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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saxon_rebellion_and_Investiture_Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Saxon rebellion and Investiture Controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saxon_rebellion_and_Investiture_Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_to_Canossa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_to_Canossa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Road to Canossa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_to_Canossa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Civil war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_coronation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_coronation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Imperial coronation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_coronation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_as_emperor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_as_emperor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Reign as emperor </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign_as_emperor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reign as emperor subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reign_as_emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Consolidation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Return to Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_feuds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_feuds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Family feuds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_feuds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Restoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Fall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Last year </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" > 65 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_IV._(HRR)" title="Heinrich IV. (HRR) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Heinrich IV. (HRR)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_(%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3)" title="هنري الرابع (إمبراطور روماني مقدس) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هنري الرابع (إمبراطور روماني مقدس)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_IV_del_Sacru_Imperiu_Romanu_Xerm%C3%A1nicu" title="Enrique IV del Sacru Imperiu Romanu Xermánicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Enrique IV del Sacru Imperiu Romanu Xermánicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_4-s%C3%A8" title="Heinrich 4-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Heinrich 4-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_IV_(%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96)" title="Генрых IV (імператар Свяшчэннай Рымскай імперыі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генрых IV (імператар Свяшчэннай Рымскай імперыі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_IV_(%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Хайнрих IV (Свещена Римска империя) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хайнрих IV (Свещена Римска империя)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_IV." title="Heinrich IV. – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Heinrich IV." data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_IV,_car_Svetog_Rimskog_Carstva" title="Henrik IV, car Svetog Rimskog Carstva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Henrik IV, car Svetog Rimskog Carstva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enric_IV_del_Sacre_Imperi_Romanogerm%C3%A0nic" title="Enric IV del Sacre Imperi Romanogermànic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enric IV del Sacre Imperi Romanogermànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jind%C5%99ich_IV." title="Jindřich IV. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jindřich IV." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_4.,_tysk-romersk_kejser" title="Henrik 4., tysk-romersk kejser – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Henrik 4., tysk-romersk kejser" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_IV._(HRR)" title="Heinrich IV. (HRR) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heinrich IV. (HRR)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_IV_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)" title="Heinrich IV (Saksa-Rooma keiser) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Heinrich IV (Saksa-Rooma keiser)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ερρίκος Δ΄ της Αγίας Ρωμαϊκής Αυτοκρατορίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερρίκος Δ΄ της Αγίας Ρωμαϊκής Αυτοκρατορίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_IV_del_Sacro_Imperio_Romano_Germ%C3%A1nico" title="Enrique IV del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enrique IV del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriko_la_4-a_(Sankta_Romia_Imperio)" title="Henriko la 4-a (Sankta Romia Imperio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Henriko la 4-a (Sankta Romia Imperio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrike_IV.a_Germaniako_Erromatar_Inperio_Santukoa" title="Henrike IV.a Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santukoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Henrike IV.a Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santukoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85" title="هاینریش چهارم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هاینریش چهارم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_IV_(empereur_du_Saint-Empire)" title="Henri IV (empereur du Saint-Empire) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Henri IV (empereur du Saint-Empire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anra%C3%AD_IV,_Impire_Naofa_R%C3%B3mh%C3%A1nach" title="Anraí IV, Impire Naofa Rómhánach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Anraí IV, Impire Naofa Rómhánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_IV_do_Sacro_Imperio_Romano_Xerm%C3%A1nico" title="Henrique IV do Sacro Imperio Romano Xermánico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Henrique IV do Sacro Imperio Romano Xermánico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B8%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_4%EC%84%B8" title="하인리히 4세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하인리히 4세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AD_IV" title="Հենրիխ IV – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հենրիխ IV" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_IV.,_car_Svetog_Rimskog_Carstva" title="Henrik IV., car Svetog Rimskog Carstva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Henrik IV., car Svetog Rimskog Carstva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_IV,_Kaisar_Romawi_Suci" title="Heinrich IV, Kaisar Romawi Suci – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Heinrich IV, Kaisar Romawi Suci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinrik_4._keisari" title="Hinrik 4. keisari – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hinrik 4. keisari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_IV_di_Franconia" title="Enrico IV di Franconia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Enrico IV di Franconia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%94" title="היינריך הרביעי, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היינריך הרביעי, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_IV_(%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98)" title="ჰაინრიხ IV (სრი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰაინრიხ IV (სრი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_IV_wa_Ujerumani" title="Heinrich IV wa Ujerumani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Heinrich IV wa Ujerumani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_IV_(imperator)" title="Henricus IV (imperator) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Henricus IV (imperator)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrihs_IV" title="Heinrihs IV – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Heinrihs IV" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperatorius_Henrikas_IV" title="Imperatorius Henrikas IV – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Imperatorius Henrikas IV" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV._Henrik_n%C3%A9met-r%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="IV. Henrik német-római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="IV. Henrik német-római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_IV_(%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Хајнрих IV (Свето Римско Царство) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хајнрих IV (Свето Римско Царство)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV,_Emperora_Romana_Masina" title="Henry IV, Emperora Romana Masina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Henry IV, Emperora Romana Masina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F)" title="हेन्री चौथा (पवित्र रोमन सम्राट) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हेन्री चौथा (पवित्र रोमन सम्राट)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_IV_(%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98)" title="ჰაინრიხ IV (საღორონთო რომიშ იმპერატორი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰაინრიხ IV (საღორონთო რომიშ იმპერატორი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="الامبراطور الرومانى هنرى الرابع – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الامبراطور الرومانى هنرى الرابع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keizer_Hendrik_IV" title="Keizer Hendrik IV – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keizer Hendrik IV" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%924%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D)" title="ハインリヒ4世 (神聖ローマ皇帝) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハインリヒ4世 (神聖ローマ皇帝)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_IV_av_Det_tysk-romerske_rike" title="Henrik IV av Det tysk-romerske rike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Henrik IV av Det tysk-romerske rike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_IV_Salicki" title="Henryk IV Salicki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Henryk IV Salicki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_IV_do_Sacro_Imp%C3%A9rio_Romano-Germ%C3%A2nico" title="Henrique IV do Sacro Império Romano-Germânico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Henrique IV do Sacro Império Romano-Germânico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henric_al_IV-lea_al_Sf%C3%A2ntului_Imperiu_Roman" title="Henric al IV-lea al Sfântului Imperiu Roman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Henric al IV-lea al Sfântului Imperiu Roman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_IV_(%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Генрих IV (император Священной Римской империи) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Генрих IV (император Священной Римской империи)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV,_Haly_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Haly Roman Emperor – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Henry IV, Haly Roman Emperor" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enricu_IV,_Sacru_Rumanu_Mperu" title="Enricu IV, Sacru Rumanu Mperu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Enricu IV, Sacru Rumanu Mperu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrich_IV._(Sv%C3%A4t%C3%A1_r%C3%ADmska_r%C3%AD%C5%A1a)" title="Henrich IV. (Svätá rímska ríša) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Henrich IV. (Svätá rímska ríša)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_IV._Nem%C5%A1ki" title="Henrik IV. Nemški – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Henrik IV. Nemški" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_IV,_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Хајнрих IV, цар Светог римског царства – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хајнрих IV, цар Светог римског царства" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_IV,_svetorimski_car" title="Heinrich IV, svetorimski car – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Heinrich IV, svetorimski car" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_IV_(Saksa)" title="Henrik IV (Saksa) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henrik IV (Saksa)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_IV_(tysk-romersk_kejsare)" title="Henrik IV (tysk-romersk kejsare) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Henrik IV (tysk-romersk kejsare)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_IV,_Banal_na_Emperador_ng_Roma" title="Enrique IV, Banal na Emperador ng Roma – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Enrique IV, Banal na Emperador ng Roma" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_4_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C" title="จักรพรรดิไฮน์ริชที่ 4 แห่งจักรวรรดิโรมันอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิไฮน์ริชที่ 4 แห่งจักรวรรดิโรมันอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV._Heinrich" title="IV. Heinrich – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="IV. Heinrich" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_IV_(%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Генріх IV (імператор Священної Римської імперії) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генріх IV (імператор Священної Римської імперії)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%81%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81" title="ہنری چہارم، مقدس رومی شہنشاہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہنری چہارم، مقدس رومی شہنشاہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_IV_c%E1%BB%A7a_Th%C3%A1nh_ch%E1%BA%BF_La_M%C3%A3" title="Heinrich IV của Thánh chế La Mã – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Heinrich IV của Thánh chế La Mã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_IV_(HRR)" title="Hendrik IV (HRR) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Hendrik IV (HRR)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%89" title="亨利四世（神圣罗马帝国） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亨利四世（神圣罗马帝国）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)" title="亨利四世 (神聖羅馬帝國) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亨利四世 (神聖羅馬帝國)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="亨利四世 (神圣罗马帝国) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亨利四世 (神圣罗马帝国)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q60094#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" rel="discussion" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 to 1105</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Henry IV</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor of the Romans</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_4_g.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A miniature depicting a bearded man wearing a crown and holding a sceptre and an orb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Heinrich_4_g.jpg/220px-Heinrich_4_g.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Heinrich_4_g.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="428" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Henry in full regalia (depicted in the 11th-century Evangelion of Saint Emmeram's Abbey)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1084–1105</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 April 1084 <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a>, Rome</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1054–1105</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coronation</th><td class="infobox-data">17 July 1054 <a href="/wiki/Aachen_Cathedral" title="Aachen Cathedral">Aachen Cathedral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Henry III</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1056–1105</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1050-11-11)11 November 1050 <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Palace_of_Goslar" title="Imperial Palace of Goslar">Imperial Palace of Goslar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a> (?)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 August 1106(1106-08-07) (aged 55) <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lorraine">Lower Lorraine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Speyer_Cathedral" title="Speyer Cathedral">Speyer Cathedral</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Savoy" title="Bertha of Savoy">Bertha of Savoy</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1066; died 1087)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eupraxia_of_Kiev" title="Eupraxia of Kiev">Eupraxia of Kiev</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1089; <abbr title="separated">sep.</abbr> 1095)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Waiblingen" title="Agnes of Waiblingen">Agnes, Duchess of Swabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_King_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrad II, King of Italy">Conrad II, King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salian_dynasty" title="Salian dynasty">Salian dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Poitou" title="Agnes of Poitou">Agnes of Poitou</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Henry IV (German: Heinrich IV; 11 November 1050 – 7 August 1106) was <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> from 1084 to 1105, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a> from 1054 to 1105, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Burgundy" title="List of kings of Burgundy">Burgundy</a> from 1056 to 1105, and <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Bavaria">Duke of Bavaria</a> from 1052 to 1054. He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor</a>—the second monarch of the <a href="/wiki/Salian_dynasty" title="Salian dynasty">Salian dynasty</a>—and <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Poitou" title="Agnes of Poitou">Agnes of Poitou</a>. After his father's death on 5 October 1056, Henry was placed under his mother's guardianship. She made grants to German aristocrats to secure their support. Unlike her late husband, she could not control the election of the popes, thus the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Libertas_ecclesiae" title="Libertas ecclesiae">"liberty of the Church"</a> strengthened during her rule. Taking advantage of her weakness, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Anno_II_of_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno II of Cologne">Anno II of Cologne</a> kidnapped Henry in April 1062. He administered Germany until Henry came of age in 1065. Henry endeavoured to recover the royal estates that had been lost during his minority. He employed low-ranking officials to carry out his new policies, causing discontent in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Thuringia" title="Duchy of Thuringia">Thuringia</a>. Henry crushed a riot in Saxony in 1069 and overcame the rebellion of the Saxon aristocrat <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Nordheim" title="Otto of Nordheim">Otto of Nordheim</a> in 1071. The appointment of commoners to high office offended German aristocrats, and many of them withdrew from Henry's court. He insisted on his royal prerogative to appoint bishops and abbots, although the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">reformist clerics</a> condemned this practice as <a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">simony</a> (a forbidden sale of church offices). <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Pope Alexander II</a> blamed Henry's advisors for his acts and excommunicated them in early 1073. Henry's conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and the German dukes weakened his position and the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_revolt_of_1073%E2%80%931075" title="Saxon revolt of 1073–1075">Saxons rose up in open rebellion</a> in the summer of 1074. Taking advantage of a quarrel between the Saxon aristocrats and peasantry, he forced the rebels into submission in October 1075. Henry adopted an active policy in Italy, alarming Pope Alexander II's successor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a>, who threatened him with excommunication for simony. Henry persuaded most of the German bishops to declare the Pope's election invalid on 24 January 1076. In response, the Pope excommunicated Henry and released his subjects from their allegiance. German aristocrats who were hostile to Henry called for the Pope to hold an assembly in Germany to hear Henry's case. To prevent the Pope from sitting in judgement on him, Henry went to Italy as far as <a href="/wiki/Canossa" title="Canossa">Canossa</a> to meet with the Pope. His penitential "<a href="/wiki/Walk_to_Canossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Walk to Canossa">Walk to Canossa</a>" was a success and Gregory VII had no choice but to absolve him in January 1077. Henry's German opponents ignored his absolution and elected an <a href="/wiki/Antiking" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiking">antiking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_of_Rheinfelden" title="Rudolf of Rheinfelden">Rudolf of Rheinfelden</a>, on 14 March 1077. The Pope was initially neutral in the two kings' conflict, enabling Henry to consolidate his position. Henry continued to appoint high-ranking clerics, for which the Pope again excommunicated him on 7 March 1080. Most German and northern Italian bishops remained loyal to Henry and they elected the antipope <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Clement_III" title="Antipope Clement III">Clement III</a>. Rudolf of Rheinfelden was killed in battle and his successor, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_of_Salm" title="Hermann of Salm">Hermann of Salm</a>, could only exert royal authority in Saxony. From 1081, Henry launched a series of military campaigns to Italy, and Clement III crowned him emperor in Rome on 1 April 1084. Hermann of Salm died and Henry pacified Saxony with the local aristocrats' assistance in 1088. He launched an invasion against the pope's principal Italian ally, <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Tuscany" title="Matilda of Tuscany">Matilda of Tuscany</a>, in 1089. She convinced Henry's elder son, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_II_of_Italy" title="Conrad II of Italy">Conrad II</a>, to take up arms against his father in 1093. Her alliance with <a href="/wiki/Welf_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Welf I, Duke of Bavaria">Welf I, Duke of Bavaria</a>, prevented Henry's return to Germany until 1096 when he was reconciled with Welf. After Clement III's death, Henry did not support new antipopes, but did not make peace with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Pope Paschal II</a>. Henry proclaimed the first <a href="/wiki/Reichsfriede" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsfriede">Reichsfriede</a> (imperial peace) which covered the whole territory of Germany in 1103. His younger son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a>, forced him to abdicate on 31 December 1105. He tried to regain his throne with the assistance of Lotharingian aristocrats, but became ill and died without receiving absolution from his excommunication. Henry's preeminent role in the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a>, his "Walk to Canossa" and his conflicts with his sons and wives established his controversial reputation, with some regarding him as the stereotype of a tyrant, and others describing him as an exemplary monarch who protected the poor. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> Henry was the third monarch of the <a href="/wiki/Salian_dynasty" title="Salian dynasty">Salian dynasty</a>—the royal house ruling <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a> from 1024 to 1125.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010113-1">[1]</a> The 11th-century kings of Germany also ruled <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Arles" title="Kingdom of Arles">Burgundy</a> and had a strong claim to the title of Holy Roman Emperor. They were convinced that their claim to the emperorship entitled them each to act as the head of all Christians and to control papal elections in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2004197–198-2">[2]</a> Rome was actually dominated by local aristocrats, the <a href="/wiki/Tusculani" class="mw-redirect" title="Tusculani">Tusculani</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crescentii" title="Crescentii">Crescentii</a>, who raised their own candidates to the papal throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200143–44-3">[3]</a> Their rivalries caused scandals, culminating in three rival popes—<a href="/wiki/Benedict_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict IX">Benedict IX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylvester III">Sylvester III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VI" title="Pope Gregory VI">Gregory VI</a>—in 1045.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200144-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal201056-5">[5]</a> To put an end to the schism, Henry's father, <a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a>, crossed the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> to Italy and held a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Sutri" title="Council of Sutri">church synod at Sutri</a> on 20 December 1046.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010113-1">[1]</a> The synod deposed the three popes and replaced them with a German prelate, Bishop Suidger of Bamberg, who assumed the name <a href="/wiki/Clement_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement II">Clement II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal201057-6">[6]</a> Henry III emphasized the priestly nature of kingship, attributing it to the kings' anointment by holy oil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200139-7">[7]</a> A man of great personal piety, he regarded himself as "<a href="/wiki/Vicar_of_Christ" title="Vicar of Christ">Vicar of Christ</a>", authorized to administer state and church alike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal201049-8">[8]</a> The Romans awarded him the hereditary title of <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">patrician</a>, acknowledging his and his successors' right to cast the first vote at papal elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010128-9">[9]</a> His new title enabled him to secure the appointment of German clerics to the papal throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200145-10">[10]</a> The third German pope, <a href="/wiki/Leo_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo IX">Leo IX</a>, came from <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a>—a province that had been an important centre of reformist clerics. They wanted to purify the Church through the re-implementation of ancient (or supposedly ancient) collections of <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">canon law</a> and Leo IX enthusiastically introduced their ideas to Rome. He prohibited simony—the sale of church offices—and promoted <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">clerical celibacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal201064–65,_70–74-11">[11]</a> Imperial control of church affairs was in the long run incompatible with the reformist idea of "liberty of the Church" which claimed that ecclesiastic institutions could only be subject to the authority of the Holy See. The conflict between the two ideas reached its pinnacle during Henry IV's reign, developing into the confrontation known as the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber200487–91-12">[12]</a> Germany, Italy and Burgundy were composed of semi-independent provinces, each administered by a prelate or a lay aristocrat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson20032-13">[13]</a> The prelates—the bishops and abbots—were not only wealthy landowners, they also played an important role in state administration. They were required to make annual gifts to the kings and also to provide the monarchs with well-defined regular services, including the collection of taxes and hospitality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal201036-14">[14]</a> The dukes were the most powerful lay aristocrats in Germany. They were primarily military commanders, but they were also responsible for the administration of justice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson20032–3-15">[15]</a> The monarchs occasionally kept the office of duke for themselves or for their closest relatives, but sooner or later they had no choice but to fill vacant duchies, because they depended on the most powerful aristocrats' support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200141-16">[16]</a> Henry III came into conflict with influential dukes towards the end of his life. <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_the_Bearded" title="Godfrey the Bearded">Godfrey the Bearded</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Upper_Lotharingia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Upper Lotharingia">Duke of Upper Lotharingia</a>, married a wealthy widow, Margravine <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Lorraine" title="Beatrice of Lorraine">Beatrice of Tuscany</a>, without the Emperor's consent. Henry III also outraged the Saxon duke, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_II,_Duke_of_Saxony" title="Bernard II, Duke of Saxony">Bernard II</a>, because he supported the duke's main rival, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Adalbert of Hamburg">Adalbert of Hamburg</a>, in the seizure of some Saxon counties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200141–42-17">[17]</a> The Salian kings who inherited their <a href="/wiki/Ottonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottonian">Ottonian</a> predecessors' domains in Saxony visited the province frequently. Their lengthy visits irritated the Saxon aristocrats who were exposed to direct royal control for more time than their peers in other parts of the empire. The Saxons' grievances against the Salian monarchs broke out in a series of revolts during Henry IV's reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeyser198294-18">[18]</a> The empire's neighbours caused no less concern. Henry III launched punitive expeditions against <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> to extort an oath of fealty from the rebellious Duke <a href="/wiki/Bretislav_I" title="Bretislav I">Bretislav I</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter of Hungary">Peter of Hungary</a>, who owed his throne to Henry, also swore fealty to him, but was dethroned in 1046. Henry invaded Hungary, but could not force Peter's successor, King <a href="/wiki/Andrew_I_of_Hungary" title="Andrew I of Hungary">Andrew I</a>, into submission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill202085,_94-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010125–126-20">[20]</a> Andrew designated his brother, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_I_of_Hungary" title="Béla I of Hungary">Béla</a>, as his heir. Conflicts between Andrew and Béla, and later between their sons, culminated during the first decades of Henry IV's reign, provoking German military campaigns against Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZupka201673–74-21">[21]</a> Henry III asserted his authority over the southern Italian princes, including the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Normans" title="Italo-Normans">Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_counts_of_Aversa" title="List of counts of Aversa">counts of Aversa</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">Apulia</a> in 1047.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010129-22">[22]</a> The absent emperor, however, could not control the Norman adventurers and he chose to charge the popes with the representation of his interests in southern Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200339–40-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Born on 11 November 1050, Henry was the son of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, Henry III, by his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Poitou" title="Agnes of Poitou">Agnes of Poitou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill202093-24">[24]</a> Henry was most likely born in his father's <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Palace_of_Goslar" title="Imperial Palace of Goslar">palace at Goslar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200319-25">[25]</a> His birth had been long-awaited; Henry III had fathered four daughters, but his subjects were convinced only a male heir could secure the "peace of kingdom" (as <a href="/wiki/Hermann_II,_Archbishop_of_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann II, Archbishop of Cologne">Hermann II, Archbishop of Cologne</a>, called it in a sermon).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200319-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010139-26">[26]</a> Henry was first named for his grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, but Abbot <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Cluny" title="Hugh of Cluny">Hugh of Cluny</a>, whom Henry III had appointed as his son's <a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godfather</a>, convinced the Emperor to give his name to his heir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010139-26">[26]</a> While celebrating Christmas 1050 at <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6hlde" title="Pöhlde">Pöhlde</a> in Saxony, the ailing Henry III designated his infant son as his successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010139-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200320–21-27">[27]</a> Archbishop Hermann baptised Henry in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> on Easter Sunday 1051.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200319-25">[25]</a> In November, the Emperor held an assembly at <a href="/wiki/Tribur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribur">Tribur</a> to secure his son's succession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200321-28">[28]</a> The German princes who attended the meeting elected the one-year-old king. They stipulated they would acknowledge him as his father's successor only if he acted as a "just ruler" during his father's lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200321-28">[28]</a> Historian Ian S. Robinson supposes the princes actually wanted to persuade Henry III to change his methods of government since the child king had no role in state administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200322-29">[29]</a> At Christmas 1052, the Emperor made Henry the duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010139-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200322-29">[29]</a> Archbishop Hermann crowned Henry King of Germany in <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> on 17 July 1054.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200322-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2020101-30">[30]</a> On this occasion, Henry's two-year-old younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Conrad II, Duke of Bavaria">Conrad</a>, most likely received Bavaria from their father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200322-29">[29]</a> When Conrad died in 1055, the Emperor gave Bavaria to Empress Agnes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200328,_98-31">[31]</a> The Emperor betrothed Henry to <a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Savoy" title="Bertha of Savoy">Bertha of Savoy</a> in late 1055.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200325-32">[32]</a> Her parents, <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Susa" title="Adelaide of Susa">Adelaide, Margravine of Turin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Otto,_Count_of_Savoy" title="Otto, Count of Savoy">Otto, Count of Savoy</a>, controlled north-western Italy. The Emperor wanted to secure their alliance against the rebellious Godfrey the Bearded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200325-32">[32]</a> Henry III fell seriously ill after eating a stag's liver in late September 1056.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200325-32">[32]</a> Historian Herbert Schutz attributes his sudden illness to his exhaustion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010138-33">[33]</a> Already dying, the Emperor commended his son to the protection of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_II" title="Pope Victor II">Pope Victor II</a> who had come from Italy to Germany to seek the Emperor's protection against the Norman rulers of southern Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200152-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal201082-35">[35]</a> Henry III died on 5 October 1056.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200326-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign_as_king">Reign as king</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reign as king">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_guardianship">Under guardianship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Under guardianship">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aachener_Dom_BW_2016-07-09_13-49-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photo of a marble throne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Aachener_Dom_BW_2016-07-09_13-49-15.jpg/220px-Aachener_Dom_BW_2016-07-09_13-49-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Aachener_Dom_BW_2016-07-09_13-49-15.jpg/330px-Aachener_Dom_BW_2016-07-09_13-49-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Aachener_Dom_BW_2016-07-09_13-49-15.jpg/440px-Aachener_Dom_BW_2016-07-09_13-49-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3479" data-file-height="5781" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Throne_of_Charlemagne" title="Throne of Charlemagne">Throne of Charlemagne</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Chapel,_Aachen" title="Palatine Chapel, Aachen">Palatine Chapel</a> in Aachen</figcaption></figure> At the age of six, Henry became sole monarch of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200152-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200326-36">[36]</a> Pope Victor II convinced the German aristocrats to swear fealty to their young king and enthroned him in Aachen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200326-36">[36]</a> Although Empress Agnes had been planning to enter a <a href="/wiki/Nunnery" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunnery">nunnery</a>, she was appointed her son's <a href="/wiki/Legal_guardian" title="Legal guardian">guardian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200152-34">[34]</a> She was responsible for her son's education along with a royal <a href="/wiki/Ministerialis" title="Ministerialis">ministerialis</a> (unfree <a href="/wiki/Liegeman" class="mw-redirect" title="Liegeman">liegeman</a>), Cuno.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200348-37">[37]</a> She secured the most powerful aristocrats' support through lavish grants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200157-38">[38]</a> Agnes was reconciled with Godfrey the Bearded and made her late husband's other opponent, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_III,_Duke_of_Carinthia" title="Conrad III, Duke of Carinthia">Conrad</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ezzonid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezzonid">Ezzonid</a> family, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Carinthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Carinthia">duke of Carinthia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200331-39">[39]</a> Agnes took full control of state administration as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> after Pope Victor II left Germany early in 1057,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200327-40">[40]</a> but she paid little attention to Burgundy and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010143-41">[41]</a> Henry had inherited his father's Roman title of patrician, but the concept of "liberty of the Church" became dominant in Rome during his minority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200152–53-42">[42]</a> Pope Victor's successor, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen IX">Stephen IX</a>—Godfrey the Bearded's brother—was elected without royal intervention early in August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200337-43">[43]</a> A group of Saxon aristocrats plotted against Henry, fearing he would continue his father's oppressive policies after reaching the age of majority. They convinced <a href="/wiki/Otto,_Margrave_of_the_Nordmark" title="Otto, Margrave of the Nordmark">Otto of Nordmark</a>, who had recently returned from exile, to mount a coup. Henry's two relatives, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_II_of_Brunswick" title="Bruno II of Brunswick">Bruno II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egbert_I,_Margrave_of_Meissen" title="Egbert I, Margrave of Meissen">Egbert I of Brunswick</a>, attacked the conspirators. Bruno killed Otto but was mortally wounded in the skirmish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200363-44">[44]</a> In 1057, Agnes appointed a wealthy aristocrat, Rudolf of Rheinfelden, to be <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Swabia" title="Duke of Swabia">Duke of Swabia</a> and also charged him with the administration of Burgundy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200157-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollrath199552-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200333–34-46">[46]</a> Godfrey the Bearded took possession of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Spoleto</a> and <a href="/wiki/March_of_Fermo" title="March of Fermo">Fermo</a>, probably through a royal grant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200332-47">[47]</a> Rumours of Godfrey's determination to seize the imperial crown with Pope Stephen's help spread in Italy, but the Pope died unexpectedly on 29 March 1058.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200333-48">[48]</a> The Roman aristocrats placed one of their number, <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Benedict_X" title="Antipope Benedict X">Giovanni, Cardinal Bishop of Velletri</a>, on the papal throne without consulting with Henry's representatives. Giovanni took the name Benedict X, but <a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Ostia" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia">Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia</a>, refused to consecrate him, although the consecration of a new pope had been the Ostian bishops' traditional privilege. The cardinals assembled at Florence where Pope Stephen had died to discuss Pope Stephen's succession. They wanted to elect the local bishop <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Gerard</a> pope and sent an envoy to Germany to inform Henry about their plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal201085–86-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200152–53-42">[42]</a> Henry, "having deliberated with the princes", designated Gerard as the Pope in <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> on 7 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200337-43">[43]</a> King Andrew I of Hungary also sent delegates to Germany in September 1058.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZupka201673-50">[50]</a> Andrew wanted to secure his five-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Solomon,_King_of_Hungary" title="Solomon, King of Hungary">Solomon</a>'s succession, ignoring his brother's claim to succeed him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZupka201673-50">[50]</a> The Hungarian envoys and Henry's representatives concluded a treaty, and Henry's sister, <a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Swabia" title="Judith of Swabia">Judith</a>, was engaged to Solomon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200337-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZupka201673-50">[50]</a> The reformist clerics elected Bishop Gerard pope in Florence in December 1058.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200337-43">[43]</a> He took the name Nicholas II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200337-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabacco199584-51">[51]</a> Godfrey the Bearded accompanied him to Rome and forced Antipope Benedict to leave the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal201086-52">[52]</a> His advisor, the monk <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Hildebrand</a>, was determined to strengthen the autonomy of the papacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010144-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200144,_53-54">[54]</a> The Pope held a <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> which issued a decree, <a href="/wiki/In_nomine_Domini" title="In nomine Domini">In nomine Domini</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinals</a>' right to elect the popes as against <a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059" title="Papal selection before 1059">election by people and clergy</a>, which had been manipulated by Henry III.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200153-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollrath199552–53-56">[56]</a> Referring to Henry IV as "presently king and with the help of God emperor-to-be", the decree also confirmed the emperors' existing prerogatives over papal elections, but without specifying them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200339-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal201094-58">[58]</a> As early as 1057–1058, however, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Humbert_of_Silva_Candida" title="Humbert of Silva Candida">Humbert of Silva Candida</a> questioned the monarchs' right to invest clerics with bishoprics and abbeys in his treatises against simony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal201089-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003115-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollrath199551-61">[61]</a> Pope Nicholas invested two Norman rulers, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_Capua" title="Richard I of Capua">Richard I of Capua</a>, with southern Italian duchies in 1059. In return, the Normans swore fealty to the Pope and promised to support him against his enemies, probably the Roman aristocrats. Although the duchies were imperial fiefs, Nicholas's action did not necessarily trespass on imperial rights, because the popes had acted as the emperors' representatives in southern Italy for a decade. However, the Pope's <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Melfi" title="Treaty of Melfi">treaty with the Normans</a> forged their lasting alliance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal201055-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200339–40-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiser_Heinrich_IV_springt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An engraving depicting a boy who jumps from a ship into a river; a bearded bishop raises his arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Kaiser_Heinrich_IV_springt.jpg/220px-Kaiser_Heinrich_IV_springt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Kaiser_Heinrich_IV_springt.jpg/330px-Kaiser_Heinrich_IV_springt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Kaiser_Heinrich_IV_springt.jpg/440px-Kaiser_Heinrich_IV_springt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="2590" /></a><figcaption>Henry jumps from Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Anno_II" title="Anno II">Anno II</a> of Cologne's ship into the Rhine at Kaiserswerth in 1062 (<a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rode" title="Bernhard Rode">Bernhard Rode</a>, 1781).</figcaption></figure> Andrew I of Hungary faced a rebellion from his brother, Duke Béla, in 1060.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200335-63">[63]</a> Agnes dispatched Bavarian, Saxon and Bohemian troops to Hungary to fight Béla and his Polish allies, but the three armies did not coordinate their movements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200335-63">[63]</a> Béla defeated his brother who died of his wounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZupka201673-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200335-63">[63]</a> Andrew's family fled to Germany, and Béla was crowned king on 6 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZupka201673-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200335-63">[63]</a> After Béla's victory, the command of the German duchies along the Hungarian frontier had to be strengthened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200335-63">[63]</a> Agnes ceded Bavaria to a wealthy Saxon lord, Otto of Nordheim, and replaced Duke Conrad of Carinthia with <a href="/wiki/Berthold_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Berthold of Zähringen">Berthold of Zähringen</a> in early 1061.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200335–36-64">[64]</a> Relations between Pope Nicholas and the German prelates became tense for unknown reasons in 1061.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200340-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal201096-66">[66]</a> When Nicholas died on 20 July 1061, the Roman aristocrats dispatched an embassy to Henry asking him to nominate a new pope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollrath199553-67">[67]</a> Hildebrand and other reformist clerics elected Anselm of Baggio, Bishop of Lucca, pope on 30 September without Henry's confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal201096-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200340–41,_42-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200156-69">[69]</a> Anselm took the name <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Pope Alexander II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabacco199584-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200156-69">[69]</a> Henry summoned the Italian bishops to a synod in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> to discuss the situation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabacco199584-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200342-70">[70]</a> He attended the synod, wearing the insignia of his office of patrician of the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200342-70">[70]</a> The synod elected <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Honorius_II" title="Antipope Honorius II">Cadalus, Bishop of Parma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">antipope</a> on 28 October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200342-70">[70]</a> The election of two popes divided the German clergy. Some bishops supported Cadalus (now known as Honorius II) and others accepted Alexander II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200156-69">[69]</a> Archbishop Adalbert of Hamburg was Honorius's most prominent supporter, while Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Anno_II_of_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno II of Cologne">Anno II of Cologne</a> acknowledged Alexander as the lawful pope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200156-69">[69]</a> Empress Agnes supported Honorius, for which her advisors were excommunicated by Alexander.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010145-71">[71]</a> Her blatant favouritism for Bishop <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Augsburg" title="Henry II of Augsburg">Henry II of Augsburg</a> and the complete failure of the Hungarian campaign had compromised her prestige; the schism raised more indignation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200343-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollrath199554-73">[73]</a> Archbishop Anno, Egbert of Brunswick, Otto of Nordheim and other discontented aristocrats decided to deprive her of the regency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200343–44-74">[74]</a> Archbishop Anno equipped a ship "with admirable workmanship" and sailed down the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> to an island near the royal palace at <a href="/wiki/Kaiserswerth" title="Kaiserswerth">Kaiserswerth</a> in April 1062.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200343-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill202099-75">[75]</a> The ship fascinated Henry, so Anno could easily talk him into a visit on it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200343-72">[72]</a> As soon as Henry stepped on board, the ship was cast off.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200343-72">[72]</a> Fearing his captors wanted to murder him, Henry jumped into the river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200343-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollrath199554-73">[73]</a> He almost drowned, but Egbert of Brunswick rescued him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200343-72">[72]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Coup_of_Kaiserswerth" title="Coup of Kaiserswerth">Coup of Kaiserswerth</a>" destroyed the Empress's self-confidence, and she retired to her estates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill202099-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200344-76">[76]</a> Anno replaced her as the head of the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill202099-75">[75]</a> His new title of magister (master) shows that he also took charge of Henry's education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200345–46-77">[77]</a> Anno was determined to put an end to the schism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200348-37">[37]</a> In October 1062, the synod of the German bishops appointed his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Burchard_II,_Bishop_of_Halberstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchard II, Bishop of Halberstadt">Burchard II, Bishop of Halberstadt</a>, to begin negotiations with Pope Alexander II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200348–49-78">[78]</a> That same month, the theologian Peter Damian completed a <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a> defending the legality of Alexander II's election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal201094-58">[58]</a> He emphasised that Henry's "right to participate in the papal elections ... is subject each time to reconfirmation by the pope".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal201094-58">[58]</a> Damian's argument implied that Henry only inherited a claim to the imperial prerogatives relating to papal elections, but he could forfeit it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal201094-58">[58]</a> Respect for the monarch also declined in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200361–62-79">[79]</a> For example, the retainers of Abbot <a href="/wiki/Widerad_of_Fulda" title="Widerad of Fulda">Widerad of Fulda</a> and Bishop <a href="/wiki/Hezilo_of_Hildesheim" title="Hezilo of Hildesheim">Hezilo of Hildesheim</a> ignored Henry's commands when an <a href="/wiki/Goslar_Precedence_Dispute" title="Goslar Precedence Dispute">armed conflict broke out between them</a> in his presence at a church in Goslar in June 1063.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200361–62-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200161-80">[80]</a> Béla I of Hungary wanted to make peace with Henry to secure his throne against his nephew, Solomon, who had taken refuge in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200353-81">[81]</a> Henry and his advisors, however, insisted on Solomon's restoration to the Hungarian throne and German troops <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Hungary_(1063)" title="German invasion of Hungary (1063)">invaded Hungary</a> in August 1063.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200353-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZupka201675-82">[82]</a> Henry gained his first military experience during this campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200353-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZupka201675-82">[82]</a> Béla died in an accident unexpectedly and the German army entered <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r" title="Székesfehérvár">Székesfehérvár</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZupka201675-82">[82]</a> Henry installed Solomon on the throne and attended his wedding to Judith before returning to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200353-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZupka201675–76-83">[83]</a> Adalbert of Bremen accompanied Henry on the Hungarian campaign and struck up a friendship with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200353-81">[81]</a> Adalbert was mentioned as Henry's "protector" in royal diplomas from 1063, indicating a position equal to Anno's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200353-81">[81]</a> Anno went to Italy to recognise Alexander II as pope at a synod in <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> in May 1064, and in his absence Adalbert was able to strengthen his influence with Henry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200157-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200349-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_years_of_majority">First years of majority</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First years of majority">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HRR_10Jh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Central Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/HRR_10Jh.jpg/220px-HRR_10Jh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/HRR_10Jh.jpg/330px-HRR_10Jh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/HRR_10Jh.jpg/440px-HRR_10Jh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="1777" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the 10th and 11th centuries: Germany (blue), Italy (grey), Burgundy (orange to the West), Bohemia (orange to the East), Papal States (purple). <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>'s presentation as part of the Holy Roman Empire is debated.</figcaption></figure> Henry was girded with a sword as a token of his coming of age in <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a> on 29 March 1065.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200351–52-85">[85]</a> According to the contemporaneous account of <a href="/wiki/Lampert_of_Hersfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampert of Hersfeld">Lampert of Hersfeld</a>, Henry attacked Archbishop Anno of Cologne soon after the ceremony and only his mother could calm him down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200352-86">[86]</a> Lampert's report is not fully reliable, but it is known that Anno was ousted from Henry's court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200350–52-87">[87]</a> At Worms, Henry accepted Pope Alexander II's invitation to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200354-88">[88]</a> Agnes of Poitou recovered her influence, but she left Germany for Italy two months later and Archbishop Adalbert of Bremen took full control of state administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200345,_53-89">[89]</a> Henry's journey to Rome was postponed first until autumn, and then indefinitely, although the Pope needed Henry's presence to overcome the Italian supporters of Antipope Honorius II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200157-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200354–55-90">[90]</a> Instead of travelling to Rome, Henry visited Burgundy in June 1065. Burgundian diplomas show the local aristocrats regarded his visit as the starting date of his reign. From Burgundy, Henry went to Lorraine where he granted Lower Lorraine to Godfrey the Bearded in October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200355-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabacco199585-92">[92]</a> Adalbert of Bremen, in concert with the King's young friend, Werner, abused royal prerogative to seize church property and took bribes for royal appointments. They persuaded the King to grant monasteries to the most powerful prelates and princes to appease their envy at their aggrandizement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200356-93">[93]</a> Adalbert's attempts to take possession of <a href="/wiki/Lorsch_Abbey" title="Lorsch Abbey">Lorsch Abbey</a> by force caused his fall, because the scandal enabled Archbishops <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_I_(archbishop_of_Mainz)" title="Siegfried I (archbishop of Mainz)">Siegfried of Mainz</a> and Anno of Cologne to stage a plot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200358–59-94">[94]</a> They secured the support of Otto of Nordheim, Rudolf of Rheinfelden and Berthold of Zähringen and convinced Henry to dismiss Adalbert on 13 January 1066.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200157-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200359-95">[95]</a> Anno regained the King's favour, but thereafter no royal advisors could take full control of state administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200361-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2020102-97">[97]</a> Henry fell unexpectedly ill in the middle of May 1066. His sickness was so serious that he was thought to be dying. The aristocrats began to seek his successor, but he recovered in two weeks. He immediately married his betrothed, Bertha, most probably because the uncertainty about the childless monarch's succession caused widespread anxiety in his realms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200360-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010147-99">[99]</a> Late in 1066, Prince Richard I of Capua rose up against Pope Alexander II and invaded <a href="/wiki/Roman_Campagna" title="Roman Campagna">Roman Campagna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabacco199584,_107,_111–112-100">[100]</a> Early in 1067, Agnes of Poitou hurried back from Rome to Germany to persuade her son to intervene on the Pope's behalf. Henry ordered his troops to assemble at Augsburg, but Godfrey the Bearded was faster and launched a successful counter-offensive against Richard in June. Godfrey's independent act was regarded as an insult to Henry's authority in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabacco199584-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003108-101">[101]</a> Adalbert of Bremen's fall had encouraged the <a href="/wiki/Lutici" title="Lutici">Lutici</a> (a pagan Slavic tribe dwelling over the river <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>) to invade Germany and plunder <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. In early 1069, Henry crossed the Elbe to punish the invaders. He defeated them, but could not prevent them from launching subsequent plundering raids against Saxony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010148-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200365,_77-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saxon_rebellion_and_Investiture_Controversy">Saxon rebellion and Investiture Controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Saxon rebellion and Investiture Controversy">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Saxon_revolt_of_1073%E2%80%931075" title="Saxon revolt of 1073–1075">Saxon revolt of 1073–1075</a> and <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></div> Large parcels of the royal <a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesne</a> were distributed during Henry's minority, and he decided to recover them around 1069.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200162-104">[104]</a> The bulk of the royal estates had been in Saxony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200162-104">[104]</a> Henry sent <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabian</a> ministeriales to the duchy to investigate property rights. The appointment of non-native unfree officials offended the Saxons, especially because the new officials ignored their traditional <a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">civil procedures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200162-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010150-105">[105]</a> New castles were built in Saxony and Henry manned them with Swabian soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200162-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200382–83-106">[106]</a> Like his father, Henry spent more time in Saxony than in other parts of Germany and the accommodation of his retinue was the Saxons' irksome duty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeyser198293–94-107">[107]</a> The Thuringians were also outraged that Henry supported Archbishop Siegfried of Mainz's claim to collect tithes from them, although most Thuringians had been exempted from the church tax for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200364-108">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/March_of_Lusatia" title="March of Lusatia">Margrave of Lower Lusatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dedi_I,_Margrave_of_the_Saxon_Ostmark" title="Dedi I, Margrave of the Saxon Ostmark">Dedi I</a>, was the first Saxon lord to rebel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200364-108">[108]</a> He claimed <a href="/wiki/Benefice" title="Benefice">benefices</a> that <a href="/wiki/Adela_of_Louvain_(died_1083)" title="Adela of Louvain (died 1083)">his wife</a>'s former husband, <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Margrave_of_Meissen" title="Otto I, Margrave of Meissen">Otto I, Margrave of Meissen</a>, had held, but Henry refused him in 1069.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200364-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal2010112-109">[109]</a> Dedi approached the Thuringians for help, but after Henry's promise to confirm their exemption from tithes the Thuringians joined the royal army. Henry invaded Dedi's domains and forced him to surrender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200364-108">[108]</a> Otto of Nordheim held vast estates in Saxony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200162-104">[104]</a> After a nobleman, Egeno, accused him of plotting against Henry's life, Otto was summoned to "purge himself of that charge in single combat" early in August 1070. The contemporary historian <a href="/wiki/Bruno_the_Saxon" title="Bruno the Saxon">Bruno the Saxon</a> stated that Henry had paid Egeno to accuse Otto, but his account is biased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200368-110">[110]</a> Fearing his case would not be judged fairly, Otto disobeyed the summons and fled from Bavaria to Saxony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200162-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200365–66,_68-111">[111]</a> He was soon outlawed and his benefices were confiscated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200368-110">[110]</a> Henry invaded Otto's Saxon domains, but Otto raided the royal estates in Thuringia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200368-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ordulf,_Duke_of_Saxony" title="Ordulf, Duke of Saxony">Ordulf, Duke of Saxony</a>, and most Saxon aristocrats remained loyal to Henry, but Ordulf's son and heir, <a href="/wiki/Magnus,_Duke_of_Saxony" title="Magnus, Duke of Saxony">Magnus</a>, joined Otto's revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200370-112">[112]</a> Henry ceded Bavaria to Otto's wealthy son-in-law, Welf, at Christmas 1070.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal2010112-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200369–71-113">[113]</a> Without their peers' support, Otto and Magnus had to surrender. Henry placed them in the German dukes' and bishops' custody on 12 June 1071.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200371-114">[114]</a> Archbishop Adalbert of Bremen convinced Henry to release Otto of Nordheim in May 1072, but Magnus of Saxony remained imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200162-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200372-115">[115]</a> Before long, Adalbert died and Henry seized his treasury—an early example of the application of the <a href="/wiki/Jus_spolii" title="Jus spolii">jus spolii</a> by a German monarch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeyser1982223-116">[116]</a> Henry started appointing low-ranking men to royal offices in the whole kingdom and this practice outraged the German aristocrats. Rudolf of Rheinfelden and Berthold of Zähringen returned to their duchies from the royal court and rumours accusing them of plotting against the King spread in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200392-117">[117]</a> Rudolf appealed to Agnes of Poitou, asking her to reconcile him with her son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003125–126-118">[118]</a> Agnes, who had moved to Rome in 1065, returned to Germany and mediated a reconciliation in July 1072. It proved temporary because Henry did not dismiss his advisors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200392,_126-119">[119]</a> Agnes shared the dukes' negative views of Henry's advisors and persuaded Pope Alexander to excommunicate at least five of them in February 1073,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal2010113-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003125-121">[121]</a> though Henry did not sever ties with them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003129-122">[122]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SalamounUhry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A miniature depicting a bearded bald man before an other bearded man who sits on a throne and wears a crown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/SalamounUhry.jpg/220px-SalamounUhry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/SalamounUhry.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Henry's brother-in-law, King Solomon of Hungary, appeals to Henry for help (<a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniature</a> in the 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Illuminated_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Illuminated Chronicle">Vienna Illuminated Chronicle</a>).</figcaption></figure> Appointments to the highest church offices remained crucial elements of Henry's authority: the practice enabled him to demand benefices for his supporters from the wealthy bishops and abbots, but the reformist clergy condemned it as simony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003120-123">[123]</a> When Henry appointed a Milanese nobleman, <a href="/wiki/Gotofredo_da_Castiglione" title="Gotofredo da Castiglione">Gotofredo</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Milan">Archbishopric of Milan</a> in 1070, Pope Alexander II excommunicated the new archbishop. Henry obtained Gotofredo's consecration, however, which brought him into a prolonged conflict with the Holy See.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200163-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber200487-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003124-126">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Constance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Constance">Bishopric of Constance</a> became another source of conflict in 1070 after the local clerics appealed to the Holy See to prevent the installation of Henry's candidate, Charles of Magdeburg, to the episcopal see.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003118-127">[127]</a> Henry denied Charles had bribed him, but he publicly admitted at a synod that his advisors may have received money from Charles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003118-127">[127]</a> Pope Alexander II decided to investigate and summoned all German bishops who had been accused of simony or corruption to Rome, but he died in two months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003120-123">[123]</a> The Romans proclaimed Hildebrand as his successor on 22 April 1073.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal2010113-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003125-121">[121]</a> Hildebrand, who assumed the name Gregory VII, did not seek confirmation from Henry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber200487-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal2010113-120">[120]</a> He did not challenge Henry's prerogatives, but he was convinced a monarch who had regular contacts with excommunicated people could not intervene in church affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal2010113-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003129-122">[122]</a> He regarded lay investiture as the principal barrier to completing the reform of the Church and challenged royal appointments, taking advantage of individual complaints against German prelates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010148–149-128">[128]</a> Henry's Italian chancellor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_(bishop_of_Vercelli)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory (bishop of Vercelli) (page does not exist)">Bishop Gregory of Vercelli</a>, and an assembly of the German bishops, urged the King to declare Gregory's election invalid, because he had been proclaimed pope by the Romans instead of being elected by the cardinals. The German dukes and Godfrey the Bearded's influential widow, Beatrice of Tuscany, convinced Henry that he should cooperate with the Pope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003129–130-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Generous" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolesław II the Generous">Bolesław II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Poland">Duke of Poland</a>, invaded Bohemia in early 1073, and Henry decided to launch a punitive action against him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200372-115">[115]</a> He ordered the Saxon aristocrats to assemble at Goslar, where on 29 June they asked Henry to redress their grievances. Henry made no concessions and withdrew from Goslar to <a href="/wiki/Harzburg" title="Harzburg">Harzburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200372–73-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeyser198294-18">[18]</a> Otto of Nordheim soon convinced the assembled Saxons to take up arms for their liberties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010150-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200373-131">[131]</a> The Saxons marched to Harzburg, but Henry had fled to Eschwege.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200373-131">[131]</a> The Thuringians and the Saxons concluded an alliance and captured <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200373–74-132">[132]</a> To save the life of the commander of Lüneburg, Henry released Magnus of Saxony, whom the rebels acknowledged as their lawful duke without seeking royal confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200390-133">[133]</a> The German dukes and bishops did not come to Henry's rescue, and the rebels began attacking the royal castles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200391-134">[134]</a> To prevent the rebellious Saxon bishops from securing the Pope's support, Henry addressed a letter of penance to the Pope, admitting he had been involved in simony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber200487–88-135">[135]</a> He claimed his youthful arrogance had been responsible for his sins and blamed his advisors for his acts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010160-136">[136]</a> Siegfried of Mainz, Anno of Cologne, Rudolf of Rheinfelden, Berthold of Zähringen and other German aristocrats came to <a href="/wiki/Gerstungen" title="Gerstungen">Gerstungen</a> to begin negotiations with the Saxon leaders in October 1073.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200391-134">[134]</a> They tried to persuade Henry to redress the Saxons' grievances, but he was determined to crush the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200391-134">[134]</a> A month later, Henry's servant Regenger informed Rudolf and Berthold that Henry was planning to murder them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200393-137">[137]</a> Regenger was ready to prove his words in a judicial duel, but he died unexpectedly in January 1074. His statements, however, deepened the conflict between the King and the two dukes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200393-137">[137]</a> Henry, who had just recovered from an illness, moved to Worms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200393-137">[137]</a> The local bishop, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adalbert_II_(bishop_of_Worms)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adalbert II (bishop of Worms) (page does not exist)">Adalbert</a>, denied his entry, but the townspeople rose up against the bishop and surrendered Worms to Henry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200393-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010152–153-138">[138]</a> A grateful Henry exempted the burghers from customs duties, emphasising their loyalty in a time when "all the princes of the realm were raging" against him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2004182-139">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Liemar" title="Liemar">Liemar</a>, Archbishop of Bremen, <a href="/wiki/Udo_(archbishop_of_Trier)" title="Udo (archbishop of Trier)">Udo</a>, Archbishop of Trier, and eight bishops came to visit Henry in Worms in early 1074.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200393-137">[137]</a> Their retainers and the Worms militia joined Henry in a new military campaign against the Saxons and Thuringians, but he soon realised the rebels outnumbered his army and entered into negotiations with them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200395-140">[140]</a> Henry accepted the rebels' principal demands in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gerstungen" title="Treaty of Gerstungen">Treaty of Gerstungen</a> on 2 February.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200395-140">[140]</a> He agreed to destroy his castles and appoint only natives to offices in Saxony in return for the Saxon aristocrats' promise to raze their newly built fortresses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010151-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200395–96-142">[142]</a> On hearing the agreement, the Saxon peasants captured and destroyed Harzburg and <a href="/wiki/Desecrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecrate">desecrated</a> the graves of Henry's younger brother and first-born son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010151-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200398-143">[143]</a> The destruction of the royal graves aroused public indignation, and Henry regarded it as a violation of the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal2010112-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200398–99-144">[144]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burg_Homburg_Eingang_Hauptburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a ruined stone walls and a circular tower in a meadow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Burg_Homburg_Eingang_Hauptburg.jpg/220px-Burg_Homburg_Eingang_Hauptburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Burg_Homburg_Eingang_Hauptburg.jpg/330px-Burg_Homburg_Eingang_Hauptburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Burg_Homburg_Eingang_Hauptburg.jpg/440px-Burg_Homburg_Eingang_Hauptburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of Homburg Castle. Henry's army inflicted a decisive defeat on the Saxons near the castle in 1074.</figcaption></figure> Pope Gregory appointed the cardinal bishops <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_of_Ostia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald of Ostia (page does not exist)">Gerald of Ostia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hubert_of_Palestrina" title="Hubert of Palestrina">Hubert of Palestrina</a> to begin negotiations with Henry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003132-145">[145]</a> Agnes of Poitou accompanied the two legates to her son's court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003132-145">[145]</a> After Henry had done a public penance for simony, the legates absolved him on 27 April 1074.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003132–133-146">[146]</a> They summoned the German bishops to a synod to hear the case of Bishop <a href="/wiki/Herman_I_of_Bamberg" title="Herman I of Bamberg">Herman I of Bamberg</a> who had been accused of simony, but eight prelates did not obey their summons. In response, the Pope suspended Archbishop Liemar from office, and summoned the disobedient bishops to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003132–133-146">[146]</a> Henry did not intervene in the conflict, although the German prelates under investigation were his staunch supporters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010160-136">[136]</a> Henry's brother-in-law, Solomon of Hungary, sent envoys to Henry seeking his assistance against his cousin <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_I_of_Hungary" title="Géza I of Hungary">Géza</a> (who was Béla I's eldest son).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200399-147">[147]</a> Géza had defeated Solomon on 14 March 1074, forcing him to take refuge in the fortresses of Moson and Pressburg (now <a href="/wiki/Mosonmagyar%C3%B3v%C3%A1r" title="Mosonmagyaróvár">Mosonmagyaróvár</a> in Hungary and <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> in Slovakia, respectively).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZupka201682-148">[148]</a> Solomon promised to cede six castles to Henry and acknowledge his <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> in return for Henry's support to recover his country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZupka201682-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2004335-149">[149]</a> Henry invaded Hungary and marched as far as <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1c" title="Vác">Vác</a>, but he could not force Géza to surrender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZupka201682–83-150">[150]</a> Pope Gregory sharply criticised Solomon for his willingness to accept Henry's suzerainty, because the Pope regarded Hungary as a fief of the Holy See.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2004334-151">[151]</a> On 7 December 1074, Pope Gregory asked Henry to compel the German prelates who had not obeyed his summons to attend a synod in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003133-152">[152]</a> The Pope suspended five German bishops for disobedience at the synod of Lent in Rome in February 1075. He blamed Henry's five advisors, likely those who had been excommunicated by his predecessor, for the conflict over the archbishopric of Milan. Henry and the German bishops wanted to avoid a conflict. Archbishops Siegfied of Mainz and Liemar of Bremen travelled to Rome to begin negotiations with the Pope. They did not protest when the Pope deposed Bishop Herman of Bamberg. The Pope appreciated their obedience and appointed Siegfried to hold a reforming synod in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003135-153">[153]</a> Henry had meanwhile made preparations to take vengeance for the desecration of the royal graves at Harzburg. He promised amnesty and gifts to those who joined his campaign against Saxony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal2010112-109">[109]</a> Most German dukes and many bishops hurried to <a href="/wiki/Breitungen" title="Breitungen">Breitungen</a> where the royal troops were assembling in June 1074.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003100-154">[154]</a> Saxon nobles and prelates also deserted to the royal camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003100-154">[154]</a> Under the command of Rudolf of Rheinfelden, the royal army launched a surprise attack on the Saxons at <a href="/wiki/Homburg_Castle" title="Homburg Castle">Homburg Castle</a> on 9 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003100–101-155">[155]</a> Most Saxon noblemen were able to flee from the battlefield, but many of the common foot soldiers were slaughtered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003101-156">[156]</a> Those who survived the massacre condemned the noblemen for their comrades' fate, and their stories turned the Saxon peasantry against their lords.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003101-156">[156]</a> Pope Gregory VII congratulated Henry on his victory, stating that the Saxons' defeat at Homburg was an act of "<a href="/wiki/Divine_judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine judgement">divine judgement</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003138-157">[157]</a> Henry invaded Saxony again in autumn 1075.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003102-158">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_the_Hunchback" title="Godfrey the Hunchback">Godfrey the Hunchback</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Lorraine#Dukes_of_Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Lorraine">Duke of Lower Lorraine</a>, was the sole German duke to join his campaign, but the Saxons were unable to resist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003102-158">[158]</a> Otto of Nordheim convinced them to surrender unconditionally<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010151-141">[141]</a> to the King on 26 or 27 October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003102-158">[158]</a> Henry pardoned Otto and returned all his benefices except Bavaria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal2010113-120">[120]</a> He showed no mercy to other rebel leaders,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003102–103-159">[159]</a> who were imprisoned and had their estates confiscated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003103-160">[160]</a> Henry summoned the German dukes to Goslar to swear fealty to his two-year-old son, Conrad, as his successor, but only Duke <a href="/wiki/Vratislaus_II_of_Bohemia" title="Vratislaus II of Bohemia">Vratislaus II of Bohemia</a> obeyed his command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003104-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_to_Canossa">Road to Canossa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Road to Canossa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Road_to_Canossa" title="Road to Canossa">Road to Canossa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo-v-cluny_heinrich-iv_mathilde-v-tuszien_cod-vat-lat-4922_1115ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A miniature depictong a crowned man on his knees before a woman and an abbot, each sitting on a throne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hugo-v-cluny_heinrich-iv_mathilde-v-tuszien_cod-vat-lat-4922_1115ad.jpg/220px-Hugo-v-cluny_heinrich-iv_mathilde-v-tuszien_cod-vat-lat-4922_1115ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hugo-v-cluny_heinrich-iv_mathilde-v-tuszien_cod-vat-lat-4922_1115ad.jpg/330px-Hugo-v-cluny_heinrich-iv_mathilde-v-tuszien_cod-vat-lat-4922_1115ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hugo-v-cluny_heinrich-iv_mathilde-v-tuszien_cod-vat-lat-4922_1115ad.jpg/440px-Hugo-v-cluny_heinrich-iv_mathilde-v-tuszien_cod-vat-lat-4922_1115ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Henry begging Matilda of Tuscany and Hugh of Cluny in Canossa Castle (miniature in an <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscript</a> kept in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>, 1115)</figcaption></figure> Henry knew that his dependence on Pope Gregory VII was loosened after his victory in the Saxon War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003138-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber200488-162">[162]</a> He sent Count Eberhard the Bearded as his deputy to Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003139-163">[163]</a> Eberhard demanded an oath of fealty from the Pope's vassal, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">Duke of Apulia and Calabria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003139-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010162-164">[164]</a> Henry made one of his chaplains, <a href="/wiki/Tedald_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Tedald (archbishop of Milan)">Tedald</a>, archbishop of Milan, thereby contradicting the Pope's former decisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003139–140-165">[165]</a> Alarmed by these acts, the Pope announced he would excommunicate Henry unless he changed his policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003140–141-166">[166]</a> Henry regarded the Pope's words as a clear denial of the sacred nature of kingship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010162,_168-167">[167]</a> He held a <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Worms_(1076)" title="Synod of Worms (1076)">synod in Worms</a> on 24 January 1076.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200164-168">[168]</a> Two archbishops, twenty-four German bishops (two-thirds of the German episcopate), one Burgundian bishop, an Italian bishop and Godfrey the Hunchback attended it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003143–145-169">[169]</a> At Henry's order, they declared the Pope's election invalid and demanded his abdication.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200164-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003145–146-170">[170]</a> An assembly of the Lombard bishops and aristocrats passed a similar resolution in <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a> on 5 February.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal2010121-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003147-172">[172]</a> Henry's most important ally, Godfrey the Hunchback, was murdered on 22 February.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003147-172">[172]</a> Godfrey had named his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a>, as his heir, but Henry granted Lower Lorraine to his own son, Conrad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003147–148-173">[173]</a> Pope Gregory VII was informed of the decisions of the two assemblies during the synod of Lent in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200164-168">[168]</a> He excommunicated Henry and released his subjects from fealty in a public prayer addressed to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200164-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal2010121-171">[171]</a> The deposition of a monarch by a pope was unprecedented, but the Pope was convinced Henry's extraordinary arrogance could not be punished otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal2010122-174">[174]</a> On learning of the Pope's decision Henry convoked a synod in Utrecht, but the local bishop, <a href="/wiki/William_I_(bishop_of_Utrecht)" title="William I (bishop of Utrecht)">William I</a>, was the only prelate willing to excommunicate the Pope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003149-175">[175]</a> Henry wanted to demonstrate that the Pope's denial of the monarchs' role in the administration of the Christian community was responsible for their conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber200490-176">[176]</a> His chaplain, <a href="/wiki/Gottschalk_of_Aachen" title="Gottschalk of Aachen">Gottschalk</a>, completed a letter to be circulated in Germany, which emphasised that only God could judge a monarch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003151-177">[177]</a> The letter addressed the Pope as the "false monk, Hildebrand" and ended with the dramatic warning demanding his abdication: "descend, descend!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal2010121-171">[171]</a> Two incidents occurred in succession which discouraged Henry's supporters: a fire after a <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> strike destroyed the cathedral of Utrecht on 27 March, and Bishop William's sudden death on 27 April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003151-177">[177]</a> Henry's opponents regarded these incidents as <a href="/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">divine retribution</a> for his sinful acts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber200488-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003151-177">[177]</a> Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herman_of_Metz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herman of Metz (page does not exist)">Herman of Metz</a> released the Saxon rebels who had been in his custody.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003152-178">[178]</a> Bishop Burchard of Halberstadt, who had been one of the leaders of the Saxon revolt, escaped from captivity and returned to Saxony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003152-178">[178]</a> Theoderic and William, members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">House of Wettin</a>, also returned from exile and rose up against Henry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003152-178">[178]</a> Henry invaded Saxony in August, but only Vratislaus II of Bohemia accompanied him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003153-179">[179]</a> Their arrival provoked a general uprising, and Henry was forced to flee to Bohemia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003153-179">[179]</a> The German aristocrats and prelates met at Trebur from 16 October to 1 November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003153-179">[179]</a> They convinced Henry to accept the terms the Pope had set for him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003156-180">[180]</a> He had to promise to dismiss his excommunicated advisors and acknowledge Gregory as the lawful pope. Furthermore, he was to acknowledge the Pope's jurisdiction in his conflicts with the German dukes and bishops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003156-180">[180]</a> They announced they would elect a new king if Henry was unable to achieve his absolution before the anniversary of his excommunication.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollrath199558-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003157-182">[182]</a> They also invited Pope Gregory to Germany to hold an assembly in Augsburg on 2 February 1077.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003157-182">[182]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Henry_IV_and_his_family_barefoot_before_Pope_Gregory_VII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A depiction of Henry, inaccurately with his family, barefoot before Pope Gregory VII at Canossa Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Emperor_Henry_IV_and_his_family_barefoot_before_Pope_Gregory_VII.jpg/220px-Emperor_Henry_IV_and_his_family_barefoot_before_Pope_Gregory_VII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Emperor_Henry_IV_and_his_family_barefoot_before_Pope_Gregory_VII.jpg/330px-Emperor_Henry_IV_and_his_family_barefoot_before_Pope_Gregory_VII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Emperor_Henry_IV_and_his_family_barefoot_before_Pope_Gregory_VII.jpg/440px-Emperor_Henry_IV_and_his_family_barefoot_before_Pope_Gregory_VII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>A depiction by <a href="/wiki/Foxe%27s_Book_of_Martyrs" title="Foxe's Book of Martyrs">Foxe's Book of Martyrs</a> of Henry, inaccurately with his family, barefoot before <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a> at <a href="/wiki/Canossa_Castle" title="Canossa Castle">Canossa Castle</a>.</figcaption></figure> Henry moved to <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a> and lived there as a penitent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003159-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010167-184">[184]</a> He decided to depart for Italy to achieve his absolution, because he wanted to prevent the Pope from hearing his case at an assembly dominated by his enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003159-183">[183]</a> Although the winter was unexpectedly severe, Henry, his wife and their retainers crossed the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Cenis" title="Mont Cenis">Mont Cenis</a> pass in December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber200489-185">[185]</a> On 25 January, they reached <a href="/wiki/Canossa_Castle" title="Canossa Castle">Canossa Castle</a> where the Pope had sought refuge, fearing that Henry came to Italy to capture him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200165-186">[186]</a> Henry remained barefoot and wearing sackcloth at the castle for three days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200165-186">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Tuscany" title="Matilda of Tuscany">Matilda of Tuscany</a> (who held the castle), Adelaide of Turin and Hugh of Cluny convinced the Pope he had no choice but to absolve the remorseful King.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200165-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010167–168-187">[187]</a> Before receiving absolution, Henry had to pledge to accept the Pope's judgement in his conflict with his subjects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010168-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_war">Civil war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Civil war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saxon_revolt_of_1077%E2%80%931088" title="Saxon revolt of 1077–1088">Saxon revolt of 1077–1088</a></div> Henry remained in Italy after his absolution,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003165-189">[189]</a> which surprised his German opponents. They held an assembly at <a href="/wiki/Forchheim" title="Forchheim">Forchheim</a>, arguing that it had not restored their oaths of fealty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010169–170-190">[190]</a> The bishops, archbishops, dukes and the Saxons' representatives who attended the assembly elected <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_of_Rheinfelden" title="Rudolf of Rheinfelden">Rudolf of Rheinfelden</a> king on 14 March 1077.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003167–168-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollrath199560-192">[192]</a> Although the papal legates who were present acknowledged Rudolf's election, Pope Gregory VII remained neutral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003171–172-193">[193]</a> He maintained he was entitled to settle the dispute and informed both Henry and Rudolf he would hear their case at an assembly in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003171–172-193">[193]</a> On hearing of the election of an anti-king, Henry replaced Rudolf's principal ally, <a href="/wiki/Berthold_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Berthold of Zähringen">Berthold of Zähringen</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Liutold_of_Eppenstein" title="Liutold of Eppenstein">Liutold of Eppenstein</a> as duke of Carinthia and awarded <a href="/wiki/March_of_Friuli" title="March of Friuli">Friuli</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sigehard,_Patriarch_of_Aquilea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigehard, Patriarch of Aquilea">Sigehard, Patriarch of Aquilea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003166-194">[194]</a> He confiscated Swabia from Rudolf and Bavaria from Welf, placing both duchies under his direct control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003173-195">[195]</a> Before returning to Germany in April, Henry made his three-year-old son, Conrad, his lieutenant in Italy. He charged two excommunicated Italian prelates, Tedald of Milan and Denis of Piacenza, with Conrad's protection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003166-194">[194]</a> Unable to prevent Henry's return, Rudolf of Rheinfelden moved to Saxony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003171-196">[196]</a> Henry visited Ulm, Worms, Nuremberg, Mainz, <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, Utrecht and Augsburg to demonstrate the full restoration of his royal authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003174,_176-197">[197]</a> He rewarded his supporters with estates confiscated from his opponents,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003174-198">[198]</a> but the grantees had to obtain actual possession by force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeyser1982174-199">[199]</a> Henry and Rudolf's armies approached each other for the first time near <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a> in August, but Henry avoided battle as his forces were outnumbered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003176-200">[200]</a> Both camps' aristocrats wanted to restore peace and agreed to hold a joint assembly in the absence of the kings at the Rhine in November. Henry sent troops to the Rhine to prevent the negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003177-201">[201]</a> The papal legate, Cardinal Bernard, excommunicated Henry on 12 November 1077.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003172-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010171-203">[203]</a> Henry sent Bishops <a href="/wiki/Benno_II_of_Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Benno II of Osnabrück">Benno II of Osnabrück</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theoderic_(bishop_of_Verdun)" title="Theoderic (bishop of Verdun)">Theoderic of Verdun</a> to Rome to begin negotiations with the Pope, whose position in Italy had been weakening.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003179-204">[204]</a> The Pope appointed a new legate, whose name was not recorded, to represent him in Germany. The papal legate celebrated Easter with Henry in Cologne on 8 April 1078, demonstrating that the Pope had not regarded Henry's excommunication as valid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003179-204">[204]</a> Henry invaded Lotharingia and forced Bishop Herman of Metz into exile,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003180-205">[205]</a> but Berthold of Zähringen and Welf of Bavaria inflicted defeats on his Swabian and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Franconia" title="Duchy of Franconia">Franconian</a> supporters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003181-206">[206]</a> Rudolf of Rheinfelden hurried to Franconia and met Henry and his army of 12,000 Franconian peasants at Mellrichstadt on 7 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003181-206">[206]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mellrichstadt" title="Battle of Mellrichstadt">Battle of Mellrichstadt</a> proved indecisive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003181–182-207">[207]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudolf_von_Schwaben.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An engraving depicting a bearded middle-aged man dying on the ground before two bishops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rudolf_von_Schwaben.jpg/220px-Rudolf_von_Schwaben.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rudolf_von_Schwaben.jpg/330px-Rudolf_von_Schwaben.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rudolf_von_Schwaben.jpg/440px-Rudolf_von_Schwaben.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="2094" /></a><figcaption>Rudolf of Rheinfelden dying after losing his right hand in the Battle on the Elster in 1080 (engraving by Bernhard Rode, 1781)</figcaption></figure> Pope Gregory prohibited all clerics from receiving royal appointments to bishoprics or abbeys in November 1078.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal2010139-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003183-209">[209]</a> The royal investiture was a basic element of royal administration. The ring and <a href="/wiki/Crosier" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosier">crosier</a> the prelates received from monarchs during their installation symbolised their mutual dependence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010172-210">[210]</a> At the February 1079 synod of Lent, Henry's opponents, Bishops <a href="/wiki/Altmann_of_Passau" class="mw-redirect" title="Altmann of Passau">Altmann of Passau</a> and Herman of Metz, convinced the Pope to send new legates to Germany, but the Pope forbade his legates to pass judgement against the prelates who had been appointed by Henry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003185–186-211">[211]</a> Henry confiscated Rudolf of Rheinfelden's inherited Swabian estates and ceded them to Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burchard_of_Lausanne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burchard of Lausanne (page does not exist)">Burchard of Lausanne</a> in March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003188-212">[212]</a> In the same month, he made a wealthy local aristocrat, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Duke_of_Swabia" title="Frederick I, Duke of Swabia">Frederick of Büren</a>, duke of Swabia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010171-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003189-213">[213]</a> Frederick could only take possession of the lands north of the Danube, because Rudolf of Rheinfelden's son, <a href="/wiki/Berthold_I,_Duke_of_Swabia" title="Berthold I, Duke of Swabia">Berthold</a>, asserted his authority over the southern parts of Swabia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003189–190-214">[214]</a> Henry met with the papal legates, Bishops <a href="/wiki/Peter_Igneus" title="Peter Igneus">Peter of Albano</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Udalric_of_Padua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Udalric of Padua (page does not exist)">Udalric of Padua</a>, in Regensburg on 12 May 1079.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003190-215">[215]</a> They convinced him to send envoys to <a href="/wiki/Fritzlar" title="Fritzlar">Fritzlar</a> to begin negotiations with Rudolf of Rheinfelden with their mediation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003190-215">[215]</a> At the Fritzlar conference, the parties agreed to hold a new meeting at Würzburg, but Rudolf failed to appoint his representatives, thinking Henry had bribed the papal legates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003192-216">[216]</a> Henry invaded Saxony in August, but Rudolf persuaded the aristocrats in Henry's army to obtain his consent to a truce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003192-216">[216]</a> Henry sent agents to Saxony, and they convinced many Saxon leaders to desert the anti-king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003192-216">[216]</a> He mustered troops from the German duchies, Burgundy and Bohemia and invaded Saxony in January 1080.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003192–193-217">[217]</a> He could not surprise Rudolf who <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flarchheim" title="Battle of Flarchheim">defeated Henry's army at Flarchheim</a> on 27 January. Rudolf did not take advantage of his victory, however, because the Saxons who had deserted him did not return to his camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003193-218">[218]</a> Henry sent envoys to the synod of Lent in Rome and demanded the Pope excommunicate Rudolf, hinting he was ready to appoint an antipope to achieve his goal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010172-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003195-219">[219]</a> Instead Pope Gregory excommunicated and deposed Henry and acknowledged Rudolf as the lawful king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010172-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200167-220">[220]</a> A treatise, known as The Defence of King Henry, was published in Henry's defence which emphasised his hereditary claim to his realms. The treatise, likely written by the jurist <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Crassus" title="Petrus Crassus">Petrus Crassus</a>, uses arguments based on Roman Law, showing the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_juris_civilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus juris civilis">corpus juris civilis</a> had already been studied in Italy. Before returning to Germany, Henry's envoys, Archbishop Liemar of Bremen and Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rupert_of_Bamberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rupert of Bamberg (page does not exist)">Rupert of Bamberg</a>, raised a rebellion against the Pope's principal Italian ally Matilda of Tuscany. They also secured the support of northern Italian aristocrats for Henry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003197-221">[221]</a> Henry's second excommunication was less harmful to his position than the previous ban.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber200489-185">[185]</a> He held a council in Mainz on 31 May 1080.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003197-221">[221]</a> The nineteen German prelates and aristocrats who attended the council deposed Pope Gregory, labelling him as "the accused disturber of divine and human laws".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003197-221">[221]</a> Henry held a second <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Brixen" title="Synod of Brixen">synod in Brixen</a>. Nineteen Italian, seven German and a lone Burgundian prelate confirmed the Pope's deposition 25 June, accusing him of simony, heresy and other sins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010172-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003198-222">[222]</a> The synod elected Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Wibert_of_Ravenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Wibert of Ravenna">Wibert of Ravenna</a> pope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010173-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003200-224">[224]</a> Wibert assumed the name Clement III in reference to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_II" title="Pope Clement II">Pope Clement II</a> who had been the first reformist pope to be elected through the intervention of Henry's father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003200-224">[224]</a> Henry returned to Germany and assembled his troops for a new invasion of Saxony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003202-225">[225]</a> Henry and Rudolf's armies met at <a href="/wiki/Hohenm%C3%B6lsen" title="Hohenmölsen">Hohenmölsen</a> on 14 October 1080.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003202-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2004183-226">[226]</a> Henry's forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Elster" title="Battle on the Elster">were defeated</a> but it was a Pyrrhic victory for Rudolf, who lost his right hand and died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2004183-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003203–204-227">[227]</a> Henry took full advantage of the circumstances of Rudolf's death, describing it as a punishment for oath breaking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010173-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003204–205-228">[228]</a> He began negotiations with the Saxons, offering to appoint his son, Conrad, king of Saxony, but Otto of Nordheim persuaded his fellows to refuse the offer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003205–206-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_coronation">Imperial coronation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Imperial coronation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clement_III_-_Antipope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A miniature depicting a crowned man and a man who wears a tiara, each sitting on a throne with two armed men in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Clement_III_-_Antipope.jpg/220px-Clement_III_-_Antipope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Clement_III_-_Antipope.jpg/330px-Clement_III_-_Antipope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Clement_III_-_Antipope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>Henry IV (left) and Antipope Clement III (middle-right) during Henry's imperial coronation (from Otto of Freising's Chronicle or History of the Two Cities, 1157)</figcaption></figure> Henry led a small army to Italy in March 1081.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003211-230">[230]</a> His Italian supporters had defeated Matilda of Tuscany's troops in the previous year at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Volta_Mantovana_(1080)" title="Battle of Volta Mantovana (1080)">battle of Volta Mantovana</a>, enabling him to reach Rome without resistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003212-231">[231]</a> The Romans, however, remained loyal to Pope Gregory VII and Henry had to withdraw to northern Italy in late June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003213-232">[232]</a> He began negotiations with the envoys of the Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> about an alliance against Robert Guiscard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003214–215-233">[233]</a> He granted privileges to Lucca and Pisa, releasing them from Matilda's lordship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003215-234">[234]</a> While Henry was in Italy, the Saxons invaded Franconia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003208-235">[235]</a> Henry's southern German opponents elected Welf's kinsman, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_of_Salm" title="Hermann of Salm">Hermann of Salm</a>, king at a poorly attended assembly early in August. The Saxons only paid homage to Hermann four months later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010173-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003208–209-236">[236]</a> Henry left Italy for Germany in the autumn of 1081 but returned in February 1082.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003216-237">[237]</a> He laid siege to Rome but could not break the Romans' resistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003217–218-238">[238]</a> He charged Antipope Clement with the siege of Rome and began devastating Matilda's domains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003220–221-239">[239]</a> Rumours of Hermann of Salm's plans to invade Italy forced Henry to remain in northern Italy, but Hermann did not risk an Italian campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003222-240">[240]</a> Henry returned to the siege of Rome at the end of 1082.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003222-240">[240]</a> Emperor Alexios sent 144,000 gold pieces to him as a token of their friendship and promised a further 216,000 gold pieces in return for his support against Robert Guiscard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003222–223-241">[241]</a> The treasure enabled Henry to bribe Roman aristocrats, and his troops captured the <a href="/wiki/Leonine_City" title="Leonine City">Leonine City</a> in Rome on 3 June 1083. Pope Gregory VII continued to resist in the <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003223–224-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010174-243">[243]</a> Henry withdrew from Rome again in early July. He concluded a secret treaty with the Roman aristocrats who promised to induce Gregory to crown Henry emperor or to elect another pope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003224-244">[244]</a> Henry launched a military campaign against Robert Guiscard in February and March 1084.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003227-245">[245]</a> During his absence, the Antipope convinced more than ten cardinals to desert Pope Gregory VII. They were followed by other clerics and papal officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200168-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003227–228-247">[247]</a> Resistance against Henry collapsed, and he entered Rome on 21 March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003227-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200168-246">[246]</a> Clement was installed as pope and he crowned Henry emperor in <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">St Peter's Basilica</a> on 1 April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010174-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003230-248">[248]</a> Henry stayed in the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a> for six weeks. He left Rome before Robert Guiscard came to Gregory VII's rescue on 24 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003233-249">[249]</a> Robert's troops <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1084)" title="Sack of Rome (1084)">sacked Rome</a>, outraging the Romans, and Gregory had to leave Rome for <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010174-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2004210-250">[250]</a> Henry ordered his Italian supporters to conquer Matilda of Tuscany's lands before he returned to Germany. However, her army routed his allies at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sorbara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Sorbara (page does not exist)">Battle of Sorbara</a> on 2 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003233-249">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign_as_emperor">Reign as emperor</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reign as emperor">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation">Consolidation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Consolidation">edit</a>]</div> Pope Gregory VII repeated Henry's excommunication in late 1084, but many of the Pope's former supporters came to pay homage to Henry as emperor at Cologne at Christmas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003234-251">[251]</a> His supporters and opponents held a joint conference on the river <a href="/wiki/Werra" title="Werra">Werra</a> on 20 January 1085 but could not reach a compromise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003242–244-252">[252]</a> The Saxon Count <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoderic_II_of_Katlenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theoderic II of Katlenburg (page does not exist)">Theoderic II of Katlenburg</a> and Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Udo_of_Rheinhausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Udo of Rheinhausen (page does not exist)">Udo of Hildesheim</a> entered into secret negotiations with Henry during the conference, but the Saxons who remained hostile to Henry soon murdered Theoderic and forced the bishop to flee from Saxony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003244-253">[253]</a> After the bishop persuaded Henry to pledge he would respect the Saxons' liberties, many rebels laid down their arms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003246-254">[254]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heilig-Blut-Tafel_Weingarten_1489_img001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of a long-haired young man holding a church's design in his hand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Heilig-Blut-Tafel_Weingarten_1489_img001.jpg/170px-Heilig-Blut-Tafel_Weingarten_1489_img001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="456" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Heilig-Blut-Tafel_Weingarten_1489_img001.jpg/255px-Heilig-Blut-Tafel_Weingarten_1489_img001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Heilig-Blut-Tafel_Weingarten_1489_img001.jpg/340px-Heilig-Blut-Tafel_Weingarten_1489_img001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="6153" /></a><figcaption>Welf, Duke of Bavaria—a wealthy German aristocrat with flexible loyalties during Henry's conflicts with the Papacy (a late-15th-century painting)</figcaption></figure> The papal legate, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Ostia" class="mw-redirect" title="Odo of Ostia">Odo of Ostia</a>, summoned the German prelates who were loyal to Pope Gregory VII to a synod at <a href="/wiki/Quedlinburg" title="Quedlinburg">Quedlinburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003245-255">[255]</a> The synod issued a decree that papal judgements could not be questioned and forbade the faithful to make contact with those who had been excommunicated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003245-255">[255]</a> In response, Henry held a general assembly in Mainz in late April or early May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003246-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010175-256">[256]</a> Three or four archbishops and fifteen bishops obeyed his summons. They deposed their peers—two archbishops and thirteen bishops—who had failed to come to Mainz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003246-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollrath199552-45">[45]</a> The synod also established the "<a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Truce_of_God" title="Peace and Truce of God">Peace of God</a>" in Germany, prohibiting armed conflicts during the main Christian festivals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010175-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003249–250-257">[257]</a> Vratislaus II of Bohemia, who had always been Henry's loyal supporter, was rewarded with the title of king during this meeting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003250–251-258">[258]</a> Pope Gregory VII died in Salerno on 25 May 1085. Henry exploited his most prominent opponent's death to consolidate his position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal2010126-259">[259]</a> Henry visited Lower Lorraine to end a conflict between his two supporters, Bishops Theoderic of Verdun and <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Verdun" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri de Verdun">Henry of Liège</a> in June 1085.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003253-260">[260]</a> He granted the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Verdun" title="County of Verdun">County of Verdun</a> to Henry of Liège's kinsman, Godfrey of Bouillon, and compensated Bishop Theoderic with estates confiscated from Matilda of Tuscany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003254-261">[261]</a> Peace was not restored, however, because Godfrey of Bouillon soon laid claim to Matilda's estates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003254-261">[261]</a> Henry invaded Saxony, reaching as far as Magdeburg in July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003255-262">[262]</a> Hermann of Salm, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hartwig,_Archbishop_of_Magdeburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hartwig, Archbishop of Magdeburg (page does not exist)">Hartwig, Archbishop of Magdeburg</a> and the archbishop's three <a href="/wiki/Suffragans" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragans">suffragans</a> fled to Denmark and the Saxons paid homage to Henry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003255-262">[262]</a> Henry did not restore the rebels' confiscated estates and appointed new officials. The Saxons rose up in a new rebellion and forced Henry to withdraw to Franconia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003256-263">[263]</a> Henry mustered a new army and invaded Saxony in January 1086, but the Saxons avoided a pitched battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003258–259-264">[264]</a> Henry withdrew to Regensburg. <a href="/wiki/Welf_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Welf I, Duke of Bavaria">Welf of Bavaria</a> laid siege to the town at Easter, but Henry was relieved by his supporters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003260-265">[265]</a> Henry's Bavarian, Swabian and Saxon opponents laid siege to Würzburg in July 1086, because possession of the town could secure their uninterrupted communication.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003260-265">[265]</a> Henry decided to force them to abandon the siege, but the rebels routed his army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pleichfeld" title="Battle of Pleichfeld">Battle of Pleichfeld</a> on 11 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003260–261-266">[266]</a> Henry launched a military campaign against his enemies in Bavaria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003262-267">[267]</a> In an attempt to restore peace, Bavarian and Swabian aristocrats from both kings' camps held a joint conference in <a href="/wiki/Oppenheim" title="Oppenheim">Oppenheim</a> in February 1087. Henry did not attend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003262-267">[267]</a> He went to Aachen where his son, Conrad, was crowned his co-ruler on 30 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010175-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003262-267">[267]</a> On this occasion Henry likely rewarded Godfrey of Bouillon with the Duchy of Lower Lorraine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003263-268">[268]</a> A new joint conference of the German prelates and aristocrats assembled at Speyer in August 1087. Henry's opponents were willing to pay homage to him provided he had been absolved by the Pope. Henry refused them, maintaining he had been unlawfully excommunicated. Pope Gregory VII's successor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Pope Victor III</a>, held a synod in <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> around the same time. The synod passed no resolution about Henry, suggesting the new Pope had adopted a conciliatory policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003264-269">[269]</a> A sudden illness prevented Henry from invading Saxony in October. After his recovery he launched a military expedition against the Saxon rebels. One of the rebel leaders, <a href="/wiki/Egbert_II,_Margrave_of_Meissen" title="Egbert II, Margrave of Meissen">Egbert II of Brunswick</a>, began to negotiate his surrender. Henry offered him the <a href="/wiki/Margravate_of_Meissen" title="Margravate of Meissen">Margravate of Meissen</a>, but Egbert decided to continue the fight against Henry after two Saxon prelates, Hartwig of Magdeburg and Burchard of Halberstadt, promised to achieve his election as king of Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003265-270">[270]</a> The two prelates could not keep their promise, and Egbert swore fealty to Henry in early 1088.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003265,_269-271">[271]</a> Egbert's about-face and Burchard's unexpected death on 7 April 1088 accelerated the disintegration of the Saxon rebels' camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollrath199564-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003267-273">[273]</a> Hartwig of Magdeburg and his suffragans hurried to pay homage to Henry, and were followed to Henry's court by prominent Saxon aristocrats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003267-273">[273]</a> Henry appointed Hartwig to be his lieutenant in Saxony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003268-274">[274]</a> Abandoned by his principal allies, the ailing Hermann of Salm sought Henry's permission to leave Saxony for his native Lorraine. His request was granted and he died in his homeland on 28 September 1088.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollrath199564-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003268-274">[274]</a> Egbert of Brunswick rose up in a new rebellion and defeated Henry's army near Gleichen on 25 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003270–271-275">[275]</a> Egbert's estates were confiscated in February 1089.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003271-276">[276]</a> Henry, who had been widowed, went to Cologne to celebrate a new marriage with <a href="/wiki/Eupraxia_of_Kiev" title="Eupraxia of Kiev">Eupraxia of Kiev</a> in the summer of 1089.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003269,_271-277">[277]</a> In the autumn, Henry returned to Saxony to prevent Egbert from attacking Hildesheim, but he continued to resist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003271-276">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Italy">Return to Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Return to Italy">edit</a>]</div> Henry began negotiations with his Bavarian and Swabian opponents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003274-278">[278]</a> They were willing to surrender, but they demanded the deposition of Antipope Clement III.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003274-278">[278]</a> Henry was inclined to accept their offer, but his bishops dissuaded him, fearing they would also be dismissed after the Antipope's fall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003274-278">[278]</a> To prevent further negotiations between the Emperor and his opponents, Pope Urban II mediated a marriage alliance between Welf I of Bavaria's 18-year-old son, <a href="/wiki/Welf_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Welf II, Duke of Bavaria">Welf the Fat</a>, and the 43-year-old Matilda of Tuscany in the autumn of 1089.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber200492-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabacco199587-280">[280]</a> Henry decided to launch a new invasion of Matilda's domains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003281-281">[281]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Speyer" title="History of the Jews in Speyer">Jews of Speyer</a> approached him around this time for the confirmation of their rights that had been granted by Bishop <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Huzmann" title="Rüdiger Huzmann">Rüdiger Huzmann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan2006172–173-282">[282]</a> He summarised their liberties in a diploma, protecting them against physical assaults and prohibiting their forced baptism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan2006173–174-283">[283]</a> He issued a similar document for the Jews of Worms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan2006174-284">[284]</a> Henry was often in need of cash and according to Robinson, both communities had probably paid a significant sum of money in return for his protection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003302-285">[285]</a> Henry invaded Matilda's domains in March 1090, forcing her to seek refuge in the mountains in April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003281-281">[281]</a> The retainers of Henry's sister, Abbess <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_II,_Abbess_of_Quedlinburg" title="Adelaide II, Abbess of Quedlinburg">Adelaide of Quedlinburg</a>, killed Egbert of Brunswick on 3 July 1090.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200168-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003272-286">[286]</a> Henry made Egbert's brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Henry,_Margrave_of_Frisia" title="Henry, Margrave of Frisia">Henry of Nordheim</a>, his principal representative in Saxony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003272-286">[286]</a> Egbert's death put an end to Saxon opposition to the Emperor's rule, because he had secured Nordheim's loyalty with land grants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200168-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003272–273,_281-287">[287]</a> Henry continued his Italian campaign and captured Matilda's fortresses north of the river <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a> at the end of 1091.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003282–283-288">[288]</a> In June 1092, Henry crossed the Po and forced Matilda to begin negotiations for her surrender, but she and her vassals refused to acknowledge Clement III as the lawful pope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003284–285-289">[289]</a> Henry laid siege to Canossa, but the garrison made a surprise attack on his army, forcing him to abandon the siege in October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003285-290">[290]</a> Henry's Swabian opponents elected the late Berthold of Rheinfelden's brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Berthold_II_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Berthold II of Zähringen">Berthold II of Zähringen</a>, to be their duke and he proclaimed himself the "vassal of St Peter" (that is of the Holy See).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003285–286-291">[291]</a> Henry had to send his German troops back to Germany to fight in Swabia and Bavaria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003286-292">[292]</a> He began negotiations with King <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus I of Hungary">Ladislaus I of Hungary</a> about an alliance, but Welf I prevented their meeting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003286-292">[292]</a> Henry was forced to retreat to Pavia and Matilda's troops recaptured her fortresses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003287-293">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_feuds">Family feuds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Family feuds">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ewangeliarz_emmeramski_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A miniature depicting three men, each wearing a crown, and three men, each holding a crosier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ewangeliarz_emmeramski_4.jpg/220px-Ewangeliarz_emmeramski_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ewangeliarz_emmeramski_4.jpg/330px-Ewangeliarz_emmeramski_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Ewangeliarz_emmeramski_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Henry and his two sons, Henry and Conrad (upper line) (from the 11th-century Evangelion of Saint Emmeram's Abbey)</figcaption></figure> Matilda of Tuscany and her husband managed to turn Henry's heir, Conrad, against him in the spring or summer of 1093.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabacco199587-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003286-292">[292]</a> Henry had Conrad captured, but he escaped to Milan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003287-293">[293]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Bernold_of_Constance" title="Bernold of Constance">Bernold of Constance</a>, Henry tried to commit suicide after his son's rebellion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010176-294">[294]</a> though Bernold probably invented this story to make a comparison between Henry and King <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003288-295">[295]</a> Conrad's disloyalty aroused Henry's suspicion of his relatives, and he put his wife under strict supervision, allegedly for her infidelity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010176-294">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003289–290-296">[296]</a> Four Lombard towns (Milan, <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lodi,_Lombardy" title="Lodi, Lombardy">Lodi</a> and Piacenza) made an alliance with Matilda of Tuscany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003287-293">[293]</a> Henry fled to Verona whose <a href="/wiki/March_of_Verona" title="March of Verona">margrave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Eppenstein" title="Henry of Eppenstein">Henry of Eppenstein</a>, and Eppenstein's brother, Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Udalric_(patriarch_of_Aquileia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Udalric (patriarch of Aquileia)">Udalric of Aquileia</a>, were his last supporters in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003289-297">[297]</a> Henry's authority remained limited to north-eastern Italy, and Matilda and Welf I's troops prevented his return to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollrath199565-298">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003290-299">[299]</a> Empress Eupraxia decided to desert Henry and sought Matilda's assistance to rescue her from her house arrest early in 1094. Matilda sent a small force of soldiers to Verona who liberated the Empress and accompanied her to Tuscany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003289–291-300">[300]</a> On meeting with Matilda, Eupraxia presented serious charges against her husband, accusing him of debauchery and group rape. She publicly repeated the charges in Pope Urban II's presence at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Piacenza" title="Council of Piacenza">Council of Piacenza</a> in March 1095.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003289–291-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200169-301">[301]</a> The Pope endorsed her words and confirmed Conrad's claim to the throne, recognizing him as the lawful king in April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010176-294">[294]</a> Henry's enemies gladly spread Eupraxia's accusations, but modern scholars have regarded her statements as an effective propaganda tool against Henry, likely fabricated by Matilda's advisors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003290-299">[299]</a> The Pope departed from Piacenza to France in triumph, but the teenage Welf the Fat left his middle-aged wife around the same time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003291–292-302">[302]</a> The separation of Matilda and her husband came as a severe blow to the Pope, because the young Welf's father, Welf I, soon sought a reconciliation with Henry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabacco199587-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200184-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003295-304">[304]</a> Henry also conducted negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Venice" title="Doge of Venice">Doge</a> <a href="/wiki/Vitale_Faliero" title="Vitale Faliero">Vitale Faliero</a> in Venice in June 1095. They renewed a commercial treaty and Faliero agreed to continue to pay a yearly tribute to the Emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003293–294-305">[305]</a> Pope Urban II proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Clermont" title="Council of Clermont">Council of Clermont</a> in November 1095.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200176-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003278-307">[307]</a> The council also prohibited the bishops and abbots from swearing fealty to secular rulers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003279-308">[308]</a> The first crusader bands, composed mainly of commoners and impoverished knights, departed for the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> early in 1096.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010180-309">[309]</a> They attacked the towns along the Rhine and <a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">massacred thousands of Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010180-309">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollrath199566-310">[310]</a> After the first <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>, the Jews sent a letter to Henry, seeking his protection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003302-285">[285]</a> Henry ordered the German bishops, dukes and counts to protect the Jewish communities, but they could rarely prevent the mob from persecuting them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003302-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010181-311">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration">Restoration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Restoration">edit</a>]</div> Welf of Bavaria's father, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Azzo_II,_Margrave_of_Milan" title="Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan">Adalbert Azzo II of Este</a>, mediated a reconciliation between his son and the Emperor in early 1096.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003295-304">[304]</a> Henry restored Bavaria to Welf who lifted the blockade of the Alpine passes, enabling Henry to return to Germany in May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003295–296-312">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2010175-313">[313]</a> Aristocrats who had rebelled against Henry came to pay homage to him at assemblies held in Regensburg, Nuremberg and Mainz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003296–297-314">[314]</a> He allowed the Jews, who had been forcibly converted to Christianity, to return to Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010181-311">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003303-315">[315]</a> In early 1098, Berthold II of Zähringen was also reconciled with Henry who exempted his domains from the jurisdiction of the dukes of Swabia and rewarded him with the hereditary title of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Zähringen">duke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003296–297-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200184–85-316">[316]</a> The German magnates and prelates deposed Henry's rebellious son, Conrad, and elected his 12-year-old brother, <a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a>, as Henry's co-ruler in May 1098. Conrad was abandoned by his allies and died forgotten in Tuscany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200185-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003300-318">[318]</a> While in Mainz, Henry ordered an investigation into the missing property of the Jews who had been murdered by the crusaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003303-315">[315]</a> Several witnesses stated that Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Ruthard_of_Mainz" title="Ruthard of Mainz">Ruthard of Mainz</a> and his kinsmen had stolen large portions of it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003303-315">[315]</a> Fearing retribution, the Archbishop and his kinsmen fled to Thuringia and began plotting against Henry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010181-311">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003303-315">[315]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_courtyard_4_Speyer_Mikvah.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photo of a rectangular stone building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jewish_courtyard_4_Speyer_Mikvah.JPG/220px-Jewish_courtyard_4_Speyer_Mikvah.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jewish_courtyard_4_Speyer_Mikvah.JPG/330px-Jewish_courtyard_4_Speyer_Mikvah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jewish_courtyard_4_Speyer_Mikvah.JPG/440px-Jewish_courtyard_4_Speyer_Mikvah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a> (Jewish ritual bath) in Speyer. Henry summarised the local Jews' liberties in a diploma in 1090.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bretislav_II" title="Bretislav II">Bretislav II</a>, who had succeeded King Vratislaus as Duke of Bohemia, met Henry in Regensburg at Eastertide 1099. He wanted to alter the traditional <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">order of succession</a> to the Bohemian throne in favour of his brother, <a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%99ivoj_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Bořivoj II, Duke of Bohemia">Bořivoj II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003305-319">[319]</a> Henry granted his request and invested Bořivoj with Bohemia on 19 April. Although the dukes of Bohemia had acknowledged the German monarchs' suzerainty, this was the first occasion on which a Bohemian duke was invested in the same manner as the rulers of the German duchies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003306-320">[320]</a> The restoration of public order was one of Henry's principal goals during the next months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003307-321">[321]</a> He held assemblies at Bamberg and Mainz and ordered the (mainly Franconian and Saxon) magnates who were present to pursue robbers and thieves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003307-321">[321]</a> Antipope Clement III died on 8 September 1100, and his cardinals elected <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Theodoric" title="Antipope Theodoric">Theoderic of Albano</a> as his successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010187-322">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003308–309-323">[323]</a> Henry's Italian supporters acknowledged Theoderic as the lawful pope, but Henry did not make contact with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200185-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003307-321">[321]</a> Count <a href="/wiki/Henry,_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine" title="Henry, Duke of Lower Lorraine">Henry of Limburg</a> captured properties of <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm_Abbey" title="Prüm Abbey">Prüm Abbey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003314–315-324">[324]</a> The Emperor laid siege to Limburg, forcing the Count to surrender in May 1101.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003315-325">[325]</a> The Emperor soon forgave Henry of Limburg for his rebellion and made him duke of Lower Lorraine before the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003315-325">[325]</a> An assembly of the German leaders proposed that Henry make peace with Pope Urban II's successor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Paschal II</a>, in late 1101; there is no proof Henry followed their advice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003309-326">[326]</a> Pope Paschal II was determined to overcome Henry and ordered his legate, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_(III)_of_Constance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gebhard (III) of Constance">Gebhard of Constance</a>, to keep the resistance against the Emperor alive in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003309-326">[326]</a> The papal synod confirmed Henry's excommunication in the <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Lateran Basilica</a> on 3 April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200185-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003311-327">[327]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_II,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Robert II, Count of Flanders">Robert II, Count of Flanders</a>, allied with Bishop <a href="/wiki/Manasses_(bishop_of_Soissons)" title="Manasses (bishop of Soissons)">Manasses of Cambrai</a>—a Frenchman supported by the Pope—against <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walcher_(antibishop)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walcher (antibishop) (page does not exist)">Walcher</a> whom Henry had appointed to replace Manasses as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Cambrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Cambrai">bishop of Cambrai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003316-328">[328]</a> Robert laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a>; Henry came to Walcher's rescue, forcing Robert to lift the siege in October 1102, but Robert resumed the war on Walcher soon after Henry left Cambrai.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003316–317-329">[329]</a> Henry held a general assembly in Mainz on 6 January 1103,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003311-327">[327]</a> and proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Reichsfriede" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsfriede">Reichsfriede</a> (imperial peace), prohibiting feuds and other acts of violence, for the first time in the whole empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200185-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010187-322">[322]</a> He threatened those who broke the peace with mutilation, without allowing the wealthy to pay penance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010187-322">[322]</a> Henry also announced he was planning to launch a crusade to the Holy Land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010187-322">[322]</a> He addressed a letter to Hugh of Cluny. In it he explained to his godfather he intended to "make good the ruin of the Church, which was caused by us, through the restoration of peace and justice".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003310-330">[330]</a> His correspondence with Hugh (who was Pope Paschal II's staunch supporter) suggests Henry was seeking reconciliation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003310–311-331">[331]</a> The Pope regarded Henry as the "chief of the heretics". He granted Robert II of Flanders the "remission of sins" (the same spiritual privilege granted to crusaders) for his fight against the Emperor's supporters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003311-327">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010188-332">[332]</a> Robert II, however, feared losing his imperial fiefs and swore fealty to Henry in <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> on 29 June 1103.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003317-333">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall">Fall</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fall">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herrschafts%C3%BCbergabe_von_Heirich_IV._an_Heinrich_V.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A miniature depicting a bearded man and a younger man facing each other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Herrschafts%C3%BCbergabe_von_Heirich_IV._an_Heinrich_V.jpg/220px-Herrschafts%C3%BCbergabe_von_Heirich_IV._an_Heinrich_V.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Herrschafts%C3%BCbergabe_von_Heirich_IV._an_Heinrich_V.jpg/330px-Herrschafts%C3%BCbergabe_von_Heirich_IV._an_Heinrich_V.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Herrschafts%C3%BCbergabe_von_Heirich_IV._an_Heinrich_V.jpg/440px-Herrschafts%C3%BCbergabe_von_Heirich_IV._an_Heinrich_V.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>Henry IV abdicates in favour of Henry V (from the early-12th-century Chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Ekkehard_of_Aura" title="Ekkehard of Aura">Ekkehard of Aura</a>).</figcaption></figure> A Bavarian count, Sigehard of Burghausen, criticised Henry for his favouritism towards the Saxon and Franconian aristocrats in Regensburg in January 1104.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003321-334">[334]</a> He had come to Regensburg accompanied by a large retinue arousing Henry's suspicion he was staging a plot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003321-334">[334]</a> After Sigehard dismissed his retainers, a band of ministeriales and burghers murdered him on 4 February.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200185–86-335">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003321–322-336">[336]</a> The ministeriales likely took revenge on Sigehard for his arbitration in a case relating to their peers. Sigehard's kinsmen and other aristocrats, however, blamed Henry for his death saying he had failed to defend him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200185-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003322–323-337">[337]</a> Archbishop Hartwig of Magdeburg died in autumn 1104.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003323-338">[338]</a> His brother, Burgrave Herman of Magdeburg, and their nephew, Hartwig, departed for Henry's court most probably to achieve the younger Hartwig's appointment to the archbishopric, but Count <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoderic_III_of_Katlenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theoderic III of Katlenburg (page does not exist)">Theoderic III of Katlenburg</a> captured and imprisoned them for simony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003323-338">[338]</a> Henry launched a punitive campaign against Theoderic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003323-338">[338]</a> The military expedition ended abruptly because Henry's eighteen-year-old son unexpectedly deserted him on 12 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003323-338">[338]</a> The younger Henry later said that his father's failure to receive an absolution from the Pope had prompted his rebellion. His nearly contemporaneous biography claims that he wanted to secure the aristocrats' support before his ailing father's death to avoid a succession crisis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003327-339">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeyser1982200-340">[340]</a> The discontented Bavarian aristocrats hurried to the young King and Pope Paschal II absolved him from excommunication early in 1105.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2010175-313">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003324-341">[341]</a> Henry sent envoys to his son, who refused to negotiate with an excommunicated man.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003324-341">[341]</a> Most Swabian and eastern Franconian aristocrats joined the younger Henry's rebellion. He also secured the Saxons' support during a visit to Saxony in April 1105.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003326-342">[342]</a> He launched a military campaign against Mainz to restore Archbishop Ruthard to his see in late June 1105, but his father's supporters prevented him crossing the Rhine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003330-343">[343]</a> Henry expelled his son's troops from Würzburg in August, but his authority was quickly waning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003330–331-344">[344]</a> His son took advantage of Frederick of Büren's death to take control of Swabia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003330–331-344">[344]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_III,_Margrave_of_Austria" title="Leopold III, Margrave of Austria">Leopold III, Margrave of Austria</a>, and Bořivoj II, Duke of Bohemia, deserted the Emperor at Regensburg in late September, though Bořivoj soon repented his betrayal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003332–333-345">[345]</a> and supported Henry's flight from Regensburg to Saxony. His brother-in-law, Count <a href="/wiki/Wiprecht_of_Groitzsch" title="Wiprecht of Groitzsch">Wiprecht of Groitzsch</a>, accompanied Henry as far as Mainz in late October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003332-346">[346]</a> Already in despair, Henry sent a letter to his son, asking him "not to persist in his desire to depose him from the kingship"; the younger Henry wanted no compromise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003333-347">[347]</a> Henry moved from Mainz to <a href="/wiki/Hammerstein" title="Hammerstein">Hammerstein</a> and then to Cologne. He decided to return to Mainz, because he wanted to defend himself at the German princes' assembly his son had convoked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003333-347">[347]</a> The younger Henry met with his father at <a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a> on 21 December. Henry dismissed his retinue, because his son promised a safe conduct to Mainz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200186-348">[348]</a> Instead, he was captured and brought to the castle of <a href="/wiki/Waldb%C3%B6ckelheim" title="Waldböckelheim">Böckelheim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003334-349">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2010176-350">[350]</a> where he was forced to cede the royal insignia to his son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200186-348">[348]</a> The burghers of Mainz remained loyal to Henry, so his son summoned the German princes instead to an assembly at <a href="/wiki/Ingelheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingelheim">Ingelheim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003334-349">[349]</a> Henry was allowed to attend the meeting, but it was dominated by his enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003334-349">[349]</a> Having no other choice, he abdicated in his son's favour on 31 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003336-351">[351]</a> Later, he said he resigned only because of his "fears of imminent murder or execution".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003337-352">[352]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_year">Last year</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Last year">edit</a>]</div> Henry was staying in Ingelheim after his abdication, but his supporters warned him his son had decided to imprison or execute him. In early February 1106, he fled to Cologne where he was received by the townspeople with great respect. He declined all ceremonies, demonstrating that he was doing penance for his sins. His loyal supporter, <a href="/wiki/Othbert,_Bishop_of_Li%C3%A8ge" class="mw-redirect" title="Othbert, Bishop of Liège">Othbert, Bishop of Liège</a>, made peace with Henry of Limburg to secure the Duke's support. Henry joined them at Liège and mediated a reconciliation between Henry of Limburg and <a href="/wiki/Albert_III,_Count_of_Namur" title="Albert III, Count of Namur">Albert III, Count of Namur</a>. Robert II of Flanders also promised him assistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003338-353">[353]</a> Henry addressed a letter to Hugh of Cluny, offering to accept all his terms in return for an absolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003339-354">[354]</a> He also wrote letters to his son, the German princes and King <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_France" title="Philip I of France">Philip I of France</a>. All of them show he was determined to regain his throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200186-348">[348]</a> Henry V invaded Lorraine, but his father's supporters routed his army at <a href="/wiki/Vis%C3%A9" title="Visé">Visé</a> on 22 March 1106.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200186-348">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003339-354">[354]</a> Henry of Limburg and the burghers of Cologne and Liège jointly persuaded the elderly Henry to "resume the office of emperor".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003340-355">[355]</a> Henry V laid siege to Cologne early in July but had to withdraw from the well-fortified town three or four weeks later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003340-355">[355]</a> The deposed Emperor sent letters to the German princes accusing his son of treachery and hypocrisy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003340–341-356">[356]</a> He fell unexpectedly ill and died in Liège on 7 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003343-357">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2004184-358">[358]</a> On his deathbed, he asked his son to pardon his supporters and to have him buried next to his ancestors in <a href="/wiki/Speyer_Cathedral" title="Speyer Cathedral">Speyer Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003343-357">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010188–189-359">[359]</a> Bishop Othbert buried Henry in <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Cathedral" title="Liège Cathedral">Liège Cathedral</a>, but the excommunicated Emperor's body could not rest in a consecrated place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003343-357">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollrath199568-360">[360]</a> Eight days later, his corpse was unearthed and buried in an unconsecrated <a href="/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">chapel</a> near Liège. On 24 August his son ordered a new exhumation because he wanted to execute Henry's last will.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003344-361">[361]</a> The townspeople of Liège tried to prevent the transfer of Henry's corpse, but it was carried in a <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> to Speyer. The sarcophagus was placed in an unconsecrated chapel of the Speyer Cathedral on 3 September. Five years later, Pope Paschal II granted permission to the younger Henry to bury his father as he had requested. Henry IV was buried next to Henry III in the cathedral on 7 August 1111.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003344-361">[361]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Henry's conflicts with his subjects, both sons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2010176-350">[350]</a> his wives and with the popes gave rise to a rich polemical literature during his lifetime. Both his supporters and his opponents based their portraits of Henry on two early medieval works: <a href="/wiki/De_duodecim_abusivis_saeculi" title="De duodecim abusivis saeculi">The Twelve Abuses</a> contained a discussion about legitimate kingship, while <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae">Etymologiae</a> contrasted kingship with tyranny. Consequently, polemical literature tended to provide a list of the characteristics of either good or wicked rulers when portraying Henry. For instance, in the 1080s, the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Saxon_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of the Saxon War">Song of the Saxon War</a> praised him as a "king second to none in his piety" who defended the widows and the poor and gave laws to the lawless Saxons. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vita_Heinrici_IV_imperatoris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vita Heinrici IV imperatoris (page does not exist)">Vita Heinrici IV imperatoris</a>, an anonymous biography completed in the early 1110s, described him as a vigorous and warlike monarch who employed learned officials and enjoyed conversations about spiritual themes and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal arts</a>. In contrast <a href="/wiki/Lambert_of_Hersfeld" title="Lambert of Hersfeld">Lambert of Hersfeld</a> stated Henry had inherited a peaceful realm, but he "rendered it filthy, despicable, bloodstained, a prey to internal conflicts". Lambert also emphasised that Henry destroyed and robbed churches and put freemen into servitude.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003345–348-362">[362]</a> Rumours of Henry's immorality established his bad reputation for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollrath199565–66-363">[363]</a> The Saxons were the first to accuse him of debauchery and demanded he dismiss the "swarm of concubines with whom he slept".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200389,_113-364">[364]</a> Polemical writings spreading in Germany after 1085 accused Henry of <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">pederasty</a>, also claiming that he had fathered illegitimate children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003113-365">[365]</a> Isidore of Seville listed immoral sexual practices among the tyrants' characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollrath199565–66-363">[363]</a> Consequently, as Robinson emphasises, allegations of Henry's alleged sexual misconduct "provided his opponents with a useful polemical weapon".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003113-365">[365]</a> Henry was not a successful military commander, primarily because he did not avoid pitched battles, in contrast with most 11th-century military leaders. He could likely adopt this high-risk strategy because he often mustered his troops from among merchants and peasants who were regarded as expendable. He lost most of his major battles; his sole victory at Homburg was primarily attributed to Rudolf of Rheinfelden by their contemporaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003349–350-366">[366]</a> On the other hand, Henry's adaptability and openness to compromise and his preference for dilatory tactics enabled him to survive most crises of his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003368-367">[367]</a> Henry's penitential "Walk to Canossa" developed into a powerful metaphor. Catholic clerics were the first to adopt it, regarding it as the symbol of the triumph of the Holy See over an immoral monarch. For 19th-century Protestant German nationalists, the Gang nach Canossa ("Road to Canossa") symbolized the humiliation of Germany by a haughty pope. <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> proudly declared before the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a> that "Don't worry, we are not going to Canossa, neither physically nor spiritually!" during <a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">his campaign against political Catholicism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPflanze1990179,_214-368">[368]</a> on 14 May 1872.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200158-369">[369]</a> Historians have adopted more sophisticated approaches. They emphasize that penance and reconciliation were integral parts of medieval life, so an anointed king's excommunication was more disturbing for Henry's contemporaries than his act of penance at Canossa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollrath199559-370">[370]</a> Henry, as Schutz concludes, "cleverly maneuvered the pope into a position in which he had to absolve him", but Gregory VII reduced him "from Vicar of Christ to being a mere layman".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010168-188">[188]</a> Henry's death did not put an end to the Investiture Controversy. A renowned French lawyer, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Ivo_of_Chartres" title="Ivo of Chartres">Ivo of Chartres</a>, and his pupil, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Fleury" title="Hugh of Fleury">Hugh of Fleury</a>, had paved the road to a compromise already in Henry's lifetime. They actually adopted an old view, condemned by reformist clerics, making a distinction between the secular possessions and properties of bishoprics and abbeys (<a href="/wiki/Temporalities" title="Temporalities">temporalities</a>), and the ecclesiastical authority and sacramental powers of the bishops and abbots (<a href="/wiki/Spiritualities" title="Spiritualities">spiritualities</a>). In 1122, Henry V and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Calixtus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Calixtus II">Pope Calixtus II</a> included a similar distinction in their <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_Worms" title="Concordat of Worms">Concordat of Worms</a>, whereby the Emperor renounced the right to install the prelates in their ecclesiastical offices with ring and staff in return for the right to invest them with their secular possessions using the sceptre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber200493–94-371">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal2010163–165,_172–173-372">[372]</a> However, the German monarchs' right to acquire a dead prelate's treasury, introduced by Henry, remained an important source of wealth, especially during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a> in the second half of the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeyser1982223-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_IV_and_Bertha_of_Savoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting depicting the heads of a bearded young man and a veiled young woman watching at each" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Henry_IV_and_Bertha_of_Savoy.jpg/220px-Henry_IV_and_Bertha_of_Savoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Henry_IV_and_Bertha_of_Savoy.jpg/330px-Henry_IV_and_Bertha_of_Savoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Henry_IV_and_Bertha_of_Savoy.jpg/440px-Henry_IV_and_Bertha_of_Savoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Henry IV and his first wife, Bertha of Savoy (11th-century painting)</figcaption></figure> Henry's first wife, Bertha of Savoy, was a year younger than he.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003266-373">[373]</a> Until 5 August 1068, Henry regularly mentioned her as "consort of our kingdom and our marriage-bed" in his diplomas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003109–110-374">[374]</a> Her disappearance from the diplomas was the sign of a growing disaffection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003109-375">[375]</a> Henry sought a divorce at a general assembly in June 1069 stating their marriage had not been <a href="/wiki/Consummated" class="mw-redirect" title="Consummated">consummated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010147-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003109-375">[375]</a> The assembled German aristocrats referred his request to a synod, which passed the matter to the Holy See in early October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003109–110-374">[374]</a> Pope Alexander II made it clear Henry would only be crowned emperor if he abandoned his plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003110-376">[376]</a> Henry obeyed and Bertha was again mentioned regularly in his diplomas from 26 October 1069.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003110-376">[376]</a> She died on 27 December 1087.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003266-373">[373]</a> Bertha gave birth to five children, but two of them—Adelaide and Henry—died in infancy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003266-373">[373]</a> Her surviving children were:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003266-373">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann2001117-377">[377]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Waiblingen" title="Agnes of Waiblingen">Agnes</a>, who was born in 1072 or 1073, married Frederick of Büren and then Leopold III of Austria;</li> <li>Conrad, who rose up against Henry, was born in 1074;</li> <li>Henry, who dethroned his father, was born in 1086.</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Morkinskinna" title="Morkinskinna">Morkinskinna</a>—the earliest Icelandic chronicle of the Norwegian kings—refers to a daughter of an emperor (who must have been identical with Henry for chronological reasons), called Mathilde.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderssonGade2012307,_450-378">[378]</a> According to this source, <a href="/wiki/Magnus_III_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus III of Norway">Magnus III of Norway</a> exchanged messages with her and also composed a <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanza</a> for her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderssonGade2012307–308-379">[379]</a> Other primary sources do not list Mathilde among Henry's children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderssonGade2012450-380">[380]</a> Henry's second wife, Eupraxia (known as Adelaide in Germany), was born around 1068.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003266,_269-381">[381]</a> She was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_I_of_Kiev" title="Vsevolod I of Kiev">Vsevolod I, Grand Prince of Kiev</a>, but it was not her connection to <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, but her first marriage to <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_the_Long,_Margrave_of_the_Nordmark" title="Henry I the Long, Margrave of the Nordmark">Henry of Stade</a>, Margrave of the Nordmark, that made her an ideal spouse for Henry after her husband died in 1087.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200168-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003269-382">[382]</a> Henry of Stade had been a wealthy Saxon aristocrat and his widow's marriage to Henry contributed to his reconciliation with the Saxons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010175-256">[256]</a> Henry and Eupraxia were engaged in 1088.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003266-373">[373]</a> In contrast with Bertha, Eupraxia was mentioned in only one of her husband's diplomas, showing that she never gained Henry's confidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003266,_290-383">[383]</a> After the scandalous end of their marriage, she returned to Kiev where she died on 10 July 1109.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003291-384">[384]</a> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Henry's family </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEE0F2"><a href="/wiki/Salian_dynasty" title="Salian dynasty">SALIANS</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Susa" title="Adelaide of Susa">Adelaide of Susa</a> †1091 Margravine of Turin</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Otto,_Count_of_Savoy" title="Otto, Count of Savoy">Otto</a> †1057–60 Count of Savoy</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gunhilda_of_Denmark" title="Gunhilda of Denmark">Gunhilda of Denmark</a>* †1038</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEE0F2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a> *1017 †1056 Holy Roman Emperor (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1046–1056)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEE0F2"><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Poitou" title="Agnes of Poitou">Agnes of Poitou</a> †1077</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEE0F2"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_II,_Abbess_of_Quedlinburg" title="Adelaide II, Abbess of Quedlinburg">Adelaide</a> *1045 †1096 Abbess of Quedlinburg and Gandersheim (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1061–1096)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Savoy,_Duchess_of_Swabia" title="Adelaide of Savoy, Duchess of Swabia">Adelaide of Savoy</a> †1079</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_of_Rheinfelden" title="Rudolf of Rheinfelden">Rudolf of Rheinfelden</a> †1080 Antiking to Henry IV (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1078–1080)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEE0F2"><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Germany,_Duchess_of_Swabia" title="Matilda of Germany, Duchess of Swabia">Matilda</a> *1048 †1060</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Savoy" title="Bertha of Savoy">Bertha of Savoy</a> *1051 †1087</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEE0F2">HENRY IV *1050 †1106 Holy Roman Emperor (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1084–1105)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Eupraxia_of_Kiev" title="Eupraxia of Kiev">Eupraxia of Kiev</a> *<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1068 †1109</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEE0F2"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Conrad II, Duke of Bavaria">Conrad</a> *1052 †1055 Duke of Bavaria (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1054–1055)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Solomon,_King_of_Hungary" title="Solomon, King of Hungary">Solomon</a> *1053 †1087 King of Hungary (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1063–1074)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEE0F2"><a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Swabia" title="Judith of Swabia">Judith</a> †1092/96</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_Herman" title="Władysław I Herman">Władysław I Herman</a> *<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1044 †1102 Duke of Poland (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1079–1102)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Berthold_I,_Duke_of_Swabia" title="Berthold I, Duke of Swabia">Berthold of Rheinfelden</a> †1090 Antiduke of Swabia (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1079–1090)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Berthold_II,_Duke_of_Swabia" title="Berthold II, Duke of Swabia">Berthold of Zähringen</a> †1111 Antiduke of Swabia (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1092–1098)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rheinfelden" title="Agnes of Rheinfelden">Agnes of Rheinfelden</a> †1111</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Duke_of_Swabia" title="Frederick I, Duke of Swabia">Frederick of Büren</a> *<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1050 †1105 Duke of Swabia (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1079–1105)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEE0F2"><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Waiblingen" title="Agnes of Waiblingen">Agnes</a> *1072/73 †1143</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_III,_Margrave_of_Austria" title="Leopold III, Margrave of Austria">Leopold III</a> *1073 †1136 Margrave of Austria (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1095–1136)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Maximilla of Sicily</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEE0F2"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II_of_Italy" title="Conrad II of Italy">Conrad</a> *1074 †1101 Antiking to Henry IV (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1095–1101)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEE0F2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a> *1086 †1125 Holy Roman Emperor (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1111–1125)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda of England</a> *1102 †1167</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEE0F2"><a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">HOHENSTAUFENS</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEE0F2"><a href="/wiki/Babenberg" title="Babenberg">BABENBERGS</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> *Gunhilda's daughter by Emperor Henry III, <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_I,_Abbess_of_Quedlinburg" title="Beatrice I, Abbess of Quedlinburg">Beatrix</a>, is not displayed. She was Abbess of <a href="/wiki/Quedlinburg_Abbey" title="Quedlinburg Abbey">Quedlinburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gandersheim_Abbey" title="Gandersheim Abbey">Gandersheim</a> until her death in 1061. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_German_monarchs" title="Family tree of German monarchs">Family tree of German monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_(Pirandello)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry IV (Pirandello)">Henry IV (Pirandello)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010113-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchutz2010113_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchutz2010113_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchutz2010">Schutz 2010</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2004197–198-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004197–198_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber2004">Barber 2004</a>, pp. 197–198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200143–44-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200143–44_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFuhrmann2001">Fuhrmann 2001</a>, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200144-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200144_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFuhrmann2001">Fuhrmann 2001</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal201056-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal201056_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlumenthal2010">Blumenthal 2010</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal201057-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal201057_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlumenthal2010">Blumenthal 2010</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200139-7"><a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010188-332"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchutz2010188_332-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchutz2010">Schutz 2010</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003317-333"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003317_333-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003321-334">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003321_334-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003321_334-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, p. 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200185–86-335"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200185–86_335-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFuhrmann2001">Fuhrmann 2001</a>, pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003321–322-336"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003321–322_336-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, pp. 321–322. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003322–323-337"><a 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p. 324. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003326-342"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003326_342-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, p. 326. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003330-343"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003330_343-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, p. 330. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003330–331-344">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003330–331_344-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003330–331_344-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, pp. 330–331. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003332–333-345"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003332–333_345-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, pp. 332–333. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003332-346"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003332_346-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, p. 332. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003333-347">^ <a 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2010</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003336-351"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003336_351-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, p. 336. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003337-352"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003337_352-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003338-353"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003338_353-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, p. 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003339-354">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003339_354-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003339_354-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, p. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003340-355">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003340_355-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003340_355-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, p. 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003340–341-356"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003340–341_356-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, pp. 340–341. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003343-357">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003343_357-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003343_357-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003343_357-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, p. 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2004184-358"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2004184_358-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber2004">Barber 2004</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz2010188–189-359"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchutz2010188–189_359-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchutz2010">Schutz 2010</a>, pp. 188–189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollrath199568-360"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVollrath199568_360-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVollrath1995">Vollrath 1995</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003344-361">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003344_361-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003344_361-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, p. 344. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003345–348-362"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003345–348_362-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, pp. 345–348. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollrath199565–66-363">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVollrath199565–66_363-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVollrath199565–66_363-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVollrath1995">Vollrath 1995</a>, pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200389,_113-364"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson200389,_113_364-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, pp. 89, 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003113-365">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003113_365-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003113_365-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003349–350-366"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003349–350_366-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, pp. 349–350. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003368-367"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003368_367-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, p. 368. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPflanze1990179,_214-368"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPflanze1990179,_214_368-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPflanze1990">Pflanze 1990</a>, pp. 179, 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200158-369"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann200158_369-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFuhrmann2001">Fuhrmann 2001</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollrath199559-370"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVollrath199559_370-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVollrath1995">Vollrath 1995</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber200493–94-371"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber200493–94_371-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber2004">Barber 2004</a>, pp. 93–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal2010163–165,_172–173-372"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumenthal2010163–165,_172–173_372-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlumenthal2010">Blumenthal 2010</a>, pp. 163–165, 172–173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003266-373">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003266_373-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003266_373-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003266_373-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003266_373-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003266_373-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003109–110-374">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003109–110_374-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003109–110_374-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, pp. 109–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003109-375">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003109_375-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003109_375-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003110-376">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003110_376-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003110_376-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann2001117-377"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuhrmann2001117_377-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFuhrmann2001">Fuhrmann 2001</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderssonGade2012307,_450-378"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderssonGade2012307,_450_378-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderssonGade2012">Andersson & Gade 2012</a>, pp. 307, 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderssonGade2012307–308-379"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderssonGade2012307–308_379-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderssonGade2012">Andersson & Gade 2012</a>, pp. 307–308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderssonGade2012450-380"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderssonGade2012450_380-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderssonGade2012">Andersson & Gade 2012</a>, p. 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003266,_269-381"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003266,_269_381-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, pp. 266, 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003269-382"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003269_382-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003266,_290-383"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003266,_290_383-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, pp. 266, 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2003291-384"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2003291_384-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2003">Robinson 2003</a>, p. 291. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnderssonGade2012" class="citation book cs1">Andersson, Theodore M.; Gade, Kari Ellen (2012). Morkinskinna: The Earliest Icelandic Chronicle of the Norwegian Kings (1030–1157). <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-2061-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-2061-1"><bdi>978-1-5017-2061-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morkinskinna%3A+The+Earliest+Icelandic+Chronicle+of+the+Norwegian+Kings+%281030%E2%80%931157%29&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-2061-1&rft.aulast=Andersson&rft.aufirst=Theodore+M.&rft.au=Gade%2C+Kari+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Barber" title="Malcolm Barber">Barber, Malcolm</a> (2004) [1992]. The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050–1320. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17414-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-17414-7"><bdi>0-415-17414-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Cities%3A+Medieval+Europe+1050%E2%80%931320&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-17414-7&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal2010" class="citation book cs1">Blumenthal, Uta-Renate (2010) [1982]. The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1386-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1386-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-1386-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Investiture+Controversy%3A+Church+and+Monarchy+from+the+Ninth+to+the+Twelfth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1386-7&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=Uta-Renate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChazan2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Chazan" title="Robert Chazan">Chazan, Robert</a> (2006). The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom: 1000–1500. Cambridge medieval textbooks. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84666-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84666-0"><bdi>978-0-521-84666-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Medieval+Western+Christendom%3A+1000%E2%80%931500&rft.series=Cambridge+medieval+textbooks&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84666-0&rft.aulast=Chazan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuhrmann2001" class="citation book cs1">Fuhrmann, Horst (2001) [1986]. Germany in the High Middle Ages, c. 1050–1200. Cambridge medieval textbooks. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31980-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-31980-3"><bdi>0-521-31980-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+in+the+High+Middle+Ages%2C+c.+1050%E2%80%931200&rft.series=Cambridge+medieval+textbooks&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-31980-3&rft.aulast=Fuhrmann&rft.aufirst=Horst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2020" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Boyd H. (2020) [1972]. Medieval Monarchy in Action: The German Empire from Henry I to Henry IV. Routledge Library Editions: The Medieval World. Vol. 21. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-26124-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-26124-4"><bdi>978-0-429-26124-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Monarchy+in+Action%3A+The+German+Empire+from+Henry+I+to+Henry+IV&rft.series=Routledge+Library+Editions%3A+The+Medieval+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-429-26124-4&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Boyd+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeyser1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Leyser" title="Karl Leyser">Leyser, K.J.</a> (1982). Medieval Germany and its Neighbours: 1000–1500. History. Vol. 12. <a href="/wiki/The_Hambledon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hambledon Press">The Hambledon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907628-08-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-907628-08-7"><bdi>0-907628-08-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Germany+and+its+Neighbours%3A+1000%E2%80%931500&rft.series=History&rft.pub=The+Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-907628-08-7&rft.aulast=Leyser&rft.aufirst=K.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2010" class="citation book cs1">McLaughlin, Megan (2010). Sex, Gender, and Episcopal Authority in an Age of Reform, 1000–1122. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87005-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87005-4"><bdi>978-0-521-87005-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex%2C+Gender%2C+and+Episcopal+Authority+in+an+Age+of+Reform%2C+1000%E2%80%931122&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87005-4&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Megan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPflanze1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Pflanze" title="Otto Pflanze">Pflanze, Otto</a> (1990). Bismarck and the Development of Germany, Volume II: The Period of Consolidation, 1871–1880. Princeton Legacy Library. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05588-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-05588-2"><bdi>0-691-05588-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bismarck+and+the+Development+of+Germany%2C+Volume+II%3A+The+Period+of+Consolidation%2C+1871%E2%80%931880&rft.series=Princeton+Legacy+Library&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-691-05588-2&rft.aulast=Pflanze&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2003" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, I. S. (2003) [1999]. Henry IV of Germany, 1056–1106. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54590-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54590-0"><bdi>0-521-54590-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+IV+of+Germany%2C+1056%E2%80%931106&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-54590-0&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=I.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchutz2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Schutz" title="Herbert Schutz">Schutz, Herbert</a> (2010). The Medieval Empire in Central Europe: Dynastic Continuity in the Post-Carolingian Frankish Realm, 900–1300. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-1966-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-1966-4"><bdi>978-1-4438-1966-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Empire+in+Central+Europe%3A+Dynastic+Continuity+in+the+Post-Carolingian+Frankish+Realm%2C+900%E2%80%931300&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-1966-4&rft.aulast=Schutz&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabacco1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Tabacco, Giovanni (1995). "Northern and central Italy". In Luscombe, David Edward; Riley-Smith, Jonathan (eds.). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. IV: c. 1024–c. 1198, Part II. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 72–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521414111" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521414111"><bdi>978-0521414111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Northern+and+central+Italy&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0521414111&rft.aulast=Tabacco&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVollrath1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Vollrath, Hanna (1995). "The Western Empire under the Salians". In Luscombe, David Edward; Riley-Smith, Jonathan (eds.). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. IV: c. 1024–c. 1198, Part II. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 38–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521414111" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521414111"><bdi>978-0521414111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Western+Empire+under+the+Salians&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0521414111&rft.aulast=Vollrath&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZupka2016" class="citation book cs1">Zupka, Dušan (2016). Ritual and Symbolic Communication in Medieval Hungary under the Árpád Dynasty (1000–1301). East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450. Vol. 39. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31467-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31467-2"><bdi>978-90-04-31467-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual+and+Symbolic+Communication+in+Medieval+Hungary+under+the+%C3%81rp%C3%A1d+Dynasty+%281000%E2%80%931301%29&rft.series=East+Central+and+Eastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+450%E2%80%931450&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-04-31467-2&rft.aulast=Zupka&rft.aufirst=Du%C5%A1an&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Althoff, Gerd (2009). Heinrich IV (in German). Thorbecke. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3799568692" title="Special:BookSources/978-3799568692"><bdi>978-3799568692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heinrich+IV&rft.pub=Thorbecke&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3799568692&rft.aulast=Althoff&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Creber, Alison (22 April 2019). "Breaking Up Is Hard To Do: Dissolving Royal and Noble Marriages in Eleventh-Century Germany". <a href="/wiki/German_History_(journal)" title="German History (journal)">German History</a>. 37 (2): 149–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgerhis%2Fghy108">10.1093/gerhis/ghy108</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-3554">0266-3554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+History&rft.atitle=Breaking+Up+Is+Hard+To+Do%3A+Dissolving+Royal+and+Noble+Marriages+in+Eleventh-Century+Germany&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.date=2019-04-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgerhis%2Fghy108&rft.issn=0266-3554&rft.aulast=Creber&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, T. J. H. (2013). Chronicles of the Investiture Contest: Frutolf of Michelsberg and his continuators. Manchester Medieval Sources. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719084690" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719084690"><bdi>978-0719084690</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicles+of+the+Investiture+Contest%3A+Frutolf+of+Michelsberg+and+his+continuators&rft.series=Manchester+Medieval+Sources&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0719084690&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=T.+J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Pavlac, Brian A.; Lott, Elizabeth S. (2019). The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 2. Empires of the World. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4858-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4858-2"><bdi>978-1-4408-4858-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Roman+Empire%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+2.&rft.series=Empires+of+the+World&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-4858-2&rft.aulast=Pavlac&rft.aufirst=Brian+A.&rft.au=Lott%2C+Elizabeth+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Weinfurter, Stefan (1999) [1992]. The Salian Century: Main Currents in an Age of Transition. Translated by Kaiser, Denise A. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-3508-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-3508-8"><bdi>0-8122-3508-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Salian+Century%3A+Main+Currents+in+an+Age+of+Transition&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8122-3508-8&rft.aulast=Weinfurter&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zey, Claudia (2017). Der Investiturstreit (in German). <a href="/wiki/C.H._Beck" class="mw-redirect" title="C.H. Beck">C.H. Beck</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-70655-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-70655-4"><bdi>978-3-406-70655-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Investiturstreit&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-406-70655-4&rft.aulast=Zey&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/entity/118548271">Works by and about Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Digitale_Bibliothek" title="Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek">Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek</a> (German Digital Library)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geschichtsquellen.de/repPers_118548271.html">"Henricus IV Imperator"</a>. Repertorium "Historical Sources of the German Middle Ages" (Geschichtsquellen des deutschen Mittelalters).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Repertorium+%22Historical+Sources+of+the+German+Middle+Ages%22+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22German-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22de%22%3EGeschichtsquellen+des+deutschen+Mittelalters%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+German-language+text%29&rft.atitle=Henricus+IV+Imperator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geschichtsquellen.de%2FrepPers_118548271.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Report on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zum.de/Faecher/G/BW/Landeskunde/rhein/kultur/museen/speyer/ausstell/heinrich_vier/kopf.htm">bust reconstruction</a> (with images)</li> <li>Documents by Henry IV for the Bishopric of Bamberg, 17 August 1057, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lba.hist.uni-marburg.de/lba-cgi/kleioc/0010KlLBA/exec/showrecord/zugangsnummer/%2210156%22">"digitalised image"</a>. Photograph Archive of Old Original Documents (Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Photograph+Archive+of+Old+Original+Documents+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22German-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22de%22%3ELichtbildarchiv+%C3%A4lterer+Originalurkunden%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+German-language+text%29&rft.atitle=digitalised+image&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flba.hist.uni-marburg.de%2Flba-cgi%2Fkleioc%2F0010KlLBA%2Fexec%2Fshowrecord%2Fzugangsnummer%2F%252210156%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+IV%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lba.hist.uni-marburg.de/lba-cgi/kleioc/00101KlLBA/exec/apply2/width/%226109%22/height/%226109%22/url/%22http:%7B%7C%7D%7B%7C%7D137.248.186.134%7B%7C%7Dlba-cgi-local%7B%7C%7Dpic.sh%7B-%7Djpg%7B%7C%7DE4894.jpg%22">Charter given by Henry to the bishopric of Bamberg, 17.8.1057</a>. Photography taken from the collections of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lba.hist.uni-marburg.de/lba/">Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marburg_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Marburg University">Marburg University</a> showing the emperor's seal.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="extiw" title="commons:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Heinrich_IV." class="extiw" title="wikisource:Heinrich IV.">Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a></div></div></div> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor </div><div><a href="/wiki/Salian_dynasty" title="Salian dynasty">Salian dynasty</a> </div>Born: 1050 Died: 1106 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="4">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/German_King" class="mw-redirect" title="German King">German King</a> 1054–1105 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="4">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> 1056–1105 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Burgundy">King of Burgundy</a> 1056–1105 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> 1084–1105 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Conrad I, Duke of Bavaria">Conrad I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Bavaria">Duke of Bavaria</a> 1052–1054 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Conrad II, Duke of Bavaria">Conrad II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Welf_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Welf I, Duke of Bavaria">Welf I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Bavaria">Duke of Bavaria</a> 1078–1096 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Welf_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Welf I, Duke of Bavaria">Welf I</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Holy_Roman_emperors" title="Template:Holy Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holy_Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Holy Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holy_Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holy Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holy_Roman_emperors164" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman emperors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_III_of_Spoleto" title="Guy III of Spoleto">Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_of_Italy" title="Lambert of Italy">Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Holy_Roman_Emperors" title="Category:Holy Roman Emperors">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Germany547" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Germany" title="Template:Monarchs of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Germany547" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs" title="List of German monarchs">Monarchs of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a> (843–911)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_of_Bavaria" title="Carloman of Bavaria">Carloman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Younger" title="Louis the Younger">Louis the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Child" title="Louis the Child">Louis the Child</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> (911–919) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a> (919–962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_I_of_Germany" title="Conrad I of Germany">Conrad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria">Arnulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (962–1806)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_of_Rheinfelden" title="Rudolf of Rheinfelden">Rudolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_of_Salm" title="Hermann of Salm">Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II_of_Italy" title="Conrad II of Italy">Conrad (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair II/III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany" title="Conrad III of Germany">Conrad III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Berengar" title="Henry Berengar">Henry (VI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia" title="Philip of Swabia">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_(VII)_of_Germany" title="Henry (VII) of Germany">Henry (VII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_IV_of_Germany" title="Conrad IV of Germany">Conrad IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Raspe" title="Henry Raspe">Henry (VIII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Holland" title="William II of Holland">William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Cornwall" title="Richard of Cornwall">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Adolf, King of the Romans">Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany" title="Albert I of Germany">Albert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Fair" title="Frederick the Fair">Frederick (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Schwarzburg" title="Günther von Schwarzburg">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Rupert, King of the Romans">Rupert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobst_of_Moravia" title="Jobst of Moravia">Jobst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Germany" title="Albert II of Germany">Albert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> (1806–1813)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (1815–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="German Empire (1848–1849)">German Empire</a> (1848/1849)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a> (Imperial Regent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (1850–1866)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> (1867–1871)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1871–1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">William II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_Italy_between_476_and_1556325" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antique_Kings_of_Italy" title="Template:Antique Kings of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antique_Kings_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Antique Kings of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antique_Kings_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antique Kings of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Italy_between_476_and_1556325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">Kings of Italy</a> between 476 and 1556</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-dynastic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer (476–493)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg/100px-Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg/150px-Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg/200px-Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="810" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric (493–526)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athalaric" title="Athalaric">Athalaric (526–534)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodahad" title="Theodahad">Theodahad (534–536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitiges" title="Vitiges">Vitiges (536–540)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ildibad" title="Ildibad">Ildibad (540–541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eraric" title="Eraric">Eraric (541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila (541–552)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teia" title="Teia">Teia (552–553)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alboin" title="Alboin">Alboin (568–572)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleph" title="Cleph">Cleph (572–574)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_Dukes" title="Rule of the Dukes">Interregnum (574–584)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authari" title="Authari">Authari (584–590)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agilulf" title="Agilulf">Agilulf (590–616)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaloald" title="Adaloald">Adaloald (616–626)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arioald" title="Arioald">Arioald (626–636)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothari" title="Rothari">Rothari (636-652)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodoald" title="Rodoald">Rodoald (652–653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aripert_I" title="Aripert I">Aripert I (653–661)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godepert" title="Godepert">Godepert (661–662)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perctarit" title="Perctarit">Perctarit (661–662)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoald,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Grimoald, King of the Lombards">Grimoald (662–671)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garibald" title="Garibald">Garibald (671)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perctarit" title="Perctarit">Perctarit (671–688)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunipert" title="Cunipert">Cunipert (688–689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alahis" title="Alahis">Alahis (689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunipert" title="Cunipert">Cunipert (689–700)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liutpert" title="Liutpert">Liutpert (700–702)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raginpert" title="Raginpert">Raginpert (701)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aripert_II" title="Aripert II">Aripert II (702–712)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansprand" title="Ansprand">Ansprand (712)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liutprand,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Liutprand, King of the Lombards">Liutprand (712–744)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildeprand" title="Hildeprand">Hildeprand (744)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchis" title="Ratchis">Ratchis (744–749)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aistulf" title="Aistulf">Aistulf (749–756)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius" title="Desiderius">Desiderius (756–774)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne (774–814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy" title="Pepin of Italy">Pepin (781–810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Italy" title="Bernard of Italy">Bernard (810–818)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I (818–855)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis I (855–875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II (875–877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_of_Bavaria" title="Carloman of Bavaria">Carloman (877–879)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles III (879–887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf (896–899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratold_of_Italy" title="Ratold of Italy">Ratold (896)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-dynastic (title disputed 887–933)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unruochings" title="Unruochings">Unruochings</a>: <a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar I (887–924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widonids" title="Widonids">Guideschi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Guy_III_of_Spoleto" title="Guy III of Spoleto">Guy (889–894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_of_Italy" title="Lambert of Italy">Lambert (891–897)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_House_of_Welf" title="Elder House of Welf">Welfs</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_II_of_Burgundy" title="Rudolph II of Burgundy">Rudolph (922–933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis II (900–905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Italy" title="Hugh of Italy">Hugh (926–947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_II_of_Italy" title="Lothair II of Italy">Lothair II (945–950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anscarids" title="Anscarids">Anscarids</a>: <a href="/wiki/Berengar_II_of_Italy" title="Berengar II of Italy">Berengar II (950–963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Italy" title="Adalbert of Italy">Adalbert (950–963)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (962–1556)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I (962–973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II (980–983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III (996–1002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arduin_of_Ivrea" title="Arduin of Ivrea">Arduin I (1002–1014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II (1004–1024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II (1026–1039)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III (1039–1056)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry IV (1056–1105)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II_of_Italy" title="Conrad II of Italy">Conrad II (1093–1101)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V (1106–1125)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair III (or II) (1125–1137)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany" title="Conrad III of Germany">Conrad III (1138–1152)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick I (1154–1186)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI (1186–1197)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV (1209–1212)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II (1212–1250)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII (1311–1313)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV (1327–1347)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV (1355–1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund (1431–1437)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III (1452–1493)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V (1530–1556)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_Bavaria246" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Bavaria" title="Template:Dukes of Bavaria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_Bavaria" title="Template talk:Dukes of Bavaria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_Bavaria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of Bavaria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_of_Bavaria246" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bavaria" title="List of rulers of Bavaria">Dukes of Bavaria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Duchy of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzogtum_Oberbayern" class="extiw" title="de:Herzogtum Oberbayern">Upper Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzogtum_Niederbayern" class="extiw" title="de:Herzogtum Niederbayern">Lower Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria-Ingolstadt" title="Bavaria-Ingolstadt">Bavaria-Ingolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria-Landshut" title="Bavaria-Landshut">Bavaria-Landshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria-Munich" title="Bavaria-Munich">Bavaria-Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria-Straubing" title="Bavaria-Straubing">Bavaria-Straubing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garibald_I_of_Bavaria" title="Garibald I of Bavaria">Garibald I</a> (555–591)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tassilo_I_of_Bavaria" title="Tassilo I of Bavaria">Tassilo I</a> (591–610)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garibald_II_of_Bavaria" title="Garibald II of Bavaria">Garibald II</a> (610–625)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodo_of_Bavaria" title="Theodo of Bavaria">Theodo</a> (c.680–716)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodbert_of_Bavaria" title="Theodbert of Bavaria">Theodbert</a> (c.716–c.719)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_of_Bavaria" title="Theobald of Bavaria">Theobald</a> (c.716–c.719)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tassilo_II_of_Bavaria" title="Tassilo II of Bavaria">Tassilo II</a> (c.716–c.719)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoald_of_Bavaria" title="Grimoald of Bavaria">Grimoald</a> (715–725)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugbert_of_Bavaria" title="Hugbert of Bavaria">Hugbert</a> (725–736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilo,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Odilo, Duke of Bavaria">Odilo</a> (736–748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grifo_(noble)" title="Grifo (noble)">Grifo</a> (748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tassilo_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria">Tassilo III</a> (748–788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis II the German</a> (King: 817–843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_of_Bavaria" title="Carloman of Bavaria">Carloman</a> (King: 876–880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Younger" title="Louis the Younger">Louis III the Younger</a> (King: 880–882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a> (King: 882–887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engeldeo" title="Engeldeo">Engeldeo</a> (Margrave: 890–895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luitpold,_Margrave_of_Bavaria" title="Luitpold, Margrave of Bavaria">Luitpold</a> (Margrave: 895–907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria">Arnulf</a> (907–937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberhard,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Eberhard, Duke of Bavaria">Eberhard</a> (937–938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthold,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Berthold, Duke of Bavaria">Berthold</a> (938–947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry I, Duke of Bavaria">Henry I</a> (947–955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry II, Duke of Bavaria">Henry II the Quarrelsome</a> (955–976, 985–995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Duke_of_Swabia_and_Bavaria" title="Otto I, Duke of Swabia and Bavaria">Otto I</a> (976–982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry III, Duke of Bavaria">Henry III the Younger</a> (983–985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a> (995–1004, 1009–1017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry V, Duke of Bavaria">Henry V</a> (1004–1009, 1017–1026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a> (1026–1042)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry VII, Duke of Bavaria">Henry VII</a> (1042–1047)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Conrad I, Duke of Bavaria">Conrad I</a> (1049–1053)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry VIII</a> (1053–1054, 1055–1061)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Conrad II, Duke of Bavaria">Conrad II</a> (1054–1055)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Nordheim" title="Otto of Nordheim">Otto of Nordheim</a> (1061–1070)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welf_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Welf I, Duke of Bavaria">Welf I</a> (1070–1077, 1096–1101)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry VIII</a> (1077–1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welf_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Welf II, Duke of Bavaria">Welf II</a> (1101–1120)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IX,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria">Henry IX the Black</a> (1120–1126)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Proud" title="Henry the Proud">Henry X</a> (1126–1138)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Leopold, Duke of Bavaria">Leopold I</a> (1139–1141)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Henry II, Duke of Austria">Henry XI Jasomirgott</a> (1143–1156)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry XII the Lion</a> (1156–1180)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Otto I, Duke of Bavaria">Otto the Redhead</a> (1180–1183)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Loon" title="Agnes of Loon">Agnes of Loon</a> (Regent: 1183–1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Louis I, Duke of Bavaria">Louis I</a> (1183–1231)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Otto II, Duke of Bavaria">Otto the Illustrious</a> (1231–1253)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Louis II, Duke of Bavaria">Louis II the Strict</a> (1253–1255; Upper: 1255–1294)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_XIII,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry XIII, Duke of Bavaria">Henry XIII</a> (Lower: 1253–1290)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Louis III, Duke of Bavaria">Louis III</a> (Lower: 1290–1296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Stephen I, Duke of Bavaria">Stephen I</a> (Lower: 1290–1310)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Otto III, Duke of Bavaria">Otto III</a> (Lower: 1290–1312)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Habsburg" title="Matilda of Habsburg">Matilda</a> (Upper: Regent: 1294–1302)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria">Rudolph I</a> (Upper: 1294–1317)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_XV,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry XV, Duke of Bavaria">Henry XV the Natternberger</a> (Lower: 1312–1333)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Duke_of_Lower_Bavaria" title="Otto IV, Duke of Lower Bavaria">Otto VI</a> (Lower: 1310–1334)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_XIV,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry XIV, Duke of Bavaria">Henry XIV</a> (Lower: 1310–1339)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="John I, Duke of Bavaria">John I the Child</a> (Lower: 1339–1340)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a> (Upper: 1301–1340; 1340–1347)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Otto V, Duke of Bavaria">Otto V</a>, (1347–1349; Upper: 1349–1351; Landshut: 1373–1379)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Louis V, Duke of Bavaria">Louis V the Brandenburger</a>, (1347–1349; Upper: 1349–1361)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meinhard_III,_Count_of_Gorizia-Tyrol" title="Meinhard III, Count of Gorizia-Tyrol">Meinhard I</a> (Upper: 1361–1363)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Louis II, Elector of Brandenburg">Louis VI</a>, (1347–1365)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Stephen II, Duke of Bavaria">Stephen II</a>, (1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Landshut: 1353–1375; Upper: 1363)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="William I, Duke of Bavaria">William I</a>, (1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Straubing: 1353–1388)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Albert I, Duke of Bavaria">Albert I</a>, (1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Straubing: 1353–1404)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Albert II, Duke of Bavaria">Albert II</a> (Straubing: 1389–1397)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="William II, Duke of Bavaria">William II</a> (Straubing: 1404–1417)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline,_Countess_of_Hainaut" title="Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut">Jacqueline</a> (Straubing: 1417-1429)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="John III, Duke of Bavaria">John III the Pitiless</a> (Straubing: 1417-1425)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="William III, Duke of Bavaria">William III</a> (Munich: 1397–1435; Straubing: 1429–1435)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Ernest, Duke of Bavaria">Ernest</a> (Munich: 1397–1438; Straubing: 1429–1438)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Frederick, Duke of Bavaria">Frederick I the Wise</a> (1375–1392; Landshut: 1392–1393)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="John II, Duke of Bavaria">John II</a> (1375–1392; Munich: 1392–1397)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria">Stephen III the Magnificent</a> (1375–1392; Ingolstadt: 1392–1413)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VII,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria">Louis VII the Bearded</a> (Ingolstadt: 1413–1443)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Louis VIII, Duke of Bavaria">Louis VIII the Hunchback</a> (Ingolstadt: 1443–1445)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_XVI,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry XVI, Duke of Bavaria">Henry XVI the Rich</a> (Landshut: 1393–1450; Ingolstadt: 1447–1450)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Albert III, Duke of Bavaria">Albert III</a> (Munich: 1438–1460)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="John IV, Duke of Bavaria">John IV</a> (Munich: 1460–1463)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Sigismund, Duke of Bavaria">Sigismund</a> (Munich: 1460–1467; Dachau: 1467–1501)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria">Louis IX the Rich</a> (Landshut: 1450–1479)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="George, Duke of Bavaria">George I the Rich</a> (Landshut: 1479–1503)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_IV,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria">Albert IV the Wise</a> (Munich: 1465–1505; 1505–1508)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="William IV, Duke of Bavaria">William IV the Steadfast</a> (Munich: 1460–1508; Landshut: 1503–1508; 1508–1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_X,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Louis X, Duke of Bavaria">Louis X</a>, Duke (1516–1545)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Albert V, Duke of Bavaria">Albert V the Magnanimous</a> (1550–1579)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="William V, Duke of Bavaria">William V the Pious</a> (1579–1597)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Elector_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian I</a> (1597–1623)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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title="Erlembald">Erlembald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotofredo_da_Castiglione" title="Gotofredo da Castiglione">Gotofredo da Castiglione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_da_Velate" title="Guido da Velate">Guido da Velate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I of England</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Tuscany" title="Matilda of Tuscany">Matilda of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Pope Paschal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_of_Rheinfelden" title="Rudolf of Rheinfelden">Rudolf of Rheinfelden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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of 1077–1088</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">Gregorian Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman conquest of southern Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1084)" title="Sack of Rome (1084)">Sack of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_to_Canossa" title="Road to Canossa">Walk to Canossa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Church and state in medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">Clerical celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominium_mundi" title="Dominium mundi">Dominium mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture" title="Investiture">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin" title="Donation of Pepin">Donation of Pepin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">Simony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libellus_de_imperatoria_potestate_in_urbe_Roma" title="Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma">Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> 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