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Regulation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Regulation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Automatic_exchange_of_tax_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_exchange_of_tax_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Automatic exchange of tax information </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automatic_exchange_of_tax_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loopholes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loopholes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Loopholes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loopholes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enabling_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enabling_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Enabling industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enabling_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assets_seizure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assets_seizure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Assets seizure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assets_seizure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Protections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_banks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_banks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Major banks </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_banks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Major banks subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Major_banks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Swiss_National_Bank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swiss_National_Bank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Swiss National Bank </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swiss_National_Bank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UBS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UBS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 UBS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UBS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Credit_Suisse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Credit_Suisse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Credit Suisse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Credit_Suisse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_banks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_banks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Private banks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_banks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cantonal_banks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cantonal_banks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Cantonal banks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cantonal_banks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Banking_secrecy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking_secrecy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Banking secrecy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking_secrecy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_the_press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_the_press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Freedom of the press </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_the_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bank_vaults_and_bunkers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bank_vaults_and_bunkers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Bank vaults and bunkers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bank_vaults_and_bunkers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numbered_bank_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbered_bank_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Numbered bank accounts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbered_bank_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connection_to_illegal_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connection_to_illegal_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Connection to illegal activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connection_to_illegal_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tax_evasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax_evasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Tax evasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tax_evasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Fines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" > 20 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="المجال المصرفي في سويسرا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المجال المصرفي في سويسرا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizer_Bankwesen" title="Schweizer Bankwesen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schweizer Bankwesen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_suiza" title="Banca suiza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Banca suiza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="بانکداری در سوئیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بانکداری در سوئیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_bancaire_suisse" title="Système bancaire suisse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système bancaire suisse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8_%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%95" title="સ્વિસ બેંક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સ્વિસ બેંક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%9C%84%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9D%80%ED%96%89" title="스위스 은행 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스위스 은행" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B5%D6%81%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Շվեյցարիայի բանկային համակարգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շվեյցարիայի բանկային համակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbankan_di_Swiss" title="Perbankan di Swiss – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perbankan di Swiss" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settore_bancario_svizzero" title="Settore bancario svizzero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Settore bancario svizzero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A5" title="בנקאות בשווייץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנקאות בשווייץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankininkyst%C4%97_%C5%A0veicarijoje" title="Bankininkystė Šveicarijoje – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bankininkystė Šveicarijoje" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbankan_di_Switzerland" title="Perbankan di Switzerland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perbankan di Switzerland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbankan_di_Swiss" title="Perbankan di Swiss – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Perbankan di Swiss" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="スイス銀行 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スイス銀行" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker_i_Sveits" title="Banker i Sveits – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Banker i Sveits" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shveysariya_bank_tizimi" title="Shveysariya bank tizimi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shveysariya bank tizimi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Банковская система Швейцарии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Банковская система Швейцарии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%A0" title="ᱥᱣᱤᱥ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱣᱤᱥ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A2n_h%C3%A0ng_Th%E1%BB%A5y_S%C4%A9" title="Ngân hàng Thụy Sĩ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngân hàng Thụy Sĩ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Swiss Bank" redirects here. For the former bank and predecessor to UBS, see <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Bank_Corporation" title="Swiss Bank Corporation">Swiss Bank Corporation</a>. For the national bank of Switzerland, see <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Swiss National Bank</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont_Cervin_Palace_at_night_in_Zermatt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mont_Cervin_Palace_at_night_in_Zermatt.jpg/260px-Mont_Cervin_Palace_at_night_in_Zermatt.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mont_Cervin_Palace_at_night_in_Zermatt.jpg/390px-Mont_Cervin_Palace_at_night_in_Zermatt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mont_Cervin_Palace_at_night_in_Zermatt.jpg/520px-Mont_Cervin_Palace_at_night_in_Zermatt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The Mont Cervin Palace in <a href="/wiki/Zermatt" title="Zermatt">Zermatt</a>. A hub of tourism, many private banks service the city and maintain underground bunkers and storage facilities for gold at the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a>.</figcaption></figure> Banking in Switzerland dates to the early 18th century through <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>'s merchant trade and over the centuries has grown into a complex and regulated international industry. Banking is seen as <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">emblematic of Switzerland</a> and the country has been one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">offshore financial centers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax havens</a> in the world since the mid-20th century, with a long history of banking secrecy and client confidentiality reaching back to the early 1700s. Starting as a way to protect wealthy European banking interests, Swiss banking secrecy was codified in 1934 with the passage of a landmark federal law, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Act_on_Banks_and_Savings_Banks" title="Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks">Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks</a>. 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Switzerland" title="Category:Switzerland">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Culture of Switzerland</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Swiss_history" title="Timeline of Swiss history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlargement of Switzerland">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland" title="Early history of Switzerland">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291" title="Federal Charter of 1291">Federal Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCtli_Oath" title="Rütli Oath">Rütli Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Growth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Early Modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Federal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">World wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Switzerland" title="Modern history of Switzerland">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Switzerland" title="Military history of Switzerland">Military history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Switzerland" title="List of wars involving Switzerland">list of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Historiography</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Switzerland">People</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Switzerland">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Switzerland">folklore</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Switzerland" title="Public holidays in Switzerland">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Christianity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Switzerland">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Switzerland" title="Protestantism in Switzerland">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Switzerland" title="Ahmadiyya in Switzerland">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Switzerland">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Switzerland" title="Hinduism in Switzerland">Hinduism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Switzerland">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Switzerland" title="Architecture of Switzerland">Architecture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Switzerland">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td 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href="/wiki/Flag_of_Switzerland" title="Flag of Switzerland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland" title="Coat of arms of Switzerland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Switzerland">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Switzerland portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Template:Culture of Switzerland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Template talk:Culture of Switzerland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Switzerland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Controversial protection of foreign accounts and assets during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> sparked a series of proposed financial regulations seeking to limit bank secrecy, but with little resulting action. Despite <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_banking_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Swiss banking legislation">various international efforts</a> to roll back banking secrecy laws in the country which were largely minimized or reverted by Swiss social and political forces, in 2017 Switzerland agreed to "automatic exchange of information" (AEOI) with foreign governments and their revenue services regarding information of depositors not resident in Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> This constituted de facto the end of Swiss banking secrecy for depositors who were not Swiss residents.<a href="#cite_note-foreignbanks-3">[3]</a> Furthermore, after Switzerland ratified the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Account_Tax_Compliance_Act" title="Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act">Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act</a> agreement with the U.S.A., because of concerns regarding their tax liability (the U.S. taxes its citizens regardless of whether they are resident in the USA or not) some Swiss banks have gone so far as to close accounts held by US citizens, and to ban the opening of new accounts by US citizens and by dual US-Swiss citizens, including those deemed lawful permanent Swiss residents.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Thus banking secrecy remains in force only for those residing in and solely taxable in Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Disclosing client information has been considered by Switzerland a criminal offence since the early 1900s. Employees working in Switzerland and at Swiss banks abroad have "long adhered to an unwritten code similar to that <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">observed by doctors or priests</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Thomasson-2013-6">[6]</a> Since 1934 Swiss banking secrecy laws have been violated to a major extent by only four people, namely: <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Meili" title="Christoph Meili">Christoph Meili</a> (1997), <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Birkenfeld" title="Bradley Birkenfeld">Bradley Birkenfeld</a> (2007), <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Elmer" title="Rudolf Elmer">Rudolf Elmer</a> (2011) and <a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Falciani" title="Hervé Falciani">Hervé Falciani</a> (2014). The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Bankers_Association" title="Swiss Bankers Association">Swiss Bankers Association</a> (SBA) estimated in 2018 that Swiss banks held <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>6.5 trillion in assets or 25% of all global cross-border assets. Switzerland's main lingual hubs, <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> (for French), <a href="/wiki/Lugano" title="Lugano">Lugano</a> (for Italian), and <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> (for German) service the different geographical markets. It currently ranks number two behind the United States and on par with <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secrecy_Index" title="Financial Secrecy Index">Financial Secrecy Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018b-7">[7]</a> The banks are regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Financial_Market_Supervisory_Authority" title="Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority">Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority</a> (FINMA) and the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Swiss National Bank</a> (SNB) which derives its authority from a series of federal statutes. Banking in Switzerland has historically played, and still continues to play, a dominant role in the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Swiss economy</a> and society. According to the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development</a> (OECD), total banking assets amount to 467% of total gross domestic product.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018b-7">[7]</a> Banking in Switzerland <a href="#In_popular_culture">has been portrayed</a>, with varying degrees of accuracy, in overall popular culture and television shows. In 2023 Switzerland lost much credibility as a banking centre after the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a>, one of the largest Swiss banks, subsequently acquired by its Swiss competitor <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a>, and due to the inept way the affair was handled by the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Swiss National Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DV307_no.80_From_Vile_Rousean,_Geneva_Aug_4_1858.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/DV307_no.80_From_Vile_Rousean%2C_Geneva_Aug_4_1858.png/220px-DV307_no.80_From_Vile_Rousean%2C_Geneva_Aug_4_1858.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/DV307_no.80_From_Vile_Rousean%2C_Geneva_Aug_4_1858.png/330px-DV307_no.80_From_Vile_Rousean%2C_Geneva_Aug_4_1858.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/DV307_no.80_From_Vile_Rousean%2C_Geneva_Aug_4_1858.png/440px-DV307_no.80_From_Vile_Rousean%2C_Geneva_Aug_4_1858.png 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>Many Swiss banking practices, including secrecy, trace their origins to <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> in the 18th century.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bank_secrecy" title="Bank secrecy">Bank secrecy</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland#Early_history" title="History of Switzerland">the Swiss region</a> can be traced<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018b-7">[7]</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Geneva" title="Grand Council of Geneva">Great Council of Geneva</a>, which outlawed the disclosure of information about the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">European upper class</a> in 1713.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018b-7">[7]</a> During the 1780s, Swiss bank accounts began <a href="/wiki/Deposit_insurance" title="Deposit insurance">insuring deposits</a>, which contributed to their reputation for <a href="/wiki/Economic_security" title="Economic security">financial security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018b-7">[7]</a> In 1815, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> formally established <a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Switzerland's international neutrality</a>, which led to a large capital influx.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018b-7">[7]</a> The wealthy, <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked</a> Switzerland saw banking secrecy as a way to build an empire similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">the United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018b-7">[7]</a> Swiss historian Sébastian Guex notes in The Origins of Secret Swiss Bank Accounts: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">This is what the Swiss bourgeoisie are thinking: "That's our future. We will play on the contradictions between the European powers and, protected by the shield of our neutrality, our arm will be industry and finance."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></blockquote> After <a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_War" title="Sonderbund War">a small scale civil war</a> in the 1840s between <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">the Swiss cantons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss Federation</a> was founded in 1848.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018b-7">[7]</a> The formation of the state, through a <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, contributed to the political stability needed for banking secrecy.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018b-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Switzerland" title="Geography of Switzerland">mountainous terrain of Switzerland</a> provided a natural environment in which to excavate <a href="#Bank_vaults_and_bunkers">underground vaults</a> for storage of gold and diamonds.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018b-7">[7]</a> In the 1910s, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Swiss bankers traveled to France to advertise the country's banking secrecy.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018b-7">[7]</a> The war's contribution to political and economic instability sparked a rapid capital movement into Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018b-7">[7]</a> As European countries began to increase taxes to <a href="/wiki/War_bond" title="War bond">finance the war</a>, wealthy clients moved their holdings into Swiss accounts to avoid taxation.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018b-7">[7]</a> The French banked in Geneva, the Italians in <a href="/wiki/Lugano" title="Lugano">Lugano</a>, and the Germans in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018b-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Act_on_Banks_and_Savings_Banks" title="Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks">Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks</a>, colloquially known as the Banking Law of 1934, made the violation of banking secrecy a federal criminal offence.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018b-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FSI-2022-12">[12]</a> That major step beyond the prior enforcement of banking secrecy under civil law resulted from several developments of the early 1930s, including the introduction in the same legislation of an embryonic form of banking supervision, which Swiss bankers argued could endanger secrecy; evolving jurisprudence of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Federal Supreme Court</a>; and a 1932 campaign against tax evasion in France led by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a>'s government.<a href="#cite_note-Guex-13">[13]</a> Alleged wealthy French tax evaders included <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">military generals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop in the Catholic Church">Catholic bishops</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Komisar-14">[14]</a> An additional <a href="/wiki/Amendment" title="Amendment">provision</a>, Article 47(b), was drafted before its ratification to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">protect Jewish assets</a> from the Nazi party.<a href="#cite_note-FSI-2022-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mueller-1969-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landscape_Arnisee-region.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Landscape_Arnisee-region.JPG/220px-Landscape_Arnisee-region.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Landscape_Arnisee-region.JPG/330px-Landscape_Arnisee-region.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Landscape_Arnisee-region.JPG/440px-Landscape_Arnisee-region.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Switzerland's <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Switzerland" title="Geography of Switzerland">mountainous terrain</a> helps to store gold in <a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">underground bunkers</a>.</figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Switzerland remained diplomatically neutral but its economy and financial system served the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> by storing gold and cash balances in underground vaults,<a href="#cite_note-FSI-2022-12">[12]</a> buying gold from the Nazi German state, and lending to both Germany and Italy, thus supporting their aggressive endeavors.<a href="#cite_note-Guex-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> maintained an account at the <a href="/wiki/Union_Bank_of_Switzerland" title="Union Bank of Switzerland">Union Bank of Switzerland</a> (UBS) estimated at 1.1 billion <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">ℛ︁ℳ︁</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FSI-2022-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boggan-1996-16">[16]</a> After the United States formally asked the bank to transfer the money in the 1990s, UBS wired <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>400 to 700 million worth of Reichsmarks to U.S. authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FSI-2022-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_financial_market_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Swiss financial market legislation">Banking regulations in Switzerland</a> limit the amount of <a href="/wiki/Account_(bookkeeping)" title="Account (bookkeeping)">orphaned assets</a> allowed to leave a bank's custody.<a href="#cite_note-FSI-2022-12">[12]</a> UBS, with consent from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Swiss government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asset_freezing" title="Asset freezing">froze the account</a> containing Hitler's assets indefinitely, and clipped the Reichsmarks, stripping the currency of value.<a href="#cite_note-Boggan-1996-16">[16]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, UBS also maintained accounts for hundreds of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">German Jewish</a> businesspeople and households.<a href="#cite_note-Mueller-1969-15">[15]</a> After the Banking Law of 1934 was passed, the bank aggressively protected assets of the "<a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_state" title="Enemy of the state">enemies of Nazi Germany</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Mueller-1969-15">[15]</a> When Hitler announced an (aborted) <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tannenbaum" title="Operation Tannenbaum">invasion of Switzerland</a> in 1940,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Banking_in_Switzerland#Dubious" title="Talk:Banking in Switzerland">discuss</a>] UBS contracted the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Armed_Forces" title="Swiss Armed Forces">Swiss Armed Forces</a> to blockade their <a href="/wiki/Retail_banking" title="Retail banking">retail banks</a> and transport Jewish assets to underground military bunkers.<a href="#cite_note-Schutz-2000-17">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Bank_Corporation" title="Swiss Bank Corporation">Swiss Bank Corporation</a> (SBC) and <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a>, did likewise.<a href="#cite_note-FSI-2022-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_beyond">World War II and beyond</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World War II and beyond">edit</a>]</div> After the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Switzerland and its financial system benefited greatly from having remained unharmed while all the neighbouring economies were devastated, but had to face the reputational damage from its support to the Axis powers, which also led to threats to banking secrecy as the Allied victors sought to expropriate Nazi assets held under Swiss custody. By and large, the Swiss banking sector was able to successfully deflect the threat to its secrecy practices, not least as it supported France and the United Kingdom with significant lending.<a href="#cite_note-Guex-13">[13]</a> When British politician <a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">George Brown</a> blamed "<a href="/wiki/Gnomes_of_Zurich" title="Gnomes of Zurich">gnomes of Zurich</a>" for a weak pound sterling in 1964, Swiss bankers began using the title as proof of their financial skill and adherence to secrecy.<a href="#cite_note-bowlby20100225-18">[18]</a> Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, numerous international proposals for bank secrecy rollbacks were made by foreign states with little success.<a href="#cite_note-FSI-2022-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telldenkmal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Telldenkmal.jpg/220px-Telldenkmal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Telldenkmal.jpg/330px-Telldenkmal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Telldenkmal.jpg/440px-Telldenkmal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>International pressure to roll back banking secrecy is seen as an attack on <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Swiss culture and values</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Swiss parliament</a> expressed an interest in adopting banking secrecy into <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">their constitution</a> in 2017.</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">2008 financial crisis</a>, Switzerland signed the European Union <a href="/wiki/Savings_Directive" title="Savings Directive">Savings Directive</a> (EUSD) which obliges Swiss banks to report to <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">43 European countries</a> non-identifying annual tax statistics.<a href="#cite_note-FSI-2018c-19">[19]</a> On December 3, 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Federal Assembly</a> increased the prison sentence for violations of banking secrecy from a maximum of six months to five years.<a href="#cite_note-Neghaiwi-2017-20">[20]</a> In late 2008, after an international, multi-state <a href="/wiki/UBS_tax_evasion_controversies#Birkenfeld_Disclosure:_2007" title="UBS tax evasion controversies">investigation</a> into Switzerland's role in U.S. tax evasion, UBS entered into a limited, <a href="/wiki/Deferred_prosecution" title="Deferred prosecution">deferred prosecution agreement</a> (DPA) with the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FSI-2018d-21">[21]</a> The agreement initiated the landmark <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Birkenfeld" title="Bradley Birkenfeld">Birkenfeld Disclosure</a> of information on more than 4,000 clients.<a href="#cite_note-FSI-2018d-21">[21]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:22em; ; font-size: 95%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> If there is anything the Swiss take more seriously than the precision of <a href="/wiki/Swiss_made" title="Swiss made">their watches</a> or the quality of <a href="/wiki/Swiss_chocolate" title="Swiss chocolate">their chocolate</a>, it's the secrecy of their banks. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Steve_Kroft" title="Steve Kroft">Steve Kroft</a>, host of Banking: A Crack In the Swiss Vault<a href="#cite_note-Kroft-22">[22]</a></cite> </div> In November 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrcher_Kantonalbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürcher Kantonalbank">Zürcher Kantonalbank</a> was classified as a systemically important bank in Switzerland by order of the Swiss National Bank (SNB), alongside <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raiffeisen_(Switzerland)" title="Raiffeisen (Switzerland)">Raiffeisen (Switzerland)</a> and <a href="/wiki/PostFinance" title="PostFinance">PostFinance</a>, and must meet stricter capital requirements and prepare contingency plans for times of crisis.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In another step toward loosening banking secrecy, Switzerland signed the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Account_Tax_Compliance_Act" title="Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act">Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act</a> (FATCA), after rejecting it twice in parliament.<a href="#cite_note-FSI-2018d-21">[21]</a> The FATCA requires Swiss banks to disclose non-identifying U.S. client information annually to the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FSI-2018d-21">[21]</a> The agreement does not guarantee the semi-automatic information transfers, which remain at the discretion of Swiss government authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Song-2015-24">[24]</a> If a client does not consent to having their information shared with the IRS, Swiss law prohibits the disclosure.<a href="#cite_note-Song-2015-24">[24]</a> If a client does consent, Swiss banks send the IRS tax-related information about the account holder but are prohibited from disclosing identities pursuant to Article 47 of the Banking Law of 1934.<a href="#cite_note-Song-2015-24">[24]</a> The 2018 <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secrecy_Index" title="Financial Secrecy Index">Financial Secrecy Index</a> stated: "this [does] not mean that Swiss banking secrecy was finished, as some excitable news reports suggest... the breach was a partial [dent]".<a href="#cite_note-FSI-2018e-25">[25]</a> In March 2015, the Swiss government entered into bilateral "Rubik Agreements" with Germany, Austria, and the United Kingdom allowing foreign holders of Swiss bank accounts to retain their anonymity in exchange for paying predetermined <a href="/wiki/Back_taxes" title="Back taxes">back taxes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Switzerland adopted the International Convention on the Automatic Exchange of Banking Information (<a href="/wiki/Global_Forum_on_Transparency_and_Exchange_of_Information_for_Tax_Purposes#Automatic_Exchange_of_Information" title="Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes">AEOI</a>) in 2017, agreeing to automatically release limited financial information to certain countries for the sole purpose of <a href="/wiki/Income_tax_audit" title="Income tax audit">tax auditing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> This agreement includes the <a href="/wiki/Common_Reporting_Standard" title="Common Reporting Standard">Common Reporting Standard</a> (CRS) which obliges Swiss banks to automatically send foreign tax authorities the client's name, address, <a href="/wiki/Domicile_(law)" title="Domicile (law)">domicile</a>, tax number, date of birth, account number, account balance at years end, and the <a href="/wiki/Gross_income" title="Gross income">gross investment income</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SWI-2017-28">[28]</a> The CRS does not, however, override the Swiss Banking Law of 1934, so the client's expenses (withdrawals) and investments are not disclosed.<a href="#cite_note-FSI-2018e-25">[25]</a> Thus tax authorities cannot "go fishing" for tax evaders, they must directly link a financial crime to the client's account.<a href="#cite_note-FSI-2018e-25">[25]</a> The disclosed information can only be used for tax auditing and Swiss authorities may prevent disclosure.<a href="#cite_note-Beyeler-2018-29">[29]</a> In December 2017, the Swiss parliament launched a standing initiative and expressed an interest in formally embedding banking secrecy within the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Swiss Constitution</a>, making it a federally-protected <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_right" title="Constitutional right">constitutional right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In January 2018, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">U.S. district court</a> ruled that Swiss bankers "[have] nothing to do with the choice that an American taxpayer makes to not declare offshore assets", later clarifying they should not be seen as facilitating tax evasion but rather provide a legal service that is made illegal by the client.<a href="#cite_note-Enrich-2018-32">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Justice_and_Police" title="Federal Department of Justice and Police">Swiss Justice Ministry</a> announced in March 2018 that disclosure of client information in a pending <a href="/wiki/Legal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal case">court case</a> involving a Swiss bank is subject to federal <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a> charges in addition to charges relating to banking secrecy laws.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2018-33">[33]</a> In 2023, Switzerland lost credibility as a banking system after the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a>, acquired by the Swiss competitor <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a>, and the way the affair was handled by the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Swiss National Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Banking_and_the_Swiss_economy">Banking and the Swiss economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Banking and the Swiss economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Economy of Switzerland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BIZ_Basel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BIZ_Basel.jpg/220px-BIZ_Basel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BIZ_Basel.jpg/330px-BIZ_Basel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BIZ_Basel.jpg/440px-BIZ_Basel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Worldwide headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a> in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></figcaption></figure> Switzerland is a prosperous nation with a <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita gross domestic product</a> higher than that of most <a href="/wiki/Western_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Western European">Western European</a> nations. The value of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss franc</a> (CHF) has been relatively stable compared with that of many others. <a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Swiss neutrality</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="National sovereignty">national sovereignty</a>, long recognized by foreign nations, have fostered a stable environment for the banking sector to develop and thrive. Switzerland maintained neutrality through both <a href="/wiki/World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="World War">World Wars</a>, is not a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> or <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, and did not join the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> until 2002.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_International_Settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of International Settlements">Bank of International Settlements</a> (BIS), an organization that facilitates cooperation among the world's <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central banks</a>, is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>. Founded in 1930, the BIS chose to locate in Switzerland because of the <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">country's neutrality</a>, which was important to the organization founded by countries that had been enemies in World War I.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Banking has played a dominant role in the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Swiss economy</a> for two centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018b-7">[7]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD), total banking assets amount to 467% of total gross domestic product.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018b-7">[7]</a> Swiss banks managed $2.4 trillion (CHF2.1 trillion) of assets belonging to wealthy foreigners in 2022, more than any other country and before Hong Kong ($2.2T) or Singapore ($1.5T) who are ranked 2nd and 3rd respectively, according to the study conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Consulting_Group" title="Boston Consulting Group">Boston Consulting Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SWI_swissinfo.ch_2023_e742-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_funds">Origin of funds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origin of funds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Leaks" title="Swiss Leaks">Swiss Leaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suisse_Secrets" title="Suisse Secrets">Suisse Secrets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Papers" title="Paradise Papers">Paradise Papers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pandora_Papers" title="Pandora Papers">Pandora Papers</a></div> Most of the wealth from overseas in Switzerland originates in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> (2018).<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Bankers_Association" title="Swiss Bankers Association">Swiss Bankers Association</a> in 2022, the amount held by <a href="/wiki/Switzerland-Russia_relations#Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland-Russia relations">Russian</a> clients in Swiss banks is between <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">CHF</a>150 and CHF200 billion ($160 and $214 billion).<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regulation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Act_on_Banks_and_Savings_Banks#Revisions" title="Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks">Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks § Revisions</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Financial_Market_Supervisory_Authority" title="Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority">Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority</a> (FINMA) is a public law institution that supervises most banking-related activities as well as <a href="/wiki/Securities_market" title="Securities market">securities markets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Investment_fund" title="Investment fund">investment funds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Regulatory authority is derived from the Swiss Financial Market Supervision Act (FINMASA) and Article 98 of the Swiss Federal Constitution. The office of the Swiss Banking <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">Ombudsman</a>, founded in 1993, is sponsored by the Swiss Banking Ombudsman Foundation, which was established by the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Bankers_Association" title="Swiss Bankers Association">Swiss Bankers Association</a>. The ombudsman's services, which are offered free of charge, include <a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">mediation</a> and assistance to persons searching for dormant assets. The ombudsman handles about 1,500 complaints raised against banks yearly.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Generally speaking, lawyers will not work against the banks and regulators are "too weak" to act in case of a problem, according to the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> of London.<a href="#cite_note-Jones_Times_2023_u136-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automatic_exchange_of_tax_information">Automatic exchange of tax information</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Automatic exchange of tax information">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Account_Tax_Compliance_Act" title="Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act">Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Mutual_Administrative_Assistance_in_Tax_Matters" title="Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters">Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters</a></div> In February 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Council">Swiss Federal Council</a> allowed the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Account_Tax_Compliance_Act" title="Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act">Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act</a> (FATCA) with the US. These agreements force all Swiss banks to inform the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> of undeclared, offshore accounts. These new regulations are applicable from 2014, and in turn assure Swiss banks of continued operations within the US.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In July 2019, the <a href="/wiki/US_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="US Senate">US Senate</a> approved the <a href="/wiki/Double_Taxation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Taxation Treaty">Double Taxation Treaty</a> (DTA) with Switzerland, which had already been accepted by the Swiss parliament in 2010. The new agreement, applicable to accounts from September 23, 1999, onward, amends the tax treaty of 1996 and regulates requests for information on financial accounts by US authorities, as well as exemptions for retirement savings by US persons.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Starting in 2019, Switzerland began to share (with the country of origin or residence) the details of 3.1 million bank accounts held by foreigners, as part of the agreed automatic exchange of information.<a href="#cite_note-swiss-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Swiss banks, insurance companies and trusts have a legal obligation to comply but charitable Swiss foundations are so far exempt.<a href="#cite_note-swiss-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> As of 2019, Switzerland received financial data from 75 countries and shared data with 63 (over 100 countries starting in 2023) representing 3.6 million accounts as of 2023. Around 9000 banks, insurers, trusts and other financial institutions in Switzerland provide this information to the Swiss authorities.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWI_swissinfo.ch_2023_b634-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWI_swissinfo.ch_2023_z191-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loopholes">Loopholes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Loopholes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Switzerland#Money_laundering" title="Crime in Switzerland">Crime in Switzerland § Money laundering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suisse_secrets" class="mw-redirect" title="Suisse secrets">Suisse secrets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Panama_papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama papers">Panama papers</a></div> Swiss banks are obliged to reject or terminate business relationships if there are doubts about the real identity of the owner of the account.<a href="#cite_note-26SWI_swissinfo.ch_2023-55">[55]</a> Swiss banks have a legal obligation to record the ultimate <a href="/wiki/Beneficial_owner" class="mw-redirect" title="Beneficial owner">beneficial owners</a> of all assets they handle worldwide, but doing so accurately can be tricky <a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">in jurisdictions where it is easy for third parties to mask who the owners are</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Long_shadow_of_Russian_money_raises-56">[56]</a> Thus, <a href="/wiki/Loophole" title="Loophole">loopholes</a> exist through the use of <a href="/wiki/Shell_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell company">shell companies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust fund">trust funds</a>, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proxy" class="extiw" title="wikt:proxy">proxy</a> directors signing the paperwork without owning the assets.<a href="#cite_note-SWI_swissinfo.ch_2022-57">[57]</a> Similarly, the use of a "<a href="/wiki/Straw_man_(law)" title="Straw man (law)">straw man</a>" or a family member is a way also to hide the true beneficial ownership in some cases.<a href="#cite_note-Switzerland's_secrecy_blind_spot_hi-58">[58]</a> Loopholes exist also with people with <a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">multiple nationalities</a> who only declare one citizenship to the authorities <a href="#Automatic_exchange_of_tax_information">for the purpose of tax reporting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Another loophole consists (for US citizens) in setting up <a href="/wiki/Shell_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell company">shell companies</a> abroad and registering them with the <a href="/wiki/IRS" class="mw-redirect" title="IRS">IRS</a> as "offshore financial institutions". The IRS issues the entities unique Global Intermediary Identification Numbers, or GIINs, which relieve the banks of <a href="/wiki/FATCA" class="mw-redirect" title="FATCA">FATCA</a>'s requirement to investigate whether they're held by Americans. This loophole was allegedly used by billionaire <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brockman" title="Robert Brockman">Robert Brockman</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">avoid taxation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The banking systems of Switzerland and <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> have close ties. Liechtenstein's trust companies are clients of Swiss banks. Liechtenstein does not require <a href="/wiki/Trust_company" title="Trust company">trust companies</a> to identify people with signatory powers, and does not prosecute <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tax_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax fraud">tax fraud</a> (2000).<a href="#cite_note-SWI234_swissinfo.ch_2000-61">[61]</a> To improve the tracking down and freezing of assets, Swiss NGO <a href="/wiki/Public_Eye_(organization)" title="Public Eye (organization)">Public Eye</a> has called for a national task force, a register of the <a href="/wiki/Beneficial_owner" class="mw-redirect" title="Beneficial owner">beneficial owners</a> of <a href="/wiki/Front_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Front company">front companies</a> and a reporting obligation for lawyers.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network" title="Tax Justice Network">Tax Justice Network</a> (and <a href="/wiki/FATF" class="mw-redirect" title="FATF">FATF</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Switzerland's_secrecy_blind_spot_hi-58">[58]</a> made similar recommendations in 2018, including breaking up the <a href="/wiki/Big_Four_accounting_firms" title="Big Four accounting firms">Big Four accounting firms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> As of 2022, the Swiss government is following up on some of those recommendations.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> is demanding that lawyers, financial advisors plus real estate and art transactions be subject to the same exacting anti-money laundering measures as banks.<a href="#cite_note-James_2023_o707-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enabling_industry">Enabling industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Enabling industry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Switzerland#Banking" title="Corruption in Switzerland">Corruption in Switzerland § Banking</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Enabler" class="mw-redirect" title="Enabler">"enabling industry"</a> refers to lawyers, fiduciaries, notaries, and real estate agents who assist criminals in investing or hiding their ill-gotten wealth. Their activity is not covered by the <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Money laundering in Switzerland">Swiss Anti-Money Laundering Act</a> as long as they are only advising clients to place money in a particular financial institution or country.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Furthermore, lawyers in Switzerland can refuse to disclose almost anything to the authorities about their clients.<a href="#cite_note-Long_shadow_of_Russian_money_raises-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-IFLR_2023_d594-67">[67]</a> Under the Swiss Anti-Money Laundering Act, banks must <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Money laundering in Switzerland">report suspicious clients and transactions</a> to the authorities. Lawyers and other advisors have no such obligation if they simply create trusts and other constructs rather than handle assets.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> According to the Money Laundering Reporting Office Switzerland in 2017, official "<a href="/wiki/Suspicious_activity_report" title="Suspicious activity report">suspicious activity reports</a>" reached nearly 4,700 (worth $16.2 billion) up from 2,909 reported cases in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The Swiss Financial Services Act of 2020 (FinSA) requires <a href="/wiki/Financial_adviser" title="Financial adviser">financial advisers</a> to obtain a licence (950 firms advising on nearly $200 billion have been approved by <a href="/wiki/FINMA" class="mw-redirect" title="FINMA">FINMA</a>). The law also requires any "retrocession" paid by the bank to the advisor to be disclosed publicly.<a href="#cite_note-Jones_Times_2023_u136-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assets_seizure">Assets seizure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Assets seizure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Switzerland#Assets_seizure" title="Crime in Switzerland">Crime in Switzerland § Assets seizure</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine#U.S._"freeze_and_seize"_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine § U.S. "freeze and seize" policy</a></div> Under current rules, banking institutions and cantonal authorities can only report what is in their registers; looking into the origins of assets or connections between individuals is not permitted.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> For example, in 2022, a <a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian oligarch</a> reportedly handed his Swiss company over to his wife to avoid the <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Russia">sanctions against Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Swiss authorities can freeze assets if the law requires them to. However, seizing assets is only permitted in <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Switzerland" title="Crime in Switzerland">cases involving crime</a> or for destituted <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/potentate" class="extiw" title="wikt:potentate">potentates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> At least a dozen destitute autocrats have had their assets frozen or seized by the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss government">Swiss government</a> over the years. The amounts can be counted in billions of dollars. According to the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss media">Swiss media</a>, some of the amounts have not yet been restituted to the people of the countries of origin to whom it properly belongs.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protections">Protections</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Protections">edit</a>]</div> Breaches of banking secrecy laws in Switzerland are automatically processed pursuant to <a href="/wiki/Federal_Act_on_Banks_and_Savings_Banks#Original_frame" title="Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks">Article 47 of the Banking Law of 1934</a>: those who disclose client information are subject to a maximum of five years' <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">imprisonment</a> and 250,000 <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">francs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a>215,000 or <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>250,000)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] in fines.<a href="#cite_note-Maurice-1984-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblowers</a> and leakers of client information often face hostility from the public and sustain professional setbacks.<a href="#cite_note-Carvajal-2014-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018a-77">[77]</a> Denounced as a criminal in Switzerland, a federal <a href="/wiki/Arrest_warrant" title="Arrest warrant">arrest warrant</a> has been in place for <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Birkenfeld" title="Bradley Birkenfeld">Bradley Birkenfeld</a> since 2008, after <a href="/wiki/UBS_tax_evasion_controversies" title="UBS tax evasion controversies">he disclosed UBS client information</a> to the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">2008 financial crisis</a>, the Swiss Parliament initiated a series of international <a href="/wiki/Tax_treaty" title="Tax treaty">tax treaties</a> that rolled back banking secrecy protections for foreign clients in response to pressure from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, United States, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018b-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_banks">Major banks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Major banks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Switzerland" title="List of banks in Switzerland">List of banks in Switzerland</a></div> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are more than 400 securities dealers and <a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Switzerland" title="List of banks in Switzerland">banking institutions in Switzerland</a>, ranging from the "Two Big Banks" down to small banks serving the needs of a single community or a few special clients.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The largest and second largest Swiss banks are <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS Group AG</a> and <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse Group AG</a>, respectively. They account for over 50% of all deposits in Switzerland; each has extensive branch networks throughout the country and most international centers. Due to their size and complexity, UBS and Credit Suisse are subject to an extra degree of supervision from the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Financial_Market_Supervisory_Authority" title="Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority">Federal Banking Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit">[update]</a> only one in five Swiss people banks with either UBS or Credit Suisse, but most Swiss prefer one or the other. Credit Suisse was historically the bank of <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_Switzerland" title="Protestant Church of Switzerland">Protestant</a> Zürich; UBS originated in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Switzerland" title="Catholic Church in Switzerland">Catholic</a> Basel, near France.<a href="#cite_note-jones20230406-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swiss_National_Bank">Swiss National Bank</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Swiss National Bank">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Swiss National Bank</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suisse_2005_Berne_banque_nationale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Suisse_2005_Berne_banque_nationale.jpg/220px-Suisse_2005_Berne_banque_nationale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Suisse_2005_Berne_banque_nationale.jpg/330px-Suisse_2005_Berne_banque_nationale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Suisse_2005_Berne_banque_nationale.jpg/440px-Suisse_2005_Berne_banque_nationale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a> of Switzerland, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Swiss National Bank</a> (SNB) is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Swiss National Bank (SNB) serves as the country's <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a>. Founded by the Federal Act on the Swiss National Bank (16 January 1906), it began conducting business on 20 June 1907. Its shares are publicly traded, and are held by the <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a>, cantonal banks, and individual investors; the federal government does not hold any shares.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Although a central bank often has regulatory authority over the country's banking system, the SNB does not; regulation is solely the role of the Federal Banking Commission.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raiffeisen_(Switzerland)" title="Raiffeisen (Switzerland)">Raiffeisen Banks</a> "assumes the role of central bank" in providing treasury services, and is the third largest group consisting of 328 banks in 2011, 390 in 2012 with 1,155 branches.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> According to the bank in 2012 non-U.S. businesses of <a href="/wiki/Wegelin_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Wegelin & Co">Wegelin & Co</a>, the oldest Swiss bank, would be bought by the Raiffeisen group. The group has 3 million plus clients within Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-swissinfo.ch-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-online.wsj.com-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UBS">UBS</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: UBS">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:orange; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:44.27582310389px 89.664103678524px 0 0; border-top-color:Magenta"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Magenta"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:40.290643571366px 91.524117262092px 0 0; border-top-color:gray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:gray"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 506.89393637885px 100px 0; border-right-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 33.188051739324px 100px 0; border-right-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:5.9119231045774px; border-width:0 0 94.088076895423px 33.873792024529px; border-bottom-color:red"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Capital ownership of <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a> by country of origin as of 2014<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Switzerland (19.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  United States (10.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  United Kingdom (16.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Asia-Pacific-Singapore (9.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Germany (0.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others (42.7%)</div> </div> </div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Eingang_UBS_Paradeplatz.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Eingang_UBS_Paradeplatz.JPG/180px-Eingang_UBS_Paradeplatz.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Eingang_UBS_Paradeplatz.JPG/270px-Eingang_UBS_Paradeplatz.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Eingang_UBS_Paradeplatz.JPG/360px-Eingang_UBS_Paradeplatz.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4244" data-file-height="2818" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The largest bank in Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a></div></div></div></div></div> UBS Group AG came into existence in June 1998, when <a href="/wiki/Union_Bank_of_Switzerland" title="Union Bank of Switzerland">Union Bank of Switzerland</a>, founded in 1862, and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Bank_Corporation" title="Swiss Bank Corporation">Swiss Bank Corporation</a>, founded in 1872, <a href="/wiki/Merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Merger">merged</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UBS-2018-89">[89]</a> Headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, it is Switzerland's largest bank.<a href="#cite_note-UBS-2018-89">[89]</a> It maintains seven main offices around the world (four in the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">United States</a> and one each in London, Tokyo, and Hong Kong) and branches on five continents.<a href="#cite_note-UBS-2018-89">[89]</a> UBS has been at the center of <a href="/wiki/UBS_tax_evasion_controversies" title="UBS tax evasion controversies">various tax evasion investigations</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Criminal_investigation" title="Criminal investigation">criminal investigations</a> since its founding. UBS was fined $100 million by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a> in 2004 for trading in <a href="/wiki/Dollar" title="Dollar">dollars</a> with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and other sanctioned countries.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Credit_Suisse">Credit Suisse</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Credit Suisse">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a></div> Credit Suisse Group was the second-largest Swiss bank.<a href="#cite_note-Credit_Suisse-2018-91">[91]</a> Based in Zürich and founded in 1856, Credit Suisse offers private banking, investment banking and asset management services.<a href="#cite_note-Credit_Suisse-2018-91">[91]</a> It acquired the <a href="/wiki/First_Boston" title="First Boston">First Boston Corporation</a> in 1988 and merged with the <a href="/wiki/Winterthur_Group" title="Winterthur Group">Winterthur</a> insurance company in 1997; the latter was sold to <a href="/wiki/AXA" class="mw-redirect" title="AXA">AXA</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The asset management services were sold to <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Asset_Management" title="Aberdeen Asset Management">Aberdeen Asset Management</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">2008 financial crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Credit_Suisse-2018-91">[91]</a> Credit Suisse has been at the center of <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse#Legal_cases" title="Credit Suisse">various tax evasion investigations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> activities since its founding.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Credit Suisse collapsed in 2023 and <a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_Credit_Suisse_by_UBS" title="Acquisition of Credit Suisse by UBS">it was acquired by UBS the same year</a>.<a href="#cite_note-acq-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_banks">Private banks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Private banks">edit</a>]</div> The term <a href="/wiki/Private_bank" title="Private bank">private bank</a> refers to a bank that offers <a href="/wiki/Private_banking" title="Private banking">private banking</a> services and in its legal form is a partnership.<a href="#cite_note-Noonan-2017-95">[95]</a> The first private banks were created in <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a> in the mid-18th century and in Geneva in the late 18th century as partnerships, and some are still in the hands of the original families such as <a href="/wiki/Hottinger" title="Hottinger">Hottinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mirabaud_Group" title="Mirabaud Group">Mirabaud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Noonan-2017-95">[95]</a> In Switzerland, such private banks are called "private bankers" (in the local languages, a protected term) to distinguish them from the other private banks which are typically shared corporations.<a href="#cite_note-Noonan-2017-95">[95]</a> Historically in Switzerland a minimum of CHF1 million was required to open an account, however, over the last years many private banks have lowered their entry hurdles to CHF250,000 for private investors.<a href="#cite_note-Noonan-2017-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cantonal_banks">Cantonal banks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cantonal banks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cantonal_bank" title="Cantonal bank">Cantonal bank</a></div> There are, as of 2006, 24 <a href="/wiki/Cantonal_bank" title="Cantonal bank">cantonal banks</a>; these banks are state-guaranteed semi-governmental organizations controlled by one of <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland's 26 cantons</a> that engage in all banking businesses.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Together the cantonal banks account for about 30% of the banking sector in Switzerland, with a network of over 800 branches and 16 000 employees in Switzerland. In 2014 consolidated total assets of all cantonal banks accounted around 500 bln CHF, which is comparable with those of one the "Big Banks", UBS and Credit Suisse.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The largest cantonal bank, the <a href="/wiki/Zurich_Cantonal_Bank" title="Zurich Cantonal Bank">Zurich Cantonal Bank</a>, has approximately 5 000 employees had a 2005 net income of CHF810 million.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking_secrecy">Banking secrecy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Banking secrecy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Act_on_Banks_and_Savings_Banks#Revisions" title="Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks">Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks § Revisions</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:22em; ; font-size: 95%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> [Banking secrecy] is comparable to <a href="/wiki/Medical_privacy" title="Medical privacy">medical confidentiality</a> ... [Switzerland] must absolutely respect the private sphere ... [no one should] know what there is in your bank account. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Ueli_Maurer" title="Ueli Maurer">Ueli Maurer</a>, former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of Switzerland</a> in 2013<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></cite> </div> Switzerland, considered the "grandfather of bank secrecy", has been one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">offshore financial centers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax havens</a> in the world since the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018a-77">[77]</a> Despite an international push to meaningfully roll back banking secrecy laws in the country, Swiss political forces have minimized and reverted many of the proposed rollbacks.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018a-77">[77]</a> Disclosing client information has been considered a serious social and criminal offense since the early 1900s.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018a-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblowers</a>, despite legal protections, often face professional setbacks in Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018a-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carvajal-2014-76">[76]</a> Swiss bankers who maintain offices exclusively in Switzerland are shielded from a foreign state's lawsuits, <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradition</a> requests, and criminal charges, as long as they remain within the country's legal jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-Enrich-2018-32">[32]</a> In spite of minor adjustments to bank secrecy, bankers working in Switzerland and abroad at Swiss banks have long adhered to an unwritten code similar to that observed by doctors or priests.<a href="#cite_note-Thomasson-2013-6">[6]</a> Switzerland's main lingual hubs, <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> (for <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lugano" title="Lugano">Lugano</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> (for <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>) service the different geographical markets.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018a-77">[77]</a> It consistently ranks in the top three states on the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secrecy_Index" title="Financial Secrecy Index">Financial Secrecy Index</a> and was named first many times, most recently in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018a-77">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Bankers_Association" title="Swiss Bankers Association">Swiss Bankers Association</a> estimated in 2018 that Swiss banks held US$6.5 trillion in assets or 25% of all global cross-border assets.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018a-77">[77]</a> These secrecy laws have linked the Swiss banking system with individuals and institutions seeking to <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">illegally evade taxes</a>, hide assets, or generally commit <a href="/wiki/Financial_crime" title="Financial crime">financial crime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Secrecy laws have been violated by four people since 1934: <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Meili" title="Christoph Meili">Christoph Meili</a> (1997), <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Birkenfeld" title="Bradley Birkenfeld">Bradley Birkenfeld</a> (2007), <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Elmer" title="Rudolf Elmer">Rudolf Elmer</a> (2011), and <a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Falciani" title="Hervé Falciani">Hervé Falciani</a> (2014).<a href="#cite_note-Thomasson-2013-6">[6]</a> In all four cases, the <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblowers</a> were served with federal arrest warrants, fined, and sustained professional setbacks in Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> As of 2015, Swiss banking secrecy was considered "dead" because of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Account_Tax_Compliance_Act" title="Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act">FATCA</a>, but according to the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network" title="Tax Justice Network">Tax Justice Network</a> in 2018, these schemes are "<a href="#Loopholes">full of loopholes and shortcomings</a>" which can still be exploited by lawyers to hide the assets of their clients.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Besides, some autocratic or developing countries don't have any <a href="#Automatic_exchange_of_tax_information">automatic exchange of tax information</a> with Switzerland. In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" title="Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe">Helsinki Commission</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> stated:<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Long known as a <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Money laundering in Switzerland">destination for war criminals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kleptocrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleptocrats">kleptocrats</a> to stash their plunder, <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Switzerland#Banking" title="Corruption in Switzerland">Switzerland is a leading enabler</a> of Russian dictator <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and his cronies. After looting Russia, Putin and <a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">his oligarchs</a> use Swiss secrecy laws <a href="/wiki/Switzerland-Russia_relations#Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland-Russia relations">to hide and protect the proceeds of their crimes</a>.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freedom_of_the_press">Freedom of the press</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Freedom of the press">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Switzerland">Media in Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suisse_secrets" class="mw-redirect" title="Suisse secrets">Suisse secrets</a></div> Since leaking financial data is a criminal offense in Switzerland (even if it is in the public interest)<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> punishable with up to five years in jail, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss media">Swiss media</a> argued in February 2022 that the banking secrecy law runs contrary to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> in some cases.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> asked for a better protection of journalists and whistleblowers in this regard.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bank_vaults_and_bunkers">Bank vaults and bunkers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bank vaults and bunkers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Free_economic_zone#Criminal_use" title="Free economic zone">Free economic zone § Criminal use</a></div> A handful of larger Swiss banks operate undisclosed or otherwise secretive <a href="/wiki/Bank_vault" title="Bank vault">bank vaults</a>, storage facilities or <a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">underground bunkers</a> for <a href="/wiki/Gold_bar" title="Gold bar">gold bars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>, or other valuable <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">physical assets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schutz-2000-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Most of these underground bunkers are located near or at the foothills of the mountainous regions of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-2016-110">[110]</a> These facilities are not subject to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_financial_market_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Swiss financial market legislation">same banking regulations</a> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Switzerland" title="List of banks in Switzerland">banks in Switzerland</a> and do not have to report holdings to regulatory agencies.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-2016-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-IWJC-1996-111">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Defence,_Civil_Protection_and_Sport" title="Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport">Swiss defense department</a> estimates that of the ten former military <a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">bunkers</a> available for sale, six of them were sold to Swiss banks to house assets during the 1980s and 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Schutz-2000-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mercury_News-2013-112">[112]</a> Storage in these underground bunkers and bank vaults is typically reserved for clients that pass a multi-stage <a href="/wiki/Security_clearance" title="Security clearance">security clearance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-2016-110">[110]</a> Some of these bunkers are not accessible by road or foot and require aircraft transportation.<a href="#cite_note-Schutz-2000-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Numbered_bank_accounts">Numbered bank accounts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Numbered bank accounts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Numbered_bank_account" title="Numbered bank account">Numbered bank account</a></div> Many banks in Switzerland offer clients <a href="/wiki/Numbered_bank_account" title="Numbered bank account">numbered bank accounts</a>, accounts where the identity of the holder is replaced with a multi-digit number known only to the client and select private bankers.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economic_Times-2013-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Obringer-2011-114">[114]</a> Although these accounts do add another layer of banking secrecy, they are not completely anonymous as the name of the client is still recorded by the bank and subject to limited, warranted disclosure.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economic_Times-2013-113">[113]</a> Some Swiss banks supplement the number with a <a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">code name</a> such as "Cardinal",<a href="#cite_note-Enrich-2018-32">[32]</a> "Octopussy"<a href="#cite_note-Browning-2009-115">[115]</a> or "Cello"<a href="#cite_note-Browning-2009-115">[115]</a> that provide an alternative means of identifying the client.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> However, to open this type of account in Switzerland, clients must pass a multi-stage <a href="/wiki/Security_clearance" title="Security clearance">clearance procedure</a> and prove to the bank the lawful origins of their assets.<a href="#cite_note-Koba-2008-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connection_to_illegal_activities">Connection to illegal activities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Connection to illegal activities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Switzerland#Crime_by_type" title="Crime in Switzerland">Crime in Switzerland § Crime by type</a></div> <a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Switzerland" title="List of banks in Switzerland">Swiss banks</a> have served as <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">safe havens</a> for the wealth of <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobster" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobster">mobsters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arms_dealer" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms dealer">arms dealers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corrupt officials</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax cheats</a> of all kinds.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Historically, mobster <a href="/wiki/Meyer_Lansky" title="Meyer Lansky">Meyer Lansky</a>, Vatican-linked banker <a href="/wiki/Licio_Gelli" title="Licio Gelli">Licio Gelli</a> of the lodge "<a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Due" title="Propaganda Due">P2</a>" in Italy, Mexican president <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Salinas">Carlos Salinas</a>'s family amongst others, have reportedly used Swiss banks to <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">launder money</a> over the years.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-1982arrest-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Swiss banks have been commonly identified as <a href="/wiki/World_Jewish_Congress_lawsuit_against_Swiss_banks" title="World Jewish Congress lawsuit against Swiss banks">holding ill-gotten Nazi gold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Swiss National Bank</a>, the largest gold distribution centre in continental Europe before the war, was the logical venue through which <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> could dispose of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_gold" title="Nazi gold">its gold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eizenstat-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a> reported that throughout 1981 and 1982, the Israelis reportedly set up Swiss bank accounts to handle the financial end of <a href="/wiki/Israel%27s_role_in_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_war#Weapon_sales" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel's role in the Iran–Iraq war">the annual multi-million dollars arms deals</a> between <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iran–Israel relations">Iran and Israel</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> According to the Swiss Federal Prosecutor's office and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss media">media</a>, during the 1990s and early 2000s <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a> members had accounts at Swiss banks, including at <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Unexplained_wealth_of_the_Marcos_family" title="Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family">Switzerland finally released a total of $683 million in Marcos funds to the Philippines Treasury</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-StARnodeMarcosSwitzerland-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Pieth" title="Mark Pieth">Mark Pieth</a>, a Swiss professor of criminal law, said <a href="/wiki/Mobutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobutu">Mobutu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> had stolen US$30 billion over his 30 years in power but much of it he used to oil the wheels of power and pay off political and military allies. Billions were hidden in Swiss bank accounts illegally.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> According to Haitian authorities, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Claude_Duvalier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Claude Duvalier">Jean Claude Duvalier</a> had nearly $300 million of Haitian people's money hidden in Swiss bank accounts.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/International_Consortium_of_Investigative_Journalists" title="International Consortium of Investigative Journalists">International Consortium of Investigative Journalists</a> (ICIJ), a <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonprofit">nonprofit</a> news organization, obtained records of companies and trusts created by two offshore companies. These included information on at least 23 companies linked to an alleged $230 million tax fraud in Russia, a case that was being investigated by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Magnitsky" title="Sergei Magnitsky">Sergei Magnitsky</a>. The ICIJ investigation also revealed that the husband of one of the Russian tax officials deposited millions in a Swiss bank account set up by one of the offshore companies.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Over the past 20 years, Switzerland has returned about $2 billion of ill-gotten money in at least ten cases, including to Tunisia, Egypt, Brazil, Nigeria, Malaysia and Uzbekistan (2022).<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Swiss bank accounts were utilised by the perpetrators of the <a href="/wiki/1Malaysia_Development_Berhad_scandal" title="1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal">1Malaysia Development Berhad corruption and money laundering scandal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suisse_secrets" class="mw-redirect" title="Suisse secrets">More recent studies</a> show that <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a> alone held assets worth $100 billion over several decades which were linked to corruption and bribery to drug and human trafficking for more than 30,000 clients.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Apart from the 2022 "<a href="/wiki/Suisse_secrets" class="mw-redirect" title="Suisse secrets">Suisse secrets</a>" revelations, Credit Suisse had several other cases of scandals reported by the media over the last decades.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network" title="Tax Justice Network">Tax Justice Network</a> ranks Switzerland's banking sector as the "most corrupt" in the world due to a large <a href="/wiki/Offshore_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore banking">offshore banking</a> industry and very strict secrecy laws. The ranking attempts to measure how much assistance the country's legal systems provide to <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>, and to protecting corruptly obtained wealth.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> As of 2019, key criminal probes involving Swiss banks were the <a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a> bribery case, the <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> "tuna bonds", <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a> "spygate" affair, <a href="/wiki/Raiffeisen_(Switzerland)" title="Raiffeisen (Switzerland)">Raiffeisen</a> insider trading and <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a> tax evasion in France.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Swiss Broadcasting Corporation">Swiss Broadcasting Corporation</a> reported that the Zürich police are investigating CHF 9 billion from <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> that has been received by 30 Swiss banks.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> A Swiss bank account was used to bribe a Venezuelan minister.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Other major cases involving the <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a> <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> case for drug-traffickers in Bulgaria, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Falcon_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Falcon Bank (page does not exist)">Falcon Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/1MBD" class="mw-redirect" title="1MBD">1MBD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a>, <a href="/wiki/SICPA" title="SICPA">SICPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/SBM_Offshore" title="SBM Offshore">SBM Offshore</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PKB_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PKB Group (page does not exist)">PKB</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Safra_Sarasin" title="J. Safra Sarasin">J. Safra Sarasin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cramer_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cramer Bank (page does not exist)">Cramer Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bank_Lombard_Odier_%26_Co" title="Bank Lombard Odier & Co">Lombard Odier Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In 2021, Swiss firm <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_Finance_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allied Finance Trust (page does not exist)">Allied Finance Trust</a> AG and five Swiss bankers were charged with <a href="/wiki/Tax_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax fraud">tax fraud</a> conspiracy in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a> was criminally convicted by an appeals court in France for <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> the proceeds of <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a> by French citizens and fined €1.8 billion.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> In 2023, Switzerland returned $138 million to Taiwan in connection with a <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_frigate_scandal" title="Taiwan frigate scandal">corruption scandal relating to the sale of French frigates to Taiwan in 1991</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SWI_swissinfo.ch_2023_e040-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tax_evasion">Tax evasion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tax evasion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Switzerland" title="Taxation in Switzerland">Taxation in Switzerland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen%C3%A8ve._(9838511724).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gen%C3%A8ve._%289838511724%29.jpg/220px-Gen%C3%A8ve._%289838511724%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gen%C3%A8ve._%289838511724%29.jpg/330px-Gen%C3%A8ve._%289838511724%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gen%C3%A8ve._%289838511724%29.jpg/440px-Gen%C3%A8ve._%289838511724%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swiss_nationality_law" title="Swiss nationality law">Citizens of Switzerland</a> retain the country's strictest, most expansive, and unalienable banking secrecy protections as it pertains to taxation.</figcaption></figure> Switzerland has been ranked among the top three <a href="/wiki/Tax_havens" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax havens">tax havens</a> in the world every single year since the financial crisis, most recently in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018a-77">[77]</a> In 2021, U.S. <a href="/wiki/President_Joe_Biden" class="mw-redirect" title="President Joe Biden">President Joe Biden</a> also called Switzerland a "<a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a>" during his <a href="/wiki/2021_Joe_Biden_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="2021 Joe Biden speech to a joint session of Congress">speech to a joint session of Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Background">Background</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Automatic_exchange_of_tax_information">Banking in Switzerland § Automatic exchange of tax information</a></div> According to the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secrecy_Index" title="Financial Secrecy Index">Financial Secrecy Index</a>, Switzerland's banking secrecy laws have rendered it a premier <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a> since the 1900s.<a href="#cite_note-FSI-2018d-21">[21]</a> It also noted that this status has been frequently abused by criminals to illegally <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">evade paying taxes</a> in their home country.<a href="#cite_note-FSI-2018d-21">[21]</a> One of the most prominent attractions of the disclosure protection laws is the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a> (non-reporting of income) and tax <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> (active deception).<a href="#cite_note-FDF-2009-155">[155]</a> Akin to the distinction between legal <a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">tax avoidance</a> and illegal tax evasion in the U.S., the non-reporting of income is only a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_offense" title="Municipal offense">civil offense</a> in Switzerland while tax fraud is a financial crime.<a href="#cite_note-FDF-2009-155">[155]</a> When foreign clients deposit holdings into a Swiss bank account, the bank is legally prohibited from disclosing balances or client information to tax authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FDF-2009-155">[155]</a> This prohibition can only be waived if the client has produced a written <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">statement of consent</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Financial_crime" title="Financial crime">financial crime</a> has been directly linked to the bank account.<a href="#cite_note-FDF-2009-155">[155]</a> More often than not,<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018b-7">[7]</a> clients do not consent to foreign tax authorities, which leaves only the latter (financial crime) provision available.<a href="#cite_note-Maurice-1984-75">[75]</a> Many client services available in Switzerland (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Numbered_bank_account" title="Numbered bank account">numbered bank accounts</a>) are used to shield client data from tax authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Maurice-1984-75">[75]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a> do not legally require <a href="/wiki/Private_bank" title="Private bank">private bankers</a> to confirm whether or not a client has paid their taxes, in any capacity.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> On top of this, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Act_on_Banks_and_Savings_Banks" title="Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks">Switzerland's banking secrecy laws</a> prohibit the disclosure of client information under a variety of federal, cantonal, and civil policies.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018a-77">[77]</a> Many foreign nationals open Swiss bank accounts to take advantage of these laws and tax distinctions.<a href="#cite_note-Maurice-1984-75">[75]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Swiss_nationality_law" title="Swiss nationality law">citizens of Switzerland</a> retain the full force of banking secrecy protections, foreign clients are afforded some of the most stringent <a href="/wiki/Bank_secrecy" title="Bank secrecy">bank–client confidentiality</a> protections in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Maurice-1984-75">[75]</a> In exchange for banking services, the Swiss government charges "a low, lump-sum option on the money they bank", after which Swiss tax authorities consider client tax burdens "settled".<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Act_on_Banks_and_Savings_Banks" title="Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks">Banking Law of 1934</a> was passed, Swiss bankers traveled across Europe to advertise the country's banking secrecy during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018b-7">[7]</a> As European countries began to <a href="/wiki/War_bond" title="War bond">increase taxes to finance the war</a>, wealthy clients moved their holdings into Swiss accounts to avoid taxation.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-article-2018b-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fines">Fines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Fines">edit</a>]</div> Swiss banks have collectively paid more than $12 billion in fines in recent years to the tax authorities in France, Germany, Italy, the United States and other countries for helping with tax evasion.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Starting in 2022, fines on Swiss banks abroad will be tax deductible (unless <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Money laundering in Switzerland">crime is involved</a>).<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> In recent years Swiss banks have been fined by various regulators billions for <a href="/wiki/Forex_scandal" title="Forex scandal">FOREX</a> and <a href="/wiki/LIBOR_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="LIBOR scandal">LIBOR</a> rates manipulations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Banking in Switzerland, in particular Swiss banking secrecy practices, has been detailed in global <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> to varying degrees of accuracy. According to official statements from the Swiss National Film Archives, inaccurate or exaggerated portrayals negatively impact Switzerland by reducing bankers to unflattering "<a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">caricatures</a>" that are "ever disposed to accept funds from questionable sources".<a href="#cite_note-Dupraz-Dobias-2014-160">[160]</a> In 2014, Sindy Schmiegel, a spokeswoman for the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Bankers_Association" title="Swiss Bankers Association">Swiss Bankers Association</a> (SBA), stressed that <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_financial_market_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Swiss financial market legislation">financial regulation in Switzerland</a> is dramatically more strict than portrayed fictionally.<a href="#cite_note-Dupraz-Dobias-2014-160">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a> noted that popular culture portrays Swiss bank accounts as "completely anonymous", later adding "this is simply not true."<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Swiss banking is prominently featured in the following films and <a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">television shows</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:22em; ; font-size: 95%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> If you can't trust a Swiss banker, then what's the world come to? </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_World_Is_Not_Enough" title="The World Is Not Enough">The World Is Not Enough</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></cite> </div><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Spy_Chase" title="The Great Spy Chase">The Great Spy Chase</a> (1964): Francis Lagneau (<a href="/wiki/Lino_Ventura" title="Lino Ventura">Lino Ventura</a>) engages with a Swiss banker to open a bank account containing patents to powerful weapons.<a href="#cite_note-Haver-2018-163">[163]</a> This film is considered the first motion picture to reference banking in Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-Haver-2018-163">[163]</a></li><li>Swiss banking has been mentioned by <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_in_film" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bond in film">James Bond in film</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_James_Bond_novels_and_short_stories" title="List of James Bond novels and short stories">in literature</a> dozens of times, it plays a central role in:<div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldfinger_(film)" title="Goldfinger (film)">Goldfinger</a> (1964): <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_(literary_character)" title="James Bond (literary character)">James Bond</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a>) thwarts Goldfinger's plans to rob <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bullion_Depository" title="United States Bullion Depository">a U.S. gold depository</a> frequently citing Swiss underground gold bunkers and bank account numbers as motivation.<a href="#cite_note-Haver-2018-163">[163]</a> This film was written after Switzerland's role in World War II was at the forefront of international critique on bank secrecy.<a href="#cite_note-Haver-2018-163">[163]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/On_Her_Majesty%27s_Secret_Service_(film)" title="On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)">On Her Majesty's Secret Service</a> (1969): supervillain <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Stavro_Blofeld" title="Ernst Stavro Blofeld">Ernst Stavro Blofeld</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telly_Savalas" title="Telly Savalas">Telly Savalas</a>) tells James Bond (<a href="/wiki/George_Lazenby" title="George Lazenby">George Lazenby</a>) that unless a large sum of money is deposited into a Swiss bank account, a bomb will detonate and kill thousands of people.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Mentions of Swiss banking in the James Bond novels have been viewed as "reinforcing a stereotype".<a href="#cite_note-Dupraz-Dobias-2014-160">[160]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_World_Is_Not_Enough" title="The World Is Not Enough">The World Is Not Enough</a> (1999): James Bond (<a href="/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan" title="Pierce Brosnan">Pierce Brosnan</a>) visits a Swiss bank in Spain called La Banque Suisse de L'Industrie to meet an associate before jumping out of a five-story window.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haver-2018-163">[163]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Casino_Royale_(2006_film)" title="Casino Royale (2006 film)">Casino Royale</a> (2006): After a high stakes <a href="/wiki/Poker" title="Poker">poker</a> game is completed, the winnings of James Bond (<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Craig" title="Daniel Craig">Daniel Craig</a>) are transferred to a Swiss bank account in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> for security.<a href="#cite_note-Haver-2018-163">[163]</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Godfather_Part_III" title="The Godfather Part III">The Godfather Part III</a> (1990): Frederick Keinszig (<a href="/wiki/Helmut_Berger" title="Helmut Berger">Helmut Berger</a>), a Swiss banker for the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>, gets into a <a href="/wiki/Shootout" title="Shootout">shootout</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Corleone_family" title="Corleone family">Corleone family</a> over technicalities over <a href="/wiki/Bank_secrecy" title="Bank secrecy">bank–client confidentiality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Emmenegger-2014-166">[166]</a> The movie was seen as establishing the "Swiss banker trope" within mainstream culture.<a href="#cite_note-Emmenegger-2014-166">[166]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bourne_Identity_(2002_film)" title="The Bourne Identity (2002 film)">The Bourne Identity</a> (2002): <a href="/wiki/Jason_Bourne" title="Jason Bourne">Jason Bourne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Matt_Damon" title="Matt Damon">Matt Damon</a>), a secret operative for the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) who has <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_amnesia" title="Retrograde amnesia">retrograde amnesia</a>, begins to recall life events after opening a bank deposit box containing a gun, large amounts of international currency and a variety of <a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">passports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The scene was seen as unduly "[emphasizing] the issue of <a href="/wiki/Bank_secrecy" title="Bank secrecy">[bank] secrecy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Dupraz-Dobias-2014-160">[160]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:22em; ; font-size: 95%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Like most Swiss banks, our safe-deposit boxes are attached to a number, not a name. You have a key and a personal number known only to you. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Dan_Brown" title="Dan Brown">Dan Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code" title="The Da Vinci Code">The Da Vinci Code</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></cite> </div></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code_(film)" title="The Da Vinci Code (film)">The Da Vinci Code</a> (2006): <a href="/wiki/Robert_Langdon" title="Robert Langdon">Robert Langdon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a>) opens a Swiss bank account at the Paris-based "Depository Bank of Zürich", a high-tech bank that allows clients to deposit and withdraw assets with complete anonymity.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The usage of this type of <a href="/wiki/Numbered_bank_account" title="Numbered bank account">numbered bank account</a> is illegal both in France and Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-Obringer-2011-114">[114]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Wolf_of_Wall_Street_(2013_film)" title="The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film)">The Wolf of Wall Street</a> (2013): <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Belfort" title="Jordan Belfort">Jordan Belfort</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio" title="Leonardo DiCaprio">Leonardo DiCaprio</a>) travels to the Geneva-based <a href="/wiki/Union_Bancaire_Priv%C3%A9e" title="Union Bancaire Privée">Union Bancaire Privée</a> (UBP) to meet with private banker Jean Jacques Saurel (<a href="/wiki/Jean_Dujardin" title="Jean Dujardin">Jean Dujardin</a>) who advises Belfort to open an account in the name of a relative with a <a href="/wiki/Passports_of_the_European_Union" title="Passports of the European Union">European passport</a> to avoid U.S. taxation.<a href="#cite_note-Dupraz-Dobias-2014-160">[160]</a> This is technically legal in Switzerland<a href="#cite_note-foreignbanks-3">[3]</a> as Belfort was not charged with a financial crime (at the time of meeting) and extra banking secrecy is afforded to European citizens.<a href="#cite_note-time-170">[170]</a> Belfort's bank–client confidentiality was waived because Saurel traveled outside of Switzerland and was arrested on U.S. soil for a crime (<a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>) illegal in both countries.<a href="#cite_note-Obringer-2011-114">[114]</a> The fictional interaction was called "a bit ridiculous and exaggerated" and "not very Swiss" by the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Bankers_Association" title="Swiss Bankers Association">Swiss Bankers Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dupraz-Dobias-2014-160">[160]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_financial_market_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Swiss financial market legislation">List of Swiss financial market regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Switzerland" title="List of banks in Switzerland">List of banks in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland#Commodities_trading" title="Economy of Switzerland">Commodities trading in Switzerland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissbanking.ch/en/topics/tax/automatic-exchange-of-information-aeoi">"Automatic exchange of information (AEOI)"</a>. Swiss Bankers Association. Retrieved 2023-08-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swiss+Bankers+Association&rft.atitle=Automatic+exchange+of+information+%28AEOI%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissbanking.ch%2Fen%2Ftopics%2Ftax%2Fautomatic-exchange-of-information-aeoi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanking+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSIF" class="citation web cs1">SIF, State Secretariat for International Finance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sif.admin.ch/sif/en/home/multilateral/steuer_informationsaust/automatischer-informationsaustausch/automatischer-informationsaustausch1.html">"Automatic exchange of information on financial accounts"</a>. sif.admin.ch. 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SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved May 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SWI+swissinfo.ch&rft.atitle=Hollywood+sticks+with+Swiss+banker+%27caricature%27&rft.date=2014-01-21&rft.aulast=Dupraz-Dobias&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fwolf-of-wall-street_hollywood-sticks-with-swiss-banker--caricature-%2F37772510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanking+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/fancy-yourself-a-numbered-swiss-bank-account-heres-how-you-can-get-one/articleshow/44979525.cms">"Fancy yourself a numbered Swiss Bank account? Here's how you can get one"</a>. The Economic Times. October 30, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Fancy+yourself+a+numbered+Swiss+Bank+account%3F+Here%27s+how+you+can+get+one&rft.date=2014-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpanache%2Ffancy-yourself-a-numbered-swiss-bank-account-heres-how-you-can-get-one%2Farticleshow%2F44979525.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanking+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvajal2014" class="citation news cs1">Carvajal, Doreen (July 8, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/09/world/europe/swiss-banks-tradition-of-secrecy-clashes-with-quests-abroad-for-disclosure.html">"Swiss Banks' Tradition of Secrecy Clashes With Quests Abroad for Disclosure"</a>. 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Retrieved May 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Swiss+Banks%27+Tradition+of+Secrecy+Clashes+With+Quests+Abroad+for+Disclosure&rft.date=2014-07-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Carvajal&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F07%2F09%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fswiss-banks-tradition-of-secrecy-clashes-with-quests-abroad-for-disclosure.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanking+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haver-2018-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haver-2018_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haver-2018_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haver-2018_163-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haver-2018_163-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haver-2018_163-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haver-2018_163-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaverMiddleton2018" class="citation book cs1">Haver, Gianni; Middleton, Robert (May 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=py_DBwAAQBAJ&q=casino+royal+swiss+bank+account&pg=PA91">Swissness in a Nutshell</a>. Schwabe AG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783905252644" title="Special:BookSources/9783905252644"><bdi>9783905252644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swissness+in+a+Nutshell&rft.pub=Schwabe+AG&rft.date=2018-05-18&rft.isbn=9783905252644&rft.aulast=Haver&rft.aufirst=Gianni&rft.au=Middleton%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpy_DBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcasino%2Broyal%2Bswiss%2Bbank%2Baccount%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanking+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens" class="citation news cs1">Stephens, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/culture/licence-to-print-money_james-bond--half-swiss--totally-profitable/33426010">"James Bond: half-Swiss, totally profitable"</a>. 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Bloomberg.com. Retrieved May 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Swiss+Bank+Secrets&rft.date=2016-08-12&rft.aulast=Broom&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fquicktake%2Fswiss-bank-accounts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanking+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Dan (November 18, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/davincicodenovel0000brow">The Da Vinci Code: Featuring Robert Langdon</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/davincicodenovel0000brow/page/n194">181</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385504218" title="Special:BookSources/9780385504218"><bdi>9780385504218</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Da+Vinci+Code%3A+Featuring+Robert+Langdon&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003-11-18&rft.isbn=9780385504218&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdavincicodenovel0000brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanking+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsman" class="citation web cs1">Kinsman, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/ch-bank.htm">"Swiss Bank Account"</a>. Retrieved May 18, 2018. <q>In fact, mystery writers have utilized the Swiss Bank as the central focus of intrigue. Where else would one think to store the secrets of the holy grail but in a Swiss bank account, as was the case in the novel the 'Da Vinci Code'. But events in recent years have chipped away at this polished veneer to reveal some rather unseemly criminal behavior.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swiss+Bank+Account&rft.aulast=Kinsman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fch-bank.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanking+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-time-170"><a href="#cite_ref-time_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGumbel2002" class="citation news cs1">Gumbel, Peter (2002-09-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021206032510/http://www.time.com/time/search/article/0,8599,348968,00.html">"Silence Is Golden"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/search/article/0,8599,348968,00.html">the original</a> on December 6, 2002. Retrieved 2006-06-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Silence+Is+Golden&rft.date=2002-09-08&rft.aulast=Gumbel&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsearch%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C348968%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanking+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuex2000" class="citation journal cs1">Guex, Sébastien (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/300378/files/S0007680500074250.pdf">"The Origins of the Swiss Banking Secrecy Law and Its Repercussions for Swiss Federal Policy"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Business_History_Review" title="Business History Review">Business History Review</a>. 74 (2): 237–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3116693">10.2307/3116693</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3116693">3116693</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154917222">154917222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Swiss+Banking+Secrecy+Law+and+Its+Repercussions+for+Swiss+Federal+Policy&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=237-266&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154917222%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3116693%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3116693&rft.aulast=Guex&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9bastien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F300378%2Ffiles%2FS0007680500074250.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanking+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller1969" class="citation journal cs1">Mueller, Kurt (1969). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+and+Comparative+Law+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Swiss+Banking+Secret%3A+From+a+Legal+View&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=360-377&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficlqaj%2F18.2.360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F757529%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanking+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Banks_of_Switzerland" title="Template:Banks of Switzerland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Banks_of_Switzerland" title="Template talk:Banks of Switzerland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Banks_of_Switzerland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Banks of Switzerland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Banks_of_Switzerland_23x16px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Switzerland&#124;link=Switzerland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banks of Switzerland</a> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Swiss National Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retail_banking" title="Retail banking">Retail</a> & <a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">Commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Bank_Switzerland" title="Alternative Bank Switzerland">Alternative Bank Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Cler" title="Bank Cler">Bank Cler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostFinance" title="PostFinance">PostFinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migros_Bank" title="Migros Bank">Migros Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiffeisen_(Switzerland)" title="Raiffeisen (Switzerland)">Raiffeisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swissquote" title="Swissquote">Swissquote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_bank" title="Cantonal bank">Cantonal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aargauische_Kantonalbank" title="Aargauische Kantonalbank">Aargauische Kantonalbank</a> (AKB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzeller_Kantonalbank" title="Appenzeller Kantonalbank">Appenzeller Kantonalbank</a> (APPKB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_dello_Stato_del_Cantone_Ticino" title="Banca dello Stato del Cantone Ticino">Banca dello Stato del Cantone Ticino</a> (BancaStato)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berner_Kantonalbank" title="Berner Kantonalbank">Berner Kantonalbank</a> (BEKB/BCBE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_cantonale_de_Fribourg" title="Banque cantonale de Fribourg">Banque cantonale de Fribourg</a> (BCF/FKB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_cantonale_de_Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Banque cantonale de Genève">Banque cantonale de Genève</a> (BCGE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_cantonale_du_Jura" title="Banque cantonale du Jura">Banque cantonale du Jura</a> (BCJU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_cantonale_du_Valais" title="Banque cantonale du Valais">Banque cantonale du Valais</a> (BCVS/BWKB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_cantonale_neuch%C3%A2teloise" title="Banque cantonale neuchâteloise">Banque cantonale neuchâteloise</a> (BCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_cantonale_vaudoise" title="Banque cantonale vaudoise">Banque cantonale vaudoise</a> (BCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basellandschaftliche_Kantonalbank" title="Basellandschaftliche Kantonalbank">Basellandschaftliche Kantonalbank</a> (BLKB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basler_Kantonalbank" title="Basler Kantonalbank">Basler Kantonalbank</a> (BKB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glarner_Kantonalbank" title="Glarner Kantonalbank">Glarner Kantonalbank</a> (GLKB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCndner_Kantonalbank" title="Graubündner Kantonalbank">Graubündner Kantonalbank</a> (GKB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzerner_Kantonalbank" title="Luzerner Kantonalbank">Luzerner Kantonalbank</a> (LUKB)</li> <li>Nidwaldner Kantonabank (NWKB)</li> <li>Obwaldner Kantonalbank (OWKB)</li> <li>St.Galler Kantonalbank (SGKB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaffhauser_Kantonalbank" title="Schaffhauser Kantonalbank">Schaffhauser Kantonalbank</a> (SHKB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwyzer_Kantonalbank" title="Schwyzer Kantonalbank">Schwyzer Kantonalbank</a> (SZKB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgauer_Kantonalbank" title="Thurgauer Kantonalbank">Thurgauer Kantonalbank</a> (TKB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urner_Kantonalbank" title="Urner Kantonalbank">Urner Kantonalbank</a> (URKB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuger_Kantonalbank" title="Zuger Kantonalbank">Zuger Kantonalbank</a> (ZugerKB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurich_Cantonal_Bank" title="Zurich Cantonal Bank">Zurich Cantonal Bank</a> (ZKB)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Private_bank" title="Private bank">Private</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Lombard_Odier_%26_Co" title="Bank Lombard Odier & Co">Bank Lombard Odier & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_Bonh%C3%B4te" title="Banque Bonhôte">Banque Bonhôte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Rothschild_Group" title="Edmond de Rothschild Group">Banque privée Edmond de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIM_Bank" title="CIM Bank">CIM Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFG_International" title="EFG International">EFG International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduja_Bank_(Switzerland)" title="Hinduja Bank (Switzerland)">Hinduja Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Safra_Sarasin" title="J. Safra Sarasin">J. Safra Sarasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Baer_Group" title="Julius Baer Group">Julius Baer Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabaud_Group" title="Mirabaud Group">Mirabaud Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictet_Group" title="Pictet Group">The Pictet Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REYL_%26_Cie" title="REYL & Cie">REYL & Cie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Bancaire_Priv%C3%A9e" title="Union Bancaire Privée">Union Bancaire Privée</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSI_Ltd" title="BSI Ltd">BSI Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Bank_Corporation" title="Swiss Bank Corporation">Swiss Bank Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toggenburger_Bank" title="Toggenburger Bank">Toggenburger Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Switzerland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Switzerland_topics" title="Template talk:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Switzerland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Major topics</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Swiss_history" title="Timeline of Swiss history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlargement of Switzerland">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland" title="Early history of Switzerland">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291" title="Federal Charter of 1291">Federal Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCtli_Oath" title="Rütli Oath">Rütli Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Growth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Early Modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Federal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">World wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Switzerland" title="Modern history of Switzerland">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Switzerland" title="Military history of Switzerland">Military history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Switzerland" title="List of wars involving Switzerland">list of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Historiography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="669" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Switzerland" title="Geography of Switzerland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Physiographic areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">BE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Landschaft" title="Basel-Landschaft">BL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">BS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">FR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">GE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">GL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">JU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidwalden" title="Nidwalden">NW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obwalden" title="Obwalden">OW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">SG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">SH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">SO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">SZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">TG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">TI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">UR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">VD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">ZG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">ZH</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Switzerland" title="Districts of Switzerland">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="Municipalities of Switzerland">Municipalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Switzerland" title="List of cities in Switzerland">list of cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Switzerland" title="NUTS statistical regions of Switzerland">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Switzerland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Switzerland" title="List of earthquakes in Switzerland">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Switzerland" title="List of extreme points of Switzerland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Switzerland" title="Fauna of Switzerland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Switzerland" title="Forests of Switzerland">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Switzerland" title="List of glaciers in Switzerland">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Switzerland" title="Hydrology of Switzerland">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Switzerland" title="List of islands of Switzerland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Switzerland" title="List of lakes of Switzerland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_in_Switzerland" title="List of mountain passes in Switzerland">Mountain passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prominent_mountains_of_Switzerland" title="List of prominent mountains of Switzerland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_parks_in_Switzerland" title="Nature parks in Switzerland">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Switzerland" title="List of rivers of Switzerland">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_courts_of_Switzerland" title="Federal courts of Switzerland">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Switzerland" title="Foreign relations of Switzerland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li>Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of the Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_administration_of_Switzerland" title="Federal administration of Switzerland">Federal administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Switzerland" title="Human rights in Switzerland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Switzerland">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde">Landsgemeinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Switzerland" title="Law of Switzerland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Switzerland" title="Law enforcement in Switzerland">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Armed_Forces" title="Swiss Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Redoubt_(Switzerland)" title="National Redoubt (Switzerland)">National Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Switzerland" title="List of political parties in Switzerland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative_in_Switzerland" title="Popular initiative in Switzerland">Popular initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Switzerland" title="Voting in Switzerland">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_decree" title="Federal decree">Federal decree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Switzerland" title="Economic history of Switzerland">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Switzerland" title="Agriculture in Switzerland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Switzerland" title="List of banks in Switzerland">Private banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Switzerland" title="List of companies of Switzerland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Franc (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland">Pharmaceutical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Switzerland" title="Science and technology in Switzerland">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX_Swiss_Exchange" title="SIX Swiss Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_made" title="Swiss made">Swiss made</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Switzerland" title="Taxation in Switzerland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Switzerland" title="Telecommunications in Switzerland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Switzerland" title="Tourism in Switzerland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Switzerland" title="Trade unions in Switzerland">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Switzerland" title="Transport in Switzerland">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Switzerland" title="List of airports in Switzerland">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Switzerland" title="Rail transport in Switzerland">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_main_roads" title="List of Swiss main roads">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Switzerland" title="Category:Society of Switzerland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Switzerland" title="Abortion in Switzerland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Switzerland" title="Capital punishment in Switzerland">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Switzerland" title="Conscription in Switzerland">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Switzerland" title="Corruption in Switzerland">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Switzerland" title="Crime in Switzerland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Switzerland" title="Demographics of Switzerland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Switzerland" title="Euthanasia in Switzerland">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Switzerland" title="Firearms regulation in Switzerland">Firearms regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Switzerland" title="Health in Switzerland">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Switzerland" title="Healthcare in Switzerland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Switzerland" title="Homelessness in Switzerland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Switzerland" title="Human trafficking in Switzerland">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Switzerland" title="Immigration to Switzerland">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_system_in_Switzerland" title="Pension system in Switzerland">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Switzerland" title="List of prisons in Switzerland">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Switzerland" title="Poverty in Switzerland">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Switzerland" title="Prostitution in Switzerland">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Switzerland" title="Social security in Switzerland">Social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Welfare_Policy_in_Switzerland" title="Public Welfare Policy in Switzerland">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Switzerland" title="Women in Switzerland">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Psalm" title="Swiss Psalm">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Switzerland" title="Architecture of Switzerland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland" title="Coat of arms of Switzerland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Switzerland" title="Flag of Switzerland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_folklore" title="Swiss folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6stigraben" title="Röstigraben">Röstigraben</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Switzerland" title="Mass media in Switzerland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Switzerland" title="Public holidays in Switzerland">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Day" title="Swiss National Day">National Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Switzerland" title="Sport in Switzerland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Switzerland" title="National symbols of Switzerland">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Inventory_of_Cultural_Property_of_National_and_Regional_Significance" title="Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National and Regional Significance">Cultural Property of National Significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Switzerland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Switzerland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Switzerland" title="Category:Switzerland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Banking_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Banking_in_Europe" title="Template:Banking in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Banking_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Banking in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Banking_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Banking in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Banking_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Banking in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Albania" title="Banking in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Armenia" title="Banking in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Austria" title="Banking in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Azerbaijan" title="Banking in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Belgium" title="Banking in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Estonia" title="Banking in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Finland (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_France" title="Banking in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Germany" title="Banking in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Greece" title="Banking in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Iceland" title="Banking in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Poland (page does not exist)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Serbia" title="Banking in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Sweden (page does not exist)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Turkey" title="Banking in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Ukraine" title="Banking in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Banking in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Kosovo" title="Banking in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 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