Makt" title="Makt">Makt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Monopol" title="Monopol">Monopol</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Plikt" title="Plikt">Plikt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pluralism" title="Pluralism">Pluralism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> • <a href="/wiki/Regering" title="Regering">Regering</a> • <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttighet" title="Rättighet">Rättigheter</a> • <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttvisa" title="Rättvisa">Rättvisa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Samh%C3%A4lle_(sociologi)" title="Samhälle (sociologi)">Samhälle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kontraktualism" title="Kontraktualism">Samhällskontrakt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stat" title="Stat">Stat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Suver%C3%A4nitet" title="Suveränitet">Suveränitet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Utopi" title="Utopi">Utopi</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Statsskick</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aristokrati" title="Aristokrati">Aristokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Env%C3%A4lde" title="Envälde">Autokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Byr%C3%A5krati" title="Byråkrati">Byråkrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Diktatur" title="Diktatur">Diktatur</a> • <a href="/wiki/Demokrati" title="Demokrati">Demokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gerontokrati" title="Gerontokrati">Gerontokrati</a> • <a 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title="Islamism">Islamism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kapitalism" title="Kapitalism">Kapitalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kolonialism" title="Kolonialism">Kolonialism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kommunism" title="Kommunism">Kommunism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kommunitarism" title="Kommunitarism">Kommunitarism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Konfucianism" title="Konfucianism">Konfucianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Konservatism" title="Konservatism">Konservatism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Korporativism" title="Korporativism">Korporativism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kristdemokrati" title="Kristdemokrati">Kristdemokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Monarkism" title="Monarkism">Monarkism</a> • <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A5ngkultur" title="Mångkultur">Multikulturalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Republikanism" title="Republikanism">Republikanism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Socialdarwinism" title="Socialdarwinism">Socialdarwinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Socialdemokrati" title="Socialdemokrati">Socialdemokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tredje_v%C3%A4gens_politik" title="Tredje vägens politik">Tredje vägen</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Teorier</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/Civilisationernas_kamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisationernas kamp">Civilisationernas kamp</a> • <a href="/wiki/Familjen_som_statsmodell" title="Familjen som statsmodell">Familjen som statsmodell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Folkhemmet" title="Folkhemmet">Folkhemmet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kungad%C3%B6met_av_Guds_n%C3%A5de" title="Kungadömet av Guds nåde">Kungadömet av Guds nåde</a> • <a href="/wiki/Majoritetsf%C3%B6rtryck" title="Majoritetsförtryck">Majoritetsförtryck</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maktdelningsprincipen" title="Maktdelningsprincipen">Maktdelning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maktbalans" title="Maktbalans">Maktbalans</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nattv%C3%A4ktarstat" title="Nattväktarstat">Nattväktarstat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Naturr%C3%A4tt" title="Naturrätt">Naturrätt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Naturtillst%C3%A5nd" title="Naturtillstånd">Naturtillstånd</a> • <a href="/wiki/Negativa_och_positiva_r%C3%A4ttigheter" title="Negativa och positiva rättigheter">Negativa och positiva rättigheter</a> • <i><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" class="mw-redirect" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/Ursprungspositionen" title="Ursprungspositionen">Okunnighetens slöja</a> • <a href="/wiki/Organismtanken" title="Organismtanken">Organismtanken</a> • <a href="/wiki/Overton-f%C3%B6nstret" title="Overton-fönstret">Overton-fönstret</a> • <a href="/wiki/Samh%C3%A4llskontrakt" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhällskontrakt">Samhällskontrakt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Statolatri" title="Statolatri">Statolatri</a> • <a href="/wiki/Triangulering_(politik)" title="Triangulering (politik)">Triangulering</a> • <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gm%C3%A4stare_(politik)" title="Vågmästare (politik)">Vågmästare</a> • <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5ldsmonopol" title="Våldsmonopol">Våldsmonopol</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C3%84del_l%C3%B6gn" title="Ädel lögn">Ädel lögn</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C3%96ppet_samh%C3%A4lle" title="Öppet samhälle">Öppet samhälle</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Filosofer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Antiken</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> • <a href="/wiki/Han_Feizi" title="Han Feizi">Han Feizi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Konfucius" title="Konfucius">Konfucius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sun_Zi" title="Sun Zi">Sun Zi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thukydides" title="Thukydides">Thukydides</a> • <a href="/wiki/Xenofon" title="Xenofon">Xenofon</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Medeltiden</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Al_Farabi" title="Al Farabi">Al Farabi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_av_Aquino" title="Thomas av Aquino">Aquino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Averro%C3%ABs" title="Averroës">Averroës</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gelasius_I" title="Gelasius I">Gelasius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghazali" title="Mohammad Ghazali">Ghazali</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> • <a href="/wiki/Muhammed" title="Muhammed">Muhammed</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ockham</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Tidigmodern tid</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jean_Calvin" title="Jean Calvin">Calvin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> • <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a> • <a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a> • <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">17- och 18-<br />hundratalen</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Michail_Bakunin" title="Michail Bakunin">Bakunin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Condorcet" title="Nicolas de Condorcet">Condorcet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a> • <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a> • <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Iqbal" title="Mohammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a> • <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles-Louis_de_Secondat_Montesquieu" title="Charles-Louis de Secondat Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a> • <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> • <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">19- och 20-<br />hundratalen</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bhimrao_Ramji_Ambedkar" title="Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a> • <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a> • <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a> • <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a> • <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a> • <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a> • <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a> • <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich von Hayek">Hayek</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Kropotkin" title="Pjotr Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a> • <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Verk</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Staten_(Platon)" title="Staten (Platon)">Staten</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(ca 375 f.Kr.)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Politiken" title="Politiken">Politiken</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(ca 350 f.Kr.)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Fursten" title="Fursten">Fursten</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1532)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Thomas_Hobbes)" title="Leviathan (Thomas Hobbes)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1651)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/De_l%27esprit_des_lois" title="De l'esprit des lois">Om lagarnas anda</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1748)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Om_samh%C3%A4llsf%C3%B6rdraget" title="Om samhällsfördraget">Om samhällsfördraget</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1762)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Reflektioner_om_franska_revolutionen" title="Reflektioner om franska revolutionen">Reflektioner om franska revolutionen</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1790)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Grundlinien_der_Philosophie_des_Rechts" title="Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts">Rättsfilosofins grunddrag</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1820)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Kommunistiska_manifestet" title="Kommunistiska manifestet">Kommunistiska manifestet</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1848)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Om_friheten" title="Om friheten">Om friheten</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1859)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Massornas_uppror" title="Massornas uppror">Massornas uppror</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1929)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4gen_till_tr%C3%A4ldom" title="Vägen till träldom">Vägen till träldom</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1944)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Det_%C3%B6ppna_samh%C3%A4llet_och_dess_fiender" title="Det öppna samhället och dess fiender">Det öppna samhället och dess fiender</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1945)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/En_teori_om_r%C3%A4ttvisa" title="En teori om rättvisa">En teori om rättvisa</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1971)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Se även</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Auktoritarianism" title="Auktoritarianism">Auktoritarianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/De_politiska_id%C3%A9ernas_historia" title="De politiska idéernas historia">De politiska idéernas historia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Egalitarism" title="Egalitarism">Egalitarism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ekonomikritik" title="Ekonomikritik">Ekonomikritik</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elitteori" title="Elitteori">Elitteori</a> • <a href="/wiki/GAL%E2%80%93TAN" title="GAL–TAN">GAL–TAN</a> • <a href="/wiki/Politiskt_spektrum" title="Politiskt spektrum">Politiskt spektrum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politisk_v%C3%A4nster" title="Politisk vänster">Vänster</a> • <a href="/wiki/Politisk_mitt" title="Politisk mitt">Mitt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Politisk_h%C3%B6ger" title="Politisk höger">Höger</a>) • <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttsfilosofi" title="Rättsfilosofi">Rättsfilosofi</a> • <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttsvetenskap" title="Rättsvetenskap">Rättsvetenskap</a> • <a href="/wiki/Separatism_(statsvetenskap)" title="Separatism (statsvetenskap)">Separatism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Etatism" title="Etatism">Statism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Totalitarism" title="Totalitarism">Totalitarism</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Politisk_filosofi" title="Kategori:Politisk filosofi">Kategori:Politisk filosofi</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Medeltidens_filosofer" title="Mall:Medeltidens filosofer"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Medeltidens_filosofer&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Medeltidens_filosofi" title="Medeltidens filosofi">Medeltidens filosofer</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Kristen_filosofi" title="Kristen filosofi">Kristna filosofer</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard">Pierre Abélard</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%86gidius_Romanus" title="Ægidius Romanus">Ægidius Romanus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Lille" title="Alain de Lille">Alain de Lille</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_av_Hales" title="Alexander av Hales">Alexander av Hales</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Anselm_av_Canterbury" title="Anselm av Canterbury">Anselm av Canterbury</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Augustinus" title="Augustinus">Augustinus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bernardus_Silvestris" title="Bernardus Silvestris">Bernardus Silvestris</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_av_Clairvaux" title="Bernhard av Clairvaux">Bernhard av Clairvaux</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Anicius_Manlius_Severinus_Boethius" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius">Boethius</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bo%C3%ABthius_de_Dacia" title="Boëthius de Dacia">Boëthius de Dacia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bonaventura" title="Bonaventura">Bonaventura</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Jean Buridan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burley" title="Walter Burley">Walter Burley</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Duns_Scotus" title="Johannes Duns Scotus">Johannes Duns Scotus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Durand_(filosof)" title="Guillaume Durand (filosof)">Guillaume Durand</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Eckhart_von_Hochheim" title="Eckhart von Hochheim">Eckhart von Hochheim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Gemistos_Plethon" title="Georgios Gemistos Plethon">Georgios Gemistos Plethon</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_la_Porr%C3%A9e" title="Gilbert de la Porrée">Gilbert de la Porrée</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_av_Fontaines" title="Godfrey av Fontaines">Godfrey av Fontaines</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Henrik_av_Gent" title="Henrik av Gent">Henrik av Gent</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_av_Bingen" title="Hildegard av Bingen">Hildegard av Bingen</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hugo_av_Sankt_Victor" title="Hugo av Sankt Victor">Hugo av Sankt Victor</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Joakim_av_Floris" title="Joakim av Floris">Joakim av Floris</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bessarion" title="Johannes Bessarion">Johannes Bessarion</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Philoponos" title="Johannes Philoponos">Johannes Philoponos</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_av_Salisbury" title="Johannes av Salisbury">Johannes av Salisbury</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Scotus_Erigena" title="Johannes Scotus Erigena">Johannes Scotus Erigena</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Marsilius_av_Padua" title="Marsilius av Padua">Marsilius av Padua</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Martianus_Capella" title="Martianus Capella">Martianus Capella</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Mechthild_av_Magdeburg" title="Mechthild av Magdeburg">Mechthild av Magdeburg</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_fr%C3%A5n_Autrecourt" title="Nicolaus från Autrecourt">Nicolaus från Autrecourt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Ockham</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oresme" title="Nicolas Oresme">Nicolas Oresme</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Radulphus_Brito" title="Radulphus Brito">Radulphus Brito</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Raimundus_Lullus" title="Raimundus Lullus">Ramon Llull (Raimundus Lullus)</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_av_Sankt_Victor" title="Richard av Sankt Victor">Richard av Sankt Victor</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Roscelin_av_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Roscelin av Compiègne">Roscelin av Compiègne</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_av_Aquino" title="Thomas av Aquino">Thomas av Aquino</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_av_Auvergne" title="Vilhelm av Auvergne">Vilhelm av Auvergne</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_av_Champeaux" title="Vilhelm av Champeaux">Vilhelm av Champeaux</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_av_Conches" title="Vilhelm av Conches">Vilhelm av Conches</a></div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="5"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas av Aquino (1225-1274)"><img alt="Thomas av Aquino (1225-1274)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/75px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/113px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/150px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="963" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Judisk_filosofi" title="Judisk filosofi">Judiska filosofer</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Tibbon" title="Samuel ibn Tibbon">Samuel ibn Tibbon</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Islamisk_filosofi" title="Islamisk filosofi">Islamiska filosofer</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Averro%C3%ABs" title="Averroës">Averroës</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Rawandi" title="Ibn al-Rawandi">Ibn al-Rawandi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-din_Rumi" title="Jalal al-din Rumi">Jalal al-din Rumi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghazali" title="Mohammad Ghazali">Mohammad Ghazali</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Razi" title="Razi">Razi (Rhazes)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Ockham&oldid=56183083">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Ockham&oldid=56183083</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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