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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chemical revolution</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Revolució química – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolució química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Revolución química – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revolución química" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraultza_kimikoa" title="Iraultza kimikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iraultza kimikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_chimique" title="Révolution chimique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolution chimique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85" title="화학 혁명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화학 혁명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="रासायनिक क्रान्ति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रासायनिक क्रान्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_kimia" title="Revolusi kimia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Revolusi kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המהפכה הכימית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המהפכה הכימית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Revolução Química – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolução Química" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_chimic%C4%83" title="Revoluția chimică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revoluția chimică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemins_historia#Kemiska_revolutionen" title="Kemins historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kemins historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Reformulation of chemistry in the 17th and 18th centuries</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Affinity-table.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Affinity-table.jpg/300px-Affinity-table.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Affinity-table.jpg/450px-Affinity-table.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Affinity-table.jpg/600px-Affinity-table.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois_Geoffroy" title="Étienne François Geoffroy">Geoffroy's</a> 1718 <b>Affinity Table</b>: at the head of each column is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_species" title="Chemical species">chemical species</a> with which all the species below can combine. Some historians have defined this table as being the start of the chemical revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Kim_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">history of chemistry</a>, the <b>chemical revolution</b>, also called the <i>first chemical revolution</i>, was the reformulation of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_conservation_of_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of conservation of mass">law of conservation of mass</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> theory of <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>. </p><p>During the 19th and 20th century, this transformation was credited to the work of the French chemist <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> (the "<a href="/wiki/People_known_as_the_father_or_mother_of_something" class="mw-redirect" title="People known as the father or mother of something">father of modern chemistry</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, recent work on the history of <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern</a> chemistry considers the chemical revolution to consist of gradual changes in chemical theory and practice that emerged over a period of two centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The so-called <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a> took place during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries whereas the chemical revolution took place during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_factors">Primary factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_revolution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Primary factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several factors led to the first chemical revolution. First, there were the forms of <a href="/wiki/Gravimetric_analysis" title="Gravimetric analysis">gravimetric analysis</a> that emerged from alchemy and new kinds of instruments that were developed in medical and industrial contexts. In these settings, chemists increasingly challenged hypotheses that had already been presented by the ancient Greeks. For example, chemists began to assert that all structures were composed of more than the <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">four elements</a> of the Greeks or the <a href="/wiki/Classical_element#Elements_in_Medieval_alchemy" title="Classical element">eight elements</a> of the medieval alchemists. The Irish <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>, laid the foundations for the Chemical Revolution, with his <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy)" title="Mechanism (philosophy)">mechanical</a> corpuscular philosophy, which in turn relied heavily on the alchemical <a href="/wiki/Corpuscularianism" title="Corpuscularianism">corpuscular theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">experimental method</a> dating back to <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Geber" title="Pseudo-Geber">pseudo-Geber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earlier works by chemists such as <a href="/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont">Jan Baptist van Helmont</a> helped to shift the belief in theory that air existed as a single element to that of one in which air existed as a composition of a mixture of distinct kinds of gasses.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Helmont's data analysis also suggests that he had a general understanding of the law of conservation of mass in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, work by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rey_(physician)" title="Jean Rey (physician)">Jean Rey</a> in the early 17th century with metals like tin and lead and their oxidation in the presence of air and water helped pinpoint the contribution and existence of oxygen in the oxidation process.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other factors included new experimental techniques and the discovery of 'fixed air' (carbon dioxide) by Joseph Black in the middle of the 18th century. This discovery was particularly important because it empirically proved that 'air' did not consist of only one substance and because it established 'gas' as an important experimental substance. Nearer the end of the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiments</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> further proved that <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> is not an <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">element</a> and is instead composed of several different <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a>. Lavoisier also translated the names of chemical substance into a new nomenclatural language more appealing to scientists of the nineteenth century. Such changes took place in an atmosphere in which the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> increased public interest in learning and practicing chemistry. When describing the task of reinventing chemical nomenclature, Lavoisier attempted to harness the new centrality of chemistry by making the rather hyperbolic claim that:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We must clean house thoroughly, for they have made use of an enigmatical language peculiar to themselves, which in general presents one meaning for the adepts and another meaning for the vulgar, and at the same time contains nothing that is rationally intelligible either for the one or for the other.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precision_instruments">Precision instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_revolution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precision instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the reasoning behind Antoine Lavoisier being named the "father of modern chemistry" and the start of the chemical revolution lay in his ability to mathematize the field, pushing chemistry to use the experimental methods utilized in other "more exact sciences."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lavoisier changed the field of chemistry by keeping meticulous balance sheets in his research, attempting to show that through the transformation of chemical species the total amount of substance was conserved. Lavoisier used instrumentation for thermometric and barometric measurements in his experiments, and collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre Simon de Laplace</a> in the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Calorimeter" title="Calorimeter">calorimeter</a>, an instrument for measuring heat changes in a reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In attempting to dismantle <a href="/wiki/Phlogiston_theory" title="Phlogiston theory">phlogiston theory</a> and implement his own theory of combustion, Lavoisier utilized multiple apparatuses. These included a red-hot iron gun barrel which was designed to have water run through it and decompose, and an alteration of the apparatus which implemented a pneumatic trough at one end, a thermometer, and a barometer. The precision of his measurements was a requirement in convincing opposition of his theories about water as a compound, with instrumentation designed by himself implemented in his research. </p><p>Despite having precise measurements for his work, Lavoisier faced a large amount of opposition in his research. Proponents of phlogiston theory, such as Keir and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a>, claimed that demonstration of facts was only applicable for raw phenomena, and that interpretation of these facts did not imply accuracy in theories. They stated that Lavoisier was attempting to impose order on observed phenomena, whereas a secondary source of validity would be required to give definitive proof of the composition of water and non-existence of phlogiston.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antoine_Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_revolution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antoine Lavoisier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The latter stages of the revolution was fuelled by the 1789 publication of Lavoisier's <i><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_%C3%89l%C3%A9mentaire_de_Chimie" title="Traité Élémentaire de Chimie">Traité Élémentaire de Chimie</a></i> (Elements of Chemistry). Beginning with this publication and others to follow, Lavoisier synthesised the work of others and coined the term "oxygen". Antoine Lavoisier represented the chemical revolution not only in his publications, but also in the way he practiced chemistry. Lavoisier's work was characterized by his systematic determination of weights and his strong emphasis on precision and accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it has been postulated that the law of conservation of mass was discovered by Lavoisier, this claim has been refuted by scientist Marcellin Berthelot.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earlier use of the law of conservation of mass has been suggested by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Guerlac" title="Henry Guerlac">Henry Guerlac</a>, noting that scientist <a href="/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont">Jan Baptist van Helmont</a> had implicitly applied the methodology to his work in the 16th and 17th centuries. Earlier references of the law of conservation of mass and its use were made by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rey_(physician)" title="Jean Rey (physician)">Jean Rey</a> in 1630.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the law of conservation of mass was not explicitly discovered by Lavoisier, his work with a wider array of materials than what most scientists had available at the time allowed his work to greatly expand the boundaries of the principle and its fundamentals.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lavoisier also contributed to chemistry a method of understanding combustion and respiration and proof of the composition of water by decomposition into its constituent parts. He explained the theory of combustion, and challenged the <a href="/wiki/Phlogiston_theory" title="Phlogiston theory">phlogiston theory</a> with his views on <a href="/wiki/Caloric_theory" title="Caloric theory">caloric</a>. The <i>Traité</i> incorporates notions of a "new chemistry" and describes the experiments and reasoning that led to his conclusions. Like Newton's <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Principia</a></i>, which was the high point of the Scientific Revolution, Lavoisier's <i>Traité</i> can be seen as the culmination of the Chemical Revolution. </p><p>Lavoisier's work was not immediately accepted and it took several decades for it gain momentum.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This transition was aided by the work of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</a>, who came up with a simplified shorthand to describe chemical compounds based on <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a>'s theory of atomic weights. Many people credit Lavoisier and his overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Phlogiston_theory" title="Phlogiston theory">phlogiston theory</a> as the traditional chemical revolution, with Lavoisier marking the beginning of the revolution and John Dalton marking its culmination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Méthode_de_nomenclature_chimique"><span id="M.C3.A9thode_de_nomenclature_chimique"></span>Méthode de nomenclature chimique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_revolution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Méthode de nomenclature chimique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antoine Lavoisier, in a collaborative effort with <a href="/wiki/Louis-Bernard_Guyton_de_Morveau" title="Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau">Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Louis_Berthollet" title="Claude Louis Berthollet">Claude Louis Berthollet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois,_comte_de_Fourcroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy">Antoine François de Fourcroy</a>, published <i>Méthode de nomenclature chimique</i> in 1787.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work established a terminology for the "new chemistry" which Lavoisier was creating, which focused on a standardized set of terms, establishment of new elements, and experimental work. <i>Méthode</i> established 55 elements which were substances that could not be broken down into simpler composite parts at the time of publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By introducing new terminology into the field, Lavoisier encouraged other chemists to adopt his theories and practices in order to use his terms and stay current in chemistry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traité_élémentaire_de_chimie"><span id="Trait.C3.A9_.C3.A9l.C3.A9mentaire_de_chimie"></span>Traité élémentaire de chimie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_revolution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Traité élémentaire de chimie"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> One of Lavoisier's main influences was <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Étienne Bonnet, abbé de Condillac</a>. Condillac's approach to <a href="/wiki/Scientific_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific research">scientific research</a>, which was the basis of Lavoisier's approach in <i>Traité</i>, was to demonstrate that human beings could create a <a href="/wiki/Abstraction" title="Abstraction">mental representation of the world</a> using gathered <a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">evidence</a>. In Lavoisier's preface to <i>Traité</i>, he states</p><blockquote><p>It is a maxim universally admitted in geometry, and indeed in every branch of knowledge, that, in the progress of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_study" title="Scientific study">investigation</a>, we should proceed from known facts to what is unknown. ... In this manner, from a series of <a href="/wiki/Sensation_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensation (psychology)">sensations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Observations" class="mw-redirect" title="Observations">observations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Analyses" class="mw-redirect" title="Analyses">analyses</a>, a successive train of ideas arises, so linked together, that an attentive observer may trace back to a certain point the order and connection of the whole sum of human knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Lavoisier clearly ties his ideas in with those of Condillac, seeking to reform the field of chemistry. His goal in <i>Traité</i> was to associate the field with direct experience and observation, rather than assumption. His work defined a new foundation for the basis of chemical ideas and set a direction for the future course of chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humphry_Davy">Humphry Davy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_revolution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Humphry Davy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> was an English chemist and a professor of chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">London's Royal Institution</a> in the early 1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he performed experiments that cast doubt upon some of Lavoisier's key ideas such as the acidity of oxygen and the idea of a caloric element.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davy was able to show that acidity was not due to the presence of oxygen using <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">muriatic acid (hydrochloric acid)</a> as proof.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also proved that the compound oxymuriatic acid contained no oxygen and was instead an element, which he named <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through his use of electric batteries at the Royal Institution Davy first isolated chlorine, followed by the isolation of elemental <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> in 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using the batteries Davy was also able to isolate the elements <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From these experiments Davy concluded that the forces that join chemical elements together must be electrical in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davy also opposed the idea that caloric was an immaterial fluid, arguing instead that heat was a type of motion.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="John_Dalton">John Dalton</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_revolution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: John Dalton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> was an English chemist who developed the idea of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic theory">atomic theory</a> of chemical elements. Dalton's atomic theory of chemical elements assumed that each element had unique atoms associated with and specific to that atom.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was in opposition to Lavoisier's definition of elements which was that elements are substances that chemists could not break down further into simpler parts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalton's idea also differed from the idea of <a href="/wiki/Corpuscularianism" title="Corpuscularianism">corpuscular theory of matter</a>, which believed that all atoms were the same, and had been a supported theory since the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To help support his idea, Dalton worked on defining the relative weights of atoms in chemicals in his work <i>New System of Chemical Philosophy,</i> published in 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His text showed calculations to determine the relative atomic weights of Lavoisier's different elements based on experimental data pertaining to the relative amounts of different elements in chemical combinations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalton argued that elements would combine in the simplest form possible.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water was known to be a combination of hydrogen and oxygen, thus Dalton believed water to be a binary compound containing one hydrogen and one oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalton was able to accurately compute the relative quantity of gases in atmospheric air. He used the specific gravity of azotic (nitrogen), oxygenous, carbonic acid (carbon dioxide), and hydrogenous gases as well as aqueous vapor determined by Lavoisier and Davy to determine the proportional weights of each as a percent of a whole volume of atmospheric air.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoirs_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoirs-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalton determined that atmospheric air contains 75.55% azotic gas, 23.32% oxygenous gas, 1.03% aqueous vapor, and 0.10% carbonic acid gas.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoirs_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoirs-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jöns_Jacob_Berzelius"><span id="J.C3.B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius"></span>Jöns Jacob Berzelius</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_revolution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jöns Jacob Berzelius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a> was a Swedish chemist who studied medicine at the University of Uppsala and was a professor of chemistry in Stockholm.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He drew on the ideas of both Davy and Dalton to create an electrochemical view of how elements combined together. Berzelius classified elements into two groups, electronegative and electropositive depending which pole of a <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_cell" title="Galvanic cell">galvanic battery</a> they were released from when decomposed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He created a scale of charge with oxygen being the most electronegative element and potassium the most electropositive.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This scale signified that some elements had positive and negative charges associated with them and the position of an element on this scale and the element's charge determined how that element combined with others.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berzelius's work on electrochemical atomic theory was published in 1818 as <i>Essai sur la théorie des proportions chimiques et sur l'influence chimique de l'électricité</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also introduced a new <a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">chemical nomenclature</a> into chemistry by representing elements with letters and abbreviations, such as O for oxygen and Fe for iron. Combinations of elements were represented as sequences of these symbols and the number of atoms were represented at first by superscripts and then later subscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_revolution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kim-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kim_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKim2003" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Mi Gyung (2003). <i>Affinity, That Elusive Dream: A Genealogy of the Chemical Revolution</i>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-11273-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-11273-4"><bdi>978-0-262-11273-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Affinity%2C+That+Elusive+Dream%3A+A+Genealogy+of+the+Chemical+Revolution&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-262-11273-4&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Mi+Gyung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.wooster.edu/chemistry/is/brubaker/intro.html">The First Chemical Revolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426114135/http://www3.wooster.edu/chemistry/is/brubaker/intro.html">Archived</a> April 26, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – the Instrument Project, The College of Wooster</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddyMauskopfNewman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Eddy, Matthew Daniel; Mauskopf, Seymour H.; Newman, William R. (January 2014). "An Introduction to Chemical Knowledge in the Early Modern World". <i>Osiris</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 1–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F678110">10.1086/678110</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26103744">26103744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Osiris&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Chemical+Knowledge+in+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F678110&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26103744&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Daniel&rft.au=Mauskopf%2C+Seymour+H.&rft.au=Newman%2C+William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorin_George_Calian" class="citation book cs1">Florin George Calian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/AlkimiaOperativaAndAlkimiaSpeculativa.SomeModernControversiesOnThe"><i>Alkimia Operativa and Alkimia Speculativa. Some Modern Controversies on the Historiography of Alchemy</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alkimia+Operativa+and+Alkimia+Speculativa.+Some+Modern+Controversies+on+the+Historiography+of+Alchemy&rft.au=Florin+George+Calian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAlkimiaOperativaAndAlkimiaSpeculativa.SomeModernControversiesOnThe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddyMauskopfNewman2015" class="citation book cs1">Eddy, Matthew D.; Mauskopf, Seymour H.; Newman, William R. (2015). <i>Osiris, Volume 29: Chemical Knowledge in the Early Modern World</i>. 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(May 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrsula_Klein2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ursula Klein (July 2007). "Styles of Experimentation and Alchemical Matter Theory in the Scientific Revolution". <i>Metascience</i>. <b>16</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>: 247–256 [247]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11016-007-9095-8">10.1007/s11016-007-9095-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-9981">1467-9981</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170194372">170194372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metascience&rft.atitle=Styles+of+Experimentation+and+Alchemical+Matter+Theory+in+the+Scientific+Revolution&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=247-256+247&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170194372%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1467-9981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11016-007-9095-8&rft.au=Ursula+Klein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiermeier-Dohoney2018" class="citation thesis cs1">Niermeier-Dohoney, Justin Robert (2018). <i>A Vital Matter: Alchemy, Cornucopianism, and Agricultural Improvement in Seventeenth-Century England</i> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1090369187">1090369187</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2161867295">2161867295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Vital+Matter%3A+Alchemy%2C+Cornucopianism%2C+and+Agricultural+Improvement+in+Seventeenth-Century+England&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1090369187&rft.aulast=Niermeier-Dohoney&rft.aufirst=Justin+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+revolution" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucheyne2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ducheyne, Steffen (2008). "A Preliminary Study of the Appropriation of Van Helmont's oeuvre in Britain in Chymistry, Medicine and Natural Philosophy". <i>Ambix</i>. <b>55</b> (2): 122–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F174582308X255479">10.1179/174582308X255479</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-6980">0002-6980</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19048972">19048972</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38195230">38195230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ambix&rft.atitle=A+Preliminary+Study+of+the+Appropriation+of+Van+Helmont%27s+oeuvre+in+Britain+in+Chymistry%2C+Medicine+and+Natural+Philosophy&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=122-135&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0002-6980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38195230%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19048972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F174582308X255479&rft.aulast=Ducheyne&rft.aufirst=Steffen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Milt1953" class="citation journal cs1">De Milt, Clara (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed030p377.3">"The essays of Jean Rey"</a>. <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>30</b> (7): 377. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953JChEd..30..377D">1953JChEd..30..377D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed030p377.3">10.1021/ed030p377.3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9584">0021-9584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=The+essays+of+Jean+Rey&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=377&rft.date=1953&rft.issn=0021-9584&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed030p377.3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953JChEd..30..377D&rft.aulast=De+Milt&rft.aufirst=Clara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1021%252Fed030p377.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffe1976" class="citation book cs1">Jaffe, B. (1976). <i>Crucibles: The Story of Chemistry from Alchemy to Nuclear Fission</i> (4th ed.). New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-23342-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-23342-0"><bdi>978-0-486-23342-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucibles%3A+The+Story+of+Chemistry+from+Alchemy+to+Nuclear+Fission&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-486-23342-0&rft.aulast=Jaffe&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolinski1994" class="citation journal cs1">Golinski, Jan (1994). "Precision instruments and the demonstrative order of proof in Lavoisier's chemistry". <i>Osiris</i>. <b>9</b>: 30–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F368728">10.1086/368728</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95978870">95978870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Osiris&rft.atitle=Precision+instruments+and+the+demonstrative+order+of+proof+in+Lavoisier%27s+chemistry&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=30-47&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F368728&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A95978870%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Golinski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevere2001" class="citation book cs1">Levere, Trevor (2001). <i>Transforming Matter</i>. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6610-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-6610-3"><bdi>0-8018-6610-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transforming+Matter&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8018-6610-3&rft.aulast=Levere&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal2013" class="citation journal cs1">Blumenthal, Geoffrey (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/52298874/lavoisier_s_achievement8.pdf">"On Lavoisier's Achievement in Chemistry: On Lavoisier's achievement in chemistry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Centaurus</i>. <b>55</b> (1): 20–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1600-0498.12001">10.1111/1600-0498.12001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F205ebdf7-ee96-42db-8687-a1b9eb6575c5">1983/205ebdf7-ee96-42db-8687-a1b9eb6575c5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Centaurus&rft.atitle=On+Lavoisier%27s+Achievement+in+Chemistry%3A+On+Lavoisier%27s+achievement+in+chemistry&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-47&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F205ebdf7-ee96-42db-8687-a1b9eb6575c5&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1600-0498.12001&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-information.bris.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F52298874%2Flavoisier_s_achievement8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddy2008" class="citation book cs1">Eddy, Matthew (2008). <i>The Language of Mineralogy: John Walker, Chemistry and the Edinburgh Medical School, 1750-1800</i>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6332-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6332-4"><bdi>978-0-7546-6332-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+Mineralogy%3A+John+Walker%2C+Chemistry+and+the+Edinburgh+Medical+School%2C+1750-1800&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6332-4&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+revolution" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuveenKlickstein1954" class="citation journal cs1">Duveen, Denis; Klickstein, Herbert (Sep 1954). "The Introduction of Lavoisier's Chemical Nomenclature into America". <i>Isis</i>. <b>45</b> (3): 278–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F348339">10.1086/348339</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13232806">13232806</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32064170">32064170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=The+Introduction+of+Lavoisier%27s+Chemical+Nomenclature+into+America&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=278-292&rft.date=1954-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32064170%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13232806&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F348339&rft.aulast=Duveen&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=Klickstein%2C+Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Library_of_Congress-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuyton_de_MorveauLavoisierBertholletFourcroy1787" class="citation book cs1">Guyton de Morveau, Louis-Bernard; Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent; Berthollet, Claude-Louis; Fourcroy, Antoine-François de, comte; Hassenfratz, Jean-Henri; Adet, Pierre-Auguste (1787). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/15011439/"><i>Méthode de nomenclature chimique</i></a>. Paris, France: Chez Cuchet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419153808/https://www.loc.gov/item/15011439/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9thode+de+nomenclature+chimique&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pub=Chez+Cuchet&rft.date=1787&rft.aulast=Guyton+de+Morveau&rft.aufirst=Louis-Bernard&rft.au=Lavoisier%2C+Antoine+Laurent&rft.au=Berthollet%2C+Claude-Louis&rft.au=Fourcroy%2C+Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois+de%2C+comte&rft.au=Hassenfratz%2C+Jean-Henri&rft.au=Adet%2C+Pierre-Auguste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F15011439%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+revolution" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, <i>Elements of Chemistry</i>, trans. Robert Kerr (Edinburgh, 1790; facs. reprint New York: Dover, 1965), pp. xv–xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDear2006" class="citation book cs1">Dear, Peter (2006). <i>The Intelligibility of Nature</i>. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 74–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Intelligibility+of+Nature&rft.pages=74-75&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dear&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.Morus,_Iwan_Rhys2005" class="citation book cs1">J., Bowler, Peter; Morus, Iwan Rhys (2005). <i>Making modern science: a historical survey</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226068609" title="Special:BookSources/0226068609"><bdi>0226068609</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56333962">56333962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+modern+science%3A+a+historical+survey&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56333962&rft.isbn=0226068609&rft.aulast=J.&rft.aufirst=Bowler%2C+Peter&rft.au=Morus%2C+Iwan+Rhys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+revolution" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Memoirs-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Memoirs_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memoirs_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety1805" class="citation book cs1">Society, Manchester Literary and Philosophical (1805). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Pg5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA244"><i>Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary & Philosophical Society: (Manchester Memoirs.)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+and+Proceedings+of+the+Manchester+Literary+%26+Philosophical+Society%3A+%28Manchester+Memoirs.%29.&rft.date=1805&rft.aulast=Society&rft.aufirst=Manchester+Literary+and+Philosophical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Pg5AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_revolution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>William B. Jensen, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224800/http://www.gesn.ch/mat_didattico/teoria/jensen/logica_3.pdf">Logic, History, and the Chemistry Textbook: III. One Chemical Revolution or Three?</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Chemical_Education" title="Journal of Chemical Education">Journal of Chemical Education</a></i>, Vol. 75, No. 8, August 1998</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_G._McEvoy2010" class="citation book cs1">John G. McEvoy (2010). <i>Historiography of the Chemical Revolution: Patterns of Interpretation in the History of Science</i>. Pickering & Chatto. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84893-030-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84893-030-8"><bdi>978-1-84893-030-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historiography+of+the+Chemical+Revolution%3A+Patterns+of+Interpretation+in+the+History+of+Science&rft.pub=Pickering+%26+Chatto&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84893-030-8&rft.au=John+G.+McEvoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+revolution" class="Z3988"></span> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hyle.org/journal/issues/17-1/rev_mauskopf.htm">book review</a> by Seymour Mauskopf in <i>HYLE--International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry</i>, Vol. 17, No.1 (2011), pp. 41–46.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_revolution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-259705/chemistry">Chemistry :: The chemical revolution</a> – Encyclopædia Britannica</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uv.es/bertomeu/revquim/biblio/bibliorvq.htm">A bibliography on the chemical revolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080422014146/http://www.uv.es/bertomeu/revquim/biblio/bibliorvq.htm">Archived</a> 2008-04-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – University of Valencia</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_revolution&oldid=1254112714">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_revolution&oldid=1254112714</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_chemistry" title="Category:History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Revolutions_by_type" title="Category:Revolutions by type">Revolutions by type</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2023">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 October 2024, at 13:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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