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aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digestive_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestive_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Digestive system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestive_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Cognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Senses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Behavior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavior subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dominance_hierarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominance_hierarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dominance hierarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominance_hierarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grazing_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grazing_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Grazing behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grazing_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperament_and_emotions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperament_and_emotions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Temperament and emotions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperament_and_emotions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Sleep</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Husbandry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Husbandry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Husbandry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Husbandry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Husbandry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Husbandry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Meat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dairy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dairy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Dairy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dairy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Draft_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Draft_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Draft animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Draft_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Hides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pests_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Pests and diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Role of climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_cattle_husbandry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_cattle_husbandry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Impact of cattle husbandry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact_of_cattle_husbandry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact of cattle husbandry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_cattle_husbandry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_public_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_public_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>On public health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_public_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_the_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_the_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>On the environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_the_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_animal_welfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_animal_welfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>On animal welfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_animal_welfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cattle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 201 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-201" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">201 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leumo" title="Leumo – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Leumo" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bees" title="Bees – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausrind" title="Hausrind – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hausrind" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8B%E1%88%9D" title="ላም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ላም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="मवेशी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मवेशी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hri%C3%B0er" title="Hriðer – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hriðer" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B1" title="بقر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بقر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos_taurus" title="Bos taurus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bos taurus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Կով – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կով" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vac%C3%A2" title="Vacâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Vacâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81" title="গৰু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গৰু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos_primigenius_taurus" title="Bos primigenius taurus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bos primigenius taurus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toro" title="Toro – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Toro" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="गाय – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="गाय" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaka" title="Vaka – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vaka" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="ГӀака – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀака" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0n%C9%99k" title="İnək – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnək" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9" title="اینک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اینک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Sampi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misi" title="Misi – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Misi" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81" title="গরু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গরু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapi" title="Sapi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sapi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au-chiu_g%C3%BB" title="Au-chiu gû – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Au-chiu gû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Һыйыр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һыйыр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Свойскі бык – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Свойскі бык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Свойскі бык – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Свойскі бык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87" title="गाइ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गाइ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baka" title="Baka – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Baka" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Домашно говедо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Домашно говедо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B" title="གླང་གོག་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གླང་གོག་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doma%C4%87e_govedo" title="Domaće govedo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Domaće govedo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos_taurus" title="Bos taurus – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bos taurus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Үхэр – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Үхэр" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bou" title="Bou – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bou" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%BA%C4%83%D1%80" title="Килти вăкăр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Килти вăкăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos_taurus" title="Bos taurus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bos taurus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur_dom%C3%A1c%C3%AD" title="Tur domácí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tur domácí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhou_(yemombe)" title="Mhou (yemombe) – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mhou (yemombe)" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E2%80%99ombe" title="Ng’ombe – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ng’ombe" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacca" title="Vacca – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Vacca" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buwch" title="Buwch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Buwch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahu" title="Nahu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Nahu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamkv%C3%A6g" title="Tamkvæg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tamkvæg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuh" title="Kuh – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Kuh" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausrind" title="Hausrind – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hausrind" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9gashii" title="Béégashii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béégashii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="गाई – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="गाई" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veis" title="Veis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Βους ο ταύρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βους ο ταύρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0" title="Bà – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Bà" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos_taurus" title="Bos taurus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bos taurus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovo" title="Bovo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bovo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos_taurus" title="Bos taurus – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bos taurus" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos_taurus" title="Bos taurus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bos taurus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyi" title="Nyi – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Nyi" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88" title="گاو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauaa" title="Chauaa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chauaa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neyt" title="Neyt – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Neyt" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos_taurus" title="Bos taurus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bos taurus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko" title="Ko – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ko" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eallach" title="Eallach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eallach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2" title="Bò – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bò" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaca" title="Vaca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vaca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B0_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0" title="Коа тӀара бугӀа – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Коа тӀара бугӀа" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="گاب – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="گاب" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B5%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌵𐍉𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌵𐍉𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C" title="소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Կով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="गाय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गाय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howjado" title="Howjado – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Howjado" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doma%C4%87e_govedo" title="Domaće govedo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Domaće govedo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapi" title="Sapi – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Sapi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovo" title="Bovo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bovo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baka" title="Baka – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Baka" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapi" title="Sapi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sapi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos_taurus" title="Bos taurus – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bos taurus" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immulivik" title="Immulivik – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Immulivik" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenkomo" title="Yenkomo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Yenkomo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautgripur" title="Nautgripur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nautgripur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos_taurus" title="Bos taurus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bos taurus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="בקר הבית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בקר הבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapi" title="Sapi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sapi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%A8" title="ದನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მსხვილი რქოსანი საქონელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მსხვილი რქოსანი საქონელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88" title="گاو – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گاو" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Сиыр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сиыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugh" title="Bugh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bugh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inka" title="Inka – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Inka" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%27ombe" title="Ng'ombe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ng'ombe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vach" title="Vach – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vach" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B9" title="Уй – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Уй" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ышкал – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ышкал" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacia" title="Vacia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Vacia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8C%D0%BB" title="Оьл – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Оьл" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A7" title="ງົວ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ງົວ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos_taurus" title="Bos taurus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bos taurus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liellops" title="Liellops – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Liellops" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand" title="Rand – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rand" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Кал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naminis_jautis" title="Naminis jautis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Naminis jautis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos_Taurus" title="Bos Taurus – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bos Taurus" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooj" title="Kooj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kooj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bove" title="Bove – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bove" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos_taurus" title="Bos taurus – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bos taurus" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szarvasmarha" title="Szarvasmarha – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szarvasmarha" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Домашно говедо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Домашно говедо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omby" title="Omby – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Omby" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%81" title="പശു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പശു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="गाय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गाय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88" title="گو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembu" title="Lembu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lembu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5-%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯁꯥ-ꯁꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯥ-ꯁꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi" title="Jawi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Jawi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B9" title="Ngù – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngù" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baca" title="Baca – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Baca" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Тракс – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Тракс" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="နွား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နွား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rund" title="Rund – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rund" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="गाई – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गाई" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80)" title="सा (प्राणी) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सा (प्राणी)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B7" title="ウシ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウシ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beest" title="Beest – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Beest" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau" title="Kau – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Kau" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storfe" title="Storfe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Storfe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storfe" title="Storfe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Storfe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%93u" title="Bœu – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Bœu" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos_taurus" title="Bos taurus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bos taurus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%88" title="ଗାଈ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗାଈ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigir" title="Sigir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sigir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਗਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolong" title="Kolong – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Kolong" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="گاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7" title="غوا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غوا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiakl" title="Kiakl – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kiakl" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/gung" title="gung – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="gung" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rindveeh" title="Rindveeh – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rindveeh" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byd%C5%82o_domowe" title="Bydło domowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bydło domowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos_taurus" title="Bos taurus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bos taurus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vac%C4%83" title="Vacă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vacă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka" title="Waka – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Waka" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Корова – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Корова" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Домашний бык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Домашний бык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Ынах – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ынах" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/katalalan" title="katalalan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="katalalan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%83" title="गौः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गौः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%AD" title="ᱜᱟᱹᱭ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱟᱹᱭ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0ca" title="Bàca – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bàca" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kye" title="Kye – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kye" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopa" title="Lopa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lopa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos_taurus" title="Bos taurus – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bos taurus" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="ගවයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගවයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cattle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%B3%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86" title="ڳئون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڳئون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur_dom%C3%A1ci" title="Tur domáci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tur domáci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doma%C4%8De_govedo" title="Domače govedo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Domače govedo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%27" title="Lo' – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Lo'" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="مانگا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مانگا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawmeti" title="Kawmeti – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Kawmeti" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doma%C4%87e_govedo" title="Domaće govedo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Domaće govedo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doma%C4%87e_govedo" title="Domaće govedo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Domaće govedo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapi" title="Sapi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sapi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauta" title="Nauta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nauta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6tkreatur" title="Nötkreatur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nötkreatur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baka" title="Baka – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Baka" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="மாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafunast" title="Tafunast – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafunast" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%A9ve" title="Uéve – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Uéve" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сыер – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сыер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/kacing" title="kacing – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="kacing" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="పశువు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పశువు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7" title="วัว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%94%C9%94%CC%88k" title="Ɣɔ̈k – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Ɣɔ̈k" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Гов – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гов" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A9%E1%8E%A7" title="ᏩᎧ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏩᎧ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4" title="ಪೆತ್ತ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಪೆತ್ತ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1r" title="Sığır – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sığır" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyak" title="Nyak – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Nyak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Инек – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Инек" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Корова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Корова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92" title="گائے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گائے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwz" title="Cwz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cwz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos_taurus" title="Bos taurus – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bos taurus" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodih%C3%A4rg" title="Kodihärg – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kodihärg" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2_nh%C3%A0" title="Bò nhà – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bò nhà" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kun" title="Kun – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kun" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5bras" title="Tõbras – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tõbras" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovrins" title="Bovrins – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bovrins" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runders" title="Runders – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Runders" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baka" title="Baka – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Baka" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E7%89%9B" title="家牛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="家牛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="אקס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אקס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0l%C3%BA%C3%B9" title="Màlúù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Màlúù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B" title="牛 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="牛" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nax%C4%B1r" title="Naxır – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Naxır" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karv%C4%97" title="Karvė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Karvė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E7%89%9B" title="家牛 – 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cattle_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cattle (disambiguation)">Cattle (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cow_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cow (disambiguation)">Cow (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Taurus cattle" redirects here. For the breeding project, see <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Project" title="Taurus Project">Taurus Project</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Cattle </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cow_(Fleckvieh_breed)_Oeschinensee_Slaunger_2009-07-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cow_%28Fleckvieh_breed%29_Oeschinensee_Slaunger_2009-07-07.jpg/240px-Cow_%28Fleckvieh_breed%29_Oeschinensee_Slaunger_2009-07-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cow_%28Fleckvieh_breed%29_Oeschinensee_Slaunger_2009-07-07.jpg/360px-Cow_%28Fleckvieh_breed%29_Oeschinensee_Slaunger_2009-07-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cow_%28Fleckvieh_breed%29_Oeschinensee_Slaunger_2009-07-07.jpg/480px-Cow_%28Fleckvieh_breed%29_Oeschinensee_Slaunger_2009-07-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">A brown Swiss <a href="/wiki/Fleckvieh" title="Fleckvieh">Fleckvieh</a> cow wearing a <a href="/wiki/Cowbell" title="Cowbell">cowbell</a> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center">Domesticated <small></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Bos" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos"><i>Bos</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>B. taurus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Bos taurus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GLW_2_global_distributions_of_a)_cattle.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/GLW_2_global_distributions_of_a%29_cattle.tif/lossy-page1-240px-GLW_2_global_distributions_of_a%29_cattle.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/GLW_2_global_distributions_of_a%29_cattle.tif/lossy-page1-360px-GLW_2_global_distributions_of_a%29_cattle.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/GLW_2_global_distributions_of_a%29_cattle.tif/lossy-page1-480px-GLW_2_global_distributions_of_a%29_cattle.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2471" data-file-height="1546" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Bovine distribution </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Bos primigenius taurus</i></li> <li><i>Bos longifrons</i></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Cattle</b> (<i><b>Bos taurus</b></i>) are large, <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">bovid</a> <a href="/wiki/Ungulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungulates">ungulates</a> widely kept as <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>. They are prominent modern members of the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a> and the most widespread species of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a></i>. Mature female cattle are called <b>cows</b> and mature male cattle are <a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">bulls</a>. Young female cattle are called <b>heifers</b>, young male cattle are <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">oxen</a> or <b>bullocks</b>, and castrated male cattle are known as <b>steers</b>. </p><p>Cattle are commonly <a href="/wiki/Beef_cattle" title="Beef cattle">raised for meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dairy_cattle" title="Dairy cattle">for dairy products</a>, and for <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Draft_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft animal">draft animals</a>, they pull <a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">carts</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">farm implements</a>. In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, cattle are <a href="/wiki/Animal_worship" title="Animal worship">sacred animals</a> within Hinduism, and may not be killed. Small breeds such as the <a href="/wiki/Miniature_Zebu" title="Miniature Zebu">miniature Zebu</a> are kept as <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">pets</a>. </p><p>Taurine cattle are widely distributed across Europe and temperate areas of Asia, the Americas, and Australia. <a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebus</a> are found mainly in India and tropical areas of Asia, America, and Australia. <a href="/wiki/Sanga_cattle" title="Sanga cattle">Sanga cattle</a> are found primarily in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>. These types, sometimes classified as separate species or subspecies, are further divided into <a href="/wiki/List_of_cattle_breeds" title="List of cattle breeds">over 1,000 recognized breeds</a>. </p><p>Around 10,500 years ago, taurine cattle were domesticated from wild <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> progenitors in <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region">central Anatolia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Iran" title="Western Iran">Western Iran</a>. A separate domestication event occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, which gave rise to zebu. There were over 940 million cattle in the world by 2022. Cattle are responsible for around 7% of global <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>. They were one of the first domesticated animals to have <a href="/wiki/Bovine_genome" title="Bovine genome">a fully-mapped genome</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cattle_terminology" title="List of cattle terminology">List of cattle terminology</a></div> <p>The term <i>cattle</i> was borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <span title="Anglo-Norman-language text"><i lang="xno">catel</i></span> (replacing native <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> terms like <i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kine#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:kine">kine</a></i>, now considered archaic, poetic, or dialectal),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> itself from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">capitale</i></span> 'principal sum of money, capital', itself derived in turn from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">caput</i></span> 'head'. <i>Cattle</i> originally meant movable <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a>, especially livestock of any kind, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real property</a> (the land, which also included wild or small free-roaming animals such as chickens—they were sold as part of the land).<sup id="cite_ref-OED_Cattle_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED_Cattle-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word is a variant of <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chattel" class="extiw" title="wikt:chattel">chattel</a></i> (a unit of personal property) and closely related to <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a></i> in the economic sense.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED_Cattle_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED_Cattle-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>cow</i> came via <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon language">Anglo-Saxon</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">cū</i></span> (plural <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">cȳ</i></span>), from <a href="/wiki/Common_Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Indo-European">Common Indo-European</a> <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine"><i>gʷōus</i></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine"><i>gʷowés</i></span></span>) 'a bovine animal', cf. <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <i lang="fa-Latn">gâv</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <i lang="sa-Latn">go-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_cow_n1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED_cow_n1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In older English sources such as the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> of the Bible, <i>cattle</i> often means livestock, as opposed to <i>deer</i>, which are wild.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_Cattle_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED_Cattle-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Description">Description</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4117" data-file-height="2812" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Skeleton</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:266px;max-width:266px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modelo_did%C3%A1tico_bovino_(fundo_branco)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Modelo_did%C3%A1tico_bovino_%28fundo_branco%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/264px-Modelo_did%C3%A1tico_bovino_%28fundo_branco%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Modelo_did%C3%A1tico_bovino_%28fundo_branco%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/396px-Modelo_did%C3%A1tico_bovino_%28fundo_branco%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Modelo_did%C3%A1tico_bovino_%28fundo_branco%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/528px-Modelo_did%C3%A1tico_bovino_%28fundo_branco%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3162" data-file-height="1802" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Anatomical model, showing the large 4-chambered stomach</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Cattle are large <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">artiodactyls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cloven_hooves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloven hooves">cloven hooves</a>, meaning that they walk on two toes, the third and fourth digits. Like all bovid species, they can have horns, which are unbranched and are not shed annually.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coloration varies with breed; common colors are black, white, and red/brown, and some breeds are spotted or have mixed colors.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulls are larger than cows of the same breed by up to a few hundred kilograms. British Hereford cows, for example, weigh 600–800 kg (1,300–1,800 lb), while the bulls weigh 1,000–1,200 kg (2,200–2,600 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1790, beef cattle averaged only 160 kg (350 lb) net. Thereafter, weights climbed steadily.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle breeds vary widely in size; the tallest and heaviest is the <a href="/wiki/Chianina" title="Chianina">Chianina</a>, where a mature bull may be up to 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) at the shoulder, and may reach 1,280 kg (2,820 lb) in weight.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The natural life of domestic cattle is some 25–30 years. Beef cattle go to slaughter at around 18 months, and dairy cows at about five years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digestive_system">Digestive system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_of_ruminants" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system of ruminants">Digestive system of ruminants</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kibegwa_2023_rumen_microbiome.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kibegwa_2023_rumen_microbiome.png/220px-Kibegwa_2023_rumen_microbiome.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kibegwa_2023_rumen_microbiome.png/330px-Kibegwa_2023_rumen_microbiome.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kibegwa_2023_rumen_microbiome.png/440px-Kibegwa_2023_rumen_microbiome.png 2x" data-file-width="3910" data-file-height="2192" /></a><figcaption>Bacteria dominate the rumen microbiome; composition can change substantially with diet.<sup id="cite_ref-Kibegwa2023_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kibegwa2023-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Cattle are <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>, meaning their <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">digestive system</a> is highly specialized for processing plant material such as <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grass</a> rich in <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, a tough carbohydrate polymer which many animals cannot digest. They do this in symbiosis with micro-organisms – <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a> – that possess <a href="/wiki/Cellulase" title="Cellulase">cellulases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> that split cellulose into its constituent <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugars</a>. Among the many bacteria that contribute are <i><a href="/wiki/Fibrobacter_succinogenes" title="Fibrobacter succinogenes">Fibrobacter succinogenes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ruminococcus" title="Ruminococcus">Ruminococcus flavefaciens</a></i>, and <i>Ruminococcus albus</i>. Cellulolytic fungi include several species of <i><a href="/wiki/Neocallimastix" title="Neocallimastix">Neocallimastix</a></i>, while the protozoa include the <a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">ciliates</a> <i>Eudiplodinium maggie</i> and <i>Ostracodinium album</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hua_Hendriks_Xiong_Pellikaan_2022_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hua_Hendriks_Xiong_Pellikaan_2022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the animal's feed changes over time, the composition of this <a href="/wiki/Microbiome" title="Microbiome">microbiome</a> changes in response.<sup id="cite_ref-Kibegwa2023_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kibegwa2023-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cattle have one large <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> with four compartments; the <a href="/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen">rumen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reticulum_(anatomy)" title="Reticulum (anatomy)">reticulum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omasum" title="Omasum">omasum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abomasum" title="Abomasum">abomasum</a>. The rumen is the largest compartment and it harbours the most important parts of the microbiome.<sup id="cite_ref-Kibegwa2023_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kibegwa2023-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reticulum, the smallest compartment, is known as the "honeycomb". The omasum's main function is to absorb water and nutrients from the digestible feed. The abomasum has a similar function to the human stomach.<sup id="cite_ref-Orr_2023_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr_2023-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cattle <a href="/wiki/Regurgitation_(digestion)" title="Regurgitation (digestion)">regurgitate</a> and re-chew their food in the process of chewing the <a href="/wiki/Cud" title="Cud">cud</a>, like most ruminants. While feeding, cows swallow their food without chewing; it goes into the rumen for storage. Later, the food is regurgitated to the mouth, a mouthful at a time, where the cud is chewed by the molars, grinding down the coarse vegetation to small particles. The cud is then swallowed again and further digested by the micro-organisms in the cow's stomach.<sup id="cite_ref-Orr_2023_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr_2023-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cow_giving_birth,_in_Laos_(step_by_step).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nine sequential photos showing the calf being born" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cow_giving_birth%2C_in_Laos_%28step_by_step%29.jpg/220px-Cow_giving_birth%2C_in_Laos_%28step_by_step%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cow_giving_birth%2C_in_Laos_%28step_by_step%29.jpg/330px-Cow_giving_birth%2C_in_Laos_%28step_by_step%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cow_giving_birth%2C_in_Laos_%28step_by_step%29.jpg/440px-Cow_giving_birth%2C_in_Laos_%28step_by_step%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6800" data-file-height="4630" /></a><figcaption>A cow giving birth</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gestation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestation period">gestation period</a> for a cow is about nine months long. The <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sex_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary sex ratio">ratio of male to female offspring at birth</a> is approximately 52:48.<sup id="cite_ref-Roche_Lee_Berry_2006_pp._2119–2125_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roche_Lee_Berry_2006_pp._2119–2125-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cow's <a href="/wiki/Udder" title="Udder">udder</a> has two pairs of <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary glands</a> or teats.<sup id="cite_ref-Frandson_2013_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frandson_2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farms often use <a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">artificial insemination</a>, the artificial deposition of <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Female_Reproductive_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Female Reproductive System">female's genital tract</a>; this allows farmers to choose from a wide range of bulls to breed their cattle. <a href="/wiki/Estrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrus">Estrus</a> too may be artificially induced to facilitate the process.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopper2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopper2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">Copulation</a> lasts several seconds and consists of a single <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">pelvic thrust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cows seek secluded areas for calving.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semi-wild <a href="/wiki/Highland_cattle" title="Highland cattle">Highland cattle</a> heifers first give birth at 2 or 3 years of age, and the timing of birth is synchronized with increases in natural food quality. Average calving interval is 391 days, and calving mortality within the first year of life is 5%.<sup id="cite_ref-Reinhardt1986_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reinhardt1986-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beef calves suckle an average of 5 times per day, spending some 46 minutes suckling. There is a diurnal rhythm in suckling, peaking at roughly 6am, 11:30am, and 7pm.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under natural conditions, calves stay with their mother until weaning at 8 to 11 months. Heifer and bull calves are equally attached to their mothers in the first few months of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnsen2015_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnsen2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognition">Cognition</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lecorps_2018_calf_sociability.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lecorps_2018_calf_sociability.jpg/220px-Lecorps_2018_calf_sociability.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lecorps_2018_calf_sociability.jpg/330px-Lecorps_2018_calf_sociability.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lecorps_2018_calf_sociability.jpg/440px-Lecorps_2018_calf_sociability.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Individual cattle differ in personality traits such as fearfulness and sociability.<sup id="cite_ref-Lecorps2018_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lecorps2018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Cattle have a variety of cognitive abilities. They can memorize the locations of multiple food sources,<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey1989_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey1989-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can retain memories for at least 48 days.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young cattle learn more quickly than adults,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and calves are capable of discrimination learning,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> distinguishing familiar and unfamiliar animals,<sup id="cite_ref-Coulon2011_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulon2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and between humans, using faces and other cues.<sup id="cite_ref-Passille1996_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Passille1996-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calves prefer their own mother's vocalizations to those of an unfamiliar cow.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vocalizations provide information on the age, sex, dominance status and reproductive status of the caller, and may indicate <a href="/wiki/Estrous_cycle" title="Estrous cycle">estrus</a> in cows and competitive display in bulls.<sup id="cite_ref-Watts2000_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watts2000-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cows can <a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">categorize</a> images as familiar and unfamiliar individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Coulon2011_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulon2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">Cloned</a> calves from the same donor form subgroups, suggesting that kin discrimination may be a basis of grouping behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-Coulon2010x_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulon2010x-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle use <a href="/wiki/Lateralization_of_brain_function" title="Lateralization of brain function">visual/brain lateralisation</a> when scanning novel and familiar stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They prefer to view novel stimuli with the left eye (using the right brain hemisphere), but the right eye for familiar stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-Robins_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robins-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual cattle have also been observed to display different personality traits, such as fearfulness and sociability.<sup id="cite_ref-Lecorps2018_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lecorps2018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senses">Senses</h3></div> <p>Vision is the dominant sense; cattle obtain almost half of their information visually.<sup id="cite_ref-Adamczyk_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adamczyk-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being prey animals, cattle evolved to look out for predators almost all around, with eyes that are on the sides of their head rather than the front. This gives them a field of view of 330°, but limits <a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular vision</a> (and therefore <a href="/wiki/Stereopsis" title="Stereopsis">stereopsis</a>) to some 30° to 50°, compared to 140° in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Coulon2011_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulon2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are <a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">dichromatic</a>, like most mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle avoid bitter-tasting foods, selecting sweet foods for energy. Their sensitivity to sour-tasting foods helps them to maintain optimal ruminal <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adamczyk_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adamczyk-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They seek out salty foods by taste and smell to maintain their <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> balance.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their hearing is better than that of horses,<sup id="cite_ref-Heffner_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heffner-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but worse at localising sounds than goats, and much worse than dogs or humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Heffner1992_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heffner1992-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can distinguish between live and recorded human speech.<sup id="cite_ref-Lange2020_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lange2020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olfaction probably plays a large role in their social life, indicating social and reproductive status.<sup id="cite_ref-Adamczyk_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adamczyk-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keeling_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keeling-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle can tell when other animals are stressed by smelling the alarm chemicals in their urine.<sup id="cite_ref-Boissy1998_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boissy1998-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle can be trained to recognise conspecific individuals using olfaction only.<sup id="cite_ref-Keeling_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keeling-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominance_hierarchy">Dominance hierarchy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oman_bullfighting_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Oman_bullfighting_%282%29.jpg/220px-Oman_bullfighting_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Oman_bullfighting_%282%29.jpg/330px-Oman_bullfighting_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Oman_bullfighting_%282%29.jpg/440px-Oman_bullfighting_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Spectators in <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> watch a fight between bulls.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cattle live in a <a href="/wiki/Dominance_hierarchy" title="Dominance hierarchy">dominance hierarchy</a>. This is maintained in several ways. Cattle often engage in mock fights where they test each other's strength in a non-aggressive way. <a href="/wiki/Licking" title="Licking">Licking</a> is primarily performed by subordinates and received by dominant animals. Mounting is a playful behavior shown by calves of both sexes and by bulls and sometimes by cows in estrus,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, this is not a dominance related behavior as has been found in other species.<sup id="cite_ref-Reinhardt1986_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reinhardt1986-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominance-associated aggressiveness does not correlate with rank position, but is closely related to rank distance between individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Reinhardt1986_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reinhardt1986-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The horns of cattle are <a href="/wiki/Honest_signals" class="mw-redirect" title="Honest signals">honest signals</a> used in mate selection. Horned cattle attempt to keep greater distances between themselves and have fewer physical interactions than hornless cattle, resulting in more stable social relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In calves, agonistic behavior becomes less frequent as space allowance increases, but not as group size changes, whereas in adults, the number of agonistic encounters increases with group size.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dominance relationships in semi-wild highland cattle are very firm, with few overt aggressive conflicts: most disputes are settled by <a href="/wiki/Agonistic_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Agonistic behavior">agonistic</a> (non-aggressive, competitive) behaviors with no physical contact between opponents, reducing the risk of injury. Dominance status depends on age and sex, with older animals usually dominant to young ones and males dominant to females. Young bulls gain superior dominance status over adult cows when they reach about 2 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-Reinhardt1986_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reinhardt1986-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grazing_behavior">Grazing behavior</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stier_Charolais_Linnenbach.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stier_Charolais_Linnenbach.JPG/220px-Stier_Charolais_Linnenbach.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stier_Charolais_Linnenbach.JPG/330px-Stier_Charolais_Linnenbach.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stier_Charolais_Linnenbach.JPG/440px-Stier_Charolais_Linnenbach.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Charolais_cattle" title="Charolais cattle">Charolais</a> bull grazing</figcaption></figure> <p>Cattle eat mixed diets, but prefer to eat approximately 70% clover and 30% grass. This preference has a diurnal pattern, with a stronger preference for clover in the morning, and the proportion of grass increasing towards the evening.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When grazing, cattle vary several aspects of their bite, i.e. tongue and jaw movements, depending on characteristics of the plant they are eating. Bite area decreases with the density of the plants but increases with their height. Bite area is determined by the sweep of the tongue; in one study observing 750-kilogram (1,650 lb) steers, bite area reached a maximum of approximately 170 cm<sup>2</sup> (30 sq in). Bite depth increases with the height of the plants. By adjusting their behavior, cattle obtain heavier bites in swards that are tall and sparse compared with short, dense swards of equal mass/area.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle adjust other aspects of their grazing behavior in relation to the available food; foraging velocity decreases and intake rate increases in areas of abundant palatable forage.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle avoid grazing areas contaminated by the faeces of other cattle more strongly than they avoid areas contaminated by sheep,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they do not avoid pasture contaminated by rabbits.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperament_and_emotions">Temperament and emotions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CowPosture_20150612.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CowPosture_20150612.jpg/180px-CowPosture_20150612.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CowPosture_20150612.jpg/270px-CowPosture_20150612.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CowPosture_20150612.jpg/360px-CowPosture_20150612.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3108" data-file-height="3485" /></a><figcaption>Ear postures of cows indicate emotional state and overall welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In cattle, temperament or behavioral disposition can affect productivity, overall health, and reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-Brand_2015_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brand_2015-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five underlying categories of temperament traits have been proposed: shyness–boldness, exploration–avoidance, activity, <a href="/wiki/Aggression_in_cattle" title="Aggression in cattle">aggressiveness</a>, and sociability.<sup id="cite_ref-Reale_2007_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reale_2007-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many indicators of emotion in cattle. Holstein–Friesian heifers that had made clear improvements in a learning experiment had higher heart rates, indicating an emotional reaction to their own learning.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagen_2004_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagen_2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After separation from their mothers, Holstein calves react, indicating low mood.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, after hot-iron <a href="/wiki/Dehorning" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehorning">dehorning</a>, calves react to the post-operative pain.<sup id="cite_ref-Neave_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neave-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position of the ears has been used as an indicator of emotional state.<sup id="cite_ref-Coulon2011_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulon2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle can tell when other cattle are stressed by the chemicals in their urine.<sup id="cite_ref-Boissy1998_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boissy1998-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle are <a href="/wiki/Social_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Social animal">gregarious</a>, and even short-term isolation causes psychological <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>. When heifers are isolated, vocalizations, <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a> and plasma <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a> all increase. When visual contact is re-instated, vocalizations rapidly decline; heart rate decreases more rapidly if the returning cattle are familiar to the previously isolated individual.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mirrors have been used to reduce stress in isolated cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-Piller_Stookey_Watts_1999_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piller_Stookey_Watts_1999-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep">Sleep</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sleep_in_non-human_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep in non-human animals">Sleep in non-human animals</a></div> <p>The average sleep time of a domestic cow is about 4 hours a day.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle do have a <a href="/wiki/Stay_apparatus" title="Stay apparatus">stay apparatus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but do not sleep standing up;<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they lie down to sleep deeply.<sup id="cite_ref-collins_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bovine_genome" title="Bovine genome">Bovine genome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talenti_2022_cattle_genetics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Talenti_2022_cattle_genetics.png/330px-Talenti_2022_cattle_genetics.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Talenti_2022_cattle_genetics.png/495px-Talenti_2022_cattle_genetics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Talenti_2022_cattle_genetics.png/660px-Talenti_2022_cattle_genetics.png 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>Genomic analysis shows there are five main cattle sub-types, here labelled by continent.<sup id="cite_ref-Talenti_2022_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talenti_2022-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2009, the National Institutes of Health and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">US Department of Agriculture</a> reported having mapped the <a href="/wiki/Bovine_genome" title="Bovine genome">bovine genome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cattle_genome_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cattle_genome-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle have some 22,000 genes, of which 80% are shared with humans; they have about 1000 genes that they share with dogs and rodents, but not with humans. Using this bovine "HapMap", researchers can track the differences between breeds that affect meat and milk yields.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early research focused on Hereford genetic sequences; a wider study mapped a further 4.2% of the cattle genome.<sup id="cite_ref-Talenti_2022_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talenti_2022-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Behavioral traits of cattle can be as <a href="/wiki/Heritability" title="Heritability">heritable</a> as some production traits, and often, the two can be related.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heritability of temperament (response to isolation during handling) has been calculated as 0.36 and 0.46 for <a href="/wiki/Habituation" title="Habituation">habituation</a> to handling.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rangeland assessments show that the heritability of aggressiveness in cattle is around 0.36.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_trait_loci" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantitative trait loci">Quantitative trait loci</a> have been found for a range of production and behavioral characteristics for both dairy and beef cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedrich_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedrich-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3></div> <p>Cattle have played a key role in <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>, having been domesticated since at least the early <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> age. Archaeozoological and genetic data indicate that cattle were first domesticated from wild <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> (<i>Bos primigenius</i>) approximately 10,500 years ago. There were two major areas of domestication: one in <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region">central Anatolia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Iran" title="Western Iran">Western Iran</a>, giving rise to the taurine line, and a second in the area that is now Pakistan, resulting in the indicine line.<sup id="cite_ref-McTavish_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McTavish-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern mitochondrial DNA variation indicates the taurine line may have arisen from as few as 80 <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> tamed in the upper reaches of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> near the villages of <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ay%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Tepesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Çayönü Tepesi">Çayönü Tepesi</a> in what is now southeastern Turkey, and <a href="/wiki/Dja%27de_el-Mughara" title="Dja'de el-Mughara">Dja'de el-Mughara</a> in what is now northern Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-HowNowCow_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HowNowCow-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although European cattle are largely descended from the taurine lineage, gene flow from African cattle (partially of indicine origin) contributed substantial genomic components to both southern European cattle breeds and their New World descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-McTavish_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McTavish-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study on 134 breeds showed that modern taurine cattle originated from Africa, Asia, North and South America, Australia, and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Decker_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decker-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers have suggested that African taurine cattle are derived from a third independent domestication from the North African aurochs.<sup id="cite_ref-McTavish_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McTavish-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether there have been two or three domestications, European, African, and Asian cattle share much of their genomes both through their species ancestry and through repeated migrations of livestock and genetic material between species, as shown in the diagram.<sup id="cite_ref-Pitt_Sevane_Nicolazzi_MacHugh_2019_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitt_Sevane_Nicolazzi_MacHugh_2019-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattle_phylogeny_and_migrations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cattle_phylogeny_and_migrations.svg/440px-Cattle_phylogeny_and_migrations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cattle_phylogeny_and_migrations.svg/660px-Cattle_phylogeny_and_migrations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cattle_phylogeny_and_migrations.svg/880px-Cattle_phylogeny_and_migrations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Cattle phylogeny and migrations involve two major species, at least two domestications, and migrations between these.<sup id="cite_ref-Pitt_Sevane_Nicolazzi_MacHugh_2019_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitt_Sevane_Nicolazzi_MacHugh_2019-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zubron2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zubron2.jpg/180px-Zubron2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zubron2.jpg/270px-Zubron2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Zubron2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84" title="Żubroń">Żubroń</a>, a <a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison</a>–cattle hybrid</figcaption></figure> <p>Cattle were originally identified as three separate species: <i>Bos taurus</i>, the European or "taurine" cattle (including similar types from Africa and Asia); <i>Bos indicus</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Indicine or "zebu"</a>; and the extinct <i>Bos primigenius</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a>. The aurochs is ancestral to both zebu and taurine cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were later reclassified as one species, <i>Bos taurus</i>, with the aurochs (<i>B. t. primigenius</i>), zebu (<i>B. t. indicus</i>), and taurine (<i>B. t. taurus</i>) cattle as subspecies.<sup id="cite_ref-MSW3Bostaurus_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3Bostaurus-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this taxonomy is contentious, and authorities such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists" title="American Society of Mammalogists">American Society of Mammalogists</a> treat these taxa as separate species.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Complicating the matter is the ability of cattle to <a href="/wiki/Interbreed" class="mw-redirect" title="Interbreed">interbreed</a> with other closely related species. Hybrid individuals and even breeds exist, not only between taurine cattle and zebu (such as the <a href="/wiki/Sanga_cattle" title="Sanga cattle">sanga cattle</a> (<i>Bos taurus africanus</i> x <i>Bos indicus</i>), but also between one or both of these and some other members of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">yaks</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Dzo" title="Dzo">dzo</a> or yattle<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">banteng</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a>. Hybrids such as the <a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">beefalo</a> breed can even occur between taurine cattle and either species of <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a>, leading some authors to consider them part of the genus <i>Bos</i>, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hybrid origin of some types may not be obvious – for example, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">genetic testing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_Lulu" title="Dwarf Lulu">Dwarf Lulu</a> breed, the only taurine-type cattle in Nepal, found them to be a mix of taurine cattle, zebu, and yak.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livestock_market_in_Mali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Livestock_market_in_Mali.jpg/220px-Livestock_market_in_Mali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Livestock_market_in_Mali.jpg/330px-Livestock_market_in_Mali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Livestock_market_in_Mali.jpg/440px-Livestock_market_in_Mali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>N'dama cattle in a livestock market in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The aurochs originally ranged throughout Europe, North Africa, and much of Asia. In historical times, its range became restricted to Europe, and the last known individual died in <a href="/wiki/Mazovia" title="Mazovia">Mazovia</a>, Poland, around 1627.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breeders have attempted to recreate a similar appearance to the aurochs by crossing traditional types of domesticated cattle, producing the <a href="/wiki/Heck_cattle" title="Heck cattle">Heck breed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A group of taurine-type cattle exist in Africa; they either represent an independent domestication event or were the result of crossing taurines domesticated elsewhere with local aurochs, but they are genetically distinct;<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some authors name them as a separate subspecies, <i><a href="/wiki/Bos_taurus_africanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bos taurus africanus">Bos taurus africanus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Strydom_et_al_2001_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strydom_et_al_2001-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only pure African taurine breeds remaining are the <a href="/wiki/N%27Dama" title="N'Dama">N'Dama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuri_cattle" title="Kuri cattle">Kuri</a> and some varieties of the West African Shorthorn.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Feral_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Feral organism">Feral</a> cattle are those that have been allowed to go wild.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Populations exist in many parts of the world,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes on small islands.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Island_cattle" title="Amsterdam Island cattle">Amsterdam Island cattle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MSW3Bostaurus_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3Bostaurus-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chillingham_cattle" title="Chillingham cattle">Chillingham cattle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_wild_cattle" title="Aleutian wild cattle">Aleutian wild cattle</a> have become sufficiently distinct to be described as breeds.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Husbandry">Husbandry</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practices">Practices</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concentrated_Animal_Feeding_Operations_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Concentrated_Animal_Feeding_Operations_diagram.svg/330px-Concentrated_Animal_Feeding_Operations_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Concentrated_Animal_Feeding_Operations_diagram.svg/495px-Concentrated_Animal_Feeding_Operations_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Concentrated_Animal_Feeding_Operations_diagram.svg/660px-Concentrated_Animal_Feeding_Operations_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">concentrated animal feeding operations</a>, the cattle are not allowed to wander and graze, as food is brought to them in a <a href="/wiki/Feedlot" title="Feedlot">feedlot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_CAFO_Manual_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_CAFO_Manual-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Cattle are often raised by allowing herds to <a href="/wiki/Grass_fed_beef" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass fed beef">graze on the grasses</a> of large tracts of <a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">rangeland</a>. Raising cattle extensively in this manner allows the use of land that might be unsuitable for growing crops. The most common interactions with cattle involve daily <a href="/wiki/Cattle_feeding" title="Cattle feeding">feeding</a>, cleaning and <a href="/wiki/Milking" title="Milking">milking</a>. Many routine husbandry practices involve <a href="/wiki/Ear_tag" title="Ear tag">ear tagging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livestock_dehorning" title="Livestock dehorning">dehorning</a>, loading, <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_surgery" title="Veterinary surgery">medical operations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination_of_cattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial insemination of cattle">artificial insemination</a>, vaccinations and <a href="/wiki/Cloven_hoof" title="Cloven hoof">hoof</a> care, as well as training for agricultural shows and preparations. Around the world, <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a> husbandry rests on behavioural techniques, whereas in Europe, cattle are controlled primarily by physical means, such as <a href="/wiki/Fence" title="Fence">fences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breeders use cattle husbandry to reduce <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> susceptibility by <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a> and maintaining herd health to avoid concurrent disease.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the United States, many cattle are raised intensively, kept in <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">concentrated animal feeding operations</a>, meaning there are at least 700 mature dairy cows or at least 1000 other cattle stabled or confined in a <a href="/wiki/Feedlot" title="Feedlot">feedlot</a> for "45 days or more in a 12-month period".<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_CAFO_Manual_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_CAFO_Manual-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattle_inspected_for_ticks.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Hereford being inspected for ticks. Cattle are often restrained in cattle crushes when given medical attention."><img alt="A Hereford being inspected for ticks. Cattle are often restrained in cattle crushes when given medical attention." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Cattle_inspected_for_ticks.jpg/220px-Cattle_inspected_for_ticks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Cattle_inspected_for_ticks.jpg/330px-Cattle_inspected_for_ticks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Cattle_inspected_for_ticks.jpg/440px-Cattle_inspected_for_ticks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1780" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Hereford being inspected for <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">ticks</a>. Cattle are often restrained in <a href="/wiki/Cattle_crush" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle crush">cattle crushes</a> when given medical attention.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anneau_anti_tetee_P1190486.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A calf with a nose ring to prevent it from suckling, usually to assist in weaning"><img alt="A calf with a nose ring to prevent it from suckling, usually to assist in weaning" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Anneau_anti_tetee_P1190486.jpg/220px-Anneau_anti_tetee_P1190486.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Anneau_anti_tetee_P1190486.jpg/330px-Anneau_anti_tetee_P1190486.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Anneau_anti_tetee_P1190486.jpg/440px-Anneau_anti_tetee_P1190486.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A calf with a <a href="/wiki/Nose_ring_(animal)" title="Nose ring (animal)">nose ring</a> to prevent it from suckling, usually to assist in <a href="/wiki/Weaning" title="Weaning">weaning</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattle_Feedlot_near_Rocky_Ford,_CO_IMG_5651-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cattle feedlot in Colorado, United States"><img alt="Cattle feedlot in Colorado, United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cattle_Feedlot_near_Rocky_Ford%2C_CO_IMG_5651-2.jpg/220px-Cattle_Feedlot_near_Rocky_Ford%2C_CO_IMG_5651-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cattle_Feedlot_near_Rocky_Ford%2C_CO_IMG_5651-2.jpg/330px-Cattle_Feedlot_near_Rocky_Ford%2C_CO_IMG_5651-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cattle_Feedlot_near_Rocky_Ford%2C_CO_IMG_5651-2.jpg/440px-Cattle_Feedlot_near_Rocky_Ford%2C_CO_IMG_5651-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3858" data-file-height="2814" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cattle feedlot in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, United States</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattle-livestock-count-heads.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cattle-livestock-count-heads.png/300px-Cattle-livestock-count-heads.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cattle-livestock-count-heads.png/450px-Cattle-livestock-count-heads.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cattle-livestock-count-heads.png/600px-Cattle-livestock-count-heads.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Cattle headcounts by country, as of 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, the cattle population of Britain rose from 9.8 million in 1878 to 11.7 million in 1908, but beef consumption rose much faster. Britain became the "stud farm of the world" exporting livestock to countries where there were no indigenous cattle. In 1929 80% of the meat trade of the world was products of what were originally English breeds. There were nearly 70 million cattle in the US by the early 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cattle have the largest biomass of any animal species on Earth, at roughly 400 million tonnes, followed closely by <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Antarctic krill</a> at 379 million tonnes and humans at 373 million tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, the countries with the most cattle were India with 307.5 million (32.6% of the total), Brazil with 194.4 million, and China with 101.5 million, out of a total of 942.6 million in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <p>Cattle are kept on farms to produce meat, milk, and leather, and sometimes to pull carts or farm implements.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_Cattle_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_Cattle-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meat">Meat</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Beef_cattle" title="Beef cattle">Beef cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a></div> <p>The meat of adult cattle is known as <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, and that of <a href="/wiki/Calf_(animal)" title="Calf (animal)">calves</a> as <a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">veal</a>. Other body parts are used as food products, including blood, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_(food)" title="Kidney (food)">kidney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxtail" title="Oxtail">oxtail</a>. Approximately 300 million cattle, including dairy animals, are slaughtered each year for food.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About a quarter of the world's meat comes from cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> World cattle meat production in 2021 was 72.3 million tons.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hereford_bull_in_a_field_by_the_B4452_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hereford is a widespread beef breed, introduced in the 18th century"><img alt="The Hereford is a widespread beef breed, introduced in the 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hereford_bull_in_a_field_by_the_B4452_%28cropped%29.jpg/320px-Hereford_bull_in_a_field_by_the_B4452_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Hereford_bull_in_a_field_by_the_B4452_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="327" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Hereford_cattle" title="Hereford cattle">Hereford</a> is a widespread beef breed, introduced in the 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 304.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 302.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattle_Selwyn_Road_Boulia_Shire_Central_Western_Queensland_P1080822_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Australian Droughtmaster cattle on an extensive farm in Queensland, Australia"><img alt="Australian Droughtmaster cattle on an extensive farm in Queensland, Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cattle_Selwyn_Road_Boulia_Shire_Central_Western_Queensland_P1080822_%28cropped%29.jpg/454px-Cattle_Selwyn_Road_Boulia_Shire_Central_Western_Queensland_P1080822_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cattle_Selwyn_Road_Boulia_Shire_Central_Western_Queensland_P1080822_%28cropped%29.jpg/681px-Cattle_Selwyn_Road_Boulia_Shire_Central_Western_Queensland_P1080822_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cattle_Selwyn_Road_Boulia_Shire_Central_Western_Queensland_P1080822_%28cropped%29.jpg/907px-Cattle_Selwyn_Road_Boulia_Shire_Central_Western_Queensland_P1080822_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3541" data-file-height="1874" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Australian <a href="/wiki/Droughtmaster" title="Droughtmaster">Droughtmaster</a> cattle on an extensive farm in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, Australia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aberdeen_Angus_im_Gadental_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Aberdeen Angus, a popular small breed, here in Austria with a traditional cattle bell"><img alt="Aberdeen Angus, a popular small breed, here in Austria with a traditional cattle bell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Aberdeen_Angus_im_Gadental_2.JPG/360px-Aberdeen_Angus_im_Gadental_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Aberdeen_Angus_im_Gadental_2.JPG/540px-Aberdeen_Angus_im_Gadental_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Aberdeen_Angus_im_Gadental_2.JPG/720px-Aberdeen_Angus_im_Gadental_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Angus" title="Aberdeen Angus">Aberdeen Angus</a>, a popular small breed, here in Austria with a traditional cattle bell</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption"><a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> data for 2021</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Production_Of_Meat,_Main_Items.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beef is the third most commonly consumed meat worldwide."><img alt="Beef is the third most commonly consumed meat worldwide." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/World_Production_Of_Meat%2C_Main_Items.svg/263px-World_Production_Of_Meat%2C_Main_Items.svg.png" decoding="async" width="263" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/World_Production_Of_Meat%2C_Main_Items.svg/395px-World_Production_Of_Meat%2C_Main_Items.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/World_Production_Of_Meat%2C_Main_Items.svg/526px-World_Production_Of_Meat%2C_Main_Items.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="428" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beef is the third most commonly consumed meat worldwide.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beef_production_1961_2021.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Beef (and buffalo meat) production has grown substantially over the recent 60 years."><img alt="Beef (and buffalo meat) production has grown substantially over the recent 60 years." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Beef_production_1961_2021.png/300px-Beef_production_1961_2021.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Beef_production_1961_2021.png/450px-Beef_production_1961_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Beef_production_1961_2021.png/600px-Beef_production_1961_2021.png 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="579" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beef (and buffalo meat) production has grown substantially over the recent 60 years.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Production_Of_Cattle_Meat_(2021).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Production of beef worldwide, by country in 2021."><img alt="Production of beef worldwide, by country in 2021." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Production_Of_Cattle_Meat_%282021%29.svg/300px-Production_Of_Cattle_Meat_%282021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Production_Of_Cattle_Meat_%282021%29.svg/450px-Production_Of_Cattle_Meat_%282021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Production_Of_Cattle_Meat_%282021%29.svg/600px-Production_Of_Cattle_Meat_%282021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="286" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Production of beef worldwide, by country in 2021.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dairy">Dairy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dairy_cattle" title="Dairy cattle">Dairy cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">Dairy product</a></div> <p>Certain breeds of cattle, such as the <a href="/wiki/Holstein-Friesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein-Friesian">Holstein-Friesian</a>, are used to produce <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ukcows_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukcows-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CIWF_2015_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIWF_2015-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> much of which is processed into <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>. Dairy cattle are usually kept on specialized dairy farms designed for milk production. Most cows are milked twice per day, with milk processed at a dairy, which may be onsite at the farm or the milk may be shipped to a dairy plant for eventual sale of a dairy product.<sup id="cite_ref-dairy_science_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dairy_science-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lactation is induced in heifers and spayed cows by a combination of physical and psychological stimulation, by drugs, or by a combination of those methods.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For mother cows to continue producing milk, they give birth to one calf per year. If the calf is male, it is generally slaughtered at a young age to produce <a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">veal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cows produce milk until three weeks before birth.<sup id="cite_ref-CIWF_2015_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIWF_2015-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the last fifty years, dairy farming has become more intensive to increase the yield of milk produced by each cow. The <a href="/wiki/Holstein-Friesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein-Friesian">Holstein-Friesian</a> is the breed of dairy cow most common in the UK, Europe and the United States. It has been bred selectively to produce the highest yields of milk of any cow. The average in the UK is around 22 litres per day.<sup id="cite_ref-ukcows_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukcows-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CIWF_2015_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIWF_2015-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dairy is a large industry worldwide. In 2023, the 27 European Union countries produced 143 million tons of cow's milk; the United States 104.1 million tons; and India 99.5 million tons.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India further produces 94.4 million tons of <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo milk">buffalo milk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it (in 2023) the world's largest milk producer; its dairy industry employs some 80 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cow_female_black_white.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holstein cattle are the primary dairy breed, bred for high milk production."><img alt="Holstein cattle are the primary dairy breed, bred for high milk production." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cow_female_black_white.jpg/220px-Cow_female_black_white.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cow_female_black_white.jpg/330px-Cow_female_black_white.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cow_female_black_white.jpg/440px-Cow_female_black_white.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1803" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Holstein_Friesian_cattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein Friesian cattle">Holstein cattle</a> are the primary dairy breed, bred for high milk production.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The milking of cattle was once largely by hand. Demonstration at Cogges Manor Farm, Oxfordshire"><img alt="The milking of cattle was once largely by hand. Demonstration at Cogges Manor Farm, Oxfordshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg/165px-Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg/247px-Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg/330px-Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The milking of cattle was once largely by hand. Demonstration at <a href="/wiki/Cogges_Manor_Farm" title="Cogges Manor Farm">Cogges Manor Farm</a>, Oxfordshire</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-07-25_Melkkarussel_-_Hemme_Milch_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A modern rotary milking parlour, Germany"><img alt="A modern rotary milking parlour, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2014-07-25_Melkkarussel_-_Hemme_Milch_%285%29.jpg/220px-2014-07-25_Melkkarussel_-_Hemme_Milch_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2014-07-25_Melkkarussel_-_Hemme_Milch_%285%29.jpg/330px-2014-07-25_Melkkarussel_-_Hemme_Milch_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2014-07-25_Melkkarussel_-_Hemme_Milch_%285%29.jpg/440px-2014-07-25_Melkkarussel_-_Hemme_Milch_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A modern rotary <a href="/wiki/Milking_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Milking machine">milking parlour</a>, Germany</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption"><a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> data for 2021</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 445px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 440px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Production_Of_Bovine_Milk.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="World production of bovine milk (cow + buffalo)"><img alt="World production of bovine milk (cow + buffalo)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/World_Production_Of_Bovine_Milk.svg/440px-World_Production_Of_Bovine_Milk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/World_Production_Of_Bovine_Milk.svg/660px-World_Production_Of_Bovine_Milk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/World_Production_Of_Bovine_Milk.svg/880px-World_Production_Of_Bovine_Milk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">World production of bovine milk (cow + buffalo)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Draft_animals">Draft animals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">Ox</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_ploughing_-_Karnataka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Traditional_ploughing_-_Karnataka.jpg/220px-Traditional_ploughing_-_Karnataka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Traditional_ploughing_-_Karnataka.jpg/330px-Traditional_ploughing_-_Karnataka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Traditional_ploughing_-_Karnataka.jpg/440px-Traditional_ploughing_-_Karnataka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>Oxen used in traditional ploughing – <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Oxen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxen">Oxen</a> are cattle trained as <a href="/wiki/Draft_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft animal">draft animals</a>. Oxen can pull heavier loads and for a longer period of time than <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oxen are used worldwide, especially in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>. There are some 11 million draft oxen in sub-Saharan Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in 1998 India had over 65 million oxen.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the start of the 21st century, about half the world's crop production depended on land preparation by draft animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_Blake_Reid_Schelhas_2001_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson_Blake_Reid_Schelhas_2001-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hides">Hides</h3></div> <p>Cattle are not often kept solely for hides, and they are usually a by-product of beef production. Hides are used mainly for leather products such as shoes. In 2012, India was the world's largest producer of cattle hides.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle hides account for around 65% of the world's leather production.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_diseases">Pests and diseases</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shorthorn_heifer_foot-and-mouth_disease1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Shorthorn_heifer_foot-and-mouth_disease1.png/120px-Shorthorn_heifer_foot-and-mouth_disease1.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Shorthorn_heifer_foot-and-mouth_disease1.png/180px-Shorthorn_heifer_foot-and-mouth_disease1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Shorthorn_heifer_foot-and-mouth_disease1.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Drooling due to foot-and-mouth disease</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shorthorn_heifer_foot-and-mouth_disease2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shorthorn_heifer_foot-and-mouth_disease2.png/114px-Shorthorn_heifer_foot-and-mouth_disease2.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shorthorn_heifer_foot-and-mouth_disease2.png/171px-Shorthorn_heifer_foot-and-mouth_disease2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Shorthorn_heifer_foot-and-mouth_disease2.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="265" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Infected hoof of the same heifer</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Cattle are subject to pests including arthropod <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasites</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">ticks</a> (which can in turn transmit diseases caused by bacteria and protozoa),<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and diseases caused by <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> including <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>. Some viral diseases are <a href="/wiki/Insect_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect vector">spread by insects</a> - i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bluetongue_disease" title="Bluetongue disease">bluetongue disease</a> is spread by <a href="/wiki/Midge" title="Midge">midges</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psoroptic_mange" class="mw-redirect" title="Psoroptic mange">Psoroptic mange</a> is a disabling skin condition caused by <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bovine_tuberculosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovine tuberculosis">Bovine tuberculosis</a> is caused by a bacterium; it causes disease in humans and in wild animals such as deer and badgers.<sup id="cite_ref-DAERA_2024_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAERA_2024-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease" title="Foot-and-mouth disease">Foot-and-mouth disease</a> is caused by a virus, affects a range of hoofed livestock and is highly contagious.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy" title="Bovine spongiform encephalopathy">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy</a> is a neurodegenerative disease spread by a <a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">prion</a>, a misfolded <a href="/wiki/PRNP" class="mw-redirect" title="PRNP">brain protein</a>, in contaminated meat.<sup id="cite_ref-TSE_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSE-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_parasite_infection" title="Intestinal parasite infection">intestinal parasites</a> of cattle are <i><a href="/wiki/Paramphistomum" title="Paramphistomum">Paramphistomum</a></i> flukes, affecting the rumen, and <a href="/wiki/Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworms</a> in the small intestine.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_climate_change">Role of climate change</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Effects of climate change on livestock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liu_2024_climate_beef.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Liu_2024_climate_beef.png/300px-Liu_2024_climate_beef.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Liu_2024_climate_beef.png/450px-Liu_2024_climate_beef.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Liu_2024_climate_beef.png/600px-Liu_2024_climate_beef.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1217" /></a><figcaption>Most of the top 10 beef-producing countries are likely to see lower production with greater temperatures (left) and heat stress (right).<sup id="cite_ref-Liu2024_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu2024-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> is expected to exacerbate <a href="/wiki/Heat_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat stress">heat stress</a> in cattle, and for longer periods.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heat-stressed cattle may experience accelerated breakdown of <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose tissue</a> by the liver, causing <a href="/wiki/Lipidosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipidosis">lipidosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacetera2018_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacetera2018-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle eat less when heat stressed, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen">ruminal</a> <a href="/wiki/Acidosis" title="Acidosis">acidosis</a>, which can lead to <a href="/wiki/Laminitis" title="Laminitis">laminitis</a>. Cattle can attempt to deal with higher temperatures by <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation#Endothermy" title="Thermoregulation">panting more often</a>; this rapidly decreases <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> concentrations at the price of increasing <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>, respiratory <a href="/wiki/Alkalosis" title="Alkalosis">alkalosis</a>. To deal with this, cattle are forced to shed <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a> through <a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">urination</a>, at the expense of <a href="/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen">rumen</a> buffering. These two pathologies can both cause <a href="/wiki/Lameness" class="mw-redirect" title="Lameness">lameness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacetera2018_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacetera2018-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another specific risk is <a href="/wiki/Mastitis_in_dairy_cattle" title="Mastitis in dairy cattle">mastitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacetera2018_124-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacetera2018-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This worsens as <i><a href="/wiki/Calliphora" title="Calliphora">Calliphora</a></i> blowflies increase in number with continued warming, spreading mastitis-causing bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">Ticks</a> too are likely to increase in temperate zones as the climate warms, increasing the risk of tick-borne diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both beef and milk production are likely to experience declines due to climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu2024_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu2024-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_of_cattle_husbandry">Impact of cattle husbandry</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_public_health">On public health</h3></div> <p>Cattle health is at once a veterinary issue (for animal welfare and productivity), a <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> issue (to limit the spread of disease), and a <a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">food safety</a> issue (to ensure meat and dairy products are safe to eat). These concerns are reflected in farming regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rules can become political matters, as when it was proposed in the UK in 2011 that milk from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>-infected cattle should be allowed to enter the food chain.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle disease attracted attention in the 1980s and 1990s when <a href="/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy" title="Bovine spongiform encephalopathy">bovine spongiform encephalopathy</a> (mad cow disease) <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_BSE_outbreak" title="United Kingdom BSE outbreak">broke out in the United Kingdom</a>. BSE can cross into humans as the deadly <a href="/wiki/Variant_Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a>; 178 people in the UK had died from it by 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Garske_2010_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garske_2010-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_the_environment">On the environment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cattle_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of cattle production">Environmental impact of cattle production</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_(2021).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg/330px-World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg/495px-World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg/660px-World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>Beef has the highest greenhouse gas impact of any agricultural commodity, followed by <a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">mutton</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut flora">gut flora</a> of cattle <a href="/wiki/Methanogenesis" title="Methanogenesis">produce methane</a>, a powerful<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> greenhouse gas, as a byproduct of <a href="/wiki/Enteric_fermentation" title="Enteric fermentation">enteric fermentation</a>, with each cow belching out 100kg a year.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional methane is produced by anaerobic fermentation of <a href="/wiki/Manure_lagoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Manure lagoon">stored manure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FAO estimates that in 2015 around 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions were due to cattle, but this is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reducing <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions_from_livestock" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane emissions from livestock">methane emissions</a> quickly helps <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">limit climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentrated animal feeding operations">Concentrated animal feeding operations</a> in particular produce substantial amounts of wastewater and manure,<sup id="cite_ref-Bradford_Segal_Zheng_Wang_2008_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradford_Segal_Zheng_Wang_2008-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koelsch_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koelsch-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can cause environmental harms such as soil erosion, human and animal exposure to toxic chemicals, development of <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_resistant_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic resistant bacteria">antibiotic resistant bacteria</a> and an increase in <i><a href="/wiki/E._coli" class="mw-redirect" title="E. coli">E. coli</a></i> contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UCS_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCS-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many world regions, <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> by cattle has reduced <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> of the grazed plants and of animals at different <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic levels</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A well documented consequence of overgrazing is <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant_encroachment" title="Woody plant encroachment">woody plant encroachment</a> in rangelands, which significantly reduces the <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a> of the land over time.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_animal_welfare">On animal welfare</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals#Welfare_concerns_of_farm_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals § Welfare concerns of farm animals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calves.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Calves.JPG/220px-Calves.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Calves.JPG/330px-Calves.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Calves.JPG/440px-Calves.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Confining calves for <a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">veal</a> production in individual crates has attracted welfare concerns.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cattle husbandry practices including <a href="/wiki/Livestock_branding" title="Livestock branding">branding</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castration</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Livestock_dehorning" title="Livestock dehorning">dehorning</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ear_tag" title="Ear tag">ear tagging</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nose_ring_(animal)" title="Nose ring (animal)">nose ringing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> restraint,<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Docking_(animal)" title="Docking (animal)">tail docking</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the use of <a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">veal</a> crates,<sup id="cite_ref-McKenna_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKenna-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cattle_prod" title="Cattle prod">cattle prods</a><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have raised welfare concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stocking density is the number of animals within a specified area. High stocking density can affect cattle health, welfare, productivity,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and feeding behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Densely-stocked cattle feed more rapidly and lie down sooner, increasing the risk of teat infection, mastitis, and <a href="/wiki/Embryo_loss" title="Embryo loss">embryo loss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stress and negative health impacts induced by high stocking density such as in <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentrated animal feeding operations">concentrated animal feeding operations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Feedlots" class="mw-redirect" title="Feedlots">feedlots</a>, auctions, and transport may be detrimental to cattle welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To produce milk from <a href="/wiki/Dairy_cattle" title="Dairy cattle">dairy cattle</a>, most calves are separated from their mothers soon after birth and fed milk replacement in order to retain the cows' milk for human consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-milk_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milk-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animal welfare advocates are <a href="/wiki/Dairy_cattle#Animal_welfare" title="Dairy cattle">critical of this practice</a>, stating that this breaks the natural bond between the mother and her calf.<sup id="cite_ref-milk_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milk-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Veal#Animal_welfare" title="Veal">welfare of veal calves</a> is also a concern.<sup id="cite_ref-EFSA_2023_Veal_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFSA_2023_Veal-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two sports involving cattle are thought to be cruel by animal welfare groups: <a href="/wiki/Animal_treatment_in_rodeo" title="Animal treatment in rodeo">rodeos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">bullfighting</a>. Such groups oppose rodeo activities including <a href="/wiki/Bull_riding" title="Bull riding">bull riding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calf_roping" title="Calf roping">calf roping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steer_roping" title="Steer roping">steer roping</a>, stating that rodeos are unnecessary and cause stress, injury, and death to the animals.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Spain, the <a href="/wiki/Running_of_the_bulls#Opposition" title="Running of the bulls">Running of the bulls faces opposition</a> due to the stress and injuries incurred by the bulls during the event.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2></div> <p>From early in civilisation, cattle have been used in barter; an advantage of using cattle as currency is that it allows the seller to set a fixed price.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies2002_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies2002-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-de_Soto_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Soto-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle play a part <a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle in religion">in several religions</a>. Veneration of the cow is a symbol of Hindu community identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Jha_2002_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jha_2002-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slaughter of cows (including oxen, bulls and calves) is forbidden by law in several states of the Indian Union.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a>, the Evangelist <a href="/wiki/St._Luke" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Luke">St. Luke</a> is symbolised as an ox.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second and longest surah of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> is named <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">Al-Baqara</a> ("The Cow"); it mentions cows seven times.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ox_(Zodiac)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ox (Zodiac)">ox</a> is one of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a>. The astrological sign <a href="/wiki/Taurus_(astrology)" title="Taurus (astrology)">Taurus</a> is represented as a bull in the <a href="/wiki/Western_zodiac" class="mw-redirect" title="Western zodiac">Western zodiac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Akabeko" title="Akabeko">akabeko</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">赤べこ</span></span>, <i>red cow</i>)</span> is a traditional toy from the <a href="/wiki/Aizu" title="Aizu">Aizu</a> region of Japan, thought to ward off illness.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Jewish religion, cattle appear as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a>, the idol that the Israelites made when Moses was on Mount Sinai,<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as the <a href="/wiki/Red_heifer" title="Red heifer">red heifer</a>, used for certain ritual purifications.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In film, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_the_Bull_(film)" title="Ferdinand the Bull (film)">Ferdinand the Bull</a> is a 1938 animated short about a bull who prefers smelling flowers to fighting other bulls, or taking part in bullfights;<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Sweden, the film is broadcast every year at Christmas time.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In literature, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>'s 1932 book <i><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Afternoon" title="Death in the Afternoon">Death in the Afternoon</a></i> describes the history, ceremony and traditions of Spanish bullfighting,<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while his 1926 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a></i> involves both the <a href="/wiki/Running_of_the_bulls" title="Running of the bulls">running of the bulls</a> and bullfighting.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_108r_1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="St Luke the evangelist depicted with a bull in the 1493 Nuremberg Chronicle"><img alt="St Luke the evangelist depicted with a bull in the 1493 Nuremberg Chronicle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_108r_1.png/164px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_108r_1.png" decoding="async" width="164" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_108r_1.png/246px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_108r_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_108r_1.png/328px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_108r_1.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="458" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St_Luke" class="mw-redirect" title="St Luke">St Luke</a> the evangelist depicted with a bull in the 1493 <i><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Durham_Dun-Cow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A legend claims that monks carrying the body of Saint Cuthbert were led by a milk maid who had lost her dun cow. They built Durham Cathedral where it was found.[175]"><img alt="A legend claims that monks carrying the body of Saint Cuthbert were led by a milk maid who had lost her dun cow. They built Durham Cathedral where it was found.[175]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/UK_Durham_Dun-Cow.jpg/180px-UK_Durham_Dun-Cow.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/UK_Durham_Dun-Cow.jpg/270px-UK_Durham_Dun-Cow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/UK_Durham_Dun-Cow.jpg/360px-UK_Durham_Dun-Cow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="477" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A legend claims that monks carrying the body of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Cuthbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Cuthbert">Saint Cuthbert</a> were led by a milk maid who had lost her <a href="/wiki/Dun_cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Dun cow">dun cow</a>. They built <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a> where it was found.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aelbert_Cuyp_-_Young_Herdsman_with_Cows_-_WGA5829.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dutch Golden Age painting: Young Herdsman with Cows by Aelbert Cuyp, 1655–60"><img alt="Dutch Golden Age painting: Young Herdsman with Cows by Aelbert Cuyp, 1655–60" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Aelbert_Cuyp_-_Young_Herdsman_with_Cows_-_WGA5829.jpg/220px-Aelbert_Cuyp_-_Young_Herdsman_with_Cows_-_WGA5829.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Aelbert_Cuyp_-_Young_Herdsman_with_Cows_-_WGA5829.jpg/330px-Aelbert_Cuyp_-_Young_Herdsman_with_Cows_-_WGA5829.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Aelbert_Cuyp_-_Young_Herdsman_with_Cows_-_WGA5829.jpg/440px-Aelbert_Cuyp_-_Young_Herdsman_with_Cows_-_WGA5829.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="627" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age painting</a>: <i>Young Herdsman with Cows</i> by <a href="/wiki/Aelbert_Cuyp" title="Aelbert Cuyp">Aelbert Cuyp</a>, 1655–60</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norske_Folkelivsbilleder_08_-_En_Aften_ved_S%C3%A6teren_(Knud_Bergslien).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An evening at the hut of the cow-herdesses, Knud Bergslien, before 1858"><img alt="An evening at the hut of the cow-herdesses, Knud Bergslien, before 1858" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Norske_Folkelivsbilleder_08_-_En_Aften_ved_S%C3%A6teren_%28Knud_Bergslien%29.jpg/220px-Norske_Folkelivsbilleder_08_-_En_Aften_ved_S%C3%A6teren_%28Knud_Bergslien%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Norske_Folkelivsbilleder_08_-_En_Aften_ved_S%C3%A6teren_%28Knud_Bergslien%29.jpg/330px-Norske_Folkelivsbilleder_08_-_En_Aften_ved_S%C3%A6teren_%28Knud_Bergslien%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Norske_Folkelivsbilleder_08_-_En_Aften_ved_S%C3%A6teren_%28Knud_Bergslien%29.jpg/440px-Norske_Folkelivsbilleder_08_-_En_Aften_ved_S%C3%A6teren_%28Knud_Bergslien%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2932" data-file-height="2512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>An evening at the hut of the cow-herdesses</i>, <a href="/wiki/Knud_Bergslien" title="Knud Bergslien">Knud Bergslien</a>, before 1858</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stemma_di_Torino_(CoA_of_Turin).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bull in the coat of arms of Turin, Italy"><img alt="Bull in the coat of arms of Turin, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Stemma_di_Torino_%28CoA_of_Turin%29.svg/132px-Stemma_di_Torino_%28CoA_of_Turin%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="132" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Stemma_di_Torino_%28CoA_of_Turin%29.svg/198px-Stemma_di_Torino_%28CoA_of_Turin%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Stemma_di_Torino_%28CoA_of_Turin%29.svg/263px-Stemma_di_Torino_%28CoA_of_Turin%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="469" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bull in the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_anti-cow_slaughter_agitation" class="mw-redirect" title="1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation">1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Individual_cattle" title="Category:Individual cattle">Category:Individual cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_Health_Initiative" title="Cattle Health Initiative">British Cattle Health Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull-baiting" title="Bull-baiting">Bull-baiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullocky" title="Bullocky">Bullocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulls_and_Cows" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulls and Cows">Bulls and Cows</a> (game)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_age_determination" title="Cattle age determination">Cattle age determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">Cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cattle_breeds" title="List of cattle breeds">List of cattle breeds</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kine">"kine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=kine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fkine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED_Cattle-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_Cattle_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_Cattle_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_Cattle_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-cattle,_n." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=cattle%2C+n.">"cattle, n."</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 13 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cattle%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dcattle%252C%2Bn.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=chattel">"chattel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=chattel&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dchattel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED_cow_n1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_cow_n1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-cow,_n.1." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=cow%2C+n.1.">"cow, n.1."</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 13 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cow%2C+n.1.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dcow%252C%2Bn.1.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/i10713.pdf">"Antelopes, Gazelles, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, and Relatives: Introduction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 1–23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117012951/http://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/i10713.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=msnbc.com&rft.atitle=Animal+rights+group+targets+popular+rodeo&rft.date=2008-07-17&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna25725170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntebi" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Antebi, Andres. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120911032132/http://www.lamalla.net/actualitat_cultural/festes_populars/article?id=71973">"Passion for bulls in the street"</a> (in Catalan). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lamalla.net/actualitat_cultural/festes_populars/article?id=71973">the original</a> on 11 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Passion+for+bulls+in+the+street&rft.aulast=Antebi&rft.aufirst=Andres&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lamalla.net%2Factualitat_cultural%2Ffestes_populars%2Farticle%3Fid%3D71973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies2002-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies2002_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlyn_DaviesJulian_Hodge_Bank2002" class="citation book cs1">Glyn Davies; Julian Hodge Bank (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx68AAAAIAAJ"><i>A history of money: from ancient times to the present day</i></a>. University of Wales Press. pp. 42–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1717-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1717-4"><bdi>978-0-7083-1717-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+money%3A+from+ancient+times+to+the+present+day&rft.pages=42-44&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1717-4&rft.au=Glyn+Davies&rft.au=Julian+Hodge+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYx68AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Soto-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-de_Soto_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuerta_de_Soto2006" class="citation book cs1">Huerta de Soto, Jesús (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_AJLGKdOZneMC"><i>Money, Bank Credit, and Economic Cycles</i></a>. Ludwig von Mises Institute. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_AJLGKdOZneMC/page/n105">51</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61016-388-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61016-388-0"><bdi>978-1-61016-388-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Money%2C+Bank+Credit%2C+and+Economic+Cycles&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-61016-388-0&rft.aulast=Huerta+de+Soto&rft.aufirst=Jes%C3%BAs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_AJLGKdOZneMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jha_2002-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jha_2002_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJha2002" class="citation book cs1">Jha, D. N. (2002). <i>The myth of the holy cow</i>. London: Verso. pp. 20, 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-676-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-676-6"><bdi>978-1-85984-676-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+myth+of+the+holy+cow&rft.place=London&rft.pages=20%2C+130&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-676-6&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=D.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714075428/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-40565457">"India Supreme Court suspends cattle slaughter ban"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 11 July 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-40565457">the original</a> on 14 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>Cows are considered holy by India's majority Hindu population and slaughtering them is already banned in most but not all states,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=India+Supreme+Court+suspends+cattle+slaughter+ban&rft.date=2017-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-40565457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuffi2003" class="citation book cs1">Zuffi, Stefano (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tL3YeduAk8gC&pg=PA8">"The Evangelists and their symbols"</a>. <i>Gospel Figures in Art</i>. Getty Publications. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-727-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-727-6"><bdi>978-0-89236-727-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Evangelists+and+their+symbols&rft.btitle=Gospel+Figures+in+Art&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-727-6&rft.aulast=Zuffi&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtL3YeduAk8gC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiane_Morgan2010" class="citation book cs1">Diane Morgan (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg"><i>Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg/page/27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36025-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36025-1"><bdi>978-0-313-36025-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Islam%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+Belief+and+Practice&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-36025-1&rft.au=Diane+Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialislamco0000morg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Hughes1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hughes_(priest)" title="Thomas Hughes (priest)">Thomas Hughes</a> (1995) [first published in 1885]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O84eYLVHvB0C&pg=PA364"><i>Dictionary of Islam</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Asian_Educational_Services" title="Asian Educational Services">Asian Educational Services</a>. p. 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120606722" title="Special:BookSources/9788120606722"><bdi>9788120606722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788120606722&rft.au=Thomas+Hughes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO84eYLVHvB0C%26pg%3DPA364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-017060">"Taurus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Warburg_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Warburg Institute">The Warburg Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taurus&rft.pub=The+Warburg+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficonographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk%2Fcategory%2Fvpc-taxonomy-017060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadden1992" class="citation web cs1">Madden, Thomas (May 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221103824/http://www6.plala.or.jp/awia/AizuGlossary.html">"Akabeko"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www6.plala.or.jp/awia/AizuGlossary.html">the original</a> on 21 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Akabeko&rft.date=1992-05&rft.aulast=Madden&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww6.plala.or.jp%2Fawia%2FAizuGlossary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0232.htm#1">Exodus 32:1–35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0419.htm#1">Numbers 19:1–22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenburg1999" class="citation book cs1">Lenburg, Jeff (1999). <i>The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons</i>. Checkmark Books. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-3831-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-3831-7"><bdi>0-8160-3831-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Animated+Cartoons&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8160-3831-7&rft.aulast=Lenburg&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahl2011" class="citation web cs1">Stahl, Jeremy (22 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2009/12/nordic_quack.html">"Nordic Quack – Sweden's bizarre tradition of watching Donald Duck cartoons on Christmas Eve"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111207062906/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2009/12/nordic_quack.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Nordic+Quack+%E2%80%93+Sweden%27s+bizarre+tradition+of+watching+Donald+Duck+cartoons+on+Christmas+Eve&rft.date=2011-12-22&rft.aulast=Stahl&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Farts%2Fculturebox%2F2009%2F12%2Fnordic_quack.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers1985" class="citation book cs1">Meyers, Jeffrey (1985). <i>Hemingway: A Biography</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. pp. 118–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-42126-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-42126-4"><bdi>0-333-42126-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hemingway%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=118-119&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-333-42126-4&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/101457931/">"<i>The Sun Also Rises</i>: A Pilgrimage Novel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hemingway_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hemingway Review">The Hemingway Review</a></i>. <b>42</b> (2): 25–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.durhamworldheritagesite.com/learn/history/st-cuthbert/body/durham">"Cuthbert's Move to Durham: Two Stories"</a>. <i>Durham Castle and Cathedral</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Durham+Castle+and+Cathedral&rft.atitle=Cuthbert%27s+Move+to+Durham%3A+Two+Stories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.durhamworldheritagesite.com%2Flearn%2Fhistory%2Fst-cuthbert%2Fbody%2Fdurham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cattle" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Cattle">Cattle</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bos_taurus" class="extiw" title="commons:Bos taurus"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Bos taurus</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bull" class="extiw" title="commons:Bull"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Bull (cattle)</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><i>Cattle Today</i>. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cattle-today.com/">Breeds of beef cattle</a>.</li> <li>Johns, Catherine. 2011 <i>Cattle: History, Myth, Art</i>. London: The British Museum Press. 978-0-7141-5084-0.</li> <li>Oklahoma State University (OSU). 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle"><i>Breeds of Cattle</i></a>. Retrieved 5 January 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Purdy, Herman R.; R. John Dawes; Robert Hough (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breedsofcattle.net/"><i>Breeds Of Cattle</i></a> (2nd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breeds+Of+Cattle&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Purdy&rft.aufirst=Herman+R.&rft.au=R.+John+Dawes&rft.au=Robert+Hough&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.breedsofcattle.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle" class="Z3988"></span> – A visual textbook containing History/Origin, Phenotype & Statistics of 45 breeds.</li> <li>Rath, S. 1998. <i>The Complete Cow</i>. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89658-375-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89658-375-9">0-89658-375-9</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminantia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilocapridae" title="Antilocapridae">Antilocapridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antilocapra" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Antilocapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn (<i>A. americana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giraffidae" title="Giraffidae">Giraffidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapi (<i>O. johnstoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Giraffa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_giraffe" title="Northern giraffe">Northern giraffe (<i>G. camelopardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_giraffe" title="Southern giraffe">Southern giraffe (<i>G. giraffa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulated_giraffe" title="Reticulated giraffe">Reticulated giraffe (<i>G. reticulata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masai_giraffe" title="Masai giraffe">Masai giraffe (<i>G. tippelskirchi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moschus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">Moschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhui_musk_deer" title="Anhui musk deer">Anhui musk deer (<i>M. anhuiensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_musk_deer" title="Dwarf musk deer">Dwarf musk deer (<i>M. berezovskii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_musk_deer" title="Alpine musk deer">Alpine musk deer (<i>M. chrysogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_musk_deer" title="Kashmir musk deer">Kashmir musk deer (<i>M. cupreus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_musk_deer" title="Black musk deer">Black musk deer (<i>M. fuscus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_musk_deer" title="White-bellied musk deer">Himalayan musk deer (<i>M. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_musk_deer" title="Siberian musk deer">Siberian musk deer (<i>M. moschiferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">Tragulidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Hyemoschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Water chevrotain (<i>H. aquaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moschiola" title="Moschiola">Moschiola</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_spotted_chevrotain" title="Indian spotted chevrotain">Indian spotted chevrotain (<i>M. indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-striped_chevrotain" title="Yellow-striped chevrotain">Yellow-striped chevrotain (<i>M. kathygre</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_spotted_chevrotain" title="Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain">Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (<i>M. meminna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragulus" title="Tragulus">Tragulus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_mouse-deer" title="Java mouse-deer">Java mouse-deer (<i>T. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_mouse-deer" title="Lesser mouse-deer">Lesser mouse-deer (<i>T. kanchil</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_mouse-deer" title="Greater mouse-deer">Greater mouse-deer (<i>T. napu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mouse-deer" title="Philippine mouse-deer">Philippine mouse-deer (<i>T. nigricans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_mouse-deer" title="Vietnam mouse-deer">Vietnam mouse-deer (<i>T. versicolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson%27s_mouse-deer" title="Williamson's mouse-deer">Williamson's mouse-deer (<i>T. williamsoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Cervidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cervinae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervinae" title="Cervinae">Cervinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">Muntiacus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_yellow_muntjac" title="Bornean yellow muntjac">Bornean yellow muntjac (<i>M. atherodes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-fronted_muntjac" title="Hairy-fronted muntjac">Hairy-fronted muntjac (<i>M. crinifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fea%27s_muntjac" title="Fea's muntjac">Fea's muntjac (<i>M. feae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongshan_muntjac" title="Gongshan muntjac">Gongshan muntjac (<i>M. gongshanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_muntjac" title="Sumatran muntjac">Sumatran muntjac (<i>M. montanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_red_muntjac" title="Southern red muntjac">Southern red muntjac (<i>M. muntjak</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_Hoat_muntjac" title="Pu Hoat muntjac">Pu Hoat muntjac (<i>M. puhoatensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_muntjac" title="Leaf muntjac">Leaf muntjac (<i>M. putaoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeves%27s_muntjac" title="Reeves's muntjac">Reeves's muntjac (<i>M. reevesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_muntjac" title="Roosevelt's muntjac">Roosevelt's muntjac (<i>M. rooseveltorum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truong_Son_muntjac" title="Truong Son muntjac">Truong Son muntjac (<i>M. truongsonensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_red_muntjac" title="Northern red muntjac">Northern red muntjac (<i>M. vaginalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_muntjac" title="Giant muntjac">Giant muntjac (<i>M. vuquangensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Elaphodus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Tufted deer (<i>E. cephalophus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dama_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dama (genus)">Dama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_fallow_deer" title="European fallow deer">European fallow deer (<i>D. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_fallow_deer" title="Persian fallow deer">Persian fallow deer (<i>D. mesopotamica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_(genus)" title="Axis (genus)">Axis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital (<i>A. axis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_deer" title="Calamian deer">Calamian deer (<i>A. calamianensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_deer" title="Bawean deer">Bawean deer (<i>A. kuhlii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hog_deer" title="Indian hog deer">Hog deer (<i>A. porcinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rucervus" title="Rucervus">Rucervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">Barasingha (<i>R. duvaucelii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eld%27s_deer" title="Eld's deer">Eld's deer (<i>R. eldii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Elaphurus" title="Elaphurus">Elaphurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_deer" title="Père David's deer">Père David's deer (<i>E. davidianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rusa_(genus)" title="Rusa (genus)">Rusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_spotted_deer" title="Visayan spotted deer">Visayan spotted deer (<i>R. alfredi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_deer" title="Philippine deer">Philippine sambar (<i>R. mariannus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">Rusa deer (<i>R. timorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">Sambar (<i>R. unicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cervus" title="Cervus">Cervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer">Thorold's deer (<i>C. albirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer (<i>C. elaphus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk (<i>C. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_red_deer" title="Central Asian red deer">Central Asian red deer (<i>C. hanglu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">Sika deer (<i>C. nippon</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capreolinae" title="Capreolinae">Capreolinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Alces</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose (<i>A. alces</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Hydropotes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Water deer (<i>H. inermis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capreolus" title="Capreolus">Capreolus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">European roe deer (<i>C. capreolus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_roe_deer" title="Siberian roe deer">Siberian roe deer (<i>C. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Rangifer</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer (<i>R. tarandus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippocamelus" title="Hippocamelus">Hippocamelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taruca" title="Taruca">Taruca (<i>H. antisensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Andean_deer" title="South Andean deer">South Andean deer (<i>H. bisulcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Brocket_deer" title="Brocket deer">Mazama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_brocket" title="Red brocket">Red brocket (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_red_brocket" title="Small red brocket">Small red brocket (<i>M. bororo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merida_brocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Merida brocket">Merida brocket (<i>M. bricenii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_brocket" title="Dwarf brocket">Dwarf brocket (<i>M. chunyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_brocket" title="Gray brocket">Gray brocket (<i>M. gouazoubira</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_brocket" title="Pygmy brocket">Pygmy brocket (<i>M. nana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_brown_brocket" title="Amazonian brown brocket">Amazonian brown brocket (<i>M. nemorivaga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_red_brocket" title="Little red brocket">Little red brocket (<i>M. rufina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_red_brocket" title="Central American red brocket">Central American red brocket (<i>M. temama</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Ozotoceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Pampas deer (<i>O. bezoarticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Blastocerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Marsh deer (<i>B. dichotomus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudu" title="Pudu">Pudu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_pudu" title="Southern pudu">Southern pudu (<i>P. pudu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudella" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudella">Pudella</a></i>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudella_carlae" title="Pudella carlae">Peruvian Yungas pudu (<i>P. carlae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Odocoileus" title="Odocoileus">Odocoileus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer (<i>O. hemionus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucatan_brown_brocket" title="Yucatan brown brocket">Yucatan brown brocket (<i>O. pandora</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer (<i>O. virginianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grazing_antelope" title="Grazing antelope">Hippotraginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippotragus" title="Hippotragus">Hippotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roan_antelope" title="Roan antelope">Roan antelope (<i>H. equinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable_antelope" title="Sable antelope">Sable antelope (<i>H. niger</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">Oryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_oryx" title="East African oryx">East African oryx (<i>O. beisa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_oryx" title="Scimitar oryx">Scimitar oryx (<i>O. dammah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemsbok" title="Gemsbok">Gemsbok (<i>O. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx (<i>O. leucoryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax (<i>A. nasomaculatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reduncinae" title="Reduncinae">Reduncinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Kobus_(antelope)" title="Kobus (antelope)">Kobus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterbuck" title="Waterbuck">Waterbuck (<i>K. ellipsiprymnus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kob" title="Kob">Kob (<i>K. kob</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechwe" title="Lechwe">Lechwe (<i>K. leche</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_lechwe" title="Nile lechwe">Nile lechwe (<i>K. megaceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puku" title="Puku">Puku (<i>K. vardonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reedbuck" title="Reedbuck">Redunca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_reedbuck" title="Southern reedbuck">Southern reedbuck (<i>R. arundinum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_reedbuck" title="Mountain reedbuck">Mountain reedbuck (<i>R. fulvorufula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohor_reedbuck" title="Bohor reedbuck">Bohor reedbuck (<i>R. redunca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepycerotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aepyceros" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepyceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Impala (<i>A. melampus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Peleinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pelea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Pelea</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Grey rhebok (<i>P. capreolus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcelaphinae" title="Alcelaphinae">Alcelaphinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Beatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Hirola (<i>B. hunteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus" title="Damaliscus">Damaliscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus_lunatus" title="Damaliscus lunatus">Common tsessebe (<i>D. lunatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontebok" title="Bontebok">Bontebok (<i>D. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Alcelaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Hartebeest (<i>A. buselaphus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">Connochaetes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_wildebeest" title="Black wildebeest">Black wildebeest (<i>C. gnou</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">Blue wildebeest (<i>C. taurinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantholops" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholops</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Tibetan antelope (<i>P. hodgsonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Caprinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Ammotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Barbary sheep (<i>A. lervia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabian tahr (<i>A. jayakari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Budorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Takin (<i>B. taxicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)">Capra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_goat" title="Wild goat">Wild goat (<i>C. aegagrus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Caucasian_tur" title="West Caucasian tur">West Caucasian tur (<i>C. caucasia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Caucasian_tur" title="East Caucasian tur">East Caucasian tur (<i>C. cylindricornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">Markhor (<i>C. falconeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Domestic goat (<i>C. hircus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_ibex" title="Alpine ibex">Alpine ibex (<i>C. ibex</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_ibex" title="Nubian ibex">Nubian ibex (<i>C. nubiana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_ibex" title="Iberian ibex">Iberian ibex (<i>C. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex (<i>C. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walia_ibex" title="Walia ibex">Walia ibex (<i>C. walie</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Serow" title="Serow">Capricornis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_serow" title="Japanese serow">Japanese serow (<i>C. crispus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_serow" title="Red serow">Red serow (<i>C. rubidus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_serow" title="Mainland serow">Mainland serow (<i>C. sumatraensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_serow" title="Taiwan serow">Taiwan serow (<i>C. swinhoei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tahr" title="Tahr">Hemitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_tahr" title="Himalayan tahr">Himalayan tahr (<i>H. jemlahicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Goral" title="Goral">Naemorhedus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_goral" title="Red goral">Red goral (<i>N. baileyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_goral" title="Long-tailed goral">Long-tailed goral (<i>N. caudatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_goral" title="Himalayan goral">Himalayan goral (<i>N. goral</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_goral" title="Chinese goral">Chinese goral (<i>N. griseus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Oreamnos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat (<i>O. americanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Ovibos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox (<i>O. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiritragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr (<i>N. hylocrius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ovis" title="Ovis">Ovis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argali" title="Argali">Argali (<i>O. ammon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">Domestic sheep (<i>O. aries</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep (<i>O. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep (<i>O. dalli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouflon" title="Mouflon">Mouflon (<i>O. gmelini</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_sheep" title="Snow sheep">Snow sheep (<i>O. nivicola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urial" title="Urial">Urial (<i>O. vignei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudois">Pseudois</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharal" title="Bharal">Bharal (<i>P. nayaur</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rupicapra" title="Rupicapra">Rupicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_chamois" title="Pyrenean chamois">Pyrenean chamois (<i>R. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">Chamois (<i>R. rupicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Bovinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boselaphini" title="Boselaphini">Boselaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Tetracerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Four-horned antelope (<i>T. quadricornis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Boselaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Nilgai (<i>B. tragocamelus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">Bubalus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">Wild water buffalo (<i>B. arnee</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Domestic water buffalo (<i>B. bubalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_anoa" title="Lowland anoa">Lowland anoa (<i>B. depressicornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaraw" title="Tamaraw">Tamaraw (<i>B. mindorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_anoa" title="Mountain anoa">Mountain anoa (<i>B. quarlesi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison (<i>B. bison</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison (<i>B. bonasus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_cattle" title="Bali cattle">Bali cattle (<i>B. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">Gayal (<i>B. frontalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur (<i>B. gaurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Domestic yak (<i>B. grunniens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu (<i>B. indicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">Banteng (<i>B. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_yak" title="Wild yak">Wild yak (<i>B. mutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cattle (<i>B. taurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Pseudoryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Saola (<i>P. nghetinhensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">Syncerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo (<i>S. caffer</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphini" title="Tragelaphini">Tragelaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphus" title="Tragelaphus">Tragelaphus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(including <a href="/wiki/Kudu" title="Kudu">kudus</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyala" title="Nyala">Nyala (<i>T. angasii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_nyala" title="Mountain nyala">Mountain nyala (<i>T. buxtoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_(antelope)" title="Bongo (antelope)">Bongo (<i>T. eurycerus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_kudu" title="Lesser kudu">Lesser kudu (<i>T. imberbis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnessed_bushbuck" title="Harnessed bushbuck">Harnessed bushbuck (<i>T. scriptus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitatunga" title="Sitatunga">Sitatunga (<i>T. spekeii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_kudu" title="Greater kudu">Greater kudu (<i>T. strepsiceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_bushbuck" title="Cape bushbuck">Cape bushbuck (<i>T. sylvaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Taurotragus" title="Taurotragus">Taurotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_eland" title="Giant eland">Giant eland (<i>T. derbianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_eland" title="Common eland">Common eland (<i>T. oryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Antilopinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopini" title="Antilopini">Antilopini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Ammodorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Dibatag (<i>A. clarkei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Antidorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Springbok (<i>A. marsupialis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Antilope</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck (<i>A. cervicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Eudorcas" title="Eudorcas">Eudorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongalla_gazelle" title="Mongalla gazelle">Mongalla gazelle (<i>E. albonotata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-fronted_gazelle" title="Red-fronted gazelle">Red-fronted gazelle (<i>E. rufifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson%27s_gazelle" title="Thomson's gazelle">Thomson's gazelle (<i>E. thomsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuglin%27s_gazelle" title="Heuglin's gazelle">Heuglin's gazelle (<i>E. tilonura</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">Gazella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">Chinkara (<i>G. bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvier%27s_gazelle" title="Cuvier's gazelle">Cuvier's gazelle (<i>G. cuvieri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas_gazelle" title="Dorcas gazelle">Dorcas gazelle (<i>G. dorcas</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlanger%27s_gazelle" title="Erlanger's gazelle">Erlanger's gazelle (<i>G. erlangeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gazelle" title="Mountain gazelle">Mountain gazelle (<i>G. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhim_gazelle" title="Rhim gazelle">Rhim gazelle (<i>G. leptoceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speke%27s_gazelle" title="Speke's gazelle">Speke's gazelle (<i>G. spekei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goitered_gazelle" title="Goitered gazelle">Goitered gazelle (<i>G. subgutturosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Litocranius</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Gerenuk (<i>L. walleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nanger" title="Nanger">Nanger</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dama_gazelle" title="Dama gazelle">Dama gazelle (<i>N. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_gazelle" title="Grant's gazelle">Grant's gazelle (<i>N. granti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright's gazelle">Bright's gazelle (<i>N. notatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter's gazelle">Peter's gazelle (<i>N. petersii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soemmerring%27s_gazelle" title="Soemmerring's gazelle">Soemmerring's gazelle (<i>N. soemmerringii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Procapra" title="Procapra">Procapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_gazelle" title="Mongolian gazelle">Mongolian gazelle (<i>P. gutturosa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_(antelope)" title="Goa (antelope)">Goa (<i>P. picticaudata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_gazelle" title="Przewalski's gazelle">Przewalski's gazelle (<i>P. przewalskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saigini</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Saiga" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga antelope (<i>S. tatarica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neotragini" title="Neotragini">Neotragini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Dorcatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Beira (<i>D. megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dik-dik" title="Dik-dik">Madoqua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther%27s_dik-dik" title="Günther's dik-dik">Günther's dik-dik (<i>M. guentheri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%27s_dik-dik" title="Kirk's dik-dik">Kirk's dik-dik (<i>M. kirkii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_dik-dik" title="Silver dik-dik">Silver dik-dik (<i>M. piacentinii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt%27s_dik-dik" title="Salt's dik-dik">Salt's dik-dik (<i>M. saltiana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Neotragus" title="Neotragus">Neotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_antelope" title="Royal antelope">Royal antelope (<i>N. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nesotragus" title="Nesotragus">Nesotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bates%27s_pygmy_antelope" title="Bates's pygmy antelope">Bates' pygmy antelope (<i>N. batesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suni" title="Suni">Suni (<i>N. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Oreotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Klipspringer (<i>O. oreotragus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Ourebia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Oribi (<i>O. ourebi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Raphicerus" title="Raphicerus">Raphicerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steenbok" title="Steenbok">Steenbok (<i>R. campestris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_grysbok" title="Cape grysbok">Cape grysbok (<i>R. melanotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpe%27s_grysbok" title="Sharpe's grysbok">Sharpe's grysbok (<i>R. sharpei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aders%27s_duiker" title="Aders's duiker">Aders's duiker (<i>C. adersi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke%27s_duiker" title="Brooke's duiker">Brooke's duiker (<i>C. brookei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peters%27s_duiker" title="Peters's duiker">Peters' duiker (<i>C. callipygus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-legged_duiker" title="White-legged duiker">White-legged duiker (<i>C. crusalbum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_duiker" title="Bay duiker">Bay duiker (<i>C. dorsalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey%27s_duiker" title="Harvey's duiker">Harvey's duiker (<i>C. harveyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jentink%27s_duiker" title="Jentink's duiker">Jentink's duiker (<i>C. jentinki</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_duiker" title="White-bellied duiker">White-bellied duiker (<i>C. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_forest_duiker" title="Red forest duiker">Red forest duiker (<i>C. natalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_duiker" title="Black duiker">Black duiker (<i>C. niger</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-fronted_duiker" title="Black-fronted duiker">Black-fronted duiker (<i>C. nigrifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogilby%27s_duiker" title="Ogilby's duiker">Ogilby's duiker (<i>C. ogilbyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwenzori_duiker" title="Ruwenzori duiker">Ruwenzori duiker (<i>C. rubidis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-flanked_duiker" title="Red-flanked duiker">Red-flanked duiker (<i>C. rufilatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-backed_duiker" title="Yellow-backed duiker">Yellow-backed duiker (<i>C. silvicultor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott%27s_duiker" title="Abbott's duiker">Abbott's duiker (<i>C. spadix</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyns%27s_duiker" title="Weyns's duiker">Weyns's duiker (<i>C. weynsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_duiker" title="Zebra duiker">Zebra duiker (<i>C. zebra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Philantomba</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_duiker" title="Blue duiker">Blue duiker (<i>P. monticola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_duiker" title="Maxwell's duiker">Maxwell's duiker (<i>P. maxwellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter%27s_duiker" title="Walter's duiker">Walter's duiker (<i>P. walteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Sylvicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Common duiker (<i>S. grimmia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Suina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">Suidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Babirusa" title="Babirusa">Babyrousa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buru_babirusa" title="Buru babirusa">Buru babirusa (<i>B. babyrussa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi_babirusa" title="North Sulawesi babirusa">North Sulawesi babirusa (<i>B. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togian_babirusa" title="Togian babirusa">Togian babirusa (<i>B. togeanensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Hylochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Giant forest hog (<i>H. meinertzhageni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Phacochoerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phacochoerus">Phacochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warthog" title="Desert warthog">Desert warthog (<i>P. aethiopicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_warthog" title="Common warthog">Common warthog (<i>P. africanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Porcula</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Pygmy hog (<i>P. salvania</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Potamochoerus" title="Potamochoerus">Potamochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushpig" title="Bushpig">Bushpig (<i>P. larvatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_river_hog" title="Red river hog">Red river hog (<i>P. porcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sus_(genus)" title="Sus (genus)">Sus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_bearded_pig" title="Palawan bearded pig">Palawan bearded pig (<i>S. ahoenobarbus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_bearded_pig" title="Bornean bearded pig">Bornean bearded pig (<i>S. barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_warty_pig" title="Visayan warty pig">Visayan warty pig (<i>S. cebifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_warty_pig" title="Celebes warty pig">Celebes warty pig (<i>S. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Domestic pig (<i>S. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_warty_pig" title="Flores warty pig">Flores warty pig (<i>S. heureni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver%27s_warty_pig" title="Oliver's warty pig">Oliver's warty pig (<i>S. oliveri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_warty_pig" title="Philippine warty pig">Philippine warty pig (<i>S. philippensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Wild boar (<i>S. scrofa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_warty_pig" title="Timor warty pig">Timor warty pig (<i>S. timoriensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_warty_pig" title="Javan warty pig">Javan warty pig (<i>S. verrucosus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">Tayassuidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">Tayassu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">White-lipped peccary (<i>T. pecari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Catagonus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Chacoan peccary (<i>C. wagneri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Dicotyles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Collared peccary (<i>D. tajacu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Tylopoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Camelidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">Camelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lama_(genus)" title="Lama (genus)">Lama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama (<i>L. glama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">Guanaco (<i>L. guanicoe</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca (<i>L. pacos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">Vicuña (<i>L. vicugna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Domestic Bactrian camel (<i>C. bactrianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary/Arabian camel (<i>C. dromedarius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bactrian_camel" title="Wild Bactrian camel">Wild Bactrian camel (<i>C. ferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Whippomorpha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">Hippopotamidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus_(genus)" title="Hippopotamus (genus)">Hippopotamus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">Hippopotamus (<i>H. amphibius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Choeropsis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Pygmy hippopotamus (<i>C. liberiensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cetacea" title="Template:Cetacea">Cetacea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_footer" title="Template talk:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_agriculture" title="Outline of agriculture">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_agriculture_articles" title="Index of agriculture articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">Farm worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_agriculture" title="Cellular agriculture">Cellular agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_methods" title="Cultural methods">Cultural methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ratio" title="Feed ratio">Feed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farming Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaics" title="Agrivoltaics">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_farming" title="Goat farming">Goat farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_farming" title="Mixed farming">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral farming">Pastoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">Bocage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">Sheep farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental<br />impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" class="extiw" title="commons:Agriculture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Agriculture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Agriculture">Wikiproject</a></b></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Cattle</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q830">Q830</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">BHL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34357823">34357823</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=104264">104264</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=2759">2759</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4050061-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vaches"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976895g">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vaches"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976895g">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="tur domácí"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph392772&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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