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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Siste endringar</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Tilfeldig_side" title="Vis ei tilfeldig side [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Tilfeldig side</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Innhald" title="Hjelp til å bruke alle funksjonane."><span>Hjelp</span></a></li><li id="n-kontakt" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt"><span>Kontakt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-query" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-query emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Eksterne søk </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q838062" title="Lenkje til tilknytt element [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hovudside" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logg inn</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Fleire val" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personlege verktøy" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personlege verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Brukarmeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nn.wikipedia.org&uselang=nn"><span>Gåver</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Occam" title="Me oppfordrar til at du oppretter ein konto og loggar inn, men det er ikkje påkravd."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Opprett konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Occam" title="Det er ikkje obligatorisk å logga inn, men medfører mange fordelar. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logg inn</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sider for utlogga bidragsytarar <a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Introduksjon" aria-label="Lær meir om redigering"><span>lær meir</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bidraga_mine" title="Liste over endringar gjorde frå denne IP-adressa [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Diskusjonssida_mi" title="Diskusjon om endringar gjorde av denne ip-adressa [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettstad"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innhald" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhald</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">gøym</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Byrjinga</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Oversyn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oversyn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Oversyn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oversyn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versjonar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versjonar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Versjonar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Versjonar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Versjonar</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Versjonar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Occam_1_(proto_occam)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occam_1_(proto_occam)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Occam 1 (proto occam)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occam_1_(proto_occam)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occam_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occam_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Occam 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occam_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occam_2.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occam_2.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Occam 2.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occam_2.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occam_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occam_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Occam 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occam_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occam_2.5_(occam-pi)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occam_2.5_(occam-pi)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Occam 2.5 (occam-pi)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occam_2.5_(occam-pi)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kjelder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kjelder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kjelder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kjelder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bakgrunnsstoff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakgrunnsstoff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bakgrunnsstoff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakgrunnsstoff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhald" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innhaldslista" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innhaldslista</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Occam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til ein artikkel på eit anna språk. Tilgjengeleg på 18 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85" title="أوكام – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوكام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam" title="Occam – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Occam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="অক্যাম – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অক্যাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam" title="Occam – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Occam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam_(programming_language)" title="Occam (programming language) – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Occam (programming language)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam_(lenguaje_de_programaci%C3%B3n)" title="Occam (lenguaje de programación) – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Occam (lenguaje de programación)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="اوکام (زبان برنامه‌نویسی) – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوکام (زبان برنامه‌نویسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam_(langage)" title="Occam (langage) – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Occam (langage)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam" title="Occam – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Occam" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam_(linguaggio_di_programmazione)" title="Occam (linguaggio di programmazione) – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Occam (linguaggio di programmazione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam" title="Occam – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Occam" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam" title="Occam – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Occam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam_(linguagem_de_programa%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Occam (linguagem de programação) – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Occam (linguagem de programação)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam" title="Occam – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Occam" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam_(ohjelmointikieli)" title="Occam (ohjelmointikieli) – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Occam (ohjelmointikieli)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam" title="Occam – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Occam" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam" title="Occam – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Occam" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam" title="Occam – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Occam" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q838062#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Endra mellomspråklege lenkjer" class="wbc-editpage">Endra lenkjer</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Occam" title="Vis innhaldssida [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskusjon:Occam&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskusjon om innhaldssida (sida finst ikkje) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" 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class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&veaction=edit" title="Endre sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Endre</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&action=edit" title="Endre kjeldekoden til sida [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Endre wikiteksten</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&action=history" title="Eldre versjonar av sida [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Sjå historikken</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">gøym</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlingar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Occam"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&veaction=edit" title="Endre sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Endre</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&action=edit" title="Endre kjeldekoden til sida [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Endre wikiteksten</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&action=history"><span>Sjå historikken</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ålment </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenkjer_hit/Occam" title="Liste over alle wikisidene som har lenkjer hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenkjer hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringar/Occam" rel="nofollow" title="Nylege endringar på sider denne sida lenkjar til [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringar</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=nn" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" title="Liste over spesialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&oldid=3557386" title="Fast lenkje til denne versjonen av sida"><span>Fast lenkje</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&action=info" title="Meir informasjon om sida"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siter&page=Occam&id=3557386&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om korleis ein siterer denne sida"><span>Siter denne sida</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOccam"><span>Hent kort URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOccam"><span>Last ned QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut/eksporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Bok&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Occam"><span>Opprett ei bok</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Occam&action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsversjon av sida [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsversjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utsjånad"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utsjånad</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">gøym</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Frå Wikipedia – det frie oppslagsverket</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nn" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellspacing="5" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em;"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; color:#ffffff; background:#999999;">Occam</td></tr><tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" align="center" style="text-align:center;"></td></tr><tr><th style="">Utviklar</th><td class="" style="">Inmos</td></tr><tr><th style="">Utgjeve</th><td class="" style="">1983</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Occam</b> er eit <a href="/wiki/Programmeringsspr%C3%A5k" title="Programmeringsspråk">programmeringsspråk</a> som er spesielt utvikla for å uttrykkje parallellitet. Occam byggjer på same formalisme som Communicating Sequential Processes (<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CSP (sida finst ikkje)">CSP</a>). Occam (occam vert som regel skive med liten «o», i alle fall midt i ei setning) er oppattkalla etter filosofen <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" class="mw-redirect" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a>, som er best kjent for (<a href="/wiki/Ockham_sin_barberkniv" title="Ockham sin barberkniv">Ockham sin barberkniv</a>). </p><p>Occam er eit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperativt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperativt (sida finst ikkje)">imperativt</a> programmeringsspråk, med ein stor grad av <a href="/wiki/Ortogonalitet" title="Ortogonalitet">ortogonalitet</a> og ein enkel <a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">Algol</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pascal" title="Pascal">Pascal</a>-liknande syntaks. Occam vart utvikla av det engelske firmaet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inmos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inmos (sida finst ikkje)">Inmos</a> for å nyttast saman med ein noko spesiell <a href="/wiki/Mikroprosessor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikroprosessor">mikroprosessor</a> kalla <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transputer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transputer (sida finst ikkje)">Transputer</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oversyn">Oversyn</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Endre bolk: Oversyn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Oversyn"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rett innrykksnivå og formatering er kritisk for «parsinga» av occam. Tilordningar vert ikkje avslutta med spesielle tegn, som til dømes «;», men ved at linja tek slutt, lister av tilordningar må ha same innrykksnivå (akkurat som i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyton (sida finst ikkje)">Pyton</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haskel (sida finst ikkje)">Haskel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Icon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Icon (sida finst ikkje)">Icon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miranda" class="mw-disambig" title="Miranda">Miranda</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Programmeringsspr%C3%A5ket_ABC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Programmeringsspråket ABC (sida finst ikkje)">ABC</a>). </p><p>Eit occam-program vil ha fleire prosessar (som i denne samanheng er sekvensiell kode). Dei ymse prosessane kommuniserer med kvarandre vis namngjevne blokkerande kanalar. Ein prosess sender data ut på ein kanal via «!». Prosessen kjem ikkje vidare før ein annan prosess les inn via «?» det som vart sendt ut. Ein prosessen som les inn data frå ein kanal (via «?») vert òg blokkert og kjem ikkje vidare før ein annan kanal sender data ut på kanalen (via «!». Døme («keyboard» og «screen» er kanalar, medan «c» er ein variabel): </p> <pre> keyboard ? c screen ! c </pre> <p>Kodeordet «SEQ» markerer starten på ei liste med sekvensielle tilordningar. Døme: </p> <pre> SEQ x := x + 1 y := x * x </pre> <p>Kodeordet «PAR» markerer starten på ei liste med prosessar som <i>kan</i> utførast i parallell (samtidig). Døme («p1()» og «p2()» er sekvensielle prosessar): </p> <pre> PAR p1() p2() </pre> <p>Kodeordet «ALT» markerer starten på ei liste av «vakta» kommandoar. Desse vaktene er kombinasjonar av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boolske&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boolske (sida finst ikkje)">boolske</a> føresetnadar og kanalinnlesingar (begger er opsjonale). Kvar vakt som er sann og som kan lesa frå kanalen vil «lukkast» og den etterfølgjande kodeblokka vil verta utført. Om fleire alternativ lukkast samstundes er det tilfeldig kva alternativ som vert utført. Døme: </p> <pre> ALT tellar1 < 100 & c1 ? data SEQ tellar1 := tellar1 + 1 blanda ! data tellar2 < 100 & c2 ? data SEQ tellar2 := tellar2 + 1 blanda ! data status ? request SEQ ut ! tellar1 ut ! tellar2 </pre> <p>Denne koden vil lese inn data frå kanalane «c1» og «c2» (når ein av dei, eller begge, er klar) og sende den ut på kanalen «blanda». Om ein av variablane «tellar1» eller «tellar2» får verdien 100, vil vakta blokkere for at det vert lese meir data frå kanalen som vart vakta. Ein førespurnad på kanalen «status» vert svara med å sende variablane «tellar1» og «tellar2» ut på kanalen «ut». </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versjonar">Versjonar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Endre bolk: Versjonar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Versjonar"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Occam_1_(proto_occam)"><span id="Occam_1_.28proto_occam.29"></span>Occam 1 (proto occam)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Endre bolk: Occam 1 (proto occam)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Occam 1 (proto occam)"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occam 1 (som kom i 1983) var ein prototypeversjon. Denne versjonen hadde berre ein <a href="/w/index.php?title=Datatype&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datatype (sida finst ikkje)">datatype</a>, VAR, som var eit heiltat av same ordlengd som prosessoren som køyrde koden. Berre eindimensjonale tabellar var tilgjengelege. Occam 1 vart berre nytta av Inmos og academiske miljø som studerte parallellprosessering. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Occam_2">Occam 2</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Endre bolk: Occam 2" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Occam 2"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occam 2, som kom i 1987, var ein forbetra versjon av occam 1. Occam 2 hadde <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flytkommaaritmetikk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flytkommaaritmetikk (sida finst ikkje)">flytkommaaritmetikk</a>, funksjonar, multidimensjonale tabellar og fleire heiltalstypar: INT, INT16, INT32 og Byte. Occam 2 var nok utvikla til at det kunne nyttast for praktiske programmeringsoppgåver. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Occam_2.1">Occam 2.1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Endre bolk: Occam 2.1" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Occam 2.1"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occam 2.1, som kom i 1988, var ein etter måten omfattande revisjon av occam 2. Dette var den siste revisjonen som Inmos stod for. Mellom forbetringane kan ein nemna: </p> <ul><li>Namngjevne datatypar (DATA TYPE x IS y) <br /></li> <li>Namngjevne register <br /></li> <li>Pakka register <br /></li> <li>Meir fleksibel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Typekonvertering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Typekonvertering (sida finst ikkje)">typekonvertering</a> <br /></li> <li>Nye <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operatorar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operatorar (sida finst ikkje)">operatorar</a>, som til dømes BYTESIN <br /></li> <li>Kanal-typetying (retyping) <br /></li> <li>Kanal-tabellar <br /></li> <li>Funksjonar kunne returnere tabellar (av fast lengd) <br /></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Occam_3">Occam 3</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Endre bolk: Occam 3" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Occam 3"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occam 3 vart definert av ein av dei mest erfarne programmerarane hjå Inmos. Spesifikasjonen vart distribuert for kommentering i miljøet, men på grunn av finansielle problem hjå Inmos vart det ikkje lage nokon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompilator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompilator (sida finst ikkje)">kompilator</a> for denne versjonen. Occam 3 hadde mange endringar, som i stor grad gjekk ut på å gjera språket betre for <a href="/wiki/Simulering" title="Simulering">simulering</a> og gjera det enklare å få til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodedeling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodedeling (sida finst ikkje)">kodedeling</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjenbruk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gjenbruk (sida finst ikkje)">gjenbruk</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Occam_2.5_(occam-pi)"><span id="Occam_2.5_.28occam-pi.29"></span>Occam 2.5 (occam-pi)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Endre bolk: Occam 2.5 (occam-pi)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Occam 2.5 (occam-pi)"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occam 2.5 refererer til ein forbetra versjon av occam 2.1, realisert i form av den sokalla «Kent Retargettable occam Compiler» (KroC). Denne versjonen tek opp i seg mange av forbetringane i spesifikasjonen til occam 3. Som døme på forbetringar i høve til occam 2.1 kan ein namna: </p> <ul><li>Fletta protokollar <br /></li> <li>Prosess-oppretting medan programmet køyrer <br /></li> <li>Mobile kanalar, data og prosessar <br /></li> <li>Rekursion <br /></li> <li>Protokoll-arv <br /></li> <li>Tabell-konstruktørar <br /></li> <li>Utvida møte (rendezvous) <br /></li></ul> <p>KroC-lompilatoren er tilgjengeleg for nedlasting frå nettsida til KroC-gruppa. På grunn av at språket nyttar idear frå pi-kalkulaus har namnet i ettertid vorte endra til occam-pi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kjelder">Kjelder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Endre bolk: Kjelder" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Kjelder"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3318915">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="references-small"> <ul><li><i>Denne artikkelen bygger på «<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam_(programming_language)" class="extiw" title="en:Occam (programming language)">Occam (programming language)</a>» frå <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="en:Main Page">Wikipedia på engelsk</a>, den 27. mars 2006.</i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bakgrunnsstoff">Bakgrunnsstoff</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Endre bolk: Bakgrunnsstoff" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam&action=edit&section=9" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Bakgrunnsstoff"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vl.fmnet.info/occam/">The occam Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051028140337/http://vl.fmnet.info/occam/">Arkivert</a> 2005-10-28 ved <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wotug.org/occam/">WoTUG: occam</a> (Informasjon og realisering)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transterpreter.org/">The Transterpreter, ei virtuell occam-maskin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303122200/http://www.transterpreter.org/">Arkivert</a> 2017-03-03 ved <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/projects/ofa/kroc/">KRoC - Kent Retargettable occam Compiler</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frmb.org/occtutor.html">occam «tutorial»</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050404063225/http://frmb.org/occtutor.html">Arkivert</a> 2005-04-04 ved <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wotug.org/parallel/occam/">Internet Parallel Computing Archive: occam</a> (Documentasjon og realiseringar, 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