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id="toc-Social_and_economic_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murder_of_Mary_Phagan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murder_of_Mary_Phagan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Murder of Mary Phagan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Murder_of_Mary_Phagan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Murder of Mary Phagan subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Murder_of_Mary_Phagan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phagan's_early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phagan's_early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Phagan's early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phagan's_early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery_of_Phagan's_body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_of_Phagan's_body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Discovery of Phagan's body </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_Phagan's_body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police_investigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Police investigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-James_"Jim"_Conley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#James_"Jim"_Conley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 James "Jim" Conley </div> </a> <ul id="toc-James_"Jim"_Conley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Media coverage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Trial </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trial-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Trial subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Frank's_alleged_sexual_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frank's_alleged_sexual_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Frank's alleged sexual behavior </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frank's_alleged_sexual_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conviction_and_sentencing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conviction_and_sentencing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Conviction and sentencing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conviction_and_sentencing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appeals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appeals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Appeals </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Appeals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Appeals subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Appeals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_appeals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_appeals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 State appeals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_appeals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_appeals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_appeals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Federal appeals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_appeals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commutation_of_sentence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commutation_of_sentence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Commutation of sentence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commutation_of_sentence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Commutation of sentence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Commutation_of_sentence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hearing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hearing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Hearing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hearing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport_of_the_body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_of_the_body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Transport of the body </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport_of_the_body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murder_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murder_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Murder notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murder_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timing_and_physical_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timing_and_physical_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Timing and physical evidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timing_and_physical_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Conclusion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_of_the_public" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_of_the_public"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Reaction of the public </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_of_the_public-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antisemitism_and_media_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antisemitism_and_media_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Antisemitism and media coverage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antisemitism_and_media_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abduction_and_lynching_of_Frank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abduction_and_lynching_of_Frank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Abduction and lynching of Frank </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abduction_and_lynching_of_Frank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_trial_and_lynching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_trial_and_lynching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 After the trial and lynching </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-After_the_trial_and_lynching-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle After the trial and lynching subsection </button> <ul id="toc-After_the_trial_and_lynching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immediate_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Immediate reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immediate_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_consensus:_a_miscarriage_of_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_consensus:_a_miscarriage_of_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Later consensus: a miscarriage of justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_consensus:_a_miscarriage_of_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_for_posthumous_pardon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_for_posthumous_pardon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Applications for posthumous pardon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications_for_posthumous_pardon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_marker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_marker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Historical marker </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_marker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-lynching_memorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-lynching_memorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Anti-lynching memorial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-lynching_memorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conviction_Integrity_Unit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conviction_Integrity_Unit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Conviction Integrity Unit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conviction_Integrity_Unit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Leo Frank</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" > 23 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83" title="ليو فرانك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليو فرانك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Лео Франк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лео Франк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Leo Frank" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Frank_(Manager)" title="Leo Frank (Manager) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leo Frank (Manager)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leo Frank" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%A9" title="لیو فرنک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیو فرنک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Leo Frank" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%AD%ED%81%AC" title="리오 프랭크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리오 프랭크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B8_%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE" title="Լեո Ֆրանկի գործ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեո Ֆրանկի գործ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omicidio_di_Mary_Phagan" title="Omicidio di Mary Phagan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Omicidio di Mary Phagan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="ליאו פרנק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליאו פרנק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83" title="ليو فرانك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليو فرانك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="レオ・フランク事件 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レオ・フランク事件" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leo Frank" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Leo Frank" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zab%C3%B3jstwo_Mary_Phagan" title="Zabójstwo Mary Phagan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zabójstwo Mary Phagan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leo Frank" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дело Лео Франка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дело Лео Франка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Max_Frank" title="Leo Max Frank – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leo Max Frank" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Лео Франк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лео Франк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leo Frank" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leo Frank" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E6%A1%88" title="利奥·弗兰克案 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="利奥·弗兰克案" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q130973#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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Frank">Leo J. Frank</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Leo Frank</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_Frank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Leo Frank in a portrait photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Leo_Frank.jpg/230px-Leo_Frank.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Leo_Frank.jpg/345px-Leo_Frank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Leo_Frank.jpg/460px-Leo_Frank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="1181" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Frank, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910–1915</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Leo Max Frank</div> (1884-04-17)April 17, 1884 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Cuero,_Texas" title="Cuero, Texas">Cuero, Texas</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 17, 1915(1915-08-17) (aged 31) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Georgia" title="Marietta, Georgia">Marietta, Georgia</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">New Mount Carmel Cemetery, <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Queens" title="Glendale, Queens">Glendale</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Leo_Frank&params=40.69269_N_73.88115_W_&title=Leo+Frank%27s+resting+place">40°41′34″N 73°52′52″W / 40.69269°N 73.88115°W / 40.69269; -73.88115 (Leo Frank's resting place)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">Bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering (1906), pencil manufacturing apprenticeship (1908)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employer(s)</th><td class="infobox-data org">National Pencil Company, Atlanta (1908–1915)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal charge</th><td class="infobox-data">Convicted on August 25, 1913 for the murder of Mary Phagan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal penalty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Death</a> by hanging (1913); commuted to life imprisonment (1915)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Lucille Selig</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1910)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/100px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/150px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/200px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="503" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_antisemitism" title="List of writers on antisemitism">Reference</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Definitions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">IHRA definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Antisemitism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism">Jerusalem Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexus Task Force">Nexus Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st-century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_textbook_controversy" title="Saudi Arabian textbook controversy">textbook controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matar_jud%C3%ADos" title="Matar judíos">Matar judíos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">USA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_incidents_during_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Antisemitic incidents during the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War ('08-'09)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war">Israel-Hamas war ('23-'24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish antisemitism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">Olympic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic tropes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_world_financial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Finance control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Prophecy" title="Franklin Prophecy">Franklin Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration#Medieval_accusations_against_Jews" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_lobby#Viewed_as_antisemitic_and/or_pejorative" title="Jewish lobby">Jewish lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Media control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon#Antisemitism" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning#History_of_well_poisoning_as_libel" title="Well poisoning">Well poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory#Neo-Nazis'_accusations_against_Jews" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitic_publications" title="Category:Antisemitic publications">Antisemitic publications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Barnes_Review" title="The Barnes Review">The Barnes Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Wars" title="Currency Wars">Currency Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dearborn_Independent" title="The Dearborn Independent">The Dearborn Independent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing (video game)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_juive" title="La France juive">La France juive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter (William Luther Pierce)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">1988 Hamas Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Parole" title="La Libre Parole">La Libre Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Antisemitism on the Internet</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//pol/" title="/pol/">4chan (/pol/)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disclose.tv" title="Disclose.tv">Disclose.tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goebbels_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Goebbels Gap">Goebbels Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoyimTV" class="mw-redirect" title="GoyimTV">GoyimTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Observer" title="Occidental Observer">The Occidental Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ice" title="Red Ice">Red Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegade_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Renegade Tribune">Renegade Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)">The Right Stuff (blog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorgram" title="Terrorgram">Terrorgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_parentheses" title="Triple parentheses">Triple parentheses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TruNews" title="TruNews">TruNews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Unz" title="Ron Unz">The Unz Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Today" title="Veterans Today">Veterans Today</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Prominent figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska_(activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baked Alaska (activist)">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Andrew Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Beam" title="Louis Beam">Louis Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Don Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_von_Brunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James von Brunn">James von Brunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Butler_(white_supremacist)" title="Richard Butler (white supremacist)">Richard Girnt Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Édouard Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Andreas_Eisenmenger" title="Johann Andreas Eisenmenger">Johann Eisenmenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Theodor Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Nick Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Arthur Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">David Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_G._Liebold" title="Ernest G. Liebold">Ernest G. Liebold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">Kevin MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Mullins" title="Eustace Mullins">Eustace Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">William Luther Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Richard B. Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alfred_Strom" title="Kevin Alfred Strom">Kevin Alfred Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Wiles" title="Rick Wiles">Rick Wiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Ernst Zündel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Horia Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">A. C. Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Octavian Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Buzatu" title="Gheorghe Buzatu">Gheorghe Buzatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nae_Ionescu" title="Nae Ionescu">Nae Ionescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Nichifor Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Slavici" title="Ioan Slavici">Ioan Slavici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Ferenczy" title="László Ferenczy">László Ferenczy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Stepan Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refuseniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anti-antisemitism" title="Anti-antisemitism">Opposition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Antisemitism" title="Campaign Against Antisemitism">Campaign Against Antisemitism</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">Fundamental Rights Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Committee_Against_Antisemitism" title="Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism">Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Councils_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Union of Councils for Soviet Jews">Union of Councils for Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Watch" title="UN Watch">UN Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Strategy_to_Counter_Antisemitism" title="U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism">U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Holocaust_Library" title="Wiener Holocaust Library">Wiener Holocaust Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">Working definition of antisemitism</a> (IHRA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Antisemitism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism">Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds of antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Leo Max Frank (April 17, 1884 – August 17, 1915) was an American <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynching</a> victim convicted in 1913 of the murder of 13-year-old Mary Phagan, an employee in a factory in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Georgia where he was the superintendent. Frank's trial, conviction, and unsuccessful appeals attracted national attention. His kidnapping from prison and <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynching</a> became the focus of social, regional, political, and racial concerns, particularly regarding <a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a>. Modern researchers generally agree that Frank was wrongly convicted.<a href="#cite_note-2">[n 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-MelnickUnamity-4">[3]</a> Born to a <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish-American</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, Frank was raised in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and earned a degree in mechanical engineering from <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> before moving to Atlanta in 1908. Marrying Lucille Selig (who became Lucille Frank) in 1910, he involved himself with the city's Jewish community and was elected president of the Atlanta chapter of the <a href="/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith" title="B'nai B'rith">B'nai B'rith</a>, a Jewish fraternal organization, in 1912. At that time, there were growing concerns regarding child labor at factories. One of these children was Mary Phagan, who worked at the National Pencil Company where Frank was director. The girl was strangled on April 26, 1913, and found dead in the factory's cellar the next morning. Two notes, made to look as if she had written them, were found beside her body. Based on the mention of a "night witch", they implicated the night watchman, Newt Lee. Over the course of their investigations, the police arrested several men, including Lee, Frank, and Jim Conley, a janitor at the factory. On May 24, 1913, Frank was indicted on a charge of murder and the case opened at <a href="/wiki/Fulton_County,_Georgia" title="Fulton County, Georgia">Fulton County</a> Superior Court, on July 28. The prosecution relied heavily on the testimony of Conley, who described himself as an accomplice in the aftermath of the murder, and who the defense at the trial argued was, in fact, the perpetrator of the murder. A guilty verdict was announced on August 25. Frank and his lawyers made a series of unsuccessful appeals; their final appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> failed in April 1915. Considering arguments from both sides as well as evidence not available at trial, Governor <a href="/wiki/John_M._Slaton" title="John M. Slaton">John M. Slaton</a> commuted Frank's sentence from capital punishment to life imprisonment. The case attracted national press attention and many reporters deemed the conviction a travesty. Within Georgia, this outside criticism fueled antisemitism and hatred toward Frank. On August 16, 1915, he was kidnapped from prison by a group of armed men, and <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynched</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Georgia" title="Marietta, Georgia">Marietta</a>, Mary Phagan's hometown, the next morning. The new governor vowed to punish the lynchers, who included prominent Marietta citizens, but nobody was charged. In 1986, the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Board_of_Pardons_and_Paroles" title="Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles">Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles</a> issued a pardon in recognition of the state's failures—including to protect Frank and preserve his opportunity to appeal—but took no stance on Frank's guilt or innocence. The case has inspired books, movies, a play, a musical, and a TV miniseries. The African American press condemned the lynching, but many African Americans also opposed Frank and his supporters over what historian <a href="/wiki/Nancy_MacLean" title="Nancy MacLean">Nancy MacLean</a> described as a "virulently racist" characterization of Jim Conley, who was Black.<a href="#cite_note-MacLean-5">[4]</a> His case spurred the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> and the resurgence of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_economic_conditions">Social and economic conditions</h3></div> In the early 20th century, Atlanta, Georgia's capital city, underwent significant economic and social change. To serve a growing economy based on manufacturing and commerce, many people left the countryside to relocate in Atlanta.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Men from the traditional rural society felt it degrading that women were moving to the city to work in factories.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> During this era, Atlanta's rabbis and Jewish community leaders helped to resolve animosity toward Jews. In the half-century from 1895, David Marx was a prominent figure in the city. In order to aid assimilation, Marx's <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> temple adopted Americanized appearances. Friction developed between the city's German Jews, who were integrated, and Russian Jews who had recently immigrated. Marx said the new Russian Jews were "barbaric and ignorant" and believed their presence would create new antisemitic attitudes and a situation which made possible Frank's guilty verdict.<a href="#cite_note-p._231-10">[9]</a> Despite their success, many Jews recognized themselves as different from the Gentile majority and were uncomfortable with their image.<a href="#cite_note-12">[n 2]</a> Despite his own acceptance by <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentiles</a>, Marx believed that "in isolated instances there is no prejudice entertained for the individual Jew, but there exists wide-spread and deep seated prejudice against Jews as an entire people."<a href="#cite_note-Dinnerstein_1994_181-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[n 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[n 4]</a> An example of the type of tension that Marx feared occurred in April 1913: at a conference on <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a>, some participants blamed the problem, in part, on the fact that many factories were Jewish-owned.<a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Dinnerstein" title="Leonard Dinnerstein">Leonard Dinnerstein</a> summarized Atlanta's situation in 1913 as follows: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The pathological conditions in the city menaced the home, the state, the schools, the churches, and, in the words of a contemporary Southern sociologist, the 'wholesome industrial life.' The institutions of the city were obviously unfit to handle urban problems. Against this background, the murder of a young girl in 1913 triggered a violent reaction of mass aggression, hysteria, and prejudice.<a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3></div> Leo Max Frank was born in <a href="/wiki/Cuero,_Texas" title="Cuero, Texas">Cuero, Texas</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a> on April 17, 1884, to Rudolph Frank and Rachel "Rae" Jacobs.<a href="#cite_note-Oney10-19">[15]</a> The family moved to <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> when Leo was three months old.<a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a> He attended <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Education" title="New York City Department of Education">New York City public schools</a> and graduated from <a href="/wiki/Pratt_Institute" title="Pratt Institute">Pratt Institute</a> in 1902. He then attended <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, where he studied mechanical engineering. After graduating in 1906, he worked briefly as a draftsman and as a testing engineer.<a href="#cite_note-Frey20-21">[17]</a> At the invitation of his uncle Moses Frank, Leo traveled to Atlanta for two weeks in late October 1907, to meet a delegation of investors for a position with the National Pencil Company, a manufacturing plant in which Moses was a major shareholder.<a href="#cite_note-Oney10-19">[15]</a> Frank accepted the position, and traveled to Germany to study pencil manufacturing at the <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Faber" title="Eberhard Faber">Eberhard Faber</a> pencil factory. After a nine-month apprenticeship, Frank returned to the United States and began working at the National Pencil Company in August 1908.<a href="#cite_note-Frey20-21">[17]</a> Frank became superintendent of the factory the following month, earning $180 per month plus a portion of the factory's profits.<a href="#cite_note-Lindemann_251-22">[18]</a> Frank was introduced to Lucille Selig shortly after he arrived in Atlanta.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> She came from a prominent, upper-middle class Jewish family of industrialists who, two generations earlier, had founded the first synagogue in Atlanta.<a href="#cite_note-25">[n 5]</a> They married in November 1910.<a href="#cite_note-26">[21]</a> Frank described his married life as happy.<a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a> In 1912, Frank was elected president of the Atlanta chapter of the <a href="/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith" title="B'nai B'rith">B'nai B'rith</a>, a Jewish fraternal organization.<a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a> The Jewish community in Atlanta was the largest in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, and the Franks belonged to a cultured and philanthropic community whose leisure pursuits included opera and bridge.<a href="#cite_note-29">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[25]</a> Although the Southern United States was not specifically known for its antisemitism, Frank's northern culture and Jewish faith added to the sense that he was different.<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Murder_of_Mary_Phagan">Murder of Mary Phagan</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Phagan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A portrait of Mary Phagan in the pages of a newspaper. A caption above her says "Girl Slain in Strangling Mystery"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mary_Phagan.jpg/170px-Mary_Phagan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mary_Phagan.jpg/255px-Mary_Phagan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mary_Phagan.jpg/340px-Mary_Phagan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption>Mary Phagan</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the television miniseries based on the story, see <a href="/wiki/The_Murder_of_Mary_Phagan_(TV_miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Murder of Mary Phagan (TV miniseries)">The Murder of Mary Phagan (TV miniseries)</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phagan's_early_life">Phagan's early life</h3></div> Mary Phagan was born on June 1, 1899, into a Georgia family of tenant farmers.<a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> Her father died before she was born. Shortly after Mary's birth, her mother, Frances Phagan, moved the family back to their hometown of <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Georgia" title="Marietta, Georgia">Marietta, Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Phagan14-34">[29]</a> During or after 1907, they again relocated to <a href="/wiki/East_Point,_Georgia" title="East Point, Georgia">East Point, Georgia</a>, in southwest Atlanta, where Frances opened a boarding house.<a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> Phagan left school at age 10 to work part-time in a textile mill.<a href="#cite_note-Oney5-36">[31]</a> In 1912, after her mother married John William Coleman, the family moved into the city of Atlanta.<a href="#cite_note-Phagan14-34">[29]</a> That spring, Phagan took a job with the National Pencil Company, where she earned ten cents an hour operating a <a href="/wiki/Knurling" title="Knurling">knurling</a> machine that inserted rubber erasers into the metal tips of pencils, and worked 55 hours per week.<a href="#cite_note-Oney5-36">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[n 6]</a> She worked across the hallway from Leo Frank's office.<a href="#cite_note-Oney5-36">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_of_Phagan's_body">Discovery of Phagan's body</h3></div> On April 21, 1913, Phagan was laid off due to a materials shortage.<a href="#cite_note-Oney_8-9-37">[32]</a> Around noon on April 26, she went to the factory to claim her pay. The next day, shortly before 3:00 a.m., the factory's night watchman, Newt Lee, went to the factory basement to use the toilet.<a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a> After leaving the toilet, Lee discovered Phagan's body in the rear of the basement near an incinerator and called the police. Her dress was up around her waist and a strip from her petticoat had been torn off and wrapped around her neck. Her face was blackened and scratched, and her head was bruised and battered. A 7-foot (2.1 m) strip of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄4-inch (6.4 mm) wrapping cord was tied into a loop around her neck, buried <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄4 in (6.4 mm) deep, showing that she had been strangled. Her underwear was still around her hips, but stained with blood and torn open. Her skin was covered with ashes and dirt from the floor, initially making it appear to first responding officers that she and her assailant had struggled in the basement.<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> A service ramp at the rear of the basement led to a sliding door that opened into an alley; the police found the door had been tampered with so it could be opened without unlocking it. Later examination found bloody fingerprints on the door, as well as a metal pipe that had been used as a crowbar.<a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a> Some evidence at the crime scene was improperly handled by the police investigators: a trail in the dirt (from the elevator shaft) along which police believed Phagan had been dragged was trampled; the footprints were never identified.<a href="#cite_note-Oney30-43">[37]</a> Two notes were found in a pile of rubbish by Phagan's head, and became known as the "murder notes". One said: "he said he wood love me land down play like the night witch did it but that long tall black negro did boy his slef." The other said, "mam that negro hire down here did this i went to make water and he push me down that hole a long tall negro black that hoo it wase long sleam tall negro i write while play with me." The phrase "night witch" was thought to mean "night watch[man]"; when the notes were initially read aloud, Lee, who was black, said: "Boss, it looks like they are trying to lay it on me."<a href="#cite_note-45">[n 7]</a> Lee was arrested that morning based on these notes and his apparent familiarity with the body – he stated that the girl was white, when the police, because of the filth and darkness in the basement, initially thought she was black. A trail leading back to the elevator suggested to police that the body had been moved by Lee.<a href="#cite_note-46">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_investigation">Police investigation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary-phagan-murder-note.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A used page from an order pad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/Mary-phagan-murder-note.jpg/170px-Mary-phagan-murder-note.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/Mary-phagan-murder-note.jpg/255px-Mary-phagan-murder-note.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/Mary-phagan-murder-note.jpg/340px-Mary-phagan-murder-note.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption>One of the two murder notes found near the body</figcaption></figure> In addition to Lee, the police arrested a friend of Phagan's for the crime.<a href="#cite_note-48">[41]</a> Gradually, the police became convinced that these were not the culprits. By Monday, the police had theorized that the murder occurred on the second floor (the same as Frank's office) based on hair found on a lathe and what appeared to be blood on the ground of the second floor.<a href="#cite_note-49">[42]</a> Just after 4 am on Sunday, April 27 after the discovery of Phagan's body, both Newt Lee and the police unsuccessfully tried to telephone Frank.<a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a> The police contacted him later that morning and he agreed to accompany them to the factory.<a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a> When the police arrived after 7 a.m. without telling the specifics of what happened at the factory, Frank seemed extremely nervous, trembling, and pale; his voice was hoarse, and he was rubbing his hands and asking questions before the police could answer. Frank said he was not familiar with the name Mary Phagan and would need to check his payroll book. The detectives took Frank to the morgue to see Phagan's body and then to the factory, where Frank viewed the crime scene and walked the police through the entire building. Frank returned home about 10:45 a.m. At this point, Frank was not considered a suspect.<a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a> On Monday, April 28, Frank, accompanied by his attorney, Luther Rosser, gave a written deposition to the police that provided a brief timeline of his activities on Saturday. He said Phagan was in his office between 12:05 and 12:10 p.m., that Lee had arrived at 4 p.m. but was asked to return later, and that Frank had a confrontation with ex-employee James Gantt at 6 p.m. as Frank was leaving and Lee was arriving. Frank explained that Lee's time card for Sunday morning had several gaps (Lee was supposed to punch in every half-hour) that Frank had missed when he discussed the time card with police on Sunday. At Rosser's insistence, Frank exposed his body to demonstrate that he had no cuts or injuries and the police found no blood on the suit that Frank said he had worn on Saturday. The police found no blood stains on the laundry at Frank's house.<a href="#cite_note-53">[46]</a> Frank then met with N. V. Darley, his assistant, and Harry Scott of the <a href="/wiki/Pinkerton_National_Detective_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinkerton National Detective Agency">Pinkerton National Detective Agency</a>, whom Frank hired to investigate the case and prove his innocence.<a href="#cite_note-54">[47]</a> The Pinkerton detectives would investigate many leads, ranging from crime scene evidence to allegations of sexual misconduct on the part of Frank. The Pinkertons were required to submit duplicates of all evidence to the police, including any that hurt Frank's case. Unbeknownst to Frank, however, was Scott's close ties with the police, particularly his best friend, detective John Black, who believed in Frank's guilt from the outset.<a href="#cite_note-56">[n 8]</a> On Tuesday, April 29, Black went to Lee's residence at 11 a.m. looking for evidence, and found a blood-smeared shirt at the bottom of a <a href="/wiki/Burn_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Burn barrel">burn barrel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[49]</a> The blood was smeared high up on the armpits and the shirt smelled unused, suggesting to the police that it was a plant. The detectives, suspicious of Frank due to his nervous behavior throughout his interviews, believed that Frank had arranged the plant.<a href="#cite_note-58">[50]</a> Frank was subsequently arrested around 11:30 a.m. at the factory. Steve Oney states that "no single development had persuaded ... [the police] that Leo Frank had murdered Mary Phagan. Instead, to the cumulative weight of Sunday's suspicions and Monday's misgivings had been added several last factors that tipped the scale against the superintendent."<a href="#cite_note-59">[51]</a> These factors were the rejection of rumors that Phagan had been seen on the streets, making Frank the last person to admit seeing Phagan; the dropped charges against two suspects; Frank's meeting with the Pinkertons; and a "shifting view of Newt Lee's role in the affair."<a href="#cite_note-60">[52]</a> The police were convinced Lee was involved as Frank's accomplice and that Frank was trying to implicate him. To bolster their case, the police staged a confrontation between Lee and Frank while both were still in custody; there were conflicting accounts of this meeting, but the police interpreted it as further implicating Frank.<a href="#cite_note-61">[53]</a> On Wednesday, April 30, a <a href="/wiki/Coroner%27s_inquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Coroner's inquest">coroner's inquest</a> was held. Frank testified about his activities on Saturday and other witnesses produced corroboration. A young man said that Phagan had complained to him about Frank. Several former employees spoke of Frank flirting with other women; one said she was actually propositioned. The detectives admitted that "they so far had obtained no conclusive evidence or clues in the baffling mystery ...". Lee and Frank were both ordered to be detained.<a href="#cite_note-62">[54]</a> In May, the detective <a href="/wiki/William_J._Burns" title="William J. Burns">William J. Burns</a> traveled to Atlanta to offer further assistance in the case.<a href="#cite_note-63">[55]</a> However, his <a href="/wiki/William_J._Burns_International_Detective_Agency" title="William J. Burns International Detective Agency">Burns Agency</a> withdrew from the case later that month. C. W. Tobie, a detective from the Chicago affiliate who was assigned to the case, said that the agency "came down here to investigate a murder case, not to engage in petty politic[s]."<a href="#cite_note-64">[56]</a> The agency quickly became disillusioned with the many societal implications of the case, most notably the notion that Frank was able to evade prosecution due to his being a rich Jew, buying off the police and paying for private detectives.<a href="#cite_note-65">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="James_"Jim"_Conley">James "Jim" Conley</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jim_Conley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A portrait of Jim Conley in the pages of a magazine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jim_Conley.jpg/170px-Jim_Conley.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jim_Conley.jpg/255px-Jim_Conley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jim_Conley.jpg/340px-Jim_Conley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="1394" /></a><figcaption>Jim Conley as shown in the August 1915 issue of <a href="/wiki/Watson%27s_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Watson's Magazine">Watson's Magazine</a></figcaption></figure> The prosecution based much of its case on the testimony of Jim Conley, the factory's janitor, who is believed by many historians to be the actual murderer.<a href="#cite_note-68">[n 9]</a> The police had arrested Conley on May 1 after he had been seen washing red stains out of a blue work shirt; detectives examined it for blood, but determined that it was rust as Conley had claimed, and returned it.<a href="#cite_note-69">[60]</a> Conley was still in police custody two weeks later when he gave his first formal statement. He said that, on the day of the murder, he had been visiting saloons, shooting dice, and drinking. His story was called into question when a witness told detectives that "a black negro ... dressed in dark blue clothing and hat" had been seen in the lobby of the factory on the day of the murder. Further investigation determined that Conley could read and write,<a href="#cite_note-70">[61]</a> and there were similarities in his spelling with that found on the murder notes. On May 24, he admitted he had written the notes, swearing that Frank had called him to his office the day before the murder and told him to write them.<a href="#cite_note-71">[62]</a> After testing Conley again on his spelling – he spelled "night watchman" as "night witch" – the police were convinced he had written the notes. They were skeptical about the rest of his story, not only because it implied premeditation by Frank, but also because it suggested that Frank had confessed to Conley and involved him.<a href="#cite_note-Oney133-72">[63]</a> In a new affidavit (his second affidavit and third statement), Conley admitted he had lied about his Friday meeting with Frank. He said he had met Frank on the street on Saturday, and was told to follow him to the factory. Frank told him to hide in a wardrobe to avoid being seen by two women who were visiting Frank in his office. He said Frank dictated the murder notes for him to write, gave him cigarettes, then told him to leave the factory. Afterward, Conley said he went out drinking and saw a movie. He said he did not learn of the murder until he went to work on Monday.<a href="#cite_note-Oney_134-136-73">[64]</a> The police were satisfied with the new story, and both The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Georgian gave the story front-page coverage. Three officials of the pencil company were not convinced and said so to the Journal. They contended that Conley had followed another employee into the building, intending to rob her, but found Phagan was an easier target.<a href="#cite_note-Oney_134-136-73">[64]</a> The police placed little credence in the officials' theory, but had no explanation for the failure to locate Phagan's purse that other witnesses had testified she carried that day.<a href="#cite_note-74">[65]</a> They were also concerned that Conley did not mention that he was aware a crime had been committed when he wrote the notes, suggesting Frank had simply dictated the notes to Conley arbitrarily. To resolve their doubts, the police attempted on May 28 to arrange a confrontation between Frank and Conley. Frank exercised his right not to meet without his attorney, who was out of town. The police were quoted in The Atlanta Constitution saying that this refusal was an indication of Frank's guilt, and the meeting never took place.<a href="#cite_note-75">[66]</a> On May 29, Conley was interviewed for four hours.<a href="#cite_note-76">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[68]</a> His new affidavit said that Frank told him, "he had picked up a girl back there and let her fall and that her head hit against something." Conley said he and Frank took the body to the basement via the elevator, then returned to Frank's office where the murder notes were dictated. Conley then hid in the wardrobe after the two had returned to the office. He said Frank gave him $200, but took it back, saying, "Let me have that and I will make it all right with you Monday if I live and nothing happens." Conley's affidavit concluded, "The reason I have not told this before is I thought Mr. Frank would get out and help me out and I decided to tell the whole truth about this matter."<a href="#cite_note-78">[69]</a> At trial, Conley changed his story concerning the $200. He said Frank decided to withhold the money until Conley had burned Phagan's body in the basement furnace.<a href="#cite_note-79">[70]</a> The Georgian hired <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Manning_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Manning Smith (page does not exist)">William Manning Smith</a> to represent Conley for $40. Smith was known for specializing in representing black clients, and had successfully defended a black man against an accusation of rape by a white woman. He had also taken an elderly black woman's civil case as far as the Georgia Supreme Court. Although Smith believed Conley had told the truth in his final affidavit, he became concerned that Conley was giving long jailhouse interviews with crowds of reporters. Smith was also anxious about reporters from the <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">Hearst</a> papers, who had taken Frank's side. He arranged for Conley to be moved to a different jail, and severed his own relationship with the Georgian.<a href="#cite_note-80">[71]</a> On February 24, 1914, Conley was sentenced to a year in jail for being an accomplice after the fact to Phagan's murder.<a href="#cite_note-81">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo-frank-police-have-the-strangler-headline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The front page of the Atlanta Georgian newspaper. The headline says "Police Have the Strangler". The article lead says "Late this afternoon, Chief of Detectives Lanford made this important statement to a Georgian reporter: 'We have the strangler. In my opinion the crime lies between two men, the negro watchman, Newt Lee and Frank. We have eliminated John Gantt and Arthur Mullinax.'"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Leo-frank-police-have-the-strangler-headline.jpg/250px-Leo-frank-police-have-the-strangler-headline.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Leo-frank-police-have-the-strangler-headline.jpg/375px-Leo-frank-police-have-the-strangler-headline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Leo-frank-police-have-the-strangler-headline.jpg/500px-Leo-frank-police-have-the-strangler-headline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>The Atlanta Georgian headline on April 29, 1913, showing that the police suspected Frank and Newt Lee</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution#The_Atlanta_Constitution" title="The Atlanta Journal-Constitution">The Atlanta Constitution</a> broke the story of the murder and was soon in competition with <a href="/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution#The_Atlanta_Journal" title="The Atlanta Journal-Constitution">The Atlanta Journal</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Atlanta_Georgian" title="The Atlanta Georgian">The Atlanta Georgian</a>. Forty extra editions came out the day Phagan's murder was reported. The Atlanta Georgian published a doctored morgue photo of Phagan, in which her head was shown spliced onto the body of another girl. The papers offered a total of $1,800 in reward money for information leading to the apprehension of the murderer.<a href="#cite_note-82">[73]</a> Soon after the murder, Atlanta's mayor criticized the police for their steady release of information to the public. The governor, noting the reaction of the public to press <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalism</a> soon after Lee's and Frank's arrests, organized ten militia companies in case they were needed to repulse mob action against the prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-83">[74]</a> Coverage of the case in the local press continued nearly unabated throughout the investigation, trial, and subsequent appeal process. Newspaper reports throughout the period combined real evidence, unsubstantiated rumors, and journalistic speculation. Dinnerstein wrote, "Characterized by innuendo, misrepresentation, and distortion, the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">yellow journalism</a> account of Mary Phagan's death aroused an anxious city, and within a few days, a shocked state."<a href="#cite_note-84">[75]</a> Different segments of the population focused on different aspects. Atlanta's working class saw Frank as "a defiler of young girls", while the German-Jewish community saw him as "an exemplary man and loyal husband."<a href="#cite_note-85">[76]</a> Albert Lindemann, author of The Jew Accused, opined that "ordinary people" may have had difficulty evaluating the often unreliable information and in "suspend[ing] judgment over a long period of time" while the case developed.<a href="#cite_note-86">[77]</a> As the press shaped public opinion, much of the public's attention was directed at the police and the prosecution, whom they expected to bring Phagan's killer to justice. The prosecutor, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dorsey" title="Hugh Dorsey">Hugh Dorsey</a>, had recently lost two high-profile murder cases; one state newspaper wrote that "another defeat, and in a case where the feeling was so intense, would have been, in all likelihood, the end of Mr. Dorsey, as solicitor."<a href="#cite_note-87">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trial">Trial</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank%27s_trial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frank%27s_trial.jpg/325px-Frank%27s_trial.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frank%27s_trial.jpg/488px-Frank%27s_trial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frank%27s_trial.jpg/650px-Frank%27s_trial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1438" /></a><figcaption>The courtroom on July 28, 1913. Dorsey is examining witness Newt Lee. Frank is in the center.</figcaption></figure> On May 23, 1913, a <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> convened to hear evidence for an <a href="/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment">indictment</a> against Frank for the murder of Phagan. The prosecutor, Hugh Dorsey, presented only enough information to obtain the indictment, assuring the jury that additional information would be provided during the trial. The next day, May 24, the jury voted for an indictment.<a href="#cite_note-88">[79]</a> Meanwhile, Frank's legal team suggested to the media that Jim Conley was the actual killer and put pressure on another grand jury to indict him. The jury foreman, on his own authority, convened the jury on July 21; on Dorsey's advice, they decided not to indict Conley.<a href="#cite_note-89">[80]</a> On July 28, the trial began at the Fulton County Superior Court (old city hall building). The judge, Leonard S. Roan, had been serving as a judge in Georgia since 1900.<a href="#cite_note-90">[81]</a> The prosecution team was led by Dorsey and included William Smith (Conley's attorney and Dorsey's jury consultant). Frank was represented by a team of eight lawyers – including jury selection specialists – led by Luther Rosser, Reuben Arnold, and Herbert Haas.<a href="#cite_note-91">[82]</a> In addition to the hundreds of spectators inside, a large crowd gathered outside to watch the trial through the windows. The defense, in their legal appeals, would later cite the crowds as factors in intimidation of the witnesses and jury.<a href="#cite_note-92">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo-frank-at-trial_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Leo-frank-at-trial_crop.jpg/200px-Leo-frank-at-trial_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Leo-frank-at-trial_crop.jpg/300px-Leo-frank-at-trial_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Leo-frank-at-trial_crop.jpg/400px-Leo-frank-at-trial_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>Lucille and Leo Frank during the trial</figcaption></figure> Both legal teams, in planning their trial strategy, considered the implications of trying a white man based on the testimony of a black man in front of an early 1900s Georgia jury. Jeffrey Melnick, author of Black-Jewish Relations on Trial: Leo Frank and Jim Conley in the New South, writes that the defense tried to picture Conley as "a new kind of African American – anarchic, degraded, and dangerous."<a href="#cite_note-Melnick41-93">[84]</a> Dorsey, however, pictured Conley as "a familiar type" of "old negro", like a minstrel or plantation worker.<a href="#cite_note-Melnick41-93">[84]</a> Dorsey's strategy played on prejudices of the white 1900s Georgia observers, i.e., that a black man could not have been intelligent enough to make up a complicated story.<a href="#cite_note-94">[85]</a> The prosecution argued that Conley's statement explaining the immediate aftermath of the murder was true, that Frank was the murderer, and that Frank had dictated the murder notes to Conley in an effort to pin the crime on Newt Lee, the night watchman.<a href="#cite_note-Dinnerstein37,58-95">[86]</a> To support their theory that the murder occurred on the factory's second floor in the machine room near Frank's office, the prosecution presented witnesses who testified to bloodstains and strands of hair found on the lathe.<a href="#cite_note-Dinnerstein37,58-95">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[87]</a> The defense denied that the murder occurred on the second floor. Both sides contested the significance of physical evidence that suggested the place of the murder. Material found around Phagan's neck was shown to be present throughout the factory. The prosecution interpreted the scene in the basement to support Conley's story – that the body was carried there by elevator – while the defense suggested that the drag marks on the floor indicated that Conley carried the body down a ladder and then dragged it across the floor.<a href="#cite_note-97">[88]</a> The defense argued that Conley was the murderer and that Newt Lee helped Conley write the two murder notes. The defense brought many witnesses to support Frank's account of his movements, which indicated he did not have enough time to commit the crime.<a href="#cite_note-98">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[91]</a> The defense, to support their theory that Conley murdered Phagan in a robbery, focused on Phagan's missing purse. Conley claimed in court that he saw Frank place the purse in his office safe, although he denied having seen the purse before the trial. Another witness testified that, on the Monday after the murder, the safe was open and there was no purse in it.<a href="#cite_note-101">[92]</a> The significance of Phagan's torn pay envelope was disputed by both sides.<a href="#cite_note-102">[93]</a><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frank's_alleged_sexual_behavior">Frank's alleged sexual behavior</h3></div> The prosecution focused on Frank's alleged sexual behavior.<a href="#cite_note-104">[n 10]</a> They alleged that Frank, with Conley's assistance, regularly met with women in his office for sexual relations. On the day of the murder, Conley said he saw Phagan go upstairs, from where he heard a scream coming shortly after. He then said he dozed off; when he woke up, Frank called him upstairs and showed him Phagan's body, admitting that he had hurt her. Conley repeated statements from his affidavits that he and Frank took Phagan's body to the basement via the elevator, before returning in the elevator to the office where Frank dictated the murder notes.<a href="#cite_note-105">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[96]</a> Conley was cross-examined by the defense for 16 hours over three days, but the defense failed to break his story. The defense then moved to have Conley's entire testimony concerning the alleged rendezvous stricken from the record. Judge Roan noted that an early objection might have been upheld, but since the jury could not forget what it had heard, he allowed the evidence to stand.<a href="#cite_note-107">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[98]</a> The prosecution, to support Frank's alleged expectation of a visit from Phagan, produced Helen Ferguson, a factory worker who first informed Phagan's parents of her death.<a href="#cite_note-109">[99]</a> Ferguson testified that she had tried to get Phagan's pay on Friday from Frank, but was told that Phagan would have to come in person. Both the person behind the pay window and the woman behind Ferguson in the pay line disputed this version of events, testifying that in accordance with his normal practice, Frank did not disburse pay that day.<a href="#cite_note-110">[100]</a> The defense called a number of factory girls, who testified that they had never seen Frank flirting with or touching the girls and that they considered him to be of good character.<a href="#cite_note-111">[101]</a> In the prosecution's rebuttal, Dorsey called "a steady parade of former factory workers" to ask them the question, "Do you know Mr. Frank's character for lasciviousness?" The answers were usually "bad".<a href="#cite_note-112">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conley%27s_pantomime.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cutaway drawing in a magazine depicts the first three floors of the National Pencil Company manufacturing plant. A caption above says "Conley's Pantomime Illustration of Gruesome Part He Played in Phagan Crime". Multiple events are shown taking place throughout the factory, each with a number next to them. A paragraph below the drawing references these numbers in describing events were and when they happened." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Conley%27s_pantomime.jpg/400px-Conley%27s_pantomime.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Conley%27s_pantomime.jpg/600px-Conley%27s_pantomime.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Conley%27s_pantomime.jpg/800px-Conley%27s_pantomime.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1378" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption>The Atlanta Journal's diagram of Jim Conley's account of the events after Phagan's murder</figcaption></figure> The prosecution realized early on that issues relating to time would be an essential part of its case.<a href="#cite_note-113">[103]</a> At trial, each side presented witnesses to support their version of the timeline for the hours before and after the murder. The starting point was the time of death; the prosecution, relying on the analysis of stomach contents by their expert witness, argued that Phagan died between 12:00 and 12:15 p.m. A prosecution witness, Monteen Stover, said she had gone into the office to get her paycheck, waiting there from 12:05 to 12:10, and did not see Frank in his office. The prosecution's theory was that Stover did not see Frank because he was at that time murdering Phagan in the metal room. Stover's account did not match Frank's initial account that he had not left the office between noon and 12:30.<a href="#cite_note-114">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[105]</a> Other testimony indicated that Phagan exited the trolley (or tram) between 12:07 and 12:10. From the stop it was a two- to four-minute walk, suggesting that Stover arrived first, making her testimony and its implications irrelevant: Frank could not be killing Phagan because at the time she had not yet arrived.<a href="#cite_note-117">[n 11]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[n 12]</a> Lemmie Quinn, foreman of the metal room, testified that he spoke briefly with Frank in his office at 12:20.<a href="#cite_note-120">[108]</a> Frank had not mentioned Quinn when the police first interviewed him about his whereabouts at noontime on April 26. Frank had said at the coroner's inquest that Quinn arrived less than ten minutes after Phagan had left his office,<a href="#cite_note-121">[109]</a> and during the murder trial said Quinn arrived hardly five minutes after Phagan left.<a href="#cite_note-122">[110]</a> According to Conley and several experts called by the defense, it would have taken at least thirty minutes to murder Phagan, take the body to the basement, return to the office, and write the murder notes. By the defense's calculations, Frank's time was fully accounted for from 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m., except for eighteen minutes between 12:02 and 12:20.<a href="#cite_note-123">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[112]</a> Hattie Hall, a stenographer, said at trial that Frank had specifically requested that she come in that Saturday and that Frank had been working in his office from 11:00 to nearly noon. The prosecution labeled Quinn's testimony as "a fraud" and reminded the jury that early in the police investigation Frank had not mentioned Quinn.<a href="#cite_note-Oney_329-125">[113]</a> Newt Lee, the night watchman, arrived at work shortly before 4:00 and Frank, who was normally calm, came bustling out of his office.<a href="#cite_note-126">[114]</a> Frank told Lee that he had not yet finished his own work and asked Lee to return at 6:00.<a href="#cite_note-127">[115]</a> Newt Lee noticed that Frank was very agitated and asked if he could sleep in the packing room, but Frank was insistent that Lee leave the building and told Lee to go out and have a good time in town before coming back.<a href="#cite_note-128">[116]</a> When Lee returned at 6:00, James Gantt had also arrived. Lee told police that Gantt, a former employee who had been fired by Frank after $2 was found missing from the cash box, wanted to look for two pairs of shoes he had left at the factory. Frank allowed Gantt in, although Lee said that Frank appeared to be upset by Gantt's appearance.<a href="#cite_note-129">[117]</a> Frank arrived home at 6:25; at 7:00, he called Lee to determine if everything had gone all right with Gantt.<a href="#cite_note-130">[118]</a><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conviction_and_sentencing">Conviction and sentencing</h3></div> During the trial, the prosecution alleged bribery and witness tampering attempts by the Frank legal team.<a href="#cite_note-131">[119]</a> Meanwhile, the defense requested a <a href="/wiki/Mistrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistrial">mistrial</a> because it believed the jurors had been intimidated by the people inside and outside the courtroom, but the motion was denied.<a href="#cite_note-133">[n 13]</a> Fearing for the safety of Frank and his lawyers in case of an <a href="/wiki/Acquittal" title="Acquittal">acquittal</a>, Roan and the defense agreed that neither Frank nor his defense attorneys would be present when the verdict was read.<a href="#cite_note-136">[n 14]</a> On August 25, 1913, after less than four hours of deliberation, the jury reached a unanimous guilty verdict convicting Frank of murder.<a href="#cite_note-138">[n 15]</a> The Constitution described the scene as Dorsey emerged from the steps of city hall: "[T]hree muscular men swung Mr. Dorsey ... on their shoulders and passed him over the heads of the crowd across the street to his office. With hat raised and tears coursing down his cheeks, the victor in Georgia's most noted criminal battle was tumbled over a shrieking throng that wildly proclaimed its admiration."<a href="#cite_note-139">[124]</a> On August 26, the day after the guilty verdict was reached by the jury, Judge Roan brought counsel into private chambers and sentenced Frank to death by hanging, with the date set to October 10. The defense team issued a public protest, alleging that public opinion unconsciously influenced the jury to the prejudice of Frank.<a href="#cite_note-140">[125]</a> This argument was carried forward throughout the appeal process.<a href="#cite_note-141">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appeals">Appeals</h2></div> Under Georgia law at the time, appeals of death penalty cases had to be based on errors of law, not a re-evaluation of the evidence presented at trial.<a href="#cite_note-142">[127]</a> The appeals process began with a reconsideration by the original trial judge. The defense presented a written appeal alleging 115 procedural problems. These included claims of jury prejudice, intimidation of the jury by the crowds outside the courthouse, the admission of Conley's testimony concerning Frank's alleged sexual perversions and activities, and the return of a verdict based on an improper weighing of the evidence. Both sides called forth witnesses involving the charges of prejudice and intimidation; while the defense relied on non-involved witness testimony, the prosecution found support from the testimony of the jurors themselves.<a href="#cite_note-143">[128]</a> On October 31, 1913, Judge Roan denied the motion, adding, "I have thought about this case more than any other I have ever tried. With all the thought I have put on this case, I am not thoroughly convinced that Frank is guilty or innocent. But I do not have to be convinced. The jury was convinced. There is no room to doubt that."<a href="#cite_note-144">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_appeals">State appeals</h3></div> The next step, a hearing before the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Supreme Court of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia Supreme Court</a>, was held on December 15. In addition to presenting the existing written record, each side was granted two hours for oral arguments. In addition to the old arguments, the defense focused on the reservations expressed by Judge Roan at the reconsideration hearing, citing six cases where new trials had been granted after the trial judge expressed misgivings about the jury verdict. The prosecution countered with arguments that the evidence convicting Frank was substantial and that listing Judge Roan's doubts in the defense's bill of exceptions was not the proper vehicle for "carry[ing] the views of the judge."<a href="#cite_note-148">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oney_369-370-149">[134]</a> On February 17, 1914, in a 142-page decision, the court denied Frank a new trial by a 4–2 vote. The majority dismissed the allegations of bias by the jurors, saying the power of determining this rested strictly with the trial judge except when an "abuse of discretion" was proved. It also ruled that spectator influence could only be the basis of a new trial if ruled so by the trial judge. Conley's testimony on Frank's alleged sexual conduct was found to be admissible because, even though it suggested Frank had committed other crimes for which he was not charged, it made Conley's statements more credible and helped to explain Frank's motivation for committing the crime according to the majority. On Judge Roan's stated reservations, the court ruled that these did not trump his legal decision to deny a motion for a new trial.<a href="#cite_note-Oney_369-370-149">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dinnerstein_81-82-150">[135]</a> The dissenting justices restricted their opinion to Conley's testimony, which they declared should not have been allowed to stand: "It is perfectly clear to us that evidence of prior bad acts of lasciviousness committed by the defendant ... did not tend to prove a preexisting design, system, plan, or scheme, directed toward making an assault upon the deceased or killing her to prevent its disclosure." They concluded that the evidence prejudiced Frank in the jurors' eyes and denied him a fair trial.<a href="#cite_note-Dinnerstein_81-82-150">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[136]</a> The last hearing exhausted Frank's ordinary state appeal rights. On March 7, 1914, Frank's execution was set for April 17 of that year.<a href="#cite_note-152">[137]</a> The defense continued to investigate the case and filed an extraordinary motion<a href="#cite_note-154">[n 16]</a> before the Georgia Supreme Court. This appeal, which would be held before a single justice, Ben Hill, was restricted to raising facts not available at the original trial. The application for appeal resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Stay_of_execution" title="Stay of execution">stay of execution</a> and the hearing opened on April 23, 1914.<a href="#cite_note-155">[139]</a> The defense successfully obtained a number of affidavits from witnesses repudiating their testimony. A state biologist said in a newspaper interview that his microscopic examination of the hair on the lathe shortly after the murder did not match Phagan's. At the same time that the various repudiations were leaked to the newspapers, the state was busy seeking repudiations of the new affidavits. An analysis of the murder notes, which had only been addressed in any detail in the closing arguments, suggested Conley composed them in the basement rather than writing what Frank told him to write in his office. Prison letters written by Conley to Annie Maude Carter were discovered; the defense then argued that these, along with Carter's testimony, implicated Conley as the actual murderer.<a href="#cite_note-156">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[141]</a> The defense also raised a federal constitutional issue on whether Frank's absence from the court when the verdict was announced "constituted deprivation of the due process of law". Different attorneys were brought in to argue this point since Rosser and Arnold had acquiesced in Frank's absence. There was a debate between Rosser and Arnold on whether it should be raised at this time since its significance might be lost with all of the other evidence being presented. Louis Marshall, a constitutional lawyer and president of the American Jewish Committee, urged them to raise the point, and the decision was made that it should be made clear that if the extraordinary motion was rejected they intended to appeal through the federal court system and there would be an impression of injustice in the trial.<a href="#cite_note-158">[142]</a> For almost every issue presented by the defense, the state had a response: most of the repudiations were either retracted or disavowed by the witnesses; the question of whether outdated order pads used to write the murder notes had been in the basement before the murder was disputed; the integrity of the defense's investigators were questioned and intimidation and bribery were charged; and the significance of Conley's letters to Annie Carter was disputed.<a href="#cite_note-159">[143]</a> The defense, in its rebuttal, tried to bolster the testimony relating to the murder notes and the Carter letters. (These issues were reexamined later when the governor considered commuting Frank's sentence.)<a href="#cite_note-160">[144]</a> During the defense's closing argument, the issue of the repudiations was put to rest by Judge Hill's ruling that the court could only consider the revocation of testimony if the subject were tried and found guilty of perjury.<a href="#cite_note-161">[145]</a> The judge denied Frank a new trial and the full court upheld the decision on November 14, 1914. The full court also said that the due process issue should have been raised earlier, characterizing what it considered a belated effort as "trifling with the court".<a href="#cite_note-162">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_appeals">Federal appeals</h3></div> The next step for the Frank team was to appeal the issue through the federal system. The original request for a writ of error on the absence of Frank from the jury's announcement of the verdict was first denied by Justice <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rucker_Lamar" title="Joseph Rucker Lamar">Joseph Rucker Lamar</a> and then Justice <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a> Both denied the request because they agreed with the Georgia court that the issue was raised too late. The full Supreme Court then heard arguments, but denied the motion without issuing a written decision. However, Holmes said, "I very seriously doubt if the petitioner ... has had <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> of law ... because of the trial taking place in the presence of a hostile demonstration and seemingly dangerous crowd, thought by the presiding Judge to be ready for violence unless a verdict of guilty was rendered."<a href="#cite_note-164">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[149]</a> Holmes's statement, as well as public indignation over this latest rejection by the courts, encouraged Frank's team to attempt a <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> motion, arguing that the threat of crowd violence had forced Frank to be absent from the verdict hearing and constituted a violation of due process. Justice Lamar heard the motion and agreed that the full Supreme Court should hear the appeal. On April 19, 1915, the Supreme Court denied the appeal by a 7–2 vote in the case Frank v. Mangum. Part of the decision repeated the message of the last decision: that Frank failed "to raise the objection in due season when fully cognizant of the fact."<a href="#cite_note-166">[150]</a> Holmes and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> dissented, with Holmes writing, "It is our duty to declare lynch law as little valid when practiced by a regularly drawn jury as when administered by one elected by a mob intent on death."<a href="#cite_note-167">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commutation_of_sentence">Commutation of sentence</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hearing">Hearing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Slaton_and_wife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/John_Slaton_and_wife.jpg/220px-John_Slaton_and_wife.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/John_Slaton_and_wife.jpg/330px-John_Slaton_and_wife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/John_Slaton_and_wife.jpg/440px-John_Slaton_and_wife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1246" data-file-height="1388" /></a><figcaption>Governor John Slaton and wife</figcaption></figure> On April 22, 1915, an application for a commutation of Frank's death sentence was submitted to a three-person Prison Commission in Georgia; it was rejected on June 9 by a vote of 2–1. The dissenter indicated that he felt it was wrong to execute a man "on the testimony of an accomplice, when the circumstances of the crime tend to fix the guilt upon the accomplice."<a href="#cite_note-168">[152]</a> The application then passed to Governor <a href="/wiki/John_M._Slaton" title="John M. Slaton">John Slaton</a>. Slaton had been elected in 1912 and his term would end four days after Frank's scheduled execution. In 1913, before Phagan's murder, Slaton agreed to merge his law firm with that of Luther Rosser, who became Frank's lead attorney (Slaton was not directly involved in the original trial). After the commutation, popular Georgia politician <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Tom Watson</a> attacked Slaton, often focusing on his partnership with Rosser as a conflict of interest.<a href="#cite_note-169">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[154]</a> Slaton opened hearings on June 12. In addition to receiving presentations from both sides with new arguments and evidence, Slaton visited the crime scene and reviewed over 10,000 pages of documents. This included various letters, including one written by Judge Roan shortly before he died asking Slaton to correct his mistake.<a href="#cite_note-171">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[n 17]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[n 18]</a> Slaton also received more than 1,000 death threats. During the hearing, former Governor Joseph Brown warned Slaton, "In all frankness, if Your Excellency wishes to invoke lynch law in Georgia and destroy trial by jury, the way to do it is by retrying this case and reversing all the courts."<a href="#cite_note-176">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[159]</a> According to Tom Watson's biographer, <a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">C. Vann Woodward</a>, "While the hearings of the petition to commute were in progress Watson sent a friend to the governor with the promise that if Slaton allowed Frank to hang, Watson would be his 'friend', which would result in his 'becoming United States senator and the master of Georgia politics for twenty years to come.'"<a href="#cite_note-178">[160]</a> Slaton produced a 29-page report. In the first part, he criticized outsiders who were unfamiliar with the evidence, especially the press in the North. He defended the trial court's decision, which he felt was sufficient for a guilty verdict. He summarized points of the state's case against Frank that "any reasonable person" would accept and said of Conley, "It is hard to conceive that any man's power of fabrication of minute details could reach that which Conley showed, unless it be the truth." After having made these points, Slaton's narrative changed course and asked the rhetorical question, "Did Conley speak the truth?"<a href="#cite_note-179">[161]</a> Leonard Dinnerstein wrote, "Slaton based his opinions primarily upon the inconsistencies he had discovered in the narrative of Jim Conley."<a href="#cite_note-Dinnerstein_127-180">[162]</a> Two factors stood out to Slaton: the transporting of the body to the basement and the murder notes.<a href="#cite_note-181">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transport_of_the_body">Transport of the body</h4></div> During the initial investigation, police had noted undisturbed human excrement in the elevator shaft, which Conley said he had left there before the murder. Use of the elevator on the Monday after the murder crushed the excrement, which Slaton concluded was an indication that the elevator could not have been used as described by Conley, casting doubt on his testimony.<a href="#cite_note-183">[n 19]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[n 20]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[n 21]</a> During the commutation hearing, Slaton asked Dorsey to address this issue. Dorsey said that the elevator did not always go all the way to the bottom and could be stopped anywhere. Frank's attorney rebutted this by quoting Conley, who said that the elevator stops when it hits the bottom. Slaton interviewed others and conducted his own tests on his visit to the factory, concluding that every time the elevator made the trip to the basement it touched the bottom. Slaton said, "If the elevator was not used by Conley and Frank in taking the body to the basement, then the explanation of Conley cannot be accepted."<a href="#cite_note-187">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[n 22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Murder_notes">Murder notes</h4></div> The murder notes had been analyzed before at the extraordinary motion hearing. Handwriting expert <a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Osborn" title="Albert S. Osborn">Albert S. Osborn</a> reviewed the previous evidence at the commutation hearing and commented, for the first time, that the notes were written in the third person rather than the first person. He said that the first person would have been more logical since they were intended to be the final statements of a dying Phagan. He argued this was the type of error that Conley would have made, rather than Frank, as Conley was a sweeper and not a <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a>-educated manager like Frank.<a href="#cite_note-190">[168]</a> Conley's former attorney, William Smith, had become convinced that his client had committed the murder. Smith produced a 100-page analysis of the notes for the defense. He analyzed "speech and writing patterns" and "spelling, grammar, repetition of adjectives, [and] favorite verb forms". He concluded, "In this article I show clearly that Conley did not tell the truth about those notes."<a href="#cite_note-191">[169]</a> Slaton compared the murder notes, Conley's letters to Annie Maude Carter, and his trial testimony. Throughout these documents, he found similar use of the words "like", "play", "lay", "love", and "hisself". He also found double adjectives such as "long tall negro", "tall, slim build heavy man", and "good long wide piece of cord in his hands".<a href="#cite_note-192">[170]</a> Slaton was also convinced that the murder notes were written in the basement, not in Frank's office. Slaton accepted the defense's argument that the notes were written on dated order pads signed by a former employee that were only kept in the basement.<a href="#cite_note-193">[171]</a> Slaton wrote that the employee signed an affidavit stating that, when he left the company in 1912, "he personally packed up all of the duplicate orders ... and sent them down to the basement to be burned. This evidence was never passed upon by the jury and developed since the trial."<a href="#cite_note-194">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timing_and_physical_evidence">Timing and physical evidence</h3></div> Slaton's narrative touched on other aspects of the evidence and testimony that suggested reasonable doubt. For example, he accepted the defense's argument that charges by Conley of perversion were based on someone coaching him that Jews were circumcised. He accepted the defense's interpretation of the timeline;<a href="#cite_note-195">[173]</a> citing the evidence produced at trial – including the possibility that Stover did not see Frank because she did not proceed further than the outer office – he wrote: "Therefore, Monteen Stover must have arrived before Mary Phagan, and while Monteen Stover was in the room it hardly seems possible under the evidence, that Mary Phagan was at that time being murdered."<a href="#cite_note-196">[174]</a> Slaton also said that Phagan's head wound must have bled profusely, yet there was no blood found on the lathe, the ground nearby, in the elevator, or the steps leading downstairs. He also said that Phagan's nostrils and mouth were filled with dirt and sawdust which could only have come from the basement.<a href="#cite_note-197">[175]</a> Slaton also commented on Conley's story (that Conley was watching out for the arrival of a lady for Frank on the day of the murder): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">His story necessarily bears the construction that Frank had an engagement with Mary Phagan which no evidence in the case would justify. If Frank had engaged Conley to watch for him, it could only have been for Mary Phagan, since he made no improper suggestion to any other female on that day, and it was undisputed that many did come up prior to 12.00 o'clock, and whom could Frank have been expecting except Mary Phagan under Conley's story. This view cannot be entertained, as an unjustifiable reflection on the young girl.<a href="#cite_note-198">[176]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h3></div> On Monday, June 21, 1915, Slaton released the order to commute Frank's murder conviction to life imprisonment. Slaton's legal rationale was that there was sufficient new evidence not available at the original trial to justify Frank's actions.<a href="#cite_note-199">[177]</a> He wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In the Frank case three matters have developed since the trial which did not come before the jury, to-wit: The Carter notes, the testimony of Becker, indicating the death notes were written in the basement, and the testimony of Dr. Harris, that he was under the impression that the hair on the lathe was not that of Mary Phagan, and thus tending to show that the crime was not committed on the floor of Frank's office. While defense made the subject an extraordinary motion for a new trial, it is well known that it is almost a practical impossibility to have a verdict set aside by this procedure.<a href="#cite_note-200">[178]</a></blockquote> The commutation was headline news. Atlanta Mayor Jimmy Woodward remarked that "The larger part of the population believes Frank guilty and that the commutation was a mistake."<a href="#cite_note-Oney_503-201">[179]</a> In response, Slaton invited the press to his home that afternoon, telling them: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">All I ask is that the people of Georgia read my statement and consider calmly the reasons I have given for commuting Leo M. Frank's sentence. Feeling as I do about this case, I would be a murderer if I allowed that man to hang. I would rather be ploughing in a field than to feel for the rest of my life that I had that man's blood on my hands.<a href="#cite_note-Oney_503-201">[179]</a></blockquote> He also told reporters that he was certain that Conley was the actual murderer.<a href="#cite_note-Oney_503-201">[179]</a> Slaton privately told friends that he would have issued a full pardon, if not for his belief that Frank would soon be able to prove his own innocence.<a href="#cite_note-203">[n 23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_of_the_public">Reaction of the public</h3></div> The public was outraged. A mob threatened to attack the governor at his home. A detachment of the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_National_Guard" title="Georgia National Guard">Georgia National Guard</a>, along with county policemen and a group of Slaton's friends who were sworn in as deputies, dispersed the mob.<a href="#cite_note-204">[181]</a> Slaton had been a popular governor, but he and his wife left Georgia immediately thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-glad-205">[182]</a> For Frank's protection, he was taken to the <a href="/wiki/Milledgeville,_Georgia" title="Milledgeville, Georgia">Milledgeville</a> State Penitentiary in the middle of the night before the commutation was announced. The penitentiary was "strongly garrisoned and newly bristling with arms" and separated from Marietta by 150 miles (240 km) of mostly unpaved road.<a href="#cite_note-206">[183]</a> However, on July 17, The New York Times reported that fellow inmate William Creen tried to kill Frank by slashing his throat with a 7-inch (18 cm) butcher knife, severing his jugular vein. The attacker told the authorities he "wanted to keep the other inmates safe from mob violence, Frank's presence was a disgrace to the prison, and he was sure he would be pardoned if he killed Frank."<a href="#cite_note-207">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antisemitism_and_media_coverage">Antisemitism and media coverage</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ThomasEWatson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/ThomasEWatson.jpg/190px-ThomasEWatson.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/ThomasEWatson.jpg/285px-ThomasEWatson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/ThomasEWatson.jpg/380px-ThomasEWatson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Tom Watson</a>, publisher of Watson's Magazine and The Jeffersonian, incited public opinion against Frank.</figcaption></figure> The sensationalism in the press started before the trial and continued throughout the trial, the appeals process, the commutation decision, and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-209">[n 24]</a> At the time, local papers were the dominant source of information, but they were not entirely anti-Frank. The Constitution alone assumed Frank's guilt, while both the Georgian and the Journal would later comment about the public hysteria in Atlanta during the trial, each suggesting the need to reexamine the evidence against the defendant.<a href="#cite_note-210">[186]</a> On March 14, 1914, while the extraordinary motion hearing was pending, the Journal called for a new trial, saying that to execute Frank based on the atmosphere both within and outside the courtroom would "amount to judicial murder." Other newspapers in the state followed suit and many ministers spoke from the pulpit supporting a new trial. L. O. Bricker, the pastor of the church attended by Phagan's family, said that based on "the awful tension of public feeling, it was next to impossible for a jury of our fellow human beings to have granted him a fair, fearless and impartial trial."<a href="#cite_note-211">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[n 25]</a> On October 12, 1913, the New York Sun became the first major Northern paper to give a detailed account of the Frank trial. In discussing the charges of antisemitism in the trial, it described Atlanta as more liberal on the subject than any other Southern cities. It went on to say that antisemitism did arise during the trial as Atlantans reacted to statements attributed to Frank's Jewish supporters, who dismissed Phagan as "nothing but a factory girl". The paper said, "The anti-Semitic feeling was the natural result of the belief that the Jews had banded to free Frank, innocent or guilty. The supposed solidarity of the Jews for Frank, even if he was guilty, caused a Gentile solidarity against him."<a href="#cite_note-Oney_366-214">[189]</a> On November 8, 1913, the executive committee of the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Marshall" title="Louis Marshall">Louis Marshall</a>, addressed the Frank case. They did so following Judge Roan's reconsideration motion and motivated by the issues raised in the Sun. They chose not to take a public stance as a committee, instead deciding to raise funds individually to influence public opinion in favor of Frank.<a href="#cite_note-Oney_366-214">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lasker" title="Albert Lasker">Albert Lasker</a>, a wealthy advertising magnate, responded to these calls to help Frank. Lasker contributed personal funds and arranged a public relations effort in support of Frank. In Atlanta, during the time of the extraordinary motion, Lasker coordinated Frank's meetings with the press and coined the slogan "The Truth Is on the March" to characterize the efforts of Frank's defense team. He persuaded prominent figures such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> to make statements supporting Frank.<a href="#cite_note-215">[190]</a> During the commutation hearing, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a> weighed in, as did many leading magazine and newspaper editors, including <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Croly" title="Herbert Croly">Herbert Croly</a>, editor of the New Republic; C.P.J. Mooney, editor of the Chicago Tribune; Mark Sullivan, editor of Collier's; R. E. Stafford, editor of the Daily Oklahoman; and D. D. Moore, editor of the New Orleans Times-Picayune.<a href="#cite_note-216">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Ochs" title="Adolph Ochs">Adolph Ochs</a>, publisher of The New York Times, became involved about the same time as Lasker, organizing a prolonged campaign advocating for a new trial for Frank.<a href="#cite_note-218">[n 26]</a> Lindemann argues that the publicity campaign had a wide national reach:<blockquote>Outside of Georgia, as the case gained national visibility, widespread sympathy for Frank was expressed. He received at final count close to a hundred thousand letters of sympathy in jail, and prominent figures throughout the country, including governors of other states, U.S. senators, clergymen, university presidents, and labor leaders, spoke up in his defense. Thousands of petitions in his favor, containing over a million signatures, flowed in.<a href="#cite_note-219">[193]</a> </blockquote> Both Ochs and Lasker attempted to heed Louis Marshall's warnings about antagonizing the "sensitiveness of the southern people and engender the feeling that the north is criticizing the courts and the people of Georgia." Dinnerstein writes that these attempts failed, "because many Georgians interpreted every item favorable to Frank as a hostile act."<a href="#cite_note-220">[194]</a> Tom Watson, editor of the Jeffersonian, had remained publicly silent during Frank's trial. Among Watson's political enemies was Senator <a href="/wiki/Hoke_Smith" title="Hoke Smith">Hoke Smith</a>, former owner of The Atlanta Journal, which was still considered to be Smith's political instrument. When the Journal called for a reevaluation of the evidence against Frank, Watson, in the March 19, 1914, edition of his magazine, attacked Smith for trying "to bring the courts into disrepute, drag down the judges to the level of criminals, and destroy the confidence of the people in the orderly process of the law."<a href="#cite_note-Dinnerstein_97-221">[195]</a> Watson also questioned whether Frank expected "extraordinary favors and immunities because of his race"<a href="#cite_note-Dinnerstein_97-221">[195]</a> and questioned the wisdom of Jews to "risk the good name ... of the whole race" to save "the decadent offshoot of a great people."<a href="#cite_note-222">[196]</a> Subsequent articles concentrated on the Frank case and became more and more impassioned in their attacks. C. Vann Woodward writes that Watson "pulled all the stops: <a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a>, sectional animus, race prejudice, class consciousness, agrarian resentment, state pride."<a href="#cite_note-224">[n 27]</a> When describing the public reaction to Frank, historians mention the class and ethnic tensions in play while acknowledging the complexity of the case and the difficulty in gauging the importance of his Jewishness, class, and northern background. Historian <a href="/wiki/John_Higham_(historian)" title="John Higham (historian)">John Higham</a> writes that "economic resentment, frustrated progressivism, and race consciousness combined to produce a classic case of lynch law. ... Hatred of organized wealth reaching into Georgia from outside became a hatred of Jewish wealth."<a href="#cite_note-226">[n 28]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Nancy_MacLean" title="Nancy MacLean">Nancy MacLean</a> writes that some historians have argued that this was an American <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a>, which she said "[could] be explained only in light of the social tensions unleashed by the growth of industry and cities in the turn-of-the-century South. These circumstances made a Jewish employer a more fitting scapegoat for disgruntled whites than the other leading suspect in the case, a black worker."<a href="#cite_note-227">[199]</a> Albert Lindemann said that Frank on trial found himself "in a position of much latent tension and symbolism." Stating that it is impossible to determine the extent to which antisemitism affected his image, he concluded that "[Frank was seen as] a representative of Yankee capitalism in a southern city, with row upon row of southern women, often the daughters and wives of ruined farmers, 'at his mercy' – a rich, punctilious, northern Jew lording it over vulnerable and impoverished working women."<a href="#cite_note-229">[n 29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abduction_and_lynching_of_Frank">Abduction and lynching of Frank</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JosephMacBrown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/JosephMacBrown.jpg/170px-JosephMacBrown.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/JosephMacBrown.jpg/255px-JosephMacBrown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/JosephMacBrown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Former Georgia Governor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mackey_Brown" title="Joseph Mackey Brown">Joseph Mackey Brown</a>, one of the lynchers</figcaption></figure> The June 21, 1915, commutation provoked Tom Watson into advocating Frank's lynching.<a href="#cite_note-230">[201]</a> He wrote in The Jeffersonian and Watson's Magazine: "This country has nothing to fear from its rural communities. Lynch law is a good sign; it shows that a sense of justice lives among the people."<a href="#cite_note-231">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[n 30]</a> A group of prominent men organized themselves into the "Vigilance Committee" and openly planned to kidnap Frank from prison. They consisted of 28 men with various skills: an electrician was to cut the prison wires, car mechanics were to keep the cars running, and there was a locksmith, a telephone man, a medic, a hangman, and a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lay_preacher" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:lay preacher">lay preacher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Phagan223-233">[203]</a> The ringleaders were well known locally, but were not named publicly until June 2000, when a local librarian posted a list on the Web based on information compiled by Phagan's great-niece, Mary Phagan Kean (b. 1953).<a href="#cite_note-234">[204]</a> The list included <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mackey_Brown" title="Joseph Mackey Brown">Joseph Mackey Brown</a>, former governor of Georgia; <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Herbert_Clay" title="Eugene Herbert Clay">Eugene Herbert Clay</a>, former mayor of Marietta and later president of the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Senate" title="Georgia State Senate">Georgia Senate</a>; E. P. Dobbs, mayor of Marietta at the time; Moultrie McKinney Sessions, lawyer and banker; part of the Marietta delegation at Governor Slaton's clemency hearing;<a href="#cite_note-235">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[n 31]</a> several current and former Cobb County sheriffs; and other individuals of various professions.<a href="#cite_note-237">[206]</a> On the afternoon of August 16, the eight cars of the lynch mob left Marietta separately for Milledgeville. They arrived at the prison at around 10:00 p.m. The electrician cut the telephone wires, and members of the group drained the gas from the prison's automobiles, handcuffed the warden, seized Frank, and drove away. The 175-mile (282 km) trip took about seven hours at a top speed of 18 miles per hour (29 km/h) through small towns on back roads. Lookouts in the towns telephoned ahead to the next town as soon as they saw the line of cars pass by. A site at Frey's Gin, two miles (3 km) east of Marietta, had been prepared, complete with a rope and table supplied by former Sheriff William Frey.<a href="#cite_note-238">[207]</a> The New York Times reported Frank was handcuffed, his legs tied at the ankles, and that he was hanged from a branch of a tree at around 7:00 a.m., facing the direction of the house where Phagan had lived.<a href="#cite_note-grim-239">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlanta Journal">The Atlanta Journal</a> wrote that a crowd of men, women, and children arrived on foot, in cars, and on horses, and that souvenir hunters cut away parts of his shirt sleeves.<a href="#cite_note-JournalAug171915-240">[209]</a> According to The New York Times, one of the onlookers, Robert E. Lee Howell – related to <a href="/wiki/Clark_Howell" title="Clark Howell">Clark Howell</a>, editor of The Atlanta Constitution – wanted to have the body cut into pieces and burned, and began to run around, screaming, whipping up the mob. Judge Newt Morris tried to restore order, and asked for a vote on whether the body should be returned to the parents intact; only Howell disagreed. When the body was cut down, Howell started stamping on Frank's face and chest; Morris quickly placed the body in a basket, and he and his driver <a href="/wiki/John_Stephens_Wood" title="John Stephens Wood">John Stephens Wood</a> drove it out of Marietta.<a href="#cite_note-grim-239">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[210]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrankLynchedLarge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Leo Frank's corpse hanging from a tree after the lynching. His hands and feet bound. A crowd of spectators surrounds the tree." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/FrankLynchedLarge.jpg/220px-FrankLynchedLarge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/FrankLynchedLarge.jpg/330px-FrankLynchedLarge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/FrankLynchedLarge.jpg/440px-FrankLynchedLarge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="2992" /></a><figcaption>Leo Frank's lynching on the morning of August 17, 1915. Judge Morris, who organized the crowd after the lynching, is on the far right in a straw hat.<a href="#cite_note-242">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[n 32]</a></figcaption></figure> In Atlanta, thousands besieged the undertaker's parlor, demanding to see the body; after the mob began breaking glass panes, they were allowed to file past the corpse. Around 15,000 people were estimated to have looked upon Frank's body. Policemen guarded Frank's casket for fear of further violence.<a href="#cite_note-244">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-grim-239">[208]</a> Frank's body was then transported by rail on <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(U.S.)" title="Southern Railway (U.S.)">Southern Railway</a>'s train No. 36 from Atlanta to New York and buried in the Mount Carmel Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Queens" title="Glendale, Queens">Glendale, Queens</a>, New York on August 20, 1915.<a href="#cite_note-245">[213]</a> (When Lucille Frank died, she was not buried with Leo; she was cremated, and eventually buried next to her parents' graves.)<a href="#cite_note-:0-246">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_trial_and_lynching">After the trial and lynching</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immediate_reactions">Immediate reactions</h3></div> On August 19, 1915, The New York Times reported that the vast majority of Cobb County believed Frank had received his <a href="/wiki/Retributive_justice" title="Retributive justice">"just deserts"</a>, and that the lynch mob had simply stepped in to uphold the law after Governor Slaton arbitrarily set it aside.<a href="#cite_note-grim-239">[208]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Cobb_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobb County">Cobb County</a> grand jury was convened to indict the lynchers; although they were well known locally, none were identified, and some of the lynchers may have served on the very same grand jury that was investigating them.<a href="#cite_note-:0-246">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Edwin_Harris" title="Nathaniel Edwin Harris">Nat Harris</a>, the newly elected governor who succeeded Slaton, promised to punish the mob, issuing a $1,500 state reward for information. Despite this, Charles Willis Thompson of The New York Times said that the citizens of Marietta "would die rather than reveal their knowledge or even their suspicion [of the identities of the lynchers]", and the local Macon Telegraph said, "Doubtless they can be apprehended – doubtful they will."<a href="#cite_note-248">[216]</a> Several photographs were taken of the lynching, which were published and sold as postcards in local stores for 25 cents each; also sold were pieces of the rope, Frank's nightshirt, and branches from the tree. According to Elaine Marie Alphin, author of An Unspeakable Crime: The Prosecution and Persecution of Leo Frank, they were selling so fast that the police announced that sellers would require a city license.<a href="#cite_note-249">[217]</a> In the postcards, members of the lynch mob or crowd can be seen posing in front of the body, one of them holding a portable camera. Historian Amy Louise Wood writes that local newspapers did not publish the photographs because it would have been too controversial, given that the lynch mob can be clearly seen and that the lynching was being condemned around the country. The <a href="/wiki/The_State_(newspaper)" title="The State (newspaper)">Columbia State</a> newspaper, which opposed the lynching, sarcastically wrote: "The heroic Marietta lynchers are too modest to give their photographs to the newspapers." Wood also writes that a news film of the lynching that included the photographs was released, although it focused on the crowds without showing Frank's body; its showing was prevented by censorship boards around the U.S., though Wood says there is no evidence that it was stopped in Atlanta.<a href="#cite_note-250">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[n 33]</a> The lynching of Frank and its publicity temporarily halted lynchings.<a href="#cite_note-252">[219]</a> Frank's case was mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Kraus" title="Adolf Kraus">Adolf Kraus</a> when he announced the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> in October 1913.<a href="#cite_note-253">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[221]</a> After Frank's lynching, around half of Georgia's 3,000 Jews left the state.<a href="#cite_note-255">[222]</a> According to author Steve Oney, "What it did to Southern Jews can't be discounted ... It drove them into a state of denial about their Judaism. They became even more assimilated, anti-Israel, Episcopalian. The Temple did away with <a href="/wiki/Chupah" class="mw-redirect" title="Chupah">chupahs</a> at weddings – anything that would draw attention."<a href="#cite_note-256">[223]</a> Many American Jews saw Frank as an American <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus" title="Alfred Dreyfus">Alfred Dreyfus</a>, like Frank, a victim of antisemitic persecution.<a href="#cite_note-257">[224]</a> Two weeks after the lynching, in the September 2, 1915, issue of The Jeffersonian, Watson wrote, "the voice of the people is the voice of God",<a href="#cite_note-258">[225]</a> capitalizing on his sensational coverage of the controversial trial. In 1914, when Watson began reporting his anti-Frank message, The Jeffersonian's circulation had been 25,000; by September 2, 1915, its circulation was 87,000.<a href="#cite_note-259">[226]</a> The lynching of Leo Frank and its backlash may have contributed to the revival of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>, a group notorious for racial violence against Jewish people in particular. Its 1915 revival came just one month after the lynching,<a href="#cite_note-260">[227]</a> and hot off the heels of the release of <a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a>, a film glorifying the first Ku Klux Klan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_consensus:_a_miscarriage_of_justice">Later consensus: a miscarriage of justice</h3></div> The consensus of researchers on the subject is that Frank was wrongly convicted.<a href="#cite_note-262">[n 34]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[n 35]</a> The Atlanta Constitution stated it was investigating the case again in the 1940s. A reporter who visited Frank's widow (she never remarried), Lucille, stated that she started crying when he discussed the case with her.<a href="#cite_note-:0-246">[214]</a> Jeffrey Melnick wrote, "There is near unanimity around the idea that Frank was most certainly innocent of the crime of murdering Mary Phagan."<a href="#cite_note-MelnickUnamity-4">[3]</a> Other historians and journalists have written that the trial was "a gross injustice", "a miscarriage of justice",<a href="#cite_note-266">[n 36]</a> and "a mockery of justice";<a href="#cite_note-268">[n 37]</a> that "there can be no doubt, of course, that ... [Frank was] innocent";<a href="#cite_note-269">[n 38]</a> that "Leo Frank ... was unjustly and wrongly convicted of murder";<a href="#cite_note-270">[232]</a> that he "was falsely convicted";<a href="#cite_note-272">[n 39]</a> and that "the evidence against Frank was shaky, to say the least".<a href="#cite_note-273">[234]</a> C. Vann Woodward, like many other authors,<a href="#cite_note-279">[n 40]</a> believed that Conley was the actual murderer and was "implicated by evidence overwhelmingly more incriminating than any produced against Frank."<a href="#cite_note-Woodward_435-67">[59]</a> Critics cite a number of problems with the conviction. Local newspaper coverage, even before Frank was officially charged, was deemed to be inaccurate and prejudicial.<a href="#cite_note-283">[n 41]</a> Some claimed that the prosecutor Hugh Dorsey was under pressure for a quick conviction because of recent unsolved murders and made a premature decision that Frank was guilty, a decision that his personal ambition would not allow him to reconsider.<a href="#cite_note-287">[n 42]</a> Later analysis of evidence, primarily by Governor Slaton and Conley's attorney William Smith, seemed to exculpate Frank while implicating Conley.<a href="#cite_note-289">[n 43]</a> In modern times, despite strong evidence pointing to Frank's innocence, the case has become a modern focal point for neo-Nazis and anti-Semites. This is partly because it led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> but also because it fed into anti-semitic conspiracy theories claiming Jewish control of the media. As a consequence, in recent years a number of websites have been established by white supremacists disputing the prevailing consensus of Frank's innocence.<a href="#cite_note-290">[247]</a> On the centenary of the trial, the Anti-Defamation League issued a press release condemning what it called "misleading websites" from "anti-Semites ... to promote anti-Jewish views".<a href="#cite_note-291">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications_for_posthumous_pardon">Applications for posthumous pardon</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_Frank_marker_project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Leo_Frank_marker_project.jpg/310px-Leo_Frank_marker_project.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Leo_Frank_marker_project.jpg/465px-Leo_Frank_marker_project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Leo_Frank_marker_project.jpg/620px-Leo_Frank_marker_project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2043" data-file-height="2610" /></a><figcaption>This historical marker, at site of Frank's lynching, mentions his posthumous pardon in 1986.</figcaption></figure> In 1982, Alonzo Mann, who had been Frank's office boy at the time of Phagan's murder, told <a href="/wiki/The_Tennessean" title="The Tennessean">The Tennessean</a> that he had seen Jim Conley alone shortly after noon carrying Phagan's body through the lobby toward the ladder descending into the basement.<a href="#cite_note-292">[249]</a> Though Mann's testimony was not sufficient to settle the issue, it was the basis of an attempt by Charles Wittenstein, Southern counsel for the Anti-Defamation League, and Dale Schwartz, an Atlanta lawyer, to obtain a posthumous pardon for Frank from the Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles. The board also reviewed the files from Slaton's commutation decision.<a href="#cite_note-293">[250]</a> It denied the pardon in 1983, hindered in its investigation by the lack of available records. It concluded that, "After exhaustive review and many hours of deliberation, it is impossible to decide conclusively the guilt or innocence of Leo M. Frank. For the board to grant a pardon, the innocence of the subject must be shown conclusively."<a href="#cite_note-Oney_647-648-294">[251]</a> At the time, the lead editorial in The Atlanta Constitution began, "Leo Frank has been lynched a second time."<a href="#cite_note-295">[252]</a> Frank supporters submitted a second application for pardon, asking the state only to recognize its culpability over his death. The board granted the pardon in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-Oney_647-648-294">[251]</a> It said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Without attempting to address the question of guilt or innocence, and in recognition of the State's failure to protect the person of Leo M. Frank and thereby preserve his opportunity for continued legal appeal of his conviction, and in recognition of the State's failure to bring his killers to justice, and as an effort to heal old wounds, the State Board of Pardons and Paroles, in compliance with its Constitutional and statutory authority, hereby grants to Leo M. Frank a Pardon.<a href="#cite_note-296">[253]</a></blockquote> In response to the pardon, an editorial by Fred Grimm in the Miami Herald said, "A salve for one of the South's most hateful, festering memories, was finally applied."<a href="#cite_note-297">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_marker">Historical marker</h3></div> In 2008, a state historical marker was erected by the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Historical_Society" title="Georgia Historical Society">Georgia Historical Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_Society_for_Historic_Preservation" title="Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation">Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation</a>, and Temple Kol Emeth, near the building at 1200 Roswell Road, Marietta where Frank was lynched.<a href="#cite_note-298">[255]</a> In 2015, the Georgia Historical Society, the Atlanta History Center, and the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation dedicated a Georgia Historical Society marker honoring Governor John M. Slaton at the Atlanta History Center.<a href="#cite_note-Georgia-299">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-lynching_memorial">Anti-lynching memorial</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Lynching_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Anti-Lynching_Memorial.jpg/220px-Anti-Lynching_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Anti-Lynching_Memorial.jpg/330px-Anti-Lynching_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Anti-Lynching_Memorial.jpg/440px-Anti-Lynching_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>National Anti-Lynching Memorial sited at the Leo Frank Memorial, Marietta, Ga.</figcaption></figure> In 2018, The Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation, with support from the ADL, and Rabbi Steve Lebow of Temple Kol Emeth, placed the first national anti-lynching memorial at the Georgia Department of Transportation designated Leo Frank memorial site. The anti-lynching memorial was facilitated by a strong letter of support to the Georgia Department of Transportation by Congressman John Lewis when the Department turned down siting permission.<a href="#cite_note-300">[257]</a> The text of the anti-lynching memorial text reads, "In Respectful Memory of the Thousands Across America, Denied Justice by Lynching; Victims of Hatred, Prejudice and Ignorance. Between 1880-1946, ~570 Georgians Were Lynched."<a href="#cite_note-301">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conviction_Integrity_Unit">Conviction Integrity Unit</h3></div> In 2019, Fulton County District Attorney Paul Howard founded an eight-member panel called the Conviction Integrity Unit to investigate the cases of <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Williams" title="Wayne Williams">Wayne Williams</a> and Frank.<a href="#cite_note-303">[260]</a> The board will re-examine the cases and make recommendations to Howard on whether they should be re-adjudicated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> During the trial, Atlanta musician and millworker <a href="/wiki/Fiddlin%27_John_Carson" title="Fiddlin' John Carson">Fiddlin' John Carson</a> wrote and performed a <a href="/wiki/Murder_ballad" title="Murder ballad">murder ballad</a> entitled "Little Mary Phagan". During <a href="/wiki/Fulton_Bag_and_Cotton_Mills" title="Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills">the mill strikes of 1914</a>, Carson sang "Little Mary Phagan" to crowds from the <a href="/wiki/Fulton_County,_Georgia" title="Fulton County, Georgia">Fulton County</a> courthouse steps. His daughter, <a href="/wiki/Moonshine_Kate" title="Moonshine Kate">Moonshine Kate</a>, later recorded the song.<a href="#cite_note-304">[261]</a> An unrecorded Carson song, "Dear Old Oak in Georgia", sentimentalizes the tree from which Leo Frank was hanged.<a href="#cite_note-305">[262]</a> The Frank case has been the subject of several media adaptations. In 1921, African-American director <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Micheaux" title="Oscar Micheaux">Oscar Micheaux</a> directed a silent <a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">race film</a> entitled <a href="/wiki/The_Gunsaulus_Mystery" title="The Gunsaulus Mystery">The Gunsaulus Mystery</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Murder_in_Harlem" title="Murder in Harlem">Murder in Harlem</a> in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-306">[263]</a> In 1937, <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_LeRoy" title="Mervyn LeRoy">Mervyn LeRoy</a> directed <a href="/wiki/They_Won%27t_Forget" title="They Won't Forget">They Won't Forget</a>, based on the Ward Greene novel Death in The Deep South, which was in turn inspired by the Frank case.<a href="#cite_note-307">[264]</a> An episode of the 1964 TV series <a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage_(TV_series)" title="Profiles in Courage (TV series)">Profiles in Courage</a> dramatized Governor John M. Slaton's decision to commute Frank's sentence. The episode starred <a href="/wiki/Walter_Matthau" title="Walter Matthau">Walter Matthau</a> as Governor Slaton and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Constantine" title="Michael Constantine">Michael Constantine</a> as Tom Watson.<a href="#cite_note-308">[265]</a> The 1988 TV miniseries <a href="/wiki/The_Murder_of_Mary_Phagan" title="The Murder of Mary Phagan">The Murder of Mary Phagan</a> was broadcast on <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon">Jack Lemmon</a> as Gov. John Slaton, and featured <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Spacey" title="Kevin Spacey">Kevin Spacey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[266]</a> The 1998 Broadway musical <a href="/wiki/Parade_(musical)" title="Parade (musical)">Parade</a>, based on the case, won two <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Award">Tony Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[267]</a> In 2009, Ben Loeterman directed the documentary film The People v. Leo Frank.<a href="#cite_note-311">[268]</a> A 2023 <a href="/wiki/Parade_(musical)#2023_Broadway_revival" title="Parade (musical)">Broadway revival of Parade</a> won Tony Awards for Best Revival of a Musical and Best Direction of a Musical.<a href="#cite_note-312">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis" title="Menahem Mendel Beilis">Beilis affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Samuel_Bierfield_and_Lawrence_Bowman" title="Lynching of Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman">Lynching of Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Surasky" title="Abraham Surasky">Abraham Surasky</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> Informational notes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> "The modern historical consensus, as exemplified in the Dinnerstein book, is that ... Leo Frank was an innocent man convicted at an unfair trial."<a href="#cite_note-Wilkes_Flagpole-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> A 1900 Jewish newspaper in Atlanta wrote that "no one knows better than publishers of Jewish papers how widespread is this prejudice; but these publishers do not and will not tell what they know of the smooth talking Jew-haters, because it would widen the breech [sic] already existent."<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Dinnerstein wrote, "Men wore neither skullcaps nor prayer shawls, traditional Jewish holidays that the Orthodox celebrated on two days were observed by Marx and his followers for only one, and religious services were conducted on Sundays rather than on Saturdays."<a href="#cite_note-Dinnerstein_1994_181-13">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Lindemann writes, "As in the rest of the nation at this time, there were new sources of friction between Jews and Gentiles, and in truth the worries of the German-Jewish elite about the negative impact of the newly arriving eastern European Jews in the city were not without foundation."<a href="#cite_note-p._231-10">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Levi Cohen, from her maternal lineage, had participated in founding the first synagogue in Atlanta.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Oney writes, "Ordinarily, she was scheduled to work fifty-five hours. During the past six days, however, she'd been needed only for two abbreviated shifts. The sealed envelope awaiting her in her employer's office safe contained just $1.20."<a href="#cite_note-Oney_8-9-37">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Lee said that these were his words in his evidence later at the trial.<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Oney writes: "Yet where Frank may have harbored a hidden agenda, Scott brought with him an undeniable conflict of interests...he was closely tied to the police. Private investigators operating in the city were required to submit duplicate copies of their reports to the department, even if the documents implicated a client. This much Scott would reveal to Frank. What he would not reveal, however, was that his allegiance to the force went deeper than the statutes required, that indeed, one of his best friends, someone with whom he often worked in tandem, was the individual who from the outset had believed Frank guilty: Detective John Black.<a href="#cite_note-55">[48]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> For example: "The best evidence now available indicates that the real murderer of Mary Phagan was Jim Conley, perhaps because she, encountering him after she left Frank's office, refused to give him her pay envelope, and he, in a drunken stupor, killed her to get it."<a href="#cite_note-66">[58]</a> "The city police, publicly committed to the theory of Frank's guilt, and hounded by the demand for a conviction, resorted to the basest methods in collecting evidence. A Negro suspect [Conley], later implicated by evidence overwhelmingly more incriminating than any produced against Frank, was thrust aside by the cry for the blood of the 'Jew Pervert.'"<a href="#cite_note-Woodward_435-67">[59]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Lindemann indicates there was a developing stereotype of "wanton, young Jewish males who hungered for fair-haired Gentile women." A familiar stereotype in Europe, it reached Atlanta in the 1890s "with the arrival of eastern European Jews." "Fear of Jewish sexuality may have had a special explosiveness in Atlanta at this time because it could easily connect to a central myth, or cultural theme, in the South – that of the pure, virtuous, yet vulnerable White woman."<a href="#cite_note-103">[94]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Both the motorman, W. M. Matthews, and the conductor, W. T. Hollis, testified that Phagan got off the trolley at 12:10. In addition, they both testified that Epps was not on the trolley. Epps said at trial that Phagan got off the trolley at 12:07. From the stop where Phagan exited the trolley, according to Atlanta police officer John N. Starnes, "It takes not over three minutes to walk from Marietta Street, at the corner of Forsyth, across the viaduct, and through Forsyth Street, down to the factory."<a href="#cite_note-116">[106]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Frank stated in his initial police deposition that Phagan "came in between 12:05 and 12:10, to get her pay envelope".<a href="#cite_note-118">[107]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> In its motion for a mistrial, the defense presented examples of the crowd's behavior to the court.<a href="#cite_note-132">[120]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> This was challenged as a violation of Frank's <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> rights in Frank's appeal to the Georgia Supreme Court in November 1914,<a href="#cite_note-134">[121]</a> and in his U.S. Supreme Court appeal, Frank v. Mangum (1915).<a href="#cite_note-135">[122]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> The Atlanta Journal reported the next day that deliberation took less than two hours; at the first ballot one juror was undecided, but within two hours, the second vote was unanimous.<a href="#cite_note-Lawson_407-137">[123]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Dinnerstein defines an "extraordinary motion" as a motion based on new information not available at the time of the trial. It was needed to continue through the appeals process because the ordinary procedures had been exhausted.<a href="#cite_note-153">[138]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> The Roan letter was addressed to the pardons board but received by Rosser. It said, "I recommend executive clemency in the case of Leo. M. Frank. I wish today to recommend to you and the Governor to commute Frank's sentence to life imprisonment."<a href="#cite_note-172">[156]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Roan further wrote, "After many months of continued deliberation, I am still uncertain of Frank's guilt. The state of uncertainty is largely due to the character of the negro Conley's testimony, by which the verdict was evidently reached ... The execution of any person whose guilt has not been satisfactorily proved to the constituted authorities is too horrible to contemplate." Roan indicated a willingness to meet with the governor and the parole board, but died before he could do so.<a href="#cite_note-174">[157]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> "Thus, Conley's elaborate testimony, which included using the elevator with Frank to take the body to the basement, was put into question."<a href="#cite_note-182">[164]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> "Where in the past, Frank's lawyers had caught Conley in little lies, ones he blithely admitted, here, for the first time in an official forum, they had apparently caught him in a big lie, one that cast doubt on his entire testimony."<a href="#cite_note-184">[165]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> "If one accepted the fact that the girl's body did not reach the basement via the elevator, then Conley's whole narrative fell apart, the Governor concluded."<a href="#cite_note-Dinnerstein_127-180">[162]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Quoting from Slaton's statement, "In addition, there was found in the elevator shaft at 3 o'clock Sunday morning, the parasol, which was unhurt, and a ball of cord which had not been mashed."<a href="#cite_note-188">[167]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> "Privately, Slaton confided to friends that he believed Frank innocent and would have granted a full pardon if he were not convinced that in a short while the truth would come out and then 'the very men who were clamoring for Frank's life would be demanding a pardon for him.' The Governor knew certain 'facts' about the case, which he did not reveal at the time, corroborating the defense's theory of the way Conley had murdered Mary Phagan."<a href="#cite_note-202">[180]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> The Georgian offered a $500 reward for information on the case, and produced several extras during the trial. Speaking on the impact of the reward money, Oney wrote, "In effect, the bounty served to deputize the entire city, and by late Monday, the officers working the case would be spending more time following dubious tips than developing legitimate leads."<a href="#cite_note-208">[185]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Bricker wrote in 1943, "My feelings, upon the arrest of the old negro nightwatchman, were to the effect that this one old negro would be poor atonement for the life of this innocent girl. But, when on the next day, the police arrested a Jew, and a Yankee Jew at that, all of the inborn prejudice against Jews rose up in a feeling of satisfaction, that here would be a victim worthy to pay for the crime."<a href="#cite_note-212">[188]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Oney writes, "December 1914 found the New York Times in the midst of an all-out drive of the sort it had never undertaken before. Only three days during the month did the paper not publish a major article on the Frank case. Some of its stories, particularly if there was a new development, strove for balance, but by and large, Ochs's sheet was more interested in disseminating propaganda than in practicing journalism."<a href="#cite_note-217">[192]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Among Watson's comments: "Here we have the typical young libertine Jew who is dreaded and detested by the city authorities of the North for the very reason that Jews of this type have an utter contempt for law, and a ravenous appetite for the forbidden fruit – a lustful eagerness enhanced by the racial novelty of the girl of the uncircumcized."<a href="#cite_note-223">[197]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Higham places the incidents in Atlanta within the context of a wider national trend. The failure of progressives to solve national and international problems led to nativist displays "of hysteria and violence that had been rare or nonexistent since the 1890s."<a href="#cite_note-225">[198]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Lindemann wrote, "Even many Jews in Atlanta long remained doubtful about the importance of Frank's Jewishness in his arrest and conviction. They could hardly ignore the much-heightened tensions between Jew and non-Jew in the city as a result of the trial, as a result particularly of the widespread belief, after Frank's conviction, that the Jews were trying, through devious means, to arrange that a convicted murderer be freed."<a href="#cite_note-228">[200]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> About two dozen people were lynched each year in Georgia; in 1915 the number was 22; see Oney p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> For the list of alleged lynchers, see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDonald_E._Wilkes_Jr.2004" class="citation web cs1">Donald E. Wilkes Jr. (May 5, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031146/http://flagpole.com/news/news-features/2004/05/05/steve-oney-s-list-of-the-leo-frank-lynchers">"Steve Oney's List of the Leo Frank Lynchers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flagpole.com/news/news-features/2004/05/05/steve-oney-s-list-of-the-leo-frank-lynchers">the original</a> on December 1, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steve+Oney%27s+List+of+the+Leo+Frank+Lynchers&rft.date=2004-05-05&rft.au=Donald+E.+Wilkes+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflagpole.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-features%2F2004%2F05%2F05%2Fsteve-oney-s-list-of-the-leo-frank-lynchers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> The New York Times wrote at the time that, after the lynching, it was Morris who got the crowd under control; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1915-08-19_64_21026">"Grim Tragedy in Woods"</a>, The New York Times, August 19, 1915. Years later, he was identified as one of the ringleaders; see Alphin p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Wood writes that Kenneth Rogers, the head of photography at The Atlanta Constitution and The Atlanta Journal-Constitution between 1924 and 1972, had access to at least one of the photographs, leaving it in the Kenneth Rogers Papers at the Atlanta History Center. She assumes he got it from the newspapers' archives, though the newspapers did not publish it; they accompanied their stories instead with images of the woods near the hanging, and of the crowds who viewed Frank's body later in the funeral parlor; see Wood, pp. 106, 288, footnote 59. See Alphin p. 122 for details of the souvenir sales. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> "The modern historical consensus, as exemplified in the Dinnerstein book, is that ... Leo Frank was an innocent man convicted at an unfair trial."<a href="#cite_note-261">[228]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> "The consensus of historians is that the Frank case was a miscarriage of justice."<a href="#cite_note-263">[229]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Woodward wrote, "Outside the state the conviction was general that Frank was the victim of a gross injustice, if not completely innocent. He presented his own case so eloquently and so ingenuously, and the circumstance of the trial were such a glaring indication of a miscarriage of justice, that thousands of people enlisted in his cause."<a href="#cite_note-265">[230]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Eakin wrote: "Ignoring all other evidence, especially that associated with a black janitor named Jim Conley, and focusing exclusively on Frank, prosecutors brought Leo Frank to trial in what can only be termed a mockery of justice."<a href="#cite_note-267">[231]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Watson – In reviewing Lindemann's book he wrote, "Turning to his main theme, Lindemann provides a succinct and very scholarly account of the three cases he compares, Dreyfus, Beilis (in which a Jew was tried in Kiev in 1913), and Frank (in which a Jew was convicted of rape and murder in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1915). There can be no doubt, of course, that all three were innocent." </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> "That case, in which a Jewish manufacturer in Atlanta was falsely convicted of murdering a thirteen-year-old girl who worked for him, then lynched in 1915, reeked of anti-Semitism and was devastating to southern Jewry."<a href="#cite_note-271">[233]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> Dan Carter, in a review of Oney's work, places his work within the context of previous works. "On the central issue he agrees with earlier researchers: Leo Frank did not murder Mary Phagan, and the evidence strongly suggests that Jim Conley did so." Other quotes include: "The best evidence now available indicates that the real murderer of Mary Phagan was Jim Conley, perhaps because she, encountering him after she left Frank's office, refused to give him her pay envelope, and he, in a drunken stupor, killed her to get it.";<a href="#cite_note-274">[235]</a> "It seems certain, however, that the actual killer was James Conley ...";<a href="#cite_note-275">[236]</a> "Conley was the likely solo killer";<a href="#cite_note-276">[237]</a> "Many people, then and later, were of the opinion that Conley not only lied at the trial but that he himself was probably the murderer.";<a href="#cite_note-277">[238]</a> "The much more concrete evidence against Conley was thrust aside as the public cried for the blood of the 'Jew pervert'."<a href="#cite_note-278">[239]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Early newspaper charges included a charge by a madam, Nina Formby, that Frank wanted her assistance in keeping a young girl on the night of the murder.<a href="#cite_note-280">[240]</a> A private detective claimed to have seen Frank rendezvousing with a young girl in a wooded area in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-281">[241]</a> Early reports of blood and hair samples in the office next to Frank's turned out to be suspect.<a href="#cite_note-282">[242]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> It is alleged that Dorsey "suppressed evidence" favorable to Frank, intimidated and bribed witnesses, "drilled Conley in false testimony", "may have lacked the moral strength to back down" as contradictory evidence was uncovered, and feared that if he reversed himself he would have "ruined his career" and be accused of "having sold out to the Jews."<a href="#cite_note-284">[243]</a> Dinnerstein writes on p. 19, "He had recently prosecuted two important accused murderers and had failed each time to convict them." A local newspaper said another failure would be "the end of Mr. Dorsey as solicitor."<a href="#cite_note-285">[244]</a> "Among reporters, the consensus was that the Phagan prosecution represented nothing less than a last chance for him."<a href="#cite_note-286">[245]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> Physical evidence suggested the murder occurred in the basement rather than upstairs (as claimed by Conley). Smith's analysis of the murder notes convinced him Conley composed them independently and were planted by Phagan's body as if she wrote them. Oney writes, "Slaton offered a legal rationale for commuting Frank's sentence to life imprisonment, asserting that contrary to the claims of those who opposed the action, there was sufficient new evidence not introduced at the trial ...".<a href="#cite_note-288">[246]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> Citations <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wilkes_Flagpole-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkes_Flagpole_1-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes_Jr.2000" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_E._Wilkes_Jr." title="Donald E. Wilkes Jr.">Wilkes Jr., Donald E.</a> (March 1, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117071544/http://libguides.law.uga.edu/ld.php?content_id=6631399">"Politics, Prejudice, and Perjury"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Flagpole_Magazine" title="Flagpole Magazine">Flagpole Magazine</a>. p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libguides.law.uga.edu/ld.php?content_id=6631399">the original</a> on January 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flagpole+Magazine&rft.atitle=Politics%2C+Prejudice%2C+and+Perjury&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2000-03-01&rft.aulast=Wilkes+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibguides.law.uga.edu%2Fld.php%3Fcontent_id%3D6631399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavitz2009" class="citation news cs1">Ravitz, Jessica (November 2, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091103164330/http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/11/02/leo.frank/index.html">"Murder case, Leo Frank lynching live on"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/11/02/leo.frank/index.html">the original</a> on November 3, 2009. Retrieved March 19, 2023. <q>The consensus of historians is that the Frank case was a miscarriage of justice. ... Frank's conviction was based largely on the testimony of a janitor, Jim Conley, who most came to see as Phagan's killer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Murder+case%2C+Leo+Frank+lynching+live+on&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft.aulast=Ravitz&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FCRIME%2F11%2F02%2Fleo.frank%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MelnickUnamity-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MelnickUnamity_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MelnickUnamity_4-1">b</a> Melnick <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xQyzSumSD38C&dq=%22There+is+near+unanimity+around+the+idea+that+Frank+was+most+certainly+innocent+of+the+crime+of+murdering+Mary+Phagan%22&pg=PA7">p. 7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403234052/https://books.google.com/books?id=xQyzSumSD38C&dq=%22There+is+near+unanimity+around+the+idea+that+Frank+was+most+certainly+innocent+of+the+crime+of+murdering+Mary+Phagan%22&pg=PA7">Archived</a> April 3, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-MacLean-5"><a href="#cite_ref-MacLean_5-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_MacLean" title="Nancy MacLean">McLean, Nancy</a> (December 1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.msu.edu/files/2010/04/Nancy-MacLean.pdf">"The Leo Frank Case Reconsidered: Gender and Sexual Politics in the Making of Reactionary Populism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230401223444/https://history.msu.edu/files/2010/04/Nancy-MacLean.pdf">Archived</a> April 1, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of American History">Journal of American History</a>, v. 78, n. 3, pp. 917–948 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/story/100-years-since-the-death-of-leo-frank">"100 Years Since the Death of Leo Frank"</a>. www.britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205062633/https://www.britannica.com/story/100-years-since-the-death-of-leo-frank">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2024. Retrieved October 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=100+Years+Since+the+Death+of+Leo+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fstory%2F100-years-since-the-death-of-leo-frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> MacLean p. 921. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-p._231-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p._231_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p._231_10-1">b</a> Lindemann <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewaccusedthreea0000lind/page/231">p. 231</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Dinnerstein 1994, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mJLHrb-o5E0C&pg=180">pp. 177–180</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dinnerstein_1994_181-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dinnerstein_1994_181_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dinnerstein_1994_181_13-1">b</a> Dinnerstein 1994, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mJLHrb-o5E0C&pg=181">p. 181</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Oney p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Frey <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4YurAGAxYQC&pg=PA19">p. 19</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oney10-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oney10_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oney10_19-1">b</a> Oney p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frey20-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frey20_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frey20_21-1">b</a> Frey <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4YurAGAxYQC&pg=PA20">p. 20</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindemann_251-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Lindemann_251_22-0">^</a> Lindemann <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewaccusedthreea0000lind/page/251">p. 251</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Oney p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artery.org/Selig-PioneerNeon.htm">The Selig Company Building – Pioneer Neon Company.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612233953/http://artery.org/Selig-PioneerNeon.htm">Archived</a> June 12, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Marietta Street ARTery Association. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Oney p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Oney pp. 85, 483. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Oney p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Lawson pp. 211, 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Phagan Kean p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Alphin p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Barri_Flowers2013" class="citation book cs1">R. Barri Flowers (October 6, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qf8zAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT8">Murder at the Pencil Factory: The Killing of Mary Phagan 100 Years Later</a>. True Crime. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murder+at+the+Pencil+Factory%3A+The+Killing+of+Mary+Phagan+100+Years+Later&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=True+Crime&rft.date=2013-10-06&rft.au=R.+Barri+Flowers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqf8zAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Phagan Kean p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-Phagan14-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phagan14_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phagan14_34-1">b</a> Phagan Kean p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Phagan Kean pp. 12, 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oney5-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oney5_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oney5_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oney5_36-2">c</a> Oney p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oney_8-9-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oney_8-9_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oney_8-9_37-1">b</a> Oney pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Frey <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4YurAGAxYQC&pg=PA5">p. 5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Oney p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Oney pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Oney pp. 20–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oney30-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Oney30_43-0">^</a> Oney pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Golden p. 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Golden pp. 19, 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Oney pp. 20–21, 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Oney pp. 61–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Oney pp. 46–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Oney p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Phagan Kean p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Oney pp. 27–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Oney pp. 48–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Oney p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Oney p. 62–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Oney p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Oney pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Oney p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Oney pp. 63–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Oney pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Oney p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Oney p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Oney p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Lindemann <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewaccusedthreea0000lind/page/254">p. 254</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodward_435-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_435_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_435_67-1">b</a> Woodward p. 435. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Oney p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Oney pp. 128–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Oney pp. 129–132. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oney133-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Oney133_72-0">^</a> Oney pp. 133–134. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oney_134-136-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oney_134-136_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oney_134-136_73-1">b</a> Oney pp. 134–136. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Oney p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Oney pp. 137–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Oney p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Oney pp. 139–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Oney p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Oney pp. 147–148. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Frey <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4YurAGAxYQC&pg=PA132">p. 132</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Oney pp. 36, 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Oney pp. 74, 87–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Lindemann <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewaccusedthreea0000lind/page/249">p. 249</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Oney pp. 115–116, 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Oney pp. 178–188. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaappeals.us/history/judges.php?id=05">Leonard S. Roan, 1913–1914.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017024739/http://www.gaappeals.us/history/judges.php?id=05">Archived</a> October 17, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Court of Appeals of the State of Georgia. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Oney p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Knight <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iKhauatvig4C&pg=PA189">p. 189</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Melnick41-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Melnick41_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melnick41_93-1">b</a> Melnick <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xQyzSumSD38C&pg=PA41">p. 41</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerald_Ziedenberg2012" class="citation book cs1">Gerald Ziedenberg (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lEsv3zPuWGIC&pg=PA59">Epic Trials in Jewish History</a>. AuthorHouse. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4772-7060-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4772-7060-8"><bdi>978-1-4772-7060-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240709144102/https://books.google.com/books?id=lEsv3zPuWGIC&pg=PA59#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2024. Retrieved September 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epic+Trials+in+Jewish+History&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4772-7060-8&rft.au=Gerald+Ziedenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlEsv3zPuWGIC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dinnerstein37,58-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dinnerstein37,58_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dinnerstein37,58_95-1">b</a> Dinnerstein 1987, pp. 37, 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Oney p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Oney pp. 208–209, 231–232. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Golden pp. 118–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Phagan Kean p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Oney p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Oney pp. 197, 256, 264, 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Oney pp. 179, 225, 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Lindemann <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewaccusedthreea0000lind/page/239">p. 239</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Oney pp. 241–243. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, pp. 45–47, 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Oney pp. 245–247, 252–253, 258–259, 265–266, 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Oney pp. 75–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Oney pp. 273, 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Oney pp. 295–296. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Oney pp. 309–311. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Oney p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, pp. 37–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Oney pp. 50, 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, p. 48; Oney pp. 50, 197, 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Lawson p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Oney pp. 278, 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Oney pp. 87, 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Lawson p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Oney p. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oney_329-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Oney_329_125-0">^</a> Oney p. 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Lawson pp. 182–183. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Phagan Kean p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Oney pp. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Oney pp. 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Phagan Kean p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Lawson pp. 398–399. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Lawson p. 410, fn. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170114072547/http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/frank/frankappeals.html">"Appellate Decisions in the Leo Frank Case"</a>. University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/frank/frankappeals.html">the original</a> on January 14, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appellate+Decisions+in+the+Leo+Frank+Case&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri%E2%80%93Kansas+City+School+of+Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.umkc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fprojects%2Fftrials%2Ffrank%2Ffrankappeals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawson_407-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Lawson_407_137-0">^</a> Lawson p. 407. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1914-12-14_64_20778/page/n3">https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1914-12-14_64_20778/page/n3</a> "Finds Mob Frenzy Convicted Frank."] The New York Times, December 14, 1914. p. 4. Via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Lawson p. 409. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Oney pp. 352–353. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Oney p. 364. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Linder, Douglas. "New Evidence and Appeals," in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307192357/http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/frank/frankaccount.html">The Trial of Leo Frank: An Account</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Friedman pp. 1477–80 with footnotes 39–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, pp. 81, 163–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oney_369-370-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oney_369-370_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oney_369-370_149-1">b</a> Oney pp. 369–370. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dinnerstein_81-82-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dinnerstein_81-82_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dinnerstein_81-82_150-1">b</a> Dinnerstein 1987, pp. 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Oney p. 370. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Oney p. 377. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, p. 201 (fn 12). </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Oney p. 395. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, pp. 84–90, 102–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Oney pp. 371–373, 378–380, 385–387, 389–390. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, pp. 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Oney pp. 403–416. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Oney pp. 416–417. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Oney p. 418. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, pp. 107–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Oney p. 446. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Freedman p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Oney p. 468. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Oney pp. 470, 473, 480–488. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, pp. 123–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Lindemann <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewaccusedthreea0000lind/page/270">p. 270</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Oney pp. 489–499. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Golden p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Oney pp. 469–479. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1915-06-13_64_20959/page/n15">"Begin Last Frank Plea to Governor"</a>, The New York Times, June 13, 1915.p. 4. Via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Woodward p. 440. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Oney pp. 499–500. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dinnerstein_127-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dinnerstein_127_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dinnerstein_127_180-1">b</a> Dinnerstein 1987, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Oney pp. 500–501. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Lindemann <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewaccusedthreea0000lind/page/269">p. 269</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Oney p. 489. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Oney pp. 495–496, 501. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Golden pp. 266–267. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Oney p. 482. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Oney p. 483. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Oney p. 433. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Golden pp. 267–269. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Oney p. 501. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Golden pp. 268–269. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, pp. 127–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Golden p. 348. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Oney p. 502. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Golden p. 352. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oney_503-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oney_503_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oney_503_201-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oney_503_201-2">c</a> Oney p. 503. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, pp. 129, 169–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2137">John M. Slaton (1866–1955)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007205809/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2137">Archived</a> October 7, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The New Georgia Encyclopedia. </li> <li id="cite_note-glad-205"><a href="#cite_ref-glad_205-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1915-06-30_64_20976">"Slaton Here; Glad He Saved Frank"</a>, The New York Times, June 30, 1915. p. 1. Via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Oney 2003, pp. 513–514. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> For stories about the attack, see: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1915-07-18_64_20994/page/n12">"Leo Frank's Throat Cut by Convict; Famous Prisoner Near Death"</a>, The New York Times, July 18, 1915. p. 1. Via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1915-07-19_64_20995">"Frank Survives Assassin's Knife"</a>, The New York Times, July 19, 1915. pp. 1,4. Via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1915-07-25_64_21001/page/n27">"Frank's Assailant Before Governor"</a>, The New York Times, July 25, 1915. p. 16. Via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1915-08-02_64_21009/page/7">"Frank's Head in Braces; Excessive Heat Delaying Recovery from Wound in Throat"</a>, The New York Times, August 2, 1915. p. 5. Via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Oney p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Oney pp. 381–382. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oney_366-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oney_366_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oney_366_214-1">b</a> Oney p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Oney pp. 367, 377–378, 388. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Oney p. 491. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Oney p. 457. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Albert S. Lindemann, Esau’s tears : modern anti-semitism and the rise of the Jews, 1870-1933 (Cambridge University Press, 1997) p. 382. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, pp. 91–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dinnerstein_97-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dinnerstein_97_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dinnerstein_97_221-1">b</a> Dinnerstein 1987, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Oney p. 383. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Woodward pp. 437–439. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Higham p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> MacLean p. 918. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Lindemann <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewaccusedthreea0000lind/page/238">pp. 238–239</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Woodward p. 439. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Woodward p. 432. </li> <li id="cite_note-Phagan223-233"><a href="#cite_ref-Phagan223_233-0">^</a> Phagan Kean p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> Emory University, Leo Frank Collection, Mary Phagan Kean's list of vigilance committee's members, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.emory.edu/documents/frank674/#dsc">Box 1, Folder 14</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917055307/https://findingaids.library.emory.edu/documents/frank674/#dsc">Archived</a> September 17, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer2000" class="citation news cs1">Sawyer, Kathy (June 20, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/408651327">"A Lynching, a List and Reopened Wounds; Jewish Businessman's Murder Still Haunts Georgia Town"</a>. Washington Post. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/408651327">408651327</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215053157/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/doc/408651327.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Lynching%2C+a+List+and+Reopened+Wounds%3B+Jewish+Businessman%27s+Murder+Still+Haunts+Georgia+Town&rft.date=2000-06-20&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F408651327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Oney p. 527. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2249&dat=19150824&id=NgcmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9QMGAAAAIBAJ&pg=6743,3363064">"Parties Unknown."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509082003/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2249&dat=19150824&id=NgcmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9QMGAAAAIBAJ&pg=6743,3363064">Archived</a> May 9, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_Evening_Transcript" title="Boston Evening Transcript">Boston Evening Transcript</a>, August 24, 1915. </li> <li id="cite_note-grim-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grim_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grim_239-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grim_239-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grim_239-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1915-08-19_64_21026">"Grim Tragedy in Woods"</a>. The New York Times, August 19, 1915. p. 1. Via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-JournalAug171915-240"><a href="#cite_ref-JournalAug171915_240-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m8bmtJxvkCsC&pg=PA153">"Leo Frank Forcibly Taken From Prison; He Is Hanged To A Tree Near Marietta; His Body Has Been Brought To Atlanta"</a>. The Atlanta Journal, August 17, 1915. In Beller, Miles; Cray, Ed; Kotler, Jonathan (eds.). American Datelines, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> For Slaton's role, see Dinnerstein 1987, pp. 123–134. <dl><dd><ul><li>Also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,861129,00.html">"GEORGIA: A Political Suicide"</a>. Time, January 24, 1955. (subscription required) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225132609/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,861129,00.html">Archived</a> February 25, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>For details of the lynching, see Coleman p. 292.</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OHMNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tFADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5553,3948133&dq=mary-phagan&hl=en">"Body Of Frank Is Found Dangling From A Tree Near The Phagan Home"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925231121/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OHMNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tFADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5553,3948133&dq=mary-phagan&hl=en">Archived</a> September 25, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Associated Press, August 17, 1915.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>For the souvenirs and violence, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=luQSBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Any+person+selling+articles+represented+as+souvenirs+of+the+lynching+of+Leo+Frank+must+have+a+city+license.%22&pg=PA122">Alphin p. 122</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403234049/https://books.google.com/books?id=luQSBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Any+person+selling+articles+represented+as+souvenirs+of+the+lynching+of+Leo+Frank+must+have+a+city+license.%22&pg=PA122">Archived</a> April 3, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815214420/http://www.leofranklynchers.com/leofranklynchers.jpg">"The lynching of Leo Frank"</a>. leofranklynchers.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leofranklynchers.com/leofranklynchers.jpg">the original</a> on August 15, 2000. Retrieved August 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leofranklynchers.com&rft.atitle=The+lynching+of+Leo+Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leofranklynchers.com%2Fleofranklynchers.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumanities1915" class="citation news cs1">Humanities, National Endowment for the (August 18, 1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1915-08-18/ed-1/seq-2/">"The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, August 18, 1915, Image 2"</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1940-7831">1940-7831</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240704160939/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1915-08-18/ed-1/seq-2/">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2024. Retrieved July 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+sun.+%5Bvolume%5D+%28New+York+%5BN.Y.%5D%29+1833-1916%2C+August+18%2C+1915%2C+Image+2&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1915-08-18&rft.issn=1940-7831&rft.aulast=Humanities&rft.aufirst=National+Endowment+for+the&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn83030272%2F1915-08-18%2Fed-1%2Fseq-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Oney pp. 573–576. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_246-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_246-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historyatlanta.com/lucille-frank/">"Leo may have been killed, but she served a life sentence..."</a> History Atlanta. February 8, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811033858/http://historyatlanta.com/lucille-frank/">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2020. Retrieved June 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Atlanta&rft.atitle=Leo+may+have+been+killed%2C+but+she+served+a+life+sentence...&rft.date=2020-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoryatlanta.com%2Flucille-frank%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Alphin p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Oney pp. 582–583. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Alphin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=luQSBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Any+person+selling+articles+represented+as+souvenirs+of+the+lynching+of+Leo+Frank+must+have+a+city+license.%22&pg=PA122">p. 122.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403234049/https://books.google.com/books?id=luQSBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Any+person+selling+articles+represented+as+souvenirs+of+the+lynching+of+Leo+Frank+must+have+a+city+license.%22&pg=PA122">Archived</a> April 3, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Wood pp. 77, 106, 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28466428/">"The Crime in Florida"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Gazette_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gazette Times">The Gazette Times</a>. Pittsburgh. August 21, 1916. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240709144027/https://www.newspapers.com/article/pittsburgh-post-gazette-see-httpenwi/28466428/">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2024. Retrieved February 16, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gazette+Times&rft.atitle=The+Crime+in+Florida&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1916-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F28466428%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> Moore p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Chanes p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Theoharis and Cox p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarrow2009" class="citation web cs1">Yarrow, Allison (May 13, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/culture/105936/the-people-revisit-leo-frank/">"The People Revisit Leo Frank"</a>. Forward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404062204/http://forward.com/culture/105936/the-people-revisit-leo-frank/">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forward&rft.atitle=The+People+Revisit+Leo+Frank&rft.date=2009-05-13&rft.aulast=Yarrow&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2F105936%2Fthe-people-revisit-leo-frank%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Oney p. 578. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> Woodward p. 446. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> Woodward p. 442. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dp.la/exhibitions/leo-frank/legacy">"Tragedy in the New South: The Murder of Mary Phagan and the Lynching of Leo Frank"</a>. Digital Public Library of America. Retrieved August 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Public+Library+of+America&rft.atitle=Tragedy+in+the+New+South%3A+The+Murder+of+Mary+Phagan+and+the+Lynching+of+Leo+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdp.la%2Fexhibitions%2Fleo-frank%2Flegacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_E._Wilkes_Jr." title="Donald E. Wilkes Jr.">Wilkes, Donald E Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flagpole_Magazine" title="Flagpole Magazine">Flagpole Magazine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libguides.law.uga.edu/ld.php?content_id=6631399">"POLITICS, PREJUDICE, AND PERJURY"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117071544/http://libguides.law.uga.edu/ld.php?content_id=6631399">Archived</a> January 17, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 9 (March 1, 2000). </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavitz,_Jessica2009" class="citation news cs1">Ravitz, Jessica (November 2, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/11/02/leo.frank/index.html">"Murder case, Leo Frank lynching"</a>. Cable News Network. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091103164330/http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/11/02/leo.frank/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2009. Retrieved November 2, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Murder+case%2C+Leo+Frank+lynching&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft.au=Ravitz%2C+Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FCRIME%2F11%2F02%2Fleo.frank%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Woodward p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> Eakin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zodV3hPCPtwC&dq=%22Ignoring+all+other+evidence,+especially+that+associated+with+a+black+janitor+named+Jim+Conley,+and+focusing+exclusively+on+Frank,+prosecutors+brought+Leo+Frank+to+trial+in+what+can+only+be+termed%22&pg=PA96">p. 96</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403230443/https://books.google.com/books?id=zodV3hPCPtwC&dq=%22Ignoring+all+other+evidence,+especially+that+associated+with+a+black+janitor+named+Jim+Conley,+and+focusing+exclusively+on+Frank,+prosecutors+brought+Leo+Frank+to+trial+in+what+can+only+be+termed%22&pg=PA96">Archived</a> April 3, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Sorin" title="Gerald Sorin">Sorin, Gerald</a>. AJS Review, Vol. 20, No. 2 (1995), pp. 441–447. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Scholnick, Myron L., The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 61, No. 4 (November 1995), pp. 860–861. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Friedman p. 1254. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Lindemann p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> Dershowitz, Alan M. "America on Trial: Inside the Legal Battles That Transformed Our Nation" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNSFdQ61SBMC&q=%22It%20seems%20certain%2C%20however%2C%20that%20the%20actual%20killer%20was%20James%20Conley%22&pg=PR7-IA24">p. vii</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403230440/https://books.google.com/books?id=XNSFdQ61SBMC&q=%22It%20seems%20certain,%20however,%20that%20the%20actual%20killer%20was%20James%20Conley%22&pg=PR7-IA24">Archived</a> April 3, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Arneson, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2004/01/11/a-deadly-case-of-southern-injustice/">"A Deadly Case of Southern Injustice"</a> . </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Henig p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> Moseley p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Moseley pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Oney pp. 114–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> Lindemann pp. 242–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewaccusedthreea0000lind/page/243">243</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> Lindemann pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewaccusedthreea0000lind/page/250">250</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewaccusedthreea0000lind/page/252">252</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Dinnerstein 1987, pp. 19, 151, 154–155. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> Oney pp. 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> Oney pp. 427–455, 498–502. </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogage2017" class="citation news cs1">Bogage, Jacob (May 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/05/22/leo-frank-was-lynched-for-a-murder-he-didnt-commit-now-neo-nazis-are-trying-to-rewrite-history/">"Leo Frank was lynched for a murder he didn't commit. Now neo-Nazis are trying to rewrite history"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230803121407/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/05/22/leo-frank-was-lynched-for-a-murder-he-didnt-commit-now-neo-nazis-are-trying-to-rewrite-history/">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2023. Retrieved August 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Leo+Frank+was+lynched+for+a+murder+he+didn%27t+commit.+Now+neo-Nazis+are+trying+to+rewrite+history&rft.date=2017-05-22&rft.aulast=Bogage&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fretropolis%2Fwp%2F2017%2F05%2F22%2Fleo-frank-was-lynched-for-a-murder-he-didnt-commit-now-neo-nazis-are-trying-to-rewrite-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/anti-semitism-usa/adl-anti-semitism-around-leo-frank-case-on-100-anniversary.html">"ADL: Anti-Semitism Around Leo Frank Case Flourishes on 100th Anniversary"</a>. Anti-Defamation League. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910225235/http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/anti-semitism-usa/adl-anti-semitism-around-leo-frank-case-on-100-anniversary.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADL%3A+Anti-Semitism+Around+Leo+Frank+Case+Flourishes+on+100th+Anniversary&rft.pub=Anti-Defamation+League&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Fpress-center%2Fpress-releases%2Fanti-semitism-usa%2Fadl-anti-semitism-around-leo-frank-case-on-100-anniversary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> The Tennessean special news section, p. 15, in Dinnerstein 1987. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> Oney p. 684. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oney_647-648-294">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oney_647-648_294-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oney_647-648_294-1">b</a> Oney pp. 647–648. </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> Dinnerstein, Leonard (October 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/content/fate-leo-frank">"The Fate Of Leo Frank"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308161318/http://www.americanheritage.com/content/fate-leo-frank">Archived</a> March 8, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_(magazine)" title="American Heritage (magazine)">American Heritage</a>, Vol. 47, Issue 6. 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Retrieved July 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Marker+Dedication%3A+Gov.+John+M.+Slaton+%281866%E2%80%931955%29&rft.pub=Georgia+Historical+Society&rft.date=2015-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeorgiahistory.com%2Fevents%2Fhistorical-marker-dedication-gov-john-m-slaton-1866-1955%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/john-lewis-leo-frank-and-the-national-anti-lynching-memorial/">"John Lewis, Leo Frank, and the National Anti-Lynching Memorial | Jerry Klinger | The Blogs"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811215620/https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/john-lewis-leo-frank-and-the-national-anti-lynching-memorial/">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Lewis%2C+Leo+Frank%2C+and+the+National+Anti-Lynching+Memorial+%26%23124%3B+Jerry+Klinger+%26%23124%3B+The+Blogs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.timesofisrael.com%2Fjohn-lewis-leo-frank-and-the-national-anti-lynching-memorial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atlantajewishtimes.timesofisrael.com/the-story-of-leo-frank-lives-on/">"The Story of Leo Frank Lives On"</a>. August 26, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920022203/https://atlantajewishtimes.timesofisrael.com/the-story-of-leo-frank-lives-on/">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2020. 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The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807215110/https://www.ajc.com/news/local/cobb-leo-frank-memorial-site-getting-national-lynching-marker/96k1XwZfAcQb5h95oJy5aM/">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2020. 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Atlanta Journal-Constitution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509151301/https://www.ajc.com/news/crime--law/fulton-review-board-examine-wayne-williams-leo-frank-cases/EngwFEs0XfQZi81XaDEgTN/">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2019. 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University of North Carolina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922024230/http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/littlemary/summary.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2015. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111210201749/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=EE05E7DF173BE477BC4D52DFB166838C629EDE">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=They+Won%27t+Forget+%281937%29&rft.date=1937-07-15&rft.au=Frank+S.+Nugent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmovies.nytimes.com%2Fmovie%2Freview%3Fres%3DEE05E7DF173BE477BC4D52DFB166838C629EDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=the&p=947&item=T77:0312">"Profiles in Courage: Governor John M. 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Rotten Tomatoes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220211743/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_murder_of_mary_phagan/">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft.atitle=The+Murder+of+Mary+Phagan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2Fthe_murder_of_mary_phagan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tonyawards.com/winners/?q=parade">"Winners: The American Theatre Wing's Tony Awards"</a>. Tony Award Productions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228141724/https://www.tonyawards.com/winners/?q=parade">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tony+Award+Productions&rft.atitle=Winners%3A+The+American+Theatre+Wing%27s+Tony+Awards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tonyawards.com%2Fwinners%2F%3Fq%3Dparade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leofrankfilm.com/">"Leo Frank Film"</a>. Ben Loeterman Productions, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150104102318/http://leofrankfilm.com/">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leo+Frank+Film&rft.pub=Ben+Loeterman+Productions%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleofrankfilm.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tonyawards.com/winners/year/2023/category/any/show/any/">"Winners"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230613165439/https://www.tonyawards.com/winners/year/2023/category/any/show/any/">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tonyawards.com%2Fwinners%2Fyear%2F2023%2Fcategory%2Fany%2Fshow%2Fany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Frank" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> Bibliography <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Alphin, Elaine Marie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unspeakablecrime0000alph">An Unspeakable Crime: The Prosecution and Persecution of Leo Frank</a>. Carolrhoda Books, 2010. Google Books abridged version. Retrieved June 10, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-8944-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-8944-0">978-0-8225-8944-0</a>.</li> <li>Carter, Dan. "And the Dead Shall Rise: The Murder of Mary Phagan and the Lynching of Leo Frank". Journal of Southern History, Vol. 71, Issue 2 (May 2005), p. 491. <a href="//doi.org/10.2307/27648797" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2307/27648797">DOI: 10.2307/27648797</a>.</li> <li>Chanes, Jerome. "Who Does What?". In Maisel, Louis; Forman, Ira; Altschiller, Donald; Bassett, Charles. Jews in American Politics: Essays. Rowman & Littlefield, 2001. p. 105. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0181-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0181-2">978-0-7425-0181-2</a>.</li> <li>Coleman, Kenneth. A History of Georgia. University of Georgia Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1269-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1269-9">978-0-8203-1269-9</a>.</li> <li>Dinnerstein, Leonard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mJLHrb-o5E0C">Antisemitism in America</a>. Oxford University Press, 1994. Google Books abridged version. Retrieved June 5, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503780-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503780-7">978-0-19-503780-7</a>.</li> <li>Dinnerstein, Leonard. The Leo Frank Case. University of Georgia Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3179-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3179-9">978-0-8203-3179-9</a>.</li> <li>Eakin, Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zodV3hPCPtwC">What Price Prejudice?: Christian Antisemitism in America</a>. Paulist Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3822-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3822-7">978-0-8091-3822-7</a>.</li> <li>Freedman, Eric. Habeas Corpus: Rethinking the Great Writ of Liberty. New York University Press, 2003. Retrieved August 23, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2718-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2718-8">978-0-8147-2718-8</a>.</li> <li>Frey, Robert Seitz; Thompson-Frey, Nancy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4YurAGAxYQC">The Silent and the Damned: The Murder of Mary Phagan and the Lynching of Leo Frank</a>. New York, New York: Cooper Square Press (of Rowman & Littlefield), 2002. Google Books abridged version. Retrieved June 17, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1188-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1188-8">978-0-8154-1188-8</a>.</li> <li>Friedman, Lawrence M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403235210/http://law.slu.edu/sites/default/files/Journals/lawrence_friedman_article.pdf">"Front Page: Notes on the Nature and Significance of Headline Trials"</a>. St. Louis University Law Journal, Vol. 55, Issue 4 (Summer 2011), pp. 1243–1284.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Golden" title="Harry Golden">Golden, Harry</a>. A Little Girl is Dead. World Publishing Company, 1965. Retrieved June 25, 2011. (published in Great Britain as The Lynching of Leo Frank)</li> <li>Henig, Gerald. "'He Did Not Have a Fair Trial': California Progressives React to the Leo Frank Case". California History, Vol. 58, No. 2 (Summer 1979), pp. 166–178. <a href="//doi.org/10.2307/25157909" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2307/25157909">DOI: 10.2307/25157909</a>.</li> <li>Higham, John. Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925. Rutgers University Press, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1308-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1308-9">978-0-8135-1308-9</a>.</li> <li>Knight, Alfred H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iKhauatvig4C">The Life of the Law</a>. Oxford University Press, 1996. Google Books abridged version. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512239-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512239-8">978-0-19-512239-8</a>.</li> <li>Kranson, Rachel. "Rethinking the Historiography of American Antisemitism in the Wake of the Pittsburgh Shooting." American Jewish History 105.1 (2021): 247-253. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/804162/summary">summary</a></li> <li>Lawson, John Davison (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AmericanStateTrials1918VolumeXleoFrankAndMaryPhagan">American State Trials Volume X (1918)</a>, contains the abridged trial testimony and closing arguments starting on p. 182. Retrieved August 23, 2010.</li> <li>Lindemann, Albert S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewaccusedthreea0000lind">The Jew Accused: Three Anti-Semitic Affairs (Dreyfus, Beilis, Frank), 1894–1915</a>. Cambridge University Press, 1991. Google Books abridged version. Retrieved June 11, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40302-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40302-3">978-0-521-40302-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_MacLean" title="Nancy MacLean">MacLean, Nancy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2078796">"The Leo Frank Case Reconsidered: Gender and Sexual Politics in the Making of Reactionary Populism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160724141107/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2078796">Archived</a> July 24, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Journal of American History, Vol. 78, No. 3 (December 1991), pp. 917–948. <a href="//doi.org/10.2307/2078796" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2307/2078796">DOI: 10.2307/2078796</a>.</li> <li>Melnick, Jeffrey Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xQyzSumSD38C">Black-Jewish Relations on Trial: Leo Frank and Jim Conley in the New South</a>. University Press of Mississippi, 2000. Google Books abridged version. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-595-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-595-6">978-1-60473-595-6</a>.</li> <li>Moore, Deborah. B'nai B'rith and the Challenge of Ethnic Leadership. State University of New York Press, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-480-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-480-8">978-0-87395-480-8</a>.</li> <li>Moseley, Clement Charlton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40578874">"The Case of Leo M. Frank, 1913–1915"</a>. The Georgia Historical Quarterly, Vol. 51, No. 1 (March 1967), pp. 42–62. (subscription required) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011214929/http://www.jstor.org/stable/40578874">Archived</a> October 11, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Oney, Steve. And the Dead Shall Rise: The Murder of Mary Phagan and the Lynching of Leo Frank. Pantheon Books, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76423-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76423-6">978-0-679-76423-6</a>.</li> <li>Phagan Kean, Mary. The Murder of Little Mary Phagan. Horizon Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88282-039-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88282-039-2">978-0-88282-039-2</a>.</li> <li>Samuels, Charles; Samuels, Louise Night Fell on Georgia, Dell, 1956</li> <li>Theoharis, Athan; Cox, John Stuart. The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. Temple University Press, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-5839-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-5839-1">978-0-7881-5839-1</a>.</li> <li>Watson, D. R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2124301">"Reviewed Works: Dreyfus: A Family Affair, 1789–1945 by Michael Burns; The Jew Accused: Three Anti-Semitic Affairs (Dreyfus, Beilis, Frank), 1894–1915 by Albert S. Lindemann"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011201813/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2124301">Archived</a> October 11, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 66, No. 2 (June 1994), pp. 393–395. <a href="//doi.org/10.1086/244854" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1086/244854">DOI: 10.1086/244854</a>.</li> <li>Wood, Amy Louise. Lynching and Spectacle. The University of North Carolina Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3254-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3254-7">978-0-8078-3254-7</a>.</li> <li>Woodward, Comer Vann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tomwatsonagraria0000wood">Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel</a>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1963. Google Books abridged version.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leo_Frank" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Leo Frank">Leo Frank</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dlg.usg.edu/records?utf8=%E2%9C%93&search_field=both&q=mary+phagan&collection_record_id=dlg_ghm">Historical marker</a> at the Old Marietta City Cemetery, Marietta, Georgia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm.georgiaarchives.org:2011/cdm/landingpage/collection/frankclem">Leo Frank Clemency File</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517084225/http://cdm.georgiaarchives.org:2011/cdm/landingpage/collection/frankclem">Archived</a> May 17, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Archives" title="Georgia Archives">Georgia Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/CollectionsA-Z/frank_search.html">Leo Frank Exhibit</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Library_of_Georgia" title="Digital Library of Georgia">Digital Library of Georgia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/CollectionsA-Z/0091_search.html">Leo Frank Papers</a> from the Digital Library of Georgia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/CollectionsA-Z/leofrank_search.html">Leo M. Frank v. C. Wheeler Mangum, Sheriff of Fulton County, Georgia</a> Writ of habeas corpus filed by Frank</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atlanta_history" title="Template talk:Atlanta history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atlanta_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atlanta history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Atlanta" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Atlanta" title="History of Atlanta">History of Atlanta</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Peachtree" title="Standing Peachtree">Standing Peachtree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historic_districts_in_Atlanta" title="Category:Historic districts in Atlanta">Historic districts</a></li> <li>Buildings listed on National Register: <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fulton_County,_Georgia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Fulton County, Georgia">(Atlanta in Fulton Co.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_DeKalb_County,_Georgia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in DeKalb County, Georgia">(Atlanta in DeKalb Co.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Demolished_buildings_and_structures_in_Atlanta" title="Category:Demolished buildings and structures in Atlanta">Demolished buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolished_public_housing_projects_in_Atlanta" title="Demolished public housing projects in Atlanta">Demolished public housing projects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kennesaw_Mountain" title="Battle of Kennesaw Mountain">Kennesaw Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peachtree_Creek" title="Battle of Peachtree Creek">Peachtree Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ezra_Church" title="Battle of Ezra Church">Ezra Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Utoy_Creek" title="Battle of Utoy Creek">Utoy Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jonesborough" title="Battle of Jonesborough">Jonesborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain" title="Stone Mountain">Stone Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_Atlanta_race_massacre" title="1906 Atlanta race massacre">Race massacre</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Ripper" title="Atlanta Ripper">Ripper</a> (1911)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leo Frank lynching</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Benevolent_Congregation_Temple_bombing" title="Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple bombing">Temple bombing</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta%27s_Berlin_Wall" title="Atlanta's Berlin Wall">Peyton Road affair</a> (1962–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_murders_of_1979%E2%80%931981" title="Atlanta murders of 1979–1981">Child murders</a> (1979–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_prison_riots" title="Atlanta prison riots">Prison riots</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Olympic_Park_bombing" title="Centennial Olympic Park bombing">Centennial Olympic Park bombing</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otherside_Lounge_bombing" title="Otherside Lounge bombing">Otherside Lounge bombing</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Atlanta_day_trading_firm_shootings" title="1999 Atlanta day trading firm shootings">Day trading firm shootings</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Kathryn_Johnston" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Kathryn Johnston">Shooting of Kathryn Johnston</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Public_Schools_cheating_scandal" title="Atlanta Public Schools cheating scandal">Public schools cheating scandal</a> (2009–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Scout_Schultz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Scout Schultz">Shooting of Scout Schultz</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_government_ransomware_attack" title="Atlanta government ransomware attack">Ransomware attack</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Rayshard_Brooks" title="Killing of Rayshard Brooks">Killing of Rayshard Brooks</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Atlanta_spa_shootings" title="2021 Atlanta spa shootings">Spa shootings</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Atlanta_shooting" title="2023 Atlanta shooting">Northside Hospital shooting</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Atlanta" title="Opera in Atlanta">Opera in Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_Atlanta" title="Arts in Atlanta">Arts in Atlanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Atlanta_fire_of_1917" title="Great Atlanta fire of 1917">Great Atlanta Fire</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winecoff_Hotel_fire" title="Winecoff Hotel fire">Winecoff Hotel fire</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_007" title="Air France Flight 007">Air France Flight 007 crash</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluffton_University_bus_crash" title="Bluffton University bus crash">Bluffton University bus crash</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Atlanta_tornado_outbreak" title="2008 Atlanta tornado outbreak">Tornado strikes downtown</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_85_bridge_collapse" title="Interstate 85 bridge collapse">Interstate 85 bridge collapse</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Atlanta" title="Timeline of Atlanta">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cotton_Exposition" title="International Cotton Exposition">International Cotton Exposition</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_Exposition" title="Piedmont Exposition">Piedmont Exposition</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_States_and_International_Exposition" title="Cotton States and International Exposition">Cotton States and International Exposition</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind premiere</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1968)</li> <li>Atlanta International Pop Festival (<a href="/wiki/Atlanta_International_Pop_Festival_(1969)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta International Pop Festival (1969)">1969</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_International_Pop_Festival_(1970)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta International Pop Festival (1970)">1970</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXVIII" title="Super Bowl XXVIII">Super Bowl XXVIII</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> (<a href="/wiki/1991_World_Series" title="1991 World Series">1991</a>, <a href="/wiki/1992_World_Series" title="1992 World Series">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/1995_World_Series" title="1995 World Series">1995</a>, <a href="/wiki/1996_World_Series" title="1996 World Series">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/1999_World_Series" title="1999 World Series">1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/2021_World_Series" title="2021 World Series">2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WrestleMania_XXVII" title="WrestleMania XXVII">WrestleMania XXVII</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_LIII" title="Super Bowl LIII">Super Bowl LIII</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Labor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1881_Atlanta_washerwomen_strike" title="1881 Atlanta washerwomen strike">Washerwomen strike</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914%E2%80%931915_Fulton_Bag_and_Cotton_Mills_strike" title="1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike">Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike</a> (1914–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Atlanta_streetcar_strike" title="1916 Atlanta streetcar strike">Streetcar strike</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Atlanta_transit_strike" title="1950 Atlanta transit strike">Transit strike</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike" title="1964–1965 Scripto strike">Scripto strike</a> (1964–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Atlanta_sanitation_strike" title="1977 Atlanta sanitation strike">Sanitation strike</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Atlanta_sanitation_strike" title="2018 Atlanta sanitation strike">Sanitation strike</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_DeKalb_County_School_District_bus_drivers%27_strike" title="2018 DeKalb County School District bus drivers' strike">School bus drivers' strike</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LGBT</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Public_Library_perversion_case" title="Atlanta Public Library perversion case">Library perversion case</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonesome_Cowboys_police_raid" title="Lonesome Cowboys police raid">Lonesome Cowboys police raid</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Pride" title="Atlanta Pride">Atlanta Pride</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Eagle_police_raid" title="Atlanta Eagle police raid">Atlanta Eagle police raid</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Atlanta" title="List of people from Atlanta">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Atlanta" title="List of mayors of Atlanta">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pioneers_of_Atlanta" title="Category:Pioneers of Atlanta">Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_communities_in_Metro_Atlanta" title="Hispanic and Latino communities in Metro Atlanta">History of Hispanics in Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">History of African Americans in Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Atlanta" title="Demographics of Atlanta">Demographic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentrification_of_Atlanta" title="Gentrification of Atlanta">Gentrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_Atlanta" title="Racial segregation in Atlanta">Racial segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Atlanta" title="History of the Jews in Atlanta">History of the Jews in Atlanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_Atlanta" title="Neighborhoods in Atlanta">History by neighborhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_neighborhoods_of_Atlanta" title="Category:Former neighborhoods of Atlanta">Former neighborhoods and settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_annexations_and_wards" title="Atlanta annexations and wards">Annexations and city wards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Atlanta_street_names" title="List of former Atlanta street names">Street names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" title="History of the Georgia Institute of Technology">History of Georgia Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_mills_of_the_Atlanta_area" title="Historic mills of the Atlanta area">Historic mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Zero_Mile_Post" title="Atlanta Zero Mile Post">Zero Mile Post</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a> (1960-1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_freeway_revolts" title="Atlanta freeway revolts">Freeway revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Atlanta" title="Occupy Atlanta">Occupy Atlanta</a> (2011–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Atlanta" title="George Floyd protests in Atlanta">George Floyd protests</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Cop_City" title="Stop Cop City">Stop Cop City</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_mass_transit_in_Atlanta" title="Timeline of mass transit in Atlanta">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Transit_Company" title="Atlanta Transit Company">Atlanta Transit Company</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_bridges_of_the_Atlanta_area" title="Historic bridges of the Atlanta area">Historic bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_ferries_of_the_Atlanta_area" title="Historic ferries of the Atlanta area">Historic ferries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_Atlanta" title="Streetcars in Atlanta">Streetcars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARTA" class="mw-redirect" title="MARTA">MARTA</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_and_Atlantic_Railroad" title="Western and Atlantic Railroad">Western and Atlantic Railroad</a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Atlanta" title="Trolleybuses in Atlanta">Trolleybuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viaducts_of_Atlanta" title="Viaducts of Atlanta">Viaducts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Atlanta" title="History of Atlanta">History of Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Atlanta_timeline" title="Template:Atlanta timeline">Timeline of Atlanta history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lynching_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Lynching in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Lynching in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lynching in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lynching_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">List of lynching victims in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Before 1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Francis_McIntosh" title="Lynching of Francis McIntosh">Francis McIntosh</a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josefa_Segovia" title="Josefa Segovia">Josefa Segovia</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Daniel" title="Pancho Daniel">Pancho Daniel</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_race_riot_of_1863" title="Detroit race riot of 1863">Joshua Boyd</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Plummer" title="Henry Plummer">Henry Plummer</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Sketoe" title="Bill Sketoe">Bill Sketoe</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clubfoot_George" title="Clubfoot George">Clubfoot George</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Long" title="Steve Long">Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Outlaw" title="Wyatt Outlaw">Wyatt Outlaw</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stephens" title="John W. Stephens">John W. Stephens</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Boyd_(county_solicitor)" title="Alexander Boyd (county solicitor)">Alexander Boyd</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Williams_(militia_leader)" title="Jim Williams (militia leader)">Jim Williams</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_David_Jones" title="Lynching of David Jones">David Jones</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jo_Reed" title="Lynching of Jo Reed">Jo Reed</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair_(minister)" title="Arthur St. Clair (minister)">Arthur St. Clair</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Michael_Green" title="Lynching of Michael Green">Michael Green</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Standing" title="Joseph Standing">Joseph Standing</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Nose_George" title="Big Nose George">Big Nose George Parrott</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thurber" title="Charles Thurber">Charles Thurber</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisbee_massacre" title="Bisbee massacre">John Wesley Heath</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Eliza_Woods" title="Lynching of Eliza Woods">Eliza Woods</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingo_Jack" title="Mingo Jack">Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Amos_Miller" title="Lynching of Amos Miller">Amos Miller</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joseph_Vermillion" title="Lynching of Joseph Vermillion">Joseph Vermillion</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Meadows" title="Lynching of George Meadows">George Meadows</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Watson" title="Ellen Watson">Ellen Watson</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Georgia#Jim_Crow_era" title="Madison, Georgia">Brown Washington</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jim_Taylor" title="Lynching of Jim Taylor">Jim Taylor</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman#Lynching_and_race" title="Benjamin Tillman">Dick Lundy</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joe_Coe" title="Lynching of Joe Coe">Joe Coe</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lewis_(lynching_victim)" title="Robert Lewis (lynching victim)">Robert Lewis</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Ephraim_Grizzard" title="Lynching of Ephraim Grizzard">Ephraim Grizzard</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Samuel_J._Bush" title="Lynching of Samuel J. Bush">Samuel J. Bush</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark,_South_Carolina#History" title="Denmark, South Carolina">John Peterson</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Alfred_Blount" title="Lynching of Alfred Blount">Alfred Blount</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Smith_(lynching_victim)" title="Henry Smith (lynching victim)">Henry Smith</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Richard_Puryear" title="Lynching of Richard Puryear">Richard Puryear</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Stephen_Williams" title="Lynching of Stephen Williams">Stephen Williams</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Springs,_Mississippi#Lynching" title="Rocky Springs, Mississippi">Amos Hicks</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellicott_City,_Maryland#Incorporation_and_disincorporation" title="Ellicott City, Maryland">Jacob Henson</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_William_Andrews" title="Lynching of William Andrews">William Andrews</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joseph_H._McCoy" title="Lynching of Joseph H. McCoy">Joseph H. McCoy</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaFayette,_Alabama#History" title="LaFayette, Alabama">John Anderson</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_John_Henry_James" title="Lynching of John Henry James">John Henry James</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_F._W._Stewart" title="Lynching of F. W. Stewart">F. W. Stewart</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Sam_Hose" title="Lynching of Sam Hose">Sam Hose</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Benjamin_Thomas" title="Lynching of Benjamin Thomas">Benjamin Thomas</a> (1899)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1900–1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Rochelle" title="Fred Rochelle">Fred Rochelle</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Ballie_Crutchfield" title="Lynching of Ballie Crutchfield">Ballie Crutchfield</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Ward" title="Lynching of George Ward">George Ward</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#Twentieth_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Walker Davis</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danville_race_riot" title="Danville race riot">J. D. Mayfield</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_White" title="Lynching of George White"> George White</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_David_Wyatt" title="Lynching of David Wyatt">David Wyatt</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Marie_Thompson" title="Lynching of Marie Thompson">Marie Thompson</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Paul_Reed_and_Will_Cato" title="Lynching of Paul Reed and Will Cato">Paul Reed and Will Cato</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden,_Alabama#Lynching_of_Bunk_Richardson" title="Gadsden, Alabama">Bunk Richardson</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Ed_Johnson" title="Lynching of Ed Johnson">Ed Johnson</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyah,_Texas#History" title="Toyah, Texas">Slab Pitts</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_William_Burns" title="Lynching of William Burns">William Burns</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Earnest_Williams" title="Lynching of Earnest Williams">Earnest Williams</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Miller_(outlaw)" title="Jim Miller (outlaw)">Jim Miller</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">James Hodges</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Matthew Chase</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">"Mose" Creole</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">"Pie" Hill</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_%22Froggie%22_James" title="William "Froggie" James">William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centreville,_Alabama#1910_lynching" title="Centreville, Alabama">Grant Richardson</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_King_Johnson" title="Lynching of King Johnson">King Johnson</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Name unknown (TX)</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Laura_and_L._D._Nelson" title="Lynching of Laura and L. D. Nelson">Laura and L. D. Nelson</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livermore,_Kentucky#Opera_house_lynching" title="Livermore, Kentucky">Will Porter</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Zachariah_Walker" title="Lynching of Zachariah Walker">Zachariah Walker</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Mary Jackson</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_racial_conflict_in_Forsyth_County,_Georgia" title="1912 racial conflict in Forsyth County, Georgia">Rob Edwards</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">George Saunders</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Robert Perry</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">? Anderson</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Charles Fisher</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_John_Evans" title="Lynching of John Evans">John Evans</a> (1914)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leo Frank</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedarbluff,_Mississippi#History" title="Cedarbluff, Mississippi">Name unknown (MS)</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jesse_Washington" title="Lynching of Jesse Washington">Jesse Washington</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Anthony_Crawford" title="Lynching of Anthony Crawford">Anthony Crawford</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedarbluff,_Mississippi#History" title="Cedarbluff, Mississippi">Jeff Brown</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Paulo_Boleta" title="Lynching of Paulo Boleta">Paulo Boleta</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Little_(unionist)" title="Frank Little (unionist)">Frank Little</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Charles Jones</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Ell_Persons" title="Lynching of Ell Persons">Ell Persons</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Prager" title="Robert Prager">Robert Prager</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1918_lynchings" title="May 1918 lynchings">Mary Turner and her unborn baby</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1918_lynchings" title="May 1918 lynchings">Hazel "Hayes" Turner</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Taylor" title="Lynching of George Taylor">George Taylor</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_McIlherron" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim McIlherron">Jim McIlherron</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Olli_Kinkkonen" title="Lynching of Olli Kinkkonen">Olli Kinkkonen</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Georgia#Jim_Crow_era" title="Madison, Georgia">Wallace Baynes</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_race_riot_of_1919" title="Omaha race riot of 1919">Will Brown</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Everest" title="Wesley Everest">Wesley Everest</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hartfield" title="John Hartfield">John Hartfield</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jay_Lynch" title="Lynching of Jay Lynch">Jay Lynch</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_Washington" title="Berry Washington">Berry Washington</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Alabama_coal_strike#Willie_Baird" title="1920 Alabama coal strike">Willie Baird</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Belton" title="Roy Belton">Roy Belton</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rowland" title="Dick Rowland">Dick Rowland (attempted)</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Henry_Lowry" title="Lynching of Henry Lowry">Henry Lowry</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_James_Harvey_and_Joe_Jordan" title="Lynching of James Harvey and Joe Jordan">James Harvey and Joe Jordan</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Pullen" title="Joe Pullen">Joe Pullen</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Samuel_Smith" title="Lynching of Samuel Smith">Samuel Smith</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_L._Q._Ivy" title="Lynching of L. Q. Ivy">L. Q. Ivy</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Raymond_Byrd" title="Lynching of Raymond Byrd">Raymond Byrd</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_(lynching_victim)" title="James Clark (lynching victim)">James Clark</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lake,_Colorado#Fred_Selak" title="Grand Lake, Colorado">Fred N. Selak</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Tom_Payne" title="Lynching of Tom Payne">Tom Payne</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_John_Carter" title="Lynching of John Carter">John Carter</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Dan_Anderson" title="Lynching of Dan Anderson">Dan Anderson</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Will_Sherod" title="Lynching of Will Sherod">Will Sherod</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Bernice_Raspberry" title="Lynching of Bernice Raspberry">Bernice Raspberry</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Owen_Flemming" title="Lynching of Owen Flemming">Owen Flemming</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joseph_Upchurch" title="Lynching of Joseph Upchurch">Joseph Upchurch</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joe_Smith" title="Lynching of Joe Smith">Joe Smith</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Albert_Williams" title="Lynching of Albert Williams">Albert Williams</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Thomas_Bradshaw" title="Lynching of Thomas Bradshaw">Thomas Bradshaw</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Winston_Pounds" title="Lynching of Winston Pounds">Winston Pounds</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Thomas_Williams" title="Lynching of Thomas Williams">Thomas Williams</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Henry_Choate" title="Lynching of Henry Choate">Henry Choate</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Leonard_Woods" title="Lynching of Leonard Woods">Leonard Woods</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondak,_Montana" title="Mondak, Montana">J. C. Collins</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Hughes" title="Lynching of George Hughes">George Hughes</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron_(activist)" title="James Cameron (activist)">James Cameron</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Raymond_Gunn" title="Lynching of Raymond Gunn">Lynching of Raymond Gunn</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Williams_(laborer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Williams (laborer)">Matthew Williams</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Shedrick_Thompson" title="Death of Shedrick Thompson">Shedrick Thompson</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Armwood" title="Lynching of George Armwood">George Armwood</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Cordie_Cheek" title="Lynching of Cordie Cheek">Cordie Cheek</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Claude_Neal" title="Lynching of Claude Neal">Claude Neal</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Austin_Callaway" title="Lynching of Austin Callaway">Austin Callaway</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_Williams" title="Elbert Williams">Elbert Williams</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">After 1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Hall" title="Felix Hall">Felix Hall</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kunze" title="Johannes Kunze">Johannes Kunze</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screws_v._United_States" title="Screws v. United States">Robert "Bobbie" Hall</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Willie_James_Howard" title="Lynching of Willie James Howard">Willie James Howard</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recy_Taylor" title="Recy Taylor">Recy Taylor</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cecil_Jones" title="John Cecil Jones">John Cecil Jones</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Willie_Earle" title="Lynching of Willie Earle">Willie Earle</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith_(activist)" title="Lamar Smith (activist)">Lamar Smith</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Lee" title="George W. Lee">George W. Lee</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge_Edward_Aaron" title="Judge Edward Aaron">Judge Edward Aaron</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Willie_Edwards" title="Murder of Willie Edwards">Willie Edwards</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Mack_Charles_Parker" title="Lynching of Mack Charles Parker">Mack Charles Parker</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Allen" title="Louis Allen">Louis Allen</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Lemuel_Penn" title="Murder of Lemuel Penn">Lemuel Penn</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Frank_Morris" title="Murder of Frank Morris">Frank Morris</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Wharlest_Jackson" title="Murder of Wharlest Jackson">Wharlest Jackson</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Carol_Jenkins" title="Murder of Carol Jenkins">Carol Jenkins</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Henry_Marrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Henry Marrow">Henry Marrow</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livernois%E2%80%93Fenkell_riot" title="Livernois–Fenkell riot">Marian Pyszko</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Betty_Gardner" title="Murder of Betty Gardner">Betty Gardner</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Miami_riots" title="1980 Miami riots">Arthur McDuffie</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Michael_Donald" title="Lynching of Michael Donald">Michael Donald</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Yusef_Hawkins" title="Murder of Yusef Hawkins">Yusef Hawkins</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_James_Byrd_Jr." title="Murder of James Byrd Jr.">James Byrd Jr.</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_James_Craig_Anderson" title="Murder of James Craig Anderson">James Craig Anderson</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Ahmaud_Arbery" title="Murder of Ahmaud Arbery">Ahmaud Arbery</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multiple_victims" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multiple victims</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Joseph Smith">Death of Joseph Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyrum_Smith" title="Hyrum Smith">Hyrum Smith</a>) (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marais_des_Cygnes_massacre" title="Marais des Cygnes massacre">Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_race_riot_(1863)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit race riot (1863)">Detroit race riot (1863)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Signoret" title="Felix Signoret">? Lachenais and four others</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow, TN, massacre</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Plummer" title="Henry Plummer">Plummer Gang</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis massacre</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Gallatin_County_race_riot" title="1866 Gallatin County race riot">Gallatin County, KY, race riot</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans massacre of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno_Gang" title="Reno Gang">Reno Brothers Gang</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_massacre" title="Camilla massacre">Camilla, GA, massacre</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Long" title="Steve Long">Steve Long and two half-brothers</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski, TN, riot</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Samuel_Bierfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynching of Samuel Bierfield">Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opelousas_massacre" title="Opelousas massacre">Opelousas, LA, massacre</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_River_City,_Wyoming#Bear_River_City_Riot_of_November_19,_1868" title="Bear River City, Wyoming">Bear River City riot</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_massacre_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese massacre of 1871">Chinese massacre of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian, MS, race riot</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax, LA, massacre</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Election riot of 1874</a> (AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Moya" title="Juan Moya">Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Benjamin_and_Mollie_French" title="Lynching of Benjamin and Mollie French">Benjamin and Mollie French</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellenton_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellenton riot">Ellenton, SC, riot</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg, SC, massacre</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thibodaux_massacre" title="Thibodaux massacre">Thibodeax, LA, massacre</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrell_Brothers" title="Horrell Brothers">Mart and Tom Horrell</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Nevlin_Porter_and_Johnson_Spencer" title="Lynching of Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer">Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willits,_California##Triple_Masonic_lynching_of_1879" title="Willits, California">Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_Hall_shootout" title="Variety Hall shootout">T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_14,_1891,_lynchings" class="mw-redirect" title="March 14, 1891, lynchings">New Orleans 1891 lynchings</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_the_Ruggles_brothers" title="Lynching of the Ruggles brothers">Ruggles Brothers (CA)</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Grocery_lynchings" title="People's Grocery lynchings">Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Nevlin_Porter_and_Johnson_Spencer" title="Lynching of Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer">Porter and Spencer (MS)</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_election_riot" title="Phoenix election riot">Phoenix, SC, election riot</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington, NC, insurrection</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Julia_and_Frazier_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynching of Julia and Frazier Baker">Julia and Frazier Baker</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pana_riot" title="Pana riot">Pana, IL, riot</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watkinsville_lynching" title="Watkinsville lynching">Watkinsville lynching</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Atlanta_race_massacre" title="1906 Atlanta race massacre">1906 Atlanta race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemper_County,_Mississippi#History" title="Kemper County, Mississippi">Kemper County, MS</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_the_Walker_family" title="Lynching of the Walker family">Walker family</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_race_riot_of_1908" title="Springfield race riot of 1908">Springfield race riot of 1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slocum,_Texas" title="Slocum, Texas">Slocum, TX, massacre</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Laura_and_L._D._Nelson" title="Lynching of Laura and L. D. Nelson">Laura and L.D. Nelson</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Georgia#History" title="Harris County, Georgia">Harris County, GA, lynchings</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newberry_Six_lynchings" title="Newberry Six lynchings">Newberry, FL, lynchings</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_St._Louis_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="East St. Louis riots">East St. Louis, IL, riots</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_County,_Georgia" title="Brooks County, Georgia">Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenkins_County,_Georgia,_riot_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenkins County, Georgia, riot of 1919">Jenkins County, GA, riot</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longview_race_riot" title="Longview race riot">Longview, TX, race riot</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaine race riot">Elaine, AR, race riot</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_race_riot_of_1919" title="Omaha race riot of 1919">Omaha race riot of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_riot_of_1919" title="Knoxville riot of 1919">Knoxville riot of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duluth_lynchings" title="Duluth lynchings">Duluth, MN, lynchings</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocoee_massacre" title="Ocoee massacre">Ocoee, FL, massacre</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Perry race riot">Perry, FL, race riot</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood_massacre" title="Rosewood massacre">Rosewood, FL, massacre</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jim_and_Mark_Fox" title="Lynching of Jim and Mark Fox">Jim and Mark Fox</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Thomas_Shipp_and_Abram_Smith" title="Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith">Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_County,_Mississippi#History" title="Tate County, Mississippi">Tate County, MS</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke_Hart#Lynching_of_Thurmond_and_Holmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooke Hart">Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Roosevelt_Townes_and_Robert_McDaniels" title="Lynching of Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels">Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont_race_riot_of_1943" title="Beaumont race riot of 1943">Beaumont, TX, Race Riot</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Day_Short" title="O'Day Short">O'Day Short, wife, and two children</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_Ford_lynchings" title="Moore's Ford lynchings">Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harriette_Moore" title="Harriette Moore">Harriette Moore</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniston,_Alabama#The_Civil_Rights_era" title="Anniston, Alabama">Anniston, AL</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">Freedom Summer Murders</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a>) (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Cold_Case" title="Mississippi Cold Case">Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore</a> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_White_Caps" title="Indiana White Caps">Indiana White Caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_American_Jews" title="Lynching of American Jews">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-lynching_movement" title="Anti-lynching movement">Anti-lynching movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_anti-lynching_activists" title="Category:American anti-lynching activists">American anti-lynching activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Crusade_Against_Lynching" title="American Crusade Against Lynching">American Crusade Against Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Daniel_Ames" title="Jessie Daniel Ames">Jessie Daniel Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_C._Ansorge" title="Martin C. Ansorge">Martin C. Ansorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southern_Women_for_the_Prevention_of_Lynching" title="Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching">Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Bailey" title="Flossie Bailey">Flossie Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Connell_Bradley" title="William O'Connell Bradley">William O'Connell Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Barksdale_Brown" title="Ella Barksdale Brown">Ella Barksdale Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Divine" title="Father Divine">Father Divine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Flag_Salute" title="Flag Salute">Flag Salute</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">N.A.A.C.P.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_on_Lynching" title="National Conference on Lynching">National Conference on Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Strange_Fruit" title="Strange Fruit">Strange Fruit</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Legislation" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyer_Anti-Lynching_Bill" title="Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill">Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Costigan#Costigan–Wagner_Bill" title="Edward P. Costigan">Costigan-Wagner Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_for_Victims_of_Lynching_Act" title="Justice for Victims of Lynching Act">Justice for Victims of Lynching Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_Unsolved_Civil_Rights_Crime_Act" title="Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act">Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_Antilynching_Act" title="Emmett Till Antilynching Act">Emmett Till Antilynching Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defenders of lynching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_G._Bilbo" title="Theodore G. Bilbo">Theodore G. Bilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cole_L._Blease" title="Cole L. Blease">Cole L. Blease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_S._Carr" title="Julian S. Carr">Julian S. Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Johnston_Catts" title="Sidney Johnston Catts">Sidney Johnston Catts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dixon_Jr." title="Thomas Dixon Jr.">Thomas Dixon Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Latimer_Felton" title="Rebecca Latimer Felton">Rebecca Latimer Felton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Temple_Graves" title="John Temple Graves">John Temple Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Trotwood_Moore" title="John Trotwood Moore">John Trotwood Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Morgan" title="John T. Morgan">John T. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rolph" title="James Rolph">James Rolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodloe_Sutton" title="Goodloe Sutton">Goodloe Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman" title="Benjamin Tillman">Benjamin Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Vardaman" title="James K. Vardaman">James K. Vardaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Black_Holocaust_Museum" title="America's Black Holocaust Museum">America's Black Holocaust Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Legacy_Museum" title="The Legacy Museum">The Legacy Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Memorial_for_Peace_and_Justice" title="National Memorial for Peace and Justice">National Memorial for Peace and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture">National Museum of African American History and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Allen_(collector)" title="James Allen (collector)">James Allen (collector)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/And_you_are_lynching_Negroes" title="And you are lynching Negroes">And you are lynching Negroes</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_John_Shillady" title="Attack on John Shillady">Attack on John Shillady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Clansman:_A_Historical_Romance_of_the_Ku_Klux_Klan" title="The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan">The Clansman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_in_police_custody_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Deaths in police custody in the United States">Deaths in police custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fury_(1936_film)" title="Fury (1936 film)">Fury (1936 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_%27Em_High" title="Hang 'Em High">Hang 'Em High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_postcard" title="Lynching postcard">Lynching postcard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Burning" title="Mississippi Burning">Mississippi Burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Cold_Case" title="Mississippi Cold Case">Mississippi Cold Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ox-Bow_Incident" title="The Ox-Bow Incident">The Ox-Bow Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parade_(musical)" title="Parade (musical)">Parade (musical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsboro_Boys" title="Scottsboro Boys">Scottsboro Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain#Confederate_Memorial_Carving" title="Stone Mountain">Stone Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_in_Mississippi" title="Summer in Mississippi">Summer in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundown_town" title="Sundown town">Sundown town</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sundown_towns_in_the_United_States" title="List of sundown towns in the United States">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/They_Won%27t_Forget" title="They Won't Forget">They Won't Forget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_United_States_of_Lyncherdom" title="The United States of Lyncherdom">"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Shipp" title="United States v. Shipp">United States v. Shipp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendetta_(1999_film)" title="Vendetta (1999 film)">Vendetta (1999 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_massacre" title="Wilmington massacre">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lynching_deaths_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Category:Lynching deaths in the United States by state">Lynching deaths in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px_Jews_and_Judaism_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Template:Jews and Judaism in Georgia (U.S. state)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" 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data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in Georgia (U.S. state)">Jews and Judaism in Georgia (U.S. state)</a>  <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Category:Antisemitism in Georgia (U.S. state)">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Atlanta" title="History of the Jews in Atlanta">Jewish history in Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Savannah,_Georgia" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in Savannah, Georgia">Jews in Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_cemeteries_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Category:Jewish cemeteries in Georgia (U.S. state)">Cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Synagogues_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Category:Synagogues in Georgia (U.S. state)">Synagogues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_Beth_Jacob_(Atlanta)" title="Congregation Beth Jacob (Atlanta)">Beth Jacob (Atlanta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanier_University#Synagogue" title="Lanier University">Shearith Israel (Atlanta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Temple_(Atlanta)" title="The Temple (Atlanta)">Temple (Atlanta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_B%27nai_Israel_Synagogue" title="Congregation of B'nai Israel Synagogue">B'nai Israel (Augusta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Beth_Israel_(Macon,_Georgia)" title="Temple Beth Israel (Macon, Georgia)">Beth Israel (Macon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_B%27nai_Torah" title="Congregation B'nai Torah">B'nai Torah (Sandy Springs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_Mickve_Israel" title="Congregation Mickve Israel">Mickve Israel (Savannah)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Atlanta_area" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Atlanta area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Jewish_Academy" title="Atlanta Jewish Academy">Atlanta Jewish Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epstein_School" title="The Epstein School">The Epstein School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weber_School" title="The Weber School">The Weber School</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Merged" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Merged</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield_Hebrew_Academy" title="Greenfield Hebrew Academy">Greenfield Hebrew Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_Atlanta" title="Yeshiva Atlanta">Yeshiva Atlanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Atlanta_Jewish_Times" title="The Atlanta Jewish Times">The Atlanta Jewish Times</a> (former Southern Israelite)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Breman_Jewish_Heritage_%26_Holocaust_Museum" title="William Breman Jewish Heritage & Holocaust Museum">William Breman Jewish Heritage & Holocaust Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130973#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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