Nephthys - World History Encyclopedia

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src="/template/images/header/whe-logo-white-r.svg">'; } function lightMode() { document.getElementById('darkCSS').remove(); document.querySelector('#header_ahe_logo').innerHTML = '<img src="/template/images/header/whe-logo-r.svg">'; } if (localStorage.getItem('darkMode') == 'dark') { darkMode(); } </script>  <main class="left_3_column" id="main_content"> <nav id="toc_wrapper" style="display: none;"> <div id="toc"> <h2 class="no_toc">Contents</h2> <div id="toc_contents"></div> <p class="toc_buttons"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=amun+Anubis+Egyptian_Burial+Egyptian_Mythology+Nephthys+osiris+Ra+Serket" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=JPryst" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </p> </div> </nav> <div id="tag_definition_wrapper"> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ async_load_js('https://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js') }); </script> <div class="pinterest_button"> <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/" data-pin-do="buttonPin" data-pin-id="https://www.worldhistory.org/Nephthys/" data-pin-media="https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/4621.jpg" data-pin-url="https://www.worldhistory.org/Nephthys/" data-pin-description="Nephthys was one of the original five gods of ancient Egypt born of the union of Geb (earth) and Nut (sky) after the creation of the world. She was the fourth born after Osiris, Isis, and Set and was the older sister of Horus (usually referred to as Horus the Elder). As one of the earliest goddesses..." data-pin-count="beside" > </a> </div> <h2>Definition</h2> <div id="tag_definition_text"> <div class="clr"></div> <div class="ci_info"> <div class="ci_author_image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="Joshua J. Mark" src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-JPryst.JPG" width="50" height="50"> </div> <div class="ci_author trans block"> by <a href="/user/JPryst/" rel="author" title="User Page: Joshua J. Mark">Joshua J. Mark</a> <br/> published on 13 March 2016 </div> </div> <div class="pre_article_section"> <div class="translations_header"> <div class="translations_title">Available in other languages: <a href="/trans/nl/1-14470/nephthys/" class="translation_link nl " rel="alternate">Dutch</a>, <a href="/trans/fr/1-14470/nephtys/" class="translation_link fr " rel="alternate">French</a>, <a href="/trans/pt/1-14470/neftis/" class="translation_link pt " rel="alternate">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/trans/es/1-14470/neftis/" class="translation_link es " rel="alternate">Spanish</a></div> </div> <div id="audio-outer-wrapper"> <iframe id="audio-frame-contents" data-src="/audioplayer/en/1-14470/" height="80" width="100%" frameborder="no" scrolling="no"></iframe> </div> <script> pageReady.then(()=>{ jsQueue(()=>{ let litPlayer = $('#audio-frame-contents'); if (litPlayer) { litPlayer.attr('src',litPlayer.attr('data-src')); } }); }); </script> <style> #audio-outer-wrapper { height: 80px; width: 100%; margin: 1em 0em; } #audio-frame-contents { background-image: url("/template/images/loading-audio-3.png"); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; max-height: 80px; } </style> <div class="pre_article_buttons no_print"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=amun+Anubis+Egyptian_Burial+Egyptian_Mythology+Nephthys+osiris+Ra+Serket" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=JPryst" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </div> </div> <div class="body"> <article> <figure class="definition_image"> <a href="/image/4621/nephthys-amulet/" title="Nephthys Amulet"> <picture>  <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/4621.jpg.webp?v=1733762052-1721374661 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/4621.jpg.webp?v=1733762052-1721374661 600w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/4621.jpg?v=1733762052-1721374661 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/4621.jpg?v=1733762052-1721374661 600w" type="image/jpeg"> <img src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/4621.jpg?v=1733762052-1721374661" width="300" height="450" alt="Nephthys Amulet (by Rama, CC BY-SA)" title="Nephthys Amulet (by Rama, CC BY-SA)" class="tag_definition_image" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Nephthys Amulet</div><div class="figauthor">Rama (CC BY-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4621/nephthys-amulet/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4621/nephthys-amulet/","caption":"A faience amulet statue of the Egyptian goddess Nephthys. 664-332 BCE.\r\n\r\nLouvre Museum, Paris.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/4621.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Rama - CC BY-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Rama"},"creditText":"Rama / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2024-07-19T07:37:41+0000","datePublished":"2016-03-11T08:18:04+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Nephthys Amulet","height":3246,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nephthys_N4051_mp3h8832.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4621/nephthys-amulet/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":true,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4621/nephthys-amulet/","width":2169} </script> <p>Nephthys was one of the original five gods of ancient <a href="/egypt/">Egypt</a> born of the union of Geb (earth) and Nut (sky) after the creation of the world. She was the fourth born after <a href="/osiris/">Osiris</a>, <a href="/isis/">Isis</a>, and Set and was the older sister of <a href="/Horus/">Horus</a> (usually referred to as Horus the Elder).</p> <p>As one of the earliest goddesses of Egypt, she was a member of the Ennead of Heliopolis, a tribunal of nine deities of immense power. Her cult centers were Heliopolis, Senu, Hebet, Per-met, Re-nefert, and Het-sekem. Contrary to some scholars' assertions that she was never widely worshipped in Egypt, temples to Nephthys were quite common and she was considered an extremely important goddess from the Predynastic Period (c.6000-c. 3150 BCE) through the <a href="/Ptolemaic_Dynasty/">Ptolemaic Dynasty</a> (323-30 BCE), the last dynasty to rule Egypt before it became a province of <a href="/Rome/">Rome</a>.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-1"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_1' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <h3>Name & Symbols</h3> <p>'Nephthys' is the Latin version of her <a href="/disambiguation/Egyptian/">Egyptian</a> name `Nebthwt' (also given as Nebet-het and Nebt-het) which translates as "Lady of the <a href="/temple/">Temple</a> Enclosure" or "Mistress of the House" and she is routinely pictured with the heiroglyph for 'house' on her crown. The 'house' is neither an earthly home nor temple but linked to the heavens as she was related to air and ether. The 'enclosure' may refer to the courtyard outside a temple as she was represented by the pylons outside of temples in her role as a protective goddess; just as the pylons and <a href="/wall/">wall</a> protected the inner temple, Nephthys protected the souls of the people.</p><div id="primis_intext"> <div id="3e3744ed-0893-4ec9-8757-582bfa65ad5c"></div> <div id="6b0cd791-ab2c-4669-b35a-8252ddaa7467"></div> <a href="https://link.worldhistory.org/youtube_intext" target="_blank" class="youtube_notice"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>YouTube</title><path d="M23.498 6.186a3.016 3.016 0 0 0-2.122-2.136C19.505 3.545 12 3.545 12 3.545s-7.505 0-9.377.505A3.017 3.017 0 0 0 .502 6.186C0 8.07 0 12 0 12s0 3.93.502 5.814a3.016 3.016 0 0 0 2.122 2.136c1.871.505 9.376.505 9.376.505s7.505 0 9.377-.505a3.015 3.015 0 0 0 2.122-2.136C24 15.93 24 12 24 12s0-3.93-.502-5.814zM9.545 15.568V8.432L15.818 12l-6.273 3.568z"></path></svg> Follow us on YouTube!</a> </div> <script> </script> <p>She was associated with <a href="/disambiguation/Death/">death</a> and decay from an early period and was regularly invoked during funeral services. Professional mourners at Egyptian funerals were known as "Hawks of Nephthys" and she is one of the four goddesses (along with Isis, <a href="/Serket/">Selket</a>, and <a href="/Neith/">Neith</a>) whose images were found in the <a href="/tomb/">tomb</a> of <a href="/Tutankhamun/">Tutankhamun</a> as guardians of his canopic vessels. Historian Margaret Bunson notes:</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-2"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_2' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <blockquote> <p>Nephthys was associated with the mortuary cult in every era and was part of the ancient worship of Min [a <a href="/God/">god</a> of fertility and reproduction]. The desert regions were dedicated to her and she was thought to be skilled in magic. (188)</p> </blockquote> <p>Her magical skills were similar to those of Isis and some scholars see her as Isis' mirror image, Nephthys' darkness balancing Isis' light, and they are frequently pictured together as twin sisters. In the <a href="/city/">city</a> of Heliopolis Nephthys and Isis were represented by two virgin priestesses at festivals who would recite the famous <em>Lamentations of Isis and Nepthys</em> at the Osiris' festival. The <em>Lamentations</em> is a long narrative poem recreating the moment Isis and Nephthys worked together to revive the god Osiris and bring him back to life. Although originally spoken only at religious services, the <em>Lamentations</em> came to be included in the <em><a href="/Egyptian_Book_of_the_Dead/">Egyptian Book of the Dead</a></em> and was recited at funeral services.</p> <div class="big_quote">Nephthys became the wife of Set & is best known for the part she played in the Osiris myth where, disguised as Isis, she seduced Osiris.</div> <p>Nephthys became the wife of Set and is best known for the part she played in the Osiris myth where, disguised as Isis, she seduced Osiris and provided Set with justification for the murder of his brother. She is later depicted in the myth as both betraying and then helping Isis in her efforts to restore her husband to life.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-3"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_3' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <p>She is a goddess of the dead who, like her granddaughter <a href="/Qebhet/">Qebhet</a>, provides assistance to the souls of the deceased. She was so helpful to those in the afterlife that one of her titles was "Friend of the Dead" and she was also thought to bring news of the deceased back to their relatives on earth and comfort them in their time of mourning.</p> <p>Her symbols are the hawk and the temple and the sycamore tree, one of the more popular trees depicted in inscriptions from the Egyptian <a href="/disambiguation/Book_of_the_Dead/">Book of the Dead</a>. She is the mother of the death god <a href="/Anubis/">Anubis</a> and was associated with the setting sun, twilight, and darkness. Prayers were offered to Nephthys at twilight for protection and also to aid her as she struggled with her husband Set to defend the Boat of Ra (the sun god) from the serprent <a href="/Apophis/">Apophis</a> as it made its journey through the realms of night.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="504"> <a href="/image/504/the-judgement-of-the-dead-by-osiris/" title="The Judgement of the Dead by Osiris" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/504.jpg.webp?v=1729734855-1721391599 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/504.jpg.webp?v=1729734855-1721391599 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/504.jpg?v=1729734855-1721391599 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/504.jpg?v=1729734855-1721391599 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/504.jpg?v=1729734855-1721391599" alt="The Judgement of the Dead by Osiris" class="in_text_image" width="501" height="244" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">The Judgement of the Dead by Osiris</div><div class="figauthor">Trustees of the British Museum (Copyright)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/504/the-judgement-of-the-dead-by-osiris/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/504/the-judgement-of-the-dead-by-osiris/","caption":"The judgement of the dead in the presence of Osiris, from the Book of the Dead of Hunefer, from Thebes, Egypt, 19th Dynasty, c. 1275 BCE.\r\n\r\nThe scene reads from left to right. To the left, Anubis brings Hunefer into the judgement area. Anubis is also shown supervising the judgement scales. Hunefer's heart, represented as a pot, is being weighed against a feather, the symbol of Ma'at, the established order of things, in this context meaning 'what is right'. The ancient Egyptians believed that the heart was the seat of the emotions, the intellect, and the character, and thus represented the good or bad aspects of a person's life. If the heart did not balance with the feather, then the dead person was condemned to non-existence, and consumption by the ferocious 'devourer', the strange beast shown here, which is part-crocodile, part-lion, and part-hippopotamus.\r\n\r\nHowever, as a papyrus devoted to ensuring Hunefer's continued existence in the afterlife is not likely to depict this outcome, he is shown to the right, brought into the presence of Osiris by his son Horus, having become 'true of voice' or 'justified'. This was a standard epithet applied to dead individuals in their texts. Osiris is shown seated under a canopy, with his sisters Isis and Nephthys. At the top, Hunefer is shown adoring a row of deities who supervise the judgement.\r\n\r\nThe British Museum, London.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/504.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Trustees of the British Museum - Copyright - You cannot use, copy, distribute, or modify this item without explicit permission from the author.","creator":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Trustees of the British Museum"},"creditText":"Trustees of the British Museum / Trustees of the British Museum","dateModified":"2024-07-19T12:19:59+0000","datePublished":"2012-04-26T07:45:12+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"The Judgement of the Dead by Osiris","height":289,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aes/p/page_from_the_book_of_the_dead.aspx"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/504/the-judgement-of-the-dead-by-osiris/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/504/the-judgement-of-the-dead-by-osiris/","width":594} </script> </p> <h3>Mythological Origins</h3> <p>According to the most popular version of the Egyptian creation myth, there was once only swirling chaotic waters and darkness in the universe until, one day, a mound (known as the <em>ben-ben</em>) rose from the seas with the god Atum (also given as Ra in some myths) standing upon it. Atum gazed out on the eternal nothingness and recognized he was lonely, and so mated with his own shadow to give birth to Shu (god of the air) and Tefnut (goddess of moisture). These two deities then left their father alone on the primordial mound and went off to create the world.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-4"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_4' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <p>Atum, alone on the hill in the midst of chaos, longed for his children and worried over their safety, and so he removed his eye and sent it out in search of them. Shu and Tefnut returned with the eye, having failed to create the world, and Atum was so happy to see them, he began to cry. As his tears fell on the fertile earth of the <em>ben-ben</em>, men and <a href="/disambiguation/women/">women</a> sprang up.</p> <p>These new fragile beings had nowhere to live, however, and so Shu and Tefnut mated and gave birth to Geb (the earth) and Nut (the sky). These two quickly fell in love and became inseparable; a situation Atum found intolerable as they were brother and sister. He pushed Nut high above Geb and fastened her there so the two lovers would be able to see each other but never touch again. Nut, however, was already pregnant by Geb and soon gave birth to five children: Osiris, Isis, Set, Nephthys, and Horus. Atum gave to these five gods the task of maintaining the world and set his first born, Osiris, to rule over all the living things of the earth.</p> <h3>The Osiris Myth</h3> <p>At this point in the story the famous Osiris Myth begins when Set becomes jealous of Osiris' power and success. Osiris married his beautiful sister Isis and the royal couple taught the humans of the world <a href="/disambiguation/culture/">culture</a> and art, instructed them in <a href="/religion/">religion</a>, and gave them the gifts of <a href="/disambiguation/Agriculture/">agriculture</a>. To the Egyptians, their country was essentially the world and this world, under the reign of Osiris and Isis, was a paradise. Men and women were equal in all things and there was an abundance of food.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-5"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_5' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="4579"> <a href="/image/4579/osiris-awakening/" title="Osiris Awakening" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/4579.jpg.webp?v=1734345469-1734345558 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/4579.jpg.webp?v=1734345469-1734345558 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/4579.jpg?v=1734345469-1734345558 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/4579.jpg?v=1734345469-1734345558 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/4579.jpg?v=1734345469-1734345558" alt="Osiris Awakening" class="in_text_image" width="334" height="500" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Osiris Awakening</div><div class="figauthor">Jean-Pierre Dalb茅ra (CC BY)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4579/osiris-awakening/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4579/osiris-awakening/","caption":"Stone representation of the awakening of Osiris, A 26th Dynasty, Egypt.\r\n\r\nEgyptian Museum, Cairo.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/4579.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Jean-Pierre Dalb\u00e9ra - CC BY - This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Jean-Pierre Dalb\u00e9ra"},"creditText":"Jean-Pierre Dalb\u00e9ra / Flickr","dateModified":"2024-12-16T10:39:18+0000","datePublished":"2016-03-05T07:46:13+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Osiris Awakening","height":1024,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/dalbera/23753223851/in/photolist-4nWPAy-B3oCh2-9iXgZZ-c4icob-CbZtUg-4aQUyW-599SWr-cyNp8Q-59e5jf-4aLSV4-cyNqP1-599SCB-dMnBW8-dMnBee-auYyGf-4nWPdb-deDghJ-B2qFuB-CkoM2n-Bacodb"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4579/osiris-awakening/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4579/osiris-awakening/","width":683} </script> </p> <p>Horus the Elder, in this story, is never mentioned but the roles of Set and Nephthys, who are, seem fairly insignificant at first until Nephthys emerges to play a pivotal role. She changed her form to take on the shape and scent of Isis and seduced Osiris, who thought he was sleeping with his wife. In some versions of the story she drugs his wine or gives him too much while, in others, he simply comes to her bed thinking she is Isis. Osiris leaves afterwards but drops a flower he wore in his hair on the floor and this is later found by Set who recognizes it as his brother's.</p> <p>Set was already resentful of his older brother but now, believing Osiris had seduced his wife, he planned to murder him. He created an ornate chest to Osiris' exact measurements and then threw a party where he offered the box as a gift to whichever of his guests could best fit in it. Osiris, of course, fit perfectly and, when he lay down in the casket, Set slammed the cover on, fastened it, and threw it into the <a href="/nile/">Nile</a>. He then assumed the throne with Nephthys as his consort. She gave birth a short time later to a son, the god Anubis, whom she abandoned and who was raised by Isis.</p> <p>Isis, meanwhile, went in search of her husband and found the casket with his body inside lodged in a tree in <a href="/Byblos/">Byblos</a>. The king and queen of the city had seen the tree down by the shore and were attracted by its beauty (which was the essence of Osiris permeating the tree) and its sweet scent (the aroma of Osiris) and had it cut down and brought to their court to serve as a central pillar. Isis, disguised as an older woman, was invited to the court after she befriended the queen's handmaidens down by the shore and soon became nursemaid to the young princes. In an effort to make the youngest son immortal, she held him in a mystical fire each night to burn away his mortal part and, one night, the queen caught her and was horrified. Isis threw off her disguise, revealing herself, and the king and queen begged her for mercy, offering her anything to spare them. She asked for the pillar in the court; and they gave it to her.</p><div class="intext_6 ahe-ad book_rec_banner"></div> <div class="youtube-embed-wrapper"><div class="youtube-embed-container"><iframe data-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vDdD1k7JQWQ?autoplay=0&cc_lang_pref=en" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen title="Osiris: Egyptian God of the Underworld and Judge of the Dead"></iframe></div></div> <div class="big_quote">The world was suffering under the rule of Set. The land was barren and the desert winds blew.</div> <p>All this time, the world was suffering under the rule of Set. The land was barren and the desert winds blew. Equality in the land was forgotten as people fought for each other for survival. Isis returned to the wasteland with Osiris and hid his body in the marshes of the Nile Delta and then asked Nephthys to stand guard to protect him from Set.</p> <p>While Isis went off to find herbs to revive her husband, Set was out searching for the body and found Nephthys. He managed to get from her where Isis had hidden Osiris and hacked the body to pieces, throwing them across the land and into the river. When Isis returned, Nephthys tearfully told her the story and offered to help in any way she could.</p> <p>Isis and Nephthys found all the parts of Osiris and put him back together except for his penis, which had been eaten by a fish. Osiris revived but, because he was not whole, could not return to the land as king; he would instead descend to the underworld where he would rule over the dead as their just and merciful judge. Before he left, however, Isis transformed herself into a kite (a falcon) and flew around his body, drawing his seed into her own and becoming pregnant with a son, Horus. When Horus was born, she hid him in the marshes of the Delta as she had his father's body and Nephthys, this time, kept her secret.</p><div id="mobilenewsletter" class="grey_box mobilenewsletter"> <div class="headline">Love History?</div> <p>Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter!</p> <form action="//ancient.us8.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46&id=ac74a77c22" method="post" id="mailchimp-mobile-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate"> <input type="email" placeholder="Email address..." name="EMAIL" class="required email" id="mce-EMAIL-mobile" style="width:60%;" required> <input type="submit" value="Sign Up" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-mobile" style="margin-top: 10px;">  <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46_ac74a77c22" tabindex="-1" value=""></div> </form> </div> <h3>The Contendings of Horus & Set</h3> <p>When Horus grew to manhood he challenged Set for the kingdom. The best known version of this contest is known as <em>The Contendings of Horus and Set</em> from a manuscript of the Twentieth Dynasty (1190-1077 BCE). The story tells of the legal <a href="/disambiguation/battle/">battle</a> before the Ennead of Heliopolis, a tribunal of nine gods, to decide who was the rightful king of Egypt. These gods were Atum, Shu and Tefnut, Geb and Nut, Isis and Nephthys, Set, and Osiris. Horus and Set both present their cases and then must prove themselves in a series of contests and battles which are all won by Horus.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="774"> <a href="/image/774/horus-bird-statuette/" title="Horus Bird Statuette" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/774.jpg.webp?v=1733054647 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/774.jpg.webp?v=1733054647 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/774.jpg?v=1733054647 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/774.jpg?v=1733054647 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/774.jpg?v=1733054647" alt="Horus Bird Statuette" class="in_text_image" width="334" height="500" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Horus Bird Statuette</div><div class="figauthor">A.K. (Copyright)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/774/horus-bird-statuette/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/774/horus-bird-statuette/","caption":"Small statue of Horus.\r\nStaatliches Museum \u00c4gyptischer Kunst (State Museum of Egyptian Art), Munich.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/774.jpg","copyrightNotice":"A.K. - Copyright - You cannot use, copy, distribute, or modify this item without explicit permission from the author.","creator":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/kalamchi75/#person","name":"A.K.","url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/kalamchi75/"},"creditText":"A.K. / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2025-02-18T20:14:41+0000","datePublished":"2012-07-13T08:17:23+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Horus Bird Statuette","height":"1024","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/774/horus-bird-statuette/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/774/horus-bird-statuette/","width":"683"} </script> </p> <p>The majority of the nine gods ruled that Horus was the rightful king but Atum, the sun god, was not convinced and the decision had to be unanimous, barring Set's opinion. Atum believed that Horus was too young and had led too sheltered a life to effectively rule while Set had the necessary experience if not the most gentle manner. Even though Horus won every contest against his uncle, Atum would not be moved. This trial went on for over 80 years while the people of Egypt suffered under Set's chaotic reign until Isis intervened, showed the other gods - and Set - how wickedly he had behaved, and won the ruling in favor of her son.</p> <p>In another, perhaps older, version of the story it is the goddess Neith who settles the dispute in favor of Horus and grants the desert lands to Set along with two foreign goddesses (Anat and <a href="/astarte/">Astarte</a>) as consolation. Horus assumed the throne of his father and ruled with Isis and Nephthys as his counselors. Set was driven from the land to the arid frontier deserts and Nephthys remained as a protector of the female head of the household, Isis in this case, but later any mature married woman.</p> <h3>The Lamentations of Isis & Nephthys</h3> <p>This myth was important to the <a href="/collection/162/the-ancient-egyptians/">ancient Egyptians</a> on many levels. It illustrated core values of harmony, order, divine intervention in human affairs, the importance of gratitude, trust, and how, in the character of Set, even the gods could succumb to temptation but, no matter what, harmony and order would be restored. The death and ressurection of Osiris provided a divine template for the passage of all human beings who were thought to be travelers on an eternal journey through life and on into the afterlife. The Cult of Osiris became extremely popular and part of his religious service included the recitation of the liturgy known as <em>The <a href="/article/878/the-lamentations-of-isis-and-nephthys/">Lamentations of Isis and Nephthys</a></em>.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-6"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_8' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <p>The most complete version of this verse comes from the Berlin Papyrus 3008 dating to the Ptolemaic Dynasty. This papyrus was part of a copy of <em>The Book of the Dead</em> owned by a woman named Tentruty (also given as Teret) and is written in hieratic <a href="/script/">script</a> (the cursive, everyday, script of the Egyptians) in five columns. The poem is written as an exchange between Isis and Nephthys as they call Osiris' soul back to his body. The two goddesses entreat the soul to return, to live again among them, and invoke Horus, Osiris' son, as his protector in life who will provide him with "bread, <a href="/Beer/">beer</a>, oxen, and fowl" and whose sons will guard his body and protect his soul. In the end, Osiris returns to life as the poem ends with the line, "Lo! He Comes!"</p> <p>Following the verse, the scribe has left very careful instructions on how the <em>Lamentations</em> is to be presented at the festivals:</p> <blockquote> <p>Now, when this is recited the place is to be completely secluded, not seen and not heard by anyone except the chief lector-priest and the setem-priest. One shall bring two women with beautiful bodies. They shall be made to sit on the ground at the main portal of the Hall of Appearings. On their arms shall be written the names of Isis and Nephthys. Jars of <a href="/disambiguation/Faience/">faience</a> filled with water shall be placed in their right hands, offering loaves made in <a href="/Memphis_(Ancient_Egypt)/">Memphis</a> in their left hands, and their faces shall be bowed. To be done in the third hour of the day, also in the eighth hour of the day. You shall not be slack in reciting this book in the hour of the festival. It is finished.</p> </blockquote> <p>The two virgins would recite the <em>Lamentations</em> to invite Osiris to participate in the festival and, once he arrived, the celebration could begin. Osiris was considered the first king of Egypt who had given the people their culture and who, through his death and resurrection, showed them the way to eternal life. In death, everyone was linked to Osiris who was the first to have died and been reborn. His festivals, therefore, were of great importance and Nephthys regularly featured as one of the most important elements of the celebration: one of the two who called the god to join the living.</p> <p>She describes herself as the "beloved sister" of Osiris in the <em>Lamentations</em> and says, "I am with you, your bodyguard, for all eternity." When the <em>Lamentations</em> became included in <em>The Book of the Dead</em> (c. 1550-1070 BCE), the poem was recited at funerals and Nephthys would then have been speaking to the soul of the deceased. It was in this capacity that she came to be regarded as the "Friend of the Dead" who walked with the soul and helped them in the afterlife as their "bodyguard for all eternity" and made her such an important deity to the people.</p> <div class="big_quote">In the Predynastic Period of Egypt, Nephthys was one of the most important deities owing to her part in the myth of Ra.</div> <h3>Nephthys & The Barge of Ra</h3> <p>Long before the Osiris myth became popular, Nepthys was already a very significant goddess, however. In texts of the period of the <a href="/disambiguation/Old_Kingdom/">Old Kingdom</a> (c. 2613 - c. 2181 BCE) she is referenced with Set as the two gods who protect the barge of the sun god Ra (Atum) as it passes through the night sky.</p> <p>The evil serpent Apophis tried every night to murder the sun god but Nephthys and Set fought the creature off so the sun could rise the next morning. Set was later transformed from a protector god to the villain of the Osiris myth but Nephthys' role remained the same: a protector and sustainer of life. Even though the focus on who was protected changed, the basic elements of her character remained the same. The scholar Geraldine Pinch has observed that, "Nephthys never enjoyed the high status of her sister, Isis" (171) and, while it may be true that worship of Nephthys never was on par with that of Isis, her status was consistently quite impressive throughout Egypt's history.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-7"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_9' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <p>In the Predynastic Period of Egypt, Nephthys was one of the most important deities owing to her part in this myth. If Apophis succeeded in murdering Ra, the sun would not rise and so it was vital that the barge be protected. In the <em><a href="/article/1021/the-coffin-texts/">Coffin Texts</a> </em>Set and the snake-god Mehen protect the barge; Mehen by coiling himself around Ra and Set by fending off Apophis. Mehen was later replaced by Nephthys but Apophis was considered so powerful, and the threat to Ra so dire, that other deities often appear on the barge to drive the enemy of the sun away such as Isis, <a href="/Bastet/">Bastet</a>, Selket, Neith, and Sekhmet who were collectively known, with Nephthys, as the Eyes of Ra in this capacity.</p> <p>The myth of the nightly threat to Ra is most clearly told in a manuscript dating from the Ramessid Period (1292-1069 BCE) but archaeological evidence suggests the story is much older. By the time of the Ramessid Period the myth had evolved into a ritual known as Overthrowing Apophis in which a priest would recite a list of Apophis' secret names (thereby gaining power over him) and the people would sing hymns celebrating his destruction.</p> <p>Even though the gods destroyed the great serpent every night, he returned to try to murder Ra again the next. The hymns were sung to encourage the gods in their eternal struggle. Participants in the ritual would then make <a href="/disambiguation/Serpents/">serpents</a> out of wax, spit on them, and destroy them in fire. The ritual was performed regularly after a number of cloudy days when it seemed as though Apophis was succeeding in preventing the dawn and especially during a solar eclipse.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="4622"> <a href="/image/4622/nephthys-on-painted-linen/" title="Nephthys on Painted Linen" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/4622.png.webp?v=1727020508 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/4622.png.webp?v=1727020508 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/4622.png?v=1727020508 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/4622.png?v=1727020508 1000w" type="image/png"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/4622.png?v=1727020508" alt="Nephthys on Painted Linen" class="in_text_image" width="427" height="500" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Nephthys on Painted Linen</div><div class="figauthor">Keith Schengili-Roberts (CC BY-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4622/nephthys-on-painted-linen/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4622/nephthys-on-painted-linen/","caption":"Painted linen and tempera depicting the Egyptian goddess Nephthys. 2nd-1st century BCE. (Metropolitan Museum of art, New York)","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/4622.png","copyrightNotice":"Keith Schengili-Roberts - CC BY-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Keith Schengili-Roberts"},"creditText":"Keith Schengili-Roberts / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2025-02-18T20:14:41+0000","datePublished":"2016-03-11T08:34:18+0000","encodingFormat":"image/png","headline":"Nephthys on Painted Linen","height":1444,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nephthys-FromAPaintedShroud_MetropolitanMuseumOfArt.png"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4622/nephthys-on-painted-linen/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4622/nephthys-on-painted-linen/","width":1233} </script> </p> <h3>Popularity & Worship of Nephthys</h3> <p>Prior to the addition of the other goddesses, however, it was Nephthys and Set who kept the sun on course and she was duly honored for this. Temples to Nephthys were located in every region of Egypt long before she became associated with the dead and only grew more numerous afterwards. As with any Egyptian deity, her temple was attended by priests and priestesses who cared for her statue and observed her holy days and festivals. The public was barred from entering the inner sanctuary of the temple where her statue resided but were welcomed in the outer courtyards where the clergy tended to their needs and collected their donations and sacrifices.</p> <p>By the time of <a href="/Ramesses_II/">Ramesses II</a> (r. 1279 - 1213 BCE) Nephthys was so popular she was given her own temple at the popular religious center of Sepermeru in the holy precinct where Set's temple was located. Nephthys was so popular at this time that she is mentioned in texts without allusion to Isis or Set. Her temple in the town of Punodjem was apparently so popular that the head priest and vizier Pra'emhab complained of his workload and her temple at Herakleopolis, near Sepermeru, became the site of the Heb-Sed festival celebrating the rejuvenation of the king. The basalt statue of Nephthys currently housed at the Louvre in <a href="/disambiguation/paris/">Paris</a> comes from this temple.</p> <p>Although Nephthys is frequently depicted as a mirror to her twin sister Isis, she had a life and status all her own which was just as worthy of veneration. Once she became associated with the afterlife and the care of the dead the linen which was used to mummify the deceased was known as "tresses of Nephthys" and it was thought that she, along with Selket, helped to breathe life back into the soul and help them on their eternal journey.</p> <p>Nephthys came to represent the promise of a helper at one's side in the afterlife who would look after and protect the soul and who assured the living that death was nothing to be feared. The realm of the afterlife was only a new land one traveled to and old friends, like Nephthys, would be waiting to offer their protection and guidance in death as they had throughout life.</p> </article> <div id="ci_rating_wrapper"> <div class="rating_label filter_label">Did you like this definition?</div> <div id="ci_rating_buttons_wrapper"> <div class="rating_button up base" data-rating="1"></div> <div class="rating_button down base" data-rating="-1"></div> </div> </div> <div id="sections_below_links"> <p> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=amun+Anubis+Egyptian_Burial+Egyptian_Mythology+Nephthys+osiris+Ra+Serket" class="topic_subscribe outline_button below_article">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="#ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" class="outline_button">Related Content</a> <a href="#books_preview" class="outline_button">Books</a> <a href="#citation_info" class="outline_button">Cite This Work</a> <a href="#ci_author_and_copyright" class="outline_button">License</a> </p> </div> <div class="editorial_review_notice"> <span class="editorial_review_header">Editorial Review</span> This human-authored article has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our <a href="/static/editorial-policy/">editorial policy</a>. </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="ad_Flexi_BottomLeft ahe-ad"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_BottomLeft" class="adcontainer worldhistory_below_content"> </div> </div> <style> .map_container.il { border: none; } .map_container h3 { text-align: center; } </style> <div id="references"> <h2>Bibliography</h2> <ul id="reference_list" class="ref_list bibliography"> <li id="bibID__9cad878cdcb08432a9e82ff91299a7de"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0816082162/" rel="sponsored">Bunson, M. <i>The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt.</i> Gramercy Books, 1991.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__2c170c9c9082a8f67123e6fe79991ed6"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/1887354670/" rel="sponsored">Gibson, C. <i>The Hidden Life of Ancient Egypt.</i> Saraband, 2009.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__1161903f77dfe1936313036e3a7a7b6a"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/1601526385/" rel="sponsored">Nardo, D. <i>Living in Ancient Egypt.</i> Thomson/Gale, 2004.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__5d93562640285596ad32456afc576d64"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0195170245/" rel="sponsored">Pinch, G. <i>Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt.</i> Oxford University Press, 2004.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__242603180e89971ca2bcc5237287480b"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/1405160713/" rel="sponsored">Van De Mieroop, M. <i>A History of Ancient Egypt.</i> Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.</a></cite> </li> </ul> <div class="book_promo_wrapper"></div> <span class="light affiliate_notice">World History Encyclopedia is an Amazon Associate and earns a commission on qualifying book purchases.</span> <div id="books_rec"> </div> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ $("ul.bibliography").sortList(); }); </script> </div> <div class="user_short_bio_wrapper"> <a href="/interestemails/?author=JPryst" class="headline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to this author</a> <h2>About the Author</h2> <div class="user_short_bio"> <div class="left_col"> </div> <div class="right_col"> <a href="/user/JPryst/" rel="nofollow" title="Joshua J. 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id="ci_related_content"> <div class="ci_related_content_wrapper ci_two_cols three_cols"> <div class="columns"> <a href="/Serket/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-14487" data-score="1205857" data-ci-type-id="1"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/4687.jpg.webp?v=1730888766-1721374786 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/4687.jpg.webp?v=1730888766-1721374786 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/4687.jpg?v=1730888766-1721374786 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/4687.jpg?v=1730888766-1721374786 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/4687.jpg?v=1730888766-1721374786" width="360" height="202" alt="Serket" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Serket</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Serket (also known as Serqet, Selkis, and Selket) is an Egyptian... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/article/885/egyptian-gods---the-complete-list/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_2 " id="2-885" data-score="1076501" data-ci-type-id="2"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/3463.jpg.webp?v=1739509684-1721373592 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/3463.jpg.webp?v=1739509684-1721373592 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/3463.jpg?v=1739509684-1721373592 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/3463.jpg?v=1739509684-1721373592 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/3463.jpg?v=1739509684-1721373592" width="360" height="202" alt="Egyptian Gods - The Complete List" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__2"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Article </div> <h3>Egyptian Gods - The Complete List</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> The gods and goddesses of Ancient Egypt were an integral part of... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Anubis/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-11903" data-score="818894" data-ci-type-id="1"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/5399.jpg.webp?v=1731426131-1727159391 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/5399.jpg.webp?v=1731426131-1727159391 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/5399.jpg?v=1731426131-1727159391 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/5399.jpg?v=1731426131-1727159391 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/5399.jpg?v=1731426131-1727159391" width="360" height="202" alt="Anubis" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Anubis</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Anubis (also known as Inpu, Inpw, Anpu) is the Egyptian god of... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/article/878/the-lamentations-of-isis-and-nephthys/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_2 " id="2-878" data-score="767760" data-ci-type-id="2"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/4817.jpg.webp?v=1733762049 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/4817.jpg.webp?v=1733762049 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/4817.jpg?v=1733762049 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/4817.jpg?v=1733762049 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/4817.jpg?v=1733762049" width="360" height="202" alt="The Lamentations of Isis and Nephthys" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__2"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Article </div> <h3>The Lamentations of Isis and Nephthys</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> The Lamentations of Isis and Nephthys is an ancient Egyptian text... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/osiris/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-447" data-score="746272" data-ci-type-id="1"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/4579.jpg.webp?v=1734345469-1734345558 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/4579.jpg.webp?v=1734345469-1734345558 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/4579.jpg?v=1734345469-1734345558 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/4579.jpg?v=1734345469-1734345558 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/4579.jpg?v=1734345469-1734345558" width="360" height="202" alt="Osiris" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Osiris</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Osiris is the Egyptian Lord of the Underworld and Judge of the... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/amun/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-10203" data-score="659123" data-ci-type-id="1"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/4955.jpg.webp?v=1732987690 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/4955.jpg.webp?v=1732987690 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/4955.jpg?v=1732987690 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/4955.jpg?v=1732987690 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/4955.jpg?v=1732987690" width="360" height="202" alt="Amun" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Amun</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Amun (also Amon, Ammon, Amen, Amun-Ra) is the ancient Egyptian... </div> </div> </a> </div> <nav 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Web. 18 Feb 2025. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ci_author_and_copyright" id="ci_author_and_copyright"> <h2>License & Copyright</h2> <p> Submitted by <a href="/user/JPryst/" rel="author" title="User Page: Joshua J. Mark">Joshua J. Mark</a>, published on 13 March 2016. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en" rel="nofollow">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike</a>. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. <span class="no_print">Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.</span></p> </div> </main> <aside class="right_1_column"> <div id="editor_tools"> </div> <div class="timeline_outer_wrapper"> <div class="timeline_wrapper"> <h2>Timeline</h2> <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/login/" title="Add Timeline Entry" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Add Event</a> <a href="/ajax/ajax_print_visual_timeline.php?tag=Nephthys&width=950&height=600" rel="nofollow" class="thickbox outline_button visual_timeline_button" title="Visual Timeline">Visual Timeline</a> <ul id="time_list"> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_3767" title=""> <div class="date">c. 6000 BCE - c. 3150 BCE</div> Nepthys is a popular goddess during the <a href="/Predynastic_Period_in_Egypt/">Predynastic Period in Egypt</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_3768" title=""> <div class="date">1292 BCE - 1069 BCE</div> Temples to Nepthys enjoy great popularity during Ramessid Period in <a href="/egypt/">Egypt</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_3769" title=""> <div class="date">1279 BCE - 1213 BCE</div> <a href="/Ramesses_II/">Ramesses II</a> builds grand <a href="/temple/">Temple</a> of Nepthys at the religious center of Sepermeru in <a href="/egypt/">Egypt</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_3770" title=""> <div class="date">323 BCE - 30 BCE</div> Best known version of The Lamentations of <a href="/isis/">Isis</a> and Nepthys from the period of the <a href="/Ptolemaic_Dynasty/">Ptolemaic Dynasty</a> of <a href="/egypt/">Egypt</a>. </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="mc_embed_signup"> <img loading="lazy" data-src="/template/images/newsletter-header-red.jpg" class="newsletter_banner" width="300" height="106" alt="Weekly Newsletter"> <form action="//ancient.us8.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46&id=ac74a77c22" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate"> <div id="mc_embed_signup_scroll"> <p>History delivered to you once a week:</p> <div class="mc-field-group"> <input type="email" placeholder="Email address..." name="EMAIL" autocomplete="email" class="required email" id="mce-EMAIL" style="width:80%;" required> </div> <p>Are you a...?</p> <div class="mc-field-group input-group" style="margin-top: -10px;"> <input type="radio" value="1" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-0" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-0">History Enthusiast</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="2" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-1" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-1">Teacher</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="4" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-2" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-2">Student</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="8" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-3" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-3">Librarian</label> </div> <div id="mce-responses" class="clear"> <div class="response" id="mce-error-response" style="display:none"></div> <div class="response" id="mce-success-response" style="display:none"></div> </div>  <input type="hidden" name="tags" value="40497"> <input type="submit" value="Subscribe" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="button content_button red" style="margin-top: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46_ac74a77c22" tabindex="-1" value=""></div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> </form> </div>  </aside> <p id="footer_spacer"> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ad_Flexi_MobileSticky ahe-ad">  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_MobileSticky" class="adcontainer"></div> </div> <div class="worldhistory_sticky_dynamic"></div> <a href="/membership/?utm_campaign=membership&utm_source=whe&utm_medium=sidetab_heart_en" id="membership_sidebar" title="Membership" class="no_membership_only"> <img src="/template/images/membership/membership-sidetab-en.svg?v=1738769252" width="29" height="133" alt="Membership" /> </a> <footer> <div class="print_membership_notice no_membership_only print_only"> <p>World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization publishing free history content that has been carefully researched and reviewed. 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