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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Претърсване на Уикипедия [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Търсене</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Търсене в Уикипедия" aria-label="Търсене в Уикипедия" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Претърсване на Уикипедия [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Специални:Търсене"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Търсене</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Лични инструменти"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Облик" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Облик</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg" class=""><span>Направете дарение</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%81" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително." class=""><span>Създаване на сметка</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%81" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Влизане</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Допълнителни опции" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Лични инструменти" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Лични инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Потребителско меню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg"><span>Направете дарение</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%81" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Създаване на сметка</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%81" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Влизане</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Страници за излезли от системата редактори <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89:%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" aria-label="Научете повече за редактирането"><span>научете повече</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Списък на промените, направени от този IP адрес [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Приноси</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дискусия относно редакциите от този адрес [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Съдържание" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Съдържание</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Начало</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ранен_живот_и_образование" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ранен_живот_и_образование"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ранен живот и образование</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ранен_живот_и_образование-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Научна_дейност" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Научна_дейност"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Научна дейност</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Научна_дейност-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Източници" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Източници"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Източници</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Източници-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Съдържание" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Скриване/показване на съдържанието" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Скриване/показване на съдържанието</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Рудолф Маркъс</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Към статията на друг език. Налична на 49 езика" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 езика</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3" title="رودولف ماركوس – арабски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رودولف ماركوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3" title="رودولف ماركوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رودولف ماركوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Markus" title="Rudolf Markus – азербайджански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rudolf Markus" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3" title="رادولف مارکوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رادولف مارکوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81" title="Рудольф Маркус – беларуски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рудольф Маркус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларуски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="রুডলফ মার্কাস – бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রুডলফ মার্কাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Marcus" title="Rudolph Marcus – каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rudolph Marcus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ڕودۆلف مارکوس – кюрдски (централен)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕودۆلف مارکوس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="кюрдски (централен)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus – чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rudolph A. Marcus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus – датски" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rudolph A. Marcus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Arthur_Marcus" title="Rudolph Arthur Marcus – немски" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rudolph Arthur Marcus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus – английски" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Rudolph A. Marcus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Marcus" title="Rudolph Marcus – испански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rudolph Marcus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Marcus" title="Rudolph Marcus – баски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rudolph Marcus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3" title="رادولف مارکوس – персийски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رادولف مارکوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus – фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rudolph A. Marcus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Marcus" title="Rudolph Marcus – френски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rudolph Marcus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="френски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus – шотландски келтски" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rudolph A. Marcus" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="шотландски келтски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus – галисийски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rudolph A. Marcus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Rudolph A. Marcus" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A3_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1" title="רודולף מרקוס – иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רודולף מרקוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Marcus" title="Rudolph Marcus – унгарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rudolph Marcus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="унгарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Arthur_Marcus" title="Rudolph Arthur Marcus – индонезийски" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rudolph Arthur Marcus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Arthur_Marcus" title="Rudolph Arthur Marcus – идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rudolph Arthur Marcus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Marcus" title="Rudolph Marcus – италиански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rudolph Marcus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9" title="ルドルフ・マーカス – японски" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルドルフ・マーカス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%8F%8C%ED%94%84_%EB%A7%88%EC%BB%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="루돌프 마커스 – корейски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루돌프 마커스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolphus_A._Marcus" title="Rudolphus A. Marcus – латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rudolphus A. Marcus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus – малайски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rudolph A. Marcus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3" title="رادولف مارکوس – мазандерански" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رادولف مارکوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="мазандерански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus – нидерландски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rudolph A. Marcus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus – норвежки (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rudolph A. Marcus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежки (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus – окситански" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rudolph A. Marcus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Marcus" title="Rudolph Marcus – полски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rudolph Marcus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="روڈالف مارکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روڈالف مارکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Arthur_Marcus" title="Rudolph Arthur Marcus – португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rudolph Arthur Marcus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus – румънски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rudolph A. Marcus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румънски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81,_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Маркус, Рудольф – руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маркус, Рудольф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rudolph A. Marcus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Arthur_Marcus" title="Rudolph Arthur Marcus – словашки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rudolph Arthur Marcus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus – шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rudolph A. Marcus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Marcus" title="Rudolph Marcus – суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rudolph Marcus" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Marcus" title="Rudolph Marcus – турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rudolph Marcus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81" title="Рудольф Артур Маркус – татарски" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рудольф Артур Маркус" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81" title="Рудольф Маркус – украински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рудольф Маркус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="روڈلف اے مارکس – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روڈلف اے مارکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus – виетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rudolph A. Marcus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="виетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus – йоруба" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Rudolph A. Marcus" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="йоруба" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF" title="鲁道夫·马库斯 – китайски" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鲁道夫·马库斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q239067#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Редактиране на междуезиковите препратки" class="wbc-editpage">Редактиране</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именни пространства"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q239067" title="Препратка към свързания обект от хранилището за данни [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Обект в Уикиданни</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Облик</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">скриване</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">от Уикипедия, свободната енциклопедия</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bg" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r12144718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-lua{width:22em}.mw-parser-output .infobox-title,.mw-parser-output .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data-only,.mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox-above{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-navbar{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-italic-title{display:none}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;margin:-5px 0;border:0;border-spacing:0 5px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox th.onlysubbox,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox td.onlysubbox{padding:0!important}</style><table class="infobox infobox-lua infobox_v2 vcard"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-above title book" style="background-color:#C1CDCD; border:1px solid #aaa;">Рудолф Маркъс<div style="font-size: 76%; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">Rudolph Marcus</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Prof._Dr._Rudolph_A._Marcus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Prof._Dr._Rudolph_A._Marcus.jpg/250px-Prof._Dr._Rudolph_A._Marcus.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Prof._Dr._Rudolph_A._Marcus.jpg/375px-Prof._Dr._Rudolph_A._Marcus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Prof._Dr._Rudolph_A._Marcus.jpg/500px-Prof._Dr._Rudolph_A._Marcus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="nomobile" style="height:1px;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-data-only"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Роден</th><td class="infobox-data"><div></div> <div><span class="oneline"><a href="/wiki/21_%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="21 юли">21 юли</a> <a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</a> г.<span class="noprint"> <small>(101 г.)</small></span></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Монреал">Монреал</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Квебек">Квебек</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада">Канада</a></div></td></tr><tr class="nomobile" style="height:1px;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-data-only"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Учил в</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%E2%80%9E%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%E2%80%9C" title="Университет „Макгил“">Университет „Макгил“</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C1CDCD; border:1px solid #aaaaaa;">Научна дейност</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Област</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия">химия</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Работил в</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D0%AA%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Университет на Илинойс в Ърбана-Шампейн">Университет на Илинойс в Ърбана-Шампейн</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82" title="Калифорнийски технологичен институт">Калифорнийски технологичен институт</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Награди</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нобелова награда за химия">Нобелова награда за химия</a> (1992)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Национален научен медал (САЩ) (страницата не съществува)">Национален научен медал</a> (1989)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C1CDCD; border:1px solid #aaa;">Семейство</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Съпруга</th><td class="infobox-data">Лора Хърн</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Деца</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color:#C1CDCD; border:1px solid #aaa;"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rudolph_A._Marcus?uselang=bg">Рудолф Маркъс</a></b> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Общомедия">Общомедия</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Рудолф Артър Маркъс</b> (на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Английски език">английски</a>: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" style="font-style:italic">Rudolph Arthur Marcus</span>) е канадско-американски химик, лауреат на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нобелова награда за химия">Нобелова награда за химия</a> от 1992 г.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> за приноса му към теорията на реакциите на електронен пренос в химичните системи.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Теория на Маркъс (страницата не съществува)">Теорията на Маркъс</a>, кръстена в негова чест, предоставя термодинамична и кинетична рамка, описваща преноса на един електрон във външната сфера.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ранен_живот_и_образование"><span id=".D0.A0.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D0.B6.D0.B8.D0.B2.D0.BE.D1.82_.D0.B8_.D0.BE.D0.B1.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5"></span>Ранен живот и образование</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Редактиране на раздел: Ранен живот и образование" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%81&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Ранен живот и образование"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Маркъс е роден в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Монреал">Монреал</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Квебек">Квебек</a>. Син е на Естер и Майър Маркъс. Интересът му към науката се събужда още в ранна възраст. В училище се справя отлично с математиката. След това се записва в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%E2%80%9E%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%E2%80%9C" title="Университет „Макгил“">университета „Макгил“</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TranscriptCHF_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TranscriptCHF-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Там той изучава повече математика от средния студент по химия, което впоследствие му помага да създаде теорията си за електронния трансфер.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>През 1943 г. получава бакалавърска степен, а през 1946 г. защитава докторската си дисертация, пак в „Макгил“.<sup id="cite_ref-OralHistoryCHF_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OralHistoryCHF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thesis-marcus-1946_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesis-marcus-1946-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> През 1958 г. става <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Натурализация">натурализиран</a> гражданин на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="САЩ">САЩ</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Научна_дейност"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B0.D1.83.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.B9.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82"></span>Научна дейност</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Редактиране на раздел: Научна дейност" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%81&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Научна дейност"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>След като приключва с висшето си образование, Маркъс първоначално работи в Националния изследователски съвет на Канада в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Отава">Отава</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> После работи в <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Университет на Северна Каролина (страницата не съществува)">университета на Северна Каролина</a> и в <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D1%8E%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Политехнически институт на Нюйоркския университет (страницата не съществува)">политехническия институт на Нюйоркския университет</a>. През 1952 г., докато е в университета на Северна Каролина, той работи по теорията на Райс-Рамспергер-Касел, комбинирайки я с теорията на преходното състояние. През 1964 г. започва да преподава в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D0%AA%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Университет на Илинойс в Ърбана-Шампейн">Илинойския университет</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Електронният трансфер е една от най-простите форми на химична реакция. Това включва електронен трансфер във външната сфера между две вещества с еднаква атомна структура. Маркъс изследва тези реакции при двувалентни и тривалентни <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Желязо">железни</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Йон">йони</a>. Тъй като реакциите на електронен трансфер са често срещани и от особено значение в природата, теорията на Маркъс става една от най-важните в областта на химията. </p> <dl><dd>2H<sup>+</sup> + 2e<sup>−</sup> + 1/2 O<sub>2</sub> → H<sub>2</sub>O + топлина</dd></dl> <p>Маркъс провежда многобройни проучвания върху принципите, лежащи в основата на тези химични реакции, и чрез изследванията си успява да създаде известната си <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Теория на Маркъс (страницата не съществува)">теория на Маркъс</a>. Тази теория дава началото на нови експериментални програми, които допринасят за всички клонове на химията.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>През 1989 г. Маркъс е отличен с <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Национален научен медал (САЩ) (страницата не съществува)">Национален научен медал</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> а през 1992 г. става носител на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нобелова награда за химия">Нобелова награда за химия</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Член е на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Националната академия на науките на САЩ">Националната академия на науките на САЩ</a> от 1970 г. и на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Американска академия на изкуствата и науките (страницата не съществува)">Американската академия на изкуствата и науките</a> от 1973 г. През 1987 г. е избран за чуждестранен член на <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Британското кралско научно дружество">Британското кралско научно дружество</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-formemrs_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formemrs-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Източници"><span id=".D0.98.D0.B7.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8"></span>Източници</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Редактиране на раздел: Източници" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%81&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Източници"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_1-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_1-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1992/index.html">Rudolph A. Marcus: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNobelprize.org" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1992/">The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992</a> //   Nobelprize.org. Посетен на 1 август 2013.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1992/marcus-autobio.html">Rudolph A. Marcus: autobiography</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1992/marcus-lecture.html">Rudolph A. Marcus: Nobel Lecture 1992, Electron Transfer Reactions in Chemistry: Theory and Experiment</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TranscriptCHF-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-TranscriptCHF_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBohning20_юни_1991" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Bohning, James J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oh.sciencehistory.org/sites/default/files/marcus_ra_0097_suppl.pdf">Rudolph A. Marcus, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by James J. Bohning in Pasadena, California on 20 June 1991</a>.  Philadelphia, PA, Chemical Heritage Foundation, 20 юни 1991.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNobelprize.org" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1992/marcus.html">Rudolph A. Marcus – Facts</a> //   Nobelprize.org. Посетен на 1 август 2013.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OralHistoryCHF-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-OralHistoryCHF_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">Center for Oral History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oh.sciencehistory.org/oral-histories/marcus-rudolph-a">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thesis-marcus-1946-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-thesis-marcus-1946_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus1946" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Marcus, Rudolph A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.item?id=TC-QMM-125985&op=pdf&app=Library">Studies on the conversion of PHX to AcAn</a>.  McGill University, 1946. OCLC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/903054593">903054593</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oh.sciencehistory.org/sites/default/files/marcus_ra_0097_suppl.pdf">oh.sciencehistory.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/364323/Rudolph-A-Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus (Canadian-American chemist) – Encyclopædia Britannica</a> //   Britannica.com. Посетен на 1 август 2013.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCce.caltech.edu" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130806195818/http://www.cce.caltech.edu/faculty/marcus/index.html">FACULTY ::: Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering ::: CALTECH</a> //   Cce.caltech.edu.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cce.caltech.edu/faculty/marcus/index.html">оригинала</a> на 2013-08-06. Посетен на 1 август 2013.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Science_Foundation" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.jsp?recip_id=227">Rudolph A. Marcus</a> //  The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details.  National Science Foundation. Посетен на 26 ноември 2013.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-formemrs-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-formemrs_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Society" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151010213527/https://royalsociety.org/people/rudolph-marcus-11894/">Professor Rudolph Marcus ForMemRS</a> //   Royal Society.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/people/rudolph-marcus-11894/">оригинала</a> на 10 октомври 2015.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ccccff;;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Шаблон:Нобел химия"><abbr title="Преглед на шаблона" style=";background:#ccccff;;background:none transparent;border:none;">п</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%3A%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1"><abbr title="Беседа на шаблона (страницата не съществува)" style="color:#ba0000;;background:#ccccff;;background:none transparent;border:none;">б</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit"><abbr title="Редактиране на шаблона" style=";background:#ccccff;;background:none transparent;border:none;">р</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нобелова награда за химия">Нобелова награда за химия</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/25px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/38px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/50px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Категория:Носители на Нобелова награда за химия">Лауреати на наградата</a></div></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><b>1901:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Якоб Вант Хоф">Вант Хоф</a> 02: <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Емил Фишер">Е.Фишер</a> 03: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Сванте Август Арениус">Арениус</a> 04: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Уилям Рамзи">Рамзи</a> 05: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Адолф фон Байер">фон Байер</a> 06: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Анри Моасан">Моасан</a> 07: <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Едуард Бухнер">Бухнер</a> 08: <a href="/wiki/%D0%AA%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ърнест Ръдърфорд">Ръдърфорд</a> 09: <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Вилхелм Оствалд">Оствалд</a> <b>10:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Ото Валах">Валах</a> 11: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Мария Кюри">Кюри</a> 12: <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Виктор Гриняр">Гриняр</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Пол Сабатие">Сабатие</a> 13: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Алфред Вернер">Вернер</a> 14: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81" title="Теодор Ричардс">Ричардс</a> 15: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рихард Вилщетер">Вилщетер</a> 18: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фриц Хабер">Хабер</a> <b>20:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82" title="Валтер Нернст">Нернст</a> 21: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Фредерик Соди">Соди</a> 22: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Франсис Уилям Астън">Астън</a> 23: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Фриц Прегъл">Прегъл</a> 25: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Рихард Зигмонди">Зигмонди</a> 26: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Теодор Сведберг">Сведберг</a> 27: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Хайнрих Виланд">Виланд</a> 28: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Адолф Виндаус">Виндаус</a> 29: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Артър Хардън">Хардън</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ханс фон Ойлер-Келпин">фон Ойлер-Келпин</a> <b>30:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ханс Фишер">Х.Фишер</a> 31: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Карл Бош">Бош</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Фридрих Бергиус">Бергиус</a> 32: <a href="/wiki/%D0%AA%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%80" title="Ървинг Лангмюр">Лангмюр</a> 34: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Харолд Юри">Юри</a> 35: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE-%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Фредерик Жолио-Кюри">Ф.Жолио-Кюри</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE-%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Ирен Жолио-Кюри">И.Жолио-Кюри</a> 36: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Петер Дебай">Дебай</a> 37: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82" title="Уолтър Хауърт">Хауърт</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Паул Карер">Карер</a> 38: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Рихард Кун">Кун</a> 39: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Адолф Бутенант">Бутенант</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лавослав Ружичка">Ружичка</a> 43: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Дьорд де Хевеши">де Хевеши</a> 44: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ото Хан">Хан</a> 45: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Артури Виртанен">Виртанен</a> 46: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Джеймс Съмнър">Съмнър</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Джон Хауърд Нортроп">Нортроп</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Уендъл Стенли">Стенли</a> 47: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Робърт Робинсън">Робинсън</a> 48: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Арне Тиселиус">Тиселиус</a> 49: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Уилям Джиок">Джиок</a> <b>50:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Ото Дилс">Дилс</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Курт Алдер">Алдер</a> 51: <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Едуин Макмилан">Е. Макмилан</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Глен Сиборг">Сиборг</a> 52: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%87%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Арчър Мартин">Мартин</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ричард Лорънс Милингтън Синг">Синг</a> 53: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A9%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Херман Щаудингер">Щаудингер</a> 54: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Лайнъс Полинг">Полинг</a> 55: <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B4%D1%8E_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE" title="Винсент дю Виньо">дю Виньо</a> 56: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Сирил Хиншълуд">Хиншълуд</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Николай Семьонов">Семьонов</a> 57: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Александър Тод">Тод</a> 58: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Фредерик Сангър">Сангър</a> 59: <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Ярослав Хейровски">Хейровски</a> <b>60:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Уилард Либи">Либи</a> 61: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мелвин Калвин">Калвин</a> 62: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%86" title="Макс Перуц">Перуц</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E" title="Джон Кендрю">Кендрю</a> 63: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Карл Циглер">Циглер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джулио Ната">Ната</a> 64: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дороти Кроуфут Ходжкин">Ходжкин</a> 65: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%A3%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Робърт Бърнс Удуърд">Удуърт</a> 66: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Робърт Мъликен">Мъликен</a> 67: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Манфред Айген">Айген</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Роналд Нориш">Нориш</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Джордж Портър">Портър</a> 68: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ларс Онсагер">Онсагер</a> 69: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Дерек Бартън">Бартън</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Од Хасъл">Хасъл</a> <b>70:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Луи Лелоар">Лелоар</a> 71: <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Герхард Херцберг">Херцберг</a> 72: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Кристиан Анфинсен">Анфинсен</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80" title="Станфорд Мур">Мур</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Уилям Стайн">Стайн</a> 73: <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ернст Ото Фишер">Е.О.Фишер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Джефри Уилкинсън">Уилкинсън</a> 74: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Пол Флори">Флори</a> 75: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Джон Корнфорт">Корнфорт</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Владимир Прелог">Прелог</a> 76: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Уилям Липскъм">Липскъм</a> 77: <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Иля Пригожин">Пригожин</a> 78: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Питър Денис Мичъл">Мичъл</a> 79: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Хърбърт Браун">Браун</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Георг Витиг">Витиг</a> <b>80:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Пол Бърг">Бърг</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82" title="Уолтър Гилбърт">Гилбърт</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Фредерик Сангър">Сангър</a> 81: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Кеничи Фукуи">Фукуи</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Роалд Хофман">Хофман</a> 82: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Аарон Клуг">Клуг</a> 83: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Хенри Таубе">Таубе</a> 84: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Робърт Мерифийлд">Мерифийлд</a> 85: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хърбърт Хауптман">Хауптман</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Джером Карл">Карл</a> 86: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Дъдли Хършбах">Хършбах</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8_%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D1%8A" title="Ли Юан Цъ">Ли Юан Цъ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Джон Полани">Полани</a> 87: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Доналд Крам">Крам</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Жан-Мари Лен">Лен</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Педерсън">Педерсън</a> 88: <a href="/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Йохан Дайзенхофер">Дайзенхофер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Роберт Хубер">Хубер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Хартмут Михел">Михел</a> 89: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сидни Олтман">Олтман</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Томас Чек">Чек</a> <b>90:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8A%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Елайъс Кори">Кори</a> 91: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82" title="Рихард Ернст">Ернст</a> 92: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Маркъс</a> 93: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Кари Мълис">Мълис</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Майкъл Смит (химик)">Смит</a> 94: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Джордж Ола">Ола</a> 95: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Паул Крутцен">Крутцен</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Марио Молина">Молина</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Шерууд Роуланд">Роуланд</a> 96: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Робърт Кърл">Кърл</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Харолд Крото">Крото</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Ричард Смоли">Смоли</a> 97: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пол Бойер">Бойер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Джон Уокър">Уокър</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Йенс Скоу">Скоу</a> 98: <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Валтер Кон">Кон</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Джон Поупъл">Поупъл</a> 99: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Ахмед Зеуаил">Зеуаил</a> <b>2000:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Алан Хийгър">Хийгър</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Алан Макдайърмид">Макдайърмид</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Хидеки Ширакава">Ширакава</a> 01: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Уилям Ноулс">Ноулс</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Рьоджи Нойори">Нойори</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Карл Бари Шарплес">Шарплес</a> 02: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Джон Фен">Фен</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Коичи Танака">Танака</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%92%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Курт Вютрих">Вютрих</a> 03: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Питър Агре">Агре</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Родерик Маккинън">Маккинън</a> 04: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Аарон Чихановер">Чихановер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Аврам Хершко">Хершко</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Ъруин Роуз">Роуз</a> 05: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B1%D1%81" title="Робърт Гръбс">Гръбс</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Ричард Шрок">Шрок</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ив Шовен">Шовен</a> 06: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Роджър Корнбърг">Корнбърг</a> 07: <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%95%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Герхард Ертъл">Ертъл</a> 08: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Осаму Шимомура">Шимомура</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Мартин Чалфи">Чалфи</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Роджър Циен">Циен</a> 09: <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Венката Раман">Рамакришнан</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A9%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86" title="Томас Щайц">Щайц</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ада Йонат">Йонат</a> <b>10:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Ричард Хек">Хек</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Еичи Негиши">Негиши</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Акира Сузуки">Сузуки</a> 11: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дан Шехтман">Шехтман</a> 12: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86" title="Робърт Лефковиц">Лефковиц</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Брайън Кобилка">Кобилка</a> 13: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Мартин Карплус">Карплус</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Майкъл Левит">Левит</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Ари Варшел">Варшел</a> 14: <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Ерик Бециг">Бециг</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A9%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Щефан Хел">Хел</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Уилям Мьорнър">Мьорнър</a> 15: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Томас Линдал">Линдал</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Пол Модрич">Модрич</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Азиз Санджар">Санджар</a> 16: <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Жан-Пиер Соваж">Соваж</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B7%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Фрейзър Стодарт">Стодарт</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Бен Феринга">Феринга</a> 17: <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Жак Дюбоше">Дюбоше</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Йоахим Франк">Франк</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Ричард Хендерсън">Хендерсън</a> 18: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Франсис Арнолд">Арнолд</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Джордж Смит (биохимик)">Смит</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Грег Уинтър">Уинтър</a> 19: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Джон Гудинаф">Гудинаф</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Стенли Уитингам">Уитингам</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Акира Йошино">Йошино</a> <b>20:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Еманюел Шарпантие">Шарпантие</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дженифър Даудна">Даудна</a> 21: <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Бенямин Лист">Лист</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дейвид Макмилан">Д. Макмилан</a> 22: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Керълин Бъртози">Бъртози</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мортен Мелдал">Мелдал</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Карл Бари Шарплес">Шарплес</a> 23: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Мунги Бауенди">Бауенди</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Луис Брус">Брус</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Алексей Екимов">Екимов</a> 24: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дейвид Бейкър (страницата не съществува)">Бейкър</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Демис Хасабис (страницата не съществува)">Хасабис</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Джон Джъмпър (страницата не съществува)">Джъмпър</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="hlist hlist-big plainlinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Нормативен контрол<span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239067#identifiers" title="Редактиране в Уикиданни"><img alt="Редактиране в Уикиданни" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1772889">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1220174696">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=XmZa5hIAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000068045388">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009134431">LCCN</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6547-1469">ORCID</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68q025m">SNAC</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/96904920/">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgMD9RCFwp77G6D6VvWDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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